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Background
In the past decade, nosocomial yeast infections have increased globally. In Taiwan, the prevalence of nosocomial candidemia increased 16-fold from 1981 through 1993 [1,2]. In the United States, yeast infections rank as the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection [3,4]. Furthermore, candi... | 16266438 | PMC1298299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 3; 5:99 |
Background
The increase in empirical methods of research in bioethics (or "empirical ethics") over the last two decades is typically perceived as a welcomed broadening of the discipline, with increased integration of social and life scientists into the field and ethics consultants into the clinical setting [1]. Evidenc... | 16277663 | PMC1298300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Nov 8; 6:11 |
Background
Fruiting body formation in ascomycetes is a complex process leading to the formation of a number of specialized cell types from a comparatively undifferentiated vegetative mycelium [1]. Recently, the molecular basis of this process has been investigated by forward and reverse genetics approaches, and a numbe... | 16266439 | PMC1298301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Nov 3; 5:64 |
Background
Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet is among the most destructive conifer forest pathogens in the northern hemisphere. This ascomycete fungus has a broad host range and causes stem canker and shoot dieback in many conifer species of the genera Pinus, Abies, Picea, Larix, Tsuga and Pseudotsuga [1-3]. In S... | 16280082 | PMC1298302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Nov 9; 5:65 |
Background
Estimation of a threshold limit value (TLV) is an important task in many medical areas, where risk factors are often scrutinized for values beyond which important medical or political decisions need to be taken – e.g. beyond which blood pressure value one should prescribe antihypertensive. The classical appr... | 16274473 | PMC1298303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Nov 7; 5:36 |
Background
Several studies from Western Europe and the USA have shown that chronic (most often defined as a duration of three months or more) musculoskeletal pain is common in the general population, with a prevalence (point or one year period) of 30–50% [1-3]. With regard to distribution of musculoskeletal pain in the... | 16269075 | PMC1298304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 3; 6:53 |
Background
Low back pain is a common condition with lifetime prevalence rates reported between 59 and 84% [1]. On any given day 12–33% of people report some back pain [1]. A recent review on the health of Australians placed back problems as one of the three health conditions responsible for the greatest health system e... | 16280089 | PMC1298305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 10; 6:57 |
Background
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury to the brain is a significant cause of neurological morbidity in infants. The resultant severe and longstanding disability to infants has provided impetus for exploring aggressive therapies that give promise of injury reversal. Transplantation of stem cells has emerged as a possi... | 16259636 | PMC1298306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Oct 31; 6:63 |
Background
Clinical experience has been always an integral part of nursing education. It prepares student nurses to be able of "doing" as well as "knowing" the clinical principles in practice. The clinical practice stimulates students to use their critical thinking skills for problem solving [1]
Awareness of the exist... | 16280087 | PMC1298307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Nov 9; 4:6 |
Background
Preeclampsia is a critically important disease of pregnancy, one of the major causes of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In spite of its importance for public health, the etiology of preeclampsia has not yet been fully elucidated. Although the pathophysiology of preeclampsia i... | 16259641 | PMC1298308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Nov 1; 5:14 |
Background
Homeopathy is one of the most frequently used and controversial systems of complementary and alternative medicine. It is based on the 'principle of similars', whereby highly diluted preparations of substances that cause symptoms in healthy individuals are used to stimulate healing in patients who have simila... | 16266440 | PMC1298309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 3; 5:115 |
Background
The evolving picture of East-West disparities in health indicators across Europe have been documented in terms of life expectancy [1] and premature mortality [2] and in terms of death rates for major contributing causes [3,4]. In addition to aggregate or partial mortality measures, a comparative analysis of ... | 16269084 | PMC1298310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 3; 5:116 |
Background
DNA extraction from plant tissues, unlike DNA isolation from mammalian tissues, remains difficult due to the presence of a rigid cell wall surrounding the plant cells. Currently used methods inevitably require a laborious mechanical grinding step, necessary to disrupt the cell wall for the release of DNA. Th... | 16269076 | PMC1298311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Nov 3; 5:23 |
Background
Several reviews have emphasized the enormous socioeconomic impact in elders of insomnia and depression which are often intertwined [1-5]. Reasons for depression in elders include: loss of body strength, health and autonomy, loss of loved ones and friends, loss of occupational status, and fear of impending de... | 16283925 | PMC1298312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 9; 5:41 |
Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are local enlargements of the aorta that occur preferentially below the renal bifurcation and they represent a socially relevant cardiovascular health disease. A recent study [1] reports that the prevalence of AAA disease is 8.8% in the population above 65 years of age and me... | 16271141 | PMC1298313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:36 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Nov 4; 4:64 |
Background
Aurora B kinase is a chromosomal passenger protein responsible for maintaining of chromosomal integrity through the proper coordination of mitosis and cytokinesis [1,2]. Regulation of aurora B kinase is such that expression levels of the protein peak at G2-M phase, while its kinase activity is maximal during... | 16281968 | PMC1298314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Nov 9; 5:31 |
Background
Communications between coronary arteries and cardiac chambers are likely congenital in origin. [1] However, in certain instances they might be acquired and is usually secondary to either trauma or after invasive cardiac procedures [2-8]. Physiologic derangements depend on the site of origin, size of the fist... | 16277656 | PMC1298315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Nov 8; 3:35 |
Background
A high concentration of K+ is maintained in the lumen of the cochlea via electrogenic secretion by the strial marginal cell epithelium [1]. One pathway of regulation is the coupling of purinergic receptors on the apical membrane of these cells to the apical potassium channels (IKs) which mediate secretion [2... | 16266433 | PMC1298316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Nov 2; 3:13 |
Introduction
Although mental health has become increasingly important in our healthcare model and definition of health, especially during childhood and adolescence[1,2], little is known about actual prevalence of various psychiatric disorders among adolescents in the general population. Current estimates range from 10%... | 16255774 | PMC1298317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Oct 28; 1:22 |
Introduction
The general well-being in work-places is receiving increased attention in Sweden. Not only is the well-being and healthiness important to the individual himself, but also important to fellow co-workers, family members and last but not least to the success of the company. During the last few decades increas... | 16274475 | PMC1298318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Nov 7; 4:25 |
Introduction
AIDS is far more than a medical and biological problem [1]. Around the world, in the year 2003, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated three million lives, and almost five million people acquired HIV, 700,000 of them children [2]. The current course of the epidemic is unlikely to change unless the people a... | 16253145 | PMC1298319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Oct 27; 2:23 |
Background
The research on palatal development dates back to the beginning of the last century. Unfortunately, the results of many studies are conflicting in some respects and may be difficult to interpret. Compared to the significant improvements in the survival rate of preterm infants, the knowledge on late consequen... | 16270912 | PMC1298320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Nov 2; 1:10 |
Background
Compared to their term counterparts, prematurely born babies are at risk for postnatal growth and development defects. The general objective of neonatal care of premature infants is to support life and ensure a growth rate sufficient to fulfill the individual's genetic potential. Reaching this goal has under... | 16270909 | PMC1298321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Oct 28; 1:9 |
Background
Epidemiologists and public health researchers are increasingly using geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the association between population health and the area characteristics of where people reside [1-8]. However, spatial analyses are fraught with challenges. The initial task of assigning geograp... | 16281976 | PMC1298322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Nov 10; 4:29 |
Background
Transcription factor NFκB exists as homo-or-hetero-dimeric complexes, consisting of the Rel family of proteins [1]. These dimers operate as transcriptional regulators essential for a variety of cellular processes ranging from cell cycle progression to immune response gene induction [2]. In human T lymphocyte... | 16271147 | PMC1298323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 4; 2:15 |
Background
Q fever is a worldwide distributed human rickettsiosis that was described by Derrick in 1937. Burnett in Australia and Cox in the United States first isolated its etiological agent almost simultaneously so it was referred to as Coxiella burnetii [1,2]. Q fever infection is usually asymptomatic or acute self-... | 16280092 | PMC1298324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Nov 10; 2:10 |
Introduction
Microglia are somewhat enigmatic central nervous system (CNS) cells that have been traditionally regarded as CNS macrophages (MΦs). They represent about 10% on average of the adult CNS cell population [1]. In mice, microglial progenitors can be detected in neural folds at the early stages of embryogenesis.... | 16259628 | PMC1298325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Oct 31; 2:24 |
Background
The discovery of upstream sensors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [1,2], greatly multiplied our understanding of innate and adaptive immune interactions and responses. Downstream, a well known family of transcription factors, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), is one of the key players in the regulation of ... | 16285888 | PMC1298326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Nov 15; 2:25 |
Background
Gene-targeted iMycEμ mice contain a single-copy mouse MycHis (c-myc) cDNA that has been inserted in opposite transcriptional orientation in the mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene cluster, Igh. The specific insertion site of the MycHis transgene is in the intervening region of the Igh joining gene locus, J... | 16277667 | PMC1298327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Nov 9; 4:40 |
Backgrounds
Menopause is a period normally occupying one-third of women's life [1]. Reduced bone density is one of the most prominent symptoms during menopause [2].
Osteoporosis is a serious problem for postmenopausal women which increases the risk of bone fracture and worsens with age, increasing from 4% in 50–59 yea... | 16255781 | PMC1298328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 29; 4:30 |
Background
South Korea has experienced rapid and varied socioeconomic change during the past three decades. Similar to the experience of Japan, the South Korean nutritional transition has also been very rapid. A large increase in the consumption of animal food products and a reduction in total cereal intake have been r... | 16255785 | PMC1298329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Oct 31; 4:31 |
Introduction
In a series of previous reports, we have described the use of Markov models in major depression epidemiology. In two initial papers, we described a general approach to modeling, in which prevalence was depicted as a steady state outcome of inflow and outflow from a prevalence pool [1,2]. Subsequently, the ... | 16288648 | PMC1298330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Nov 15; 3:11 |
Introduction
Greep and co-workers [1] were the first to demonstrate that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were distinct chemical moieties and that both were necessary for follicular growth, ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. Sixteen years later, pituitary-derived gonadotropin e... | 16280072 | PMC1298331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 9; 3:61 |
Sex determination
Among mammals sex is usually defined by the presence or absence of the sex specific chromosome Y. In many, but not all, fish species there is also a chromosomal background to sex determination. Several fishes, including most salmonids, have heterogametic males and homogametic females, similar to the m... | 16281973 | PMC1298332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 10; 3:63 |
Introduction
Meiosis is arrested at prophase 1 in vertebrate oocytes during their growth phase and a surge in gonadotropin secretion is required to induce the resumption of meiosis and oocyte maturation (OM). It has been demonstrated that gonadotropin (luteinizing hormone, LH) initiates oocyte maturation and ovulation ... | 16281974 | PMC1298333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 10; 3:64 |
Background
Mitochondria, which are maternally inherited organelles, perform several cellular functions, e.g. energetic metabolism, calcium and iron homeostasis, signal transduction, and apoptosis, and play a role in metabolic pathways such as those involved in the biosynthesis of heme, lipids, amino acids and nucleotid... | 16285882 | PMC1298334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 14; 3:65 |
Background
Bronchial epithelial lining fluid (ELF) contains various antimicrobial substances to protect against pathogenic insult. The antimicrobial components of the ELF are lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory phospholipase-A2, and antimicrobial peptides, including defensins [1]. Defensins, which are single-chain, strong... | 16269090 | PMC1298335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 4; 6(1):130 |
Background
Description of normal airway responsiveness in a general population is a recent concept [1]. However its use in clinic or in epidemiological studies is limited by the lack of established norms (as percentiles) of the distribution of airway reactivity [2] according to the age, sex and airway caliber of the su... | 16271144 | PMC1298336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 4; 6(1):131 |
Background
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is the result of an immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa, initiated by exposure to specific allergens. The reaction is characterized by the infiltration of various inflammatory cells, like eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphoc... | 16271155 | PMC1298337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 7; 6(1):132 |
Introduction
The recent paper by Liu, Gaido, and Wolfinger entitled "Analysis of Variation of Amplitudes for Cell Cycle Gene Research" [1] requires comment. Because the subject of gene expression variation during the cell cycle is such an important topic of current interest, it is necessary that any work supporting cyc... | 16297235 | PMC1298338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Nov 18; 2:47 |
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system in adults. Despite multimodal therapies, the median survival time of patients with GBM is approximately 1 year; however, there is considerable variability among these patients. Prognostic indicators have... | 16236164 | PMC1298339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Oct 19; 3:38 |
Background
Despite an overall decline in AIDS-associated illnesses since the introduction of HAART [1,2], some patients receiving combination antiretrovirals remain at risk for developing new AIDS events (AE) [3,4]. Those who have a pre-treatment CD4 cell count < 200/mm3 [5-9] or have insufficient CD4 cell responses to... | 16262894 | PMC1298340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Oct 31; 3:40 |
Background
As a result of ageing of the general population, the proportion of elderly patients with cancer is increasing within Europe. In the Netherlands, 14% of male patients and 17% of female patients are 80 years or older at diagnosis [1]. In the elderly, relative survival is generally worse than in younger patient... | 16280074 | PMC1298341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 9; 3:71 |
Background
Myolipoma is a rare benign tumour, occurring most frequently in adults and is composed of irregularly admixed mature adipose tissue and smooth muscle fibres. Myolipoma have been described in the round ligament [1], spinal cord[2], eyelid[3], subcutaneous[4,5], pericardium[6], retroperitoneum [5,7-9], rectus ... | 16281980 | PMC1298342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 10; 3:72 |
Introduction
In order to preserve the fidelity of genome duplication during DNA replication, cells with complex genomes have evolved a network of pathways composed of the DNA replication apparatus, DNA repair proteins, and regulatory activities. Despite years of general characterization, knowledge of the specific mecha... | 16327883 | PMC1298934 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 2; 1(6):e61 |
Introduction
Nonsyndromic or isolated cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) occurs in wide geographic distribution with an average birth prevalence of 1/700 [1]. CL/P is a complex trait determined by multiple, interacting loci, with additional environmental covariates. Recent work suggests that three to 14 interactin... | 16327884 | PMC1298935 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 2; 1(6):e64 |
Introduction
Comparing biological sequences has enormous potential for increasing our knowledge about their function, structure, and evolution, an idea that has been applied virtually everywhere in computational biology. Comparative studies are now performed on a genomic scale, requiring the sequencing of entire genome... | 16327885 | PMC1298936 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 2; 1(6):e71 |
Introduction
Bacterial pathogens secrete a multitude of factors that are utilized to advance the infectious process. Many of the secreted factors exhibit an enzymatic activity that is directed against host-specific targets or are activated by host-specific functions. However, a few secreted enzymes are quite promiscuou... | 16333395 | PMC1298937 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 2; 1(4):e35 |
Introduction
Coronaviruses are positive-strand, enveloped RNA viruses that infect vertebrates and are associated mainly with respiratory and enteric disease. They have long been recognized as important pathogens of livestock and companion animals, and they are a common cause of respiratory tract infections in humans [1... | 16341254 | PMC1298938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 9; 1(4):e39 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by three main features: (i) structural and functional vascular abnormalities with perivascular infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, intimal proliferation, and luminal narrowing at both the arteriolar and arterial levels, (ii) immuno... | 16318412 | PMC1298939 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e2 |
Introduction
South Africa is experiencing an HIV epidemic with enormous social and economic consequences. Recent estimates suggest that between 4.5 and 6.2 million of the 43 million South Africans are infected with HIV-1 [1]. There were 370,000 AIDS deaths during 2003 [1], and the cumulative projected AIDS mortality fo... | 16318413 | PMC1298940 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e4 |
Introduction
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a brain cancer, is one of the deadliest human diseases, and cannot be cured by any therapy available today. The localization of GBM in the central nervous system and the very solid structure of this tumor renders it almost impermeable to large particles, such as viral vectors... | 16318410 | PMC1298941 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e6 |
Introduction
While advances in medicine and public health have vanquished many pandemic diseases, 52 nations reported 142,311 cholera cases and 4,564 deaths in 2002, though these statistics are thought to represent a small subset of actual cases and deaths globally due to poor surveillance and under-reporting [1]. A co... | 16318414 | PMC1298942 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e7 |
Introduction
Nearly half of the patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) succumb to their disease, and RCC accounts for 95,000 deaths per year worldwide [1]. In the United States, approximately 36,160 cases will be diagnosed this year alone, and 12,660 patients will die of their disease [2]. Conventional rena... | 16318415 | PMC1298943 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e13 |
Introduction
To ensure the generalizability of research results, it is important that all groups participate in health research [1–4]. However, many commentators claim that racial and ethnic minority groups, especially in the US, are less willing to participate in health research [5–13]. While the US population include... | 16318411 | PMC1298944 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 6; 3(2):e19 |
Infectious disease modeling has a long history, going back to at least Daniel Bernouli's smallpox model from 1760. The discipline is driven by the desire to understand the dynamics of an outbreak or epidemic in order to plan control strategies. The hope is that better models will also allow prediction of future outbrea... | 0 | PMC1298945 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e28 |
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) develops in the tissue of the brain and grows quickly, often becoming very large before a person experiences symptoms and is diagnosed. Surgery is done to remove as much of the tumor as possible, and followed with radiation and/or chemotherapy to slow progression of the disease. But despit... | 0 | PMC1298946 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e34 |
Nearly 95,000 people worldwide die from kidney cancer every year, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for most of the deaths. Surgery can cure 60%–70% of patients with localized disease and prolong survival in patients with metastatic disease, but survival rates after treatment have not improved appreciably over th... | 0 | PMC1298947 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e35 |
There were an estimated 370,000 AIDS deaths in South Africa in 2003 alone. It is, therefore, not surprising that the apparent reluctance of the South African government to support the provision of antiretroviral treatment to people with HIV/AIDS has been the subject of much controversy internationally. The situation is... | 0 | PMC1298948 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e37 |
It is widely believed that racial and ethnic minority groups, especially in the US, are less willing to participate in health research than non-minority groups. According to this view, minority groups' comparative unwillingness to participate is due to a lack of trust in health research and health researchers, which tr... | 0 | PMC1298949 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 6; 3(2):e40 |
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by structural and functional vascular abnormalities, immunologic changes, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, leading to fibrosis of the skin and the internal organs. The activation of the immune system is vital in the pathogenesis of SSc. Autoa... | 0 | PMC1298950 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e45 |
Background
Large amounts of microarray gene expression data are being generated by researchers attracted by the insights that can be gained from knowing the expression levels of thousands of genes [1]. In parallel, there has been a growing appreciation of the potential value of these data beyond the description found i... | 16280078 | PMC1299320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 9; 6:268 |
Background
Inasmuch as some 22 per cent of all persons die of cancers affecting various anatomic sites, the random occurrence of cancer among several members of a nuclear family would be usual [1]. However, when cancers occur among members in several generations of the same family, chance itself may not be sufficient t... | 16281985 | PMC1299321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 11; 5:146 |
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death and morbidity in industrialized nations, accounting for about 50% of all deaths [1]. In old age, both incidence and prevalence of CVD are increasing. Although the mortality of coronary heart disease has decreased since the 1970s, the prevalence, in... | 16283930 | PMC1299322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Nov 11; 5:33 |
Background
Group I introns are autocatalytic RNAs that are widespread in organellar and nuclear genomes of eukaryotes, in eubacteria, and in phages and viruses [reviewed in [1-4]]. How these elements "move" within and between genes and between natural populations and species is poorly understood [4,5]. Two mechanisms a... | 16300679 | PMC1299323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 21; 5:68 |
Background
Cytoplasmic inclusions in hepatocytes are encountered in a wide range of clinical conditions including chronic hepatitis B, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, type IV glycogenosis, Lafora's disease, fibrinogen storage disease, and in drug reactions [1,2]. Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Disease (ERSD) of the liver is ... | 16287505 | PMC1299324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 15; 5:36 |
Background
PWD/Ph is a highly inbred strain currently at 81 generations of brother × sister matings. It originated from the Mus m. musculus mouse subspecies by systematic inbreeding of a pair of wild mice trapped in 1972 [1,2]. The mouse subspecies M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus diverged from their common ancestor... | 16288658 | PMC1299325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 16; 6:161 |
Background
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a group of severe infections that frequently affect children and adolescents, carrying a high case-fatality rate (CFR). It may cause transient or permanent deafness as well as other severe neurological sequelae in survivors [1-3].
The World Health Organisation estimated that ann... | 16288649 | PMC1299326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15; 5:103 |
Background
Frequent abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including increased white blood cells (WBCs), were recognized early in the AIDS epidemic, not only in patients examined toward the end of their course who suffered neurological complications [1], but also in those systemically and neurologically asymptomat... | 16266436 | PMC1299327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 2; 5:98 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious killers worldwide, with an estimated 2 million deaths annually (1). In the year 2002 the number of incident TB cases was estimated at 8.8 million (2). Globally there is a 1.8% annual rise in new tuberculosis cases, with a 6% yearly increase in the forme... | 16277659 | PMC1299328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 8; 6(1):134 |
Glioblastoma—The Clinical Challenge
Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the brain, with an incidence of about 25,000 new cases per year in the United States [1]. At least half of all gliomas exhibit aggressive, malignant behavior. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in particular, is clinically and pathologically ... | 16323974 | PMC1307534 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 6; 3(1):e31 |
Background
The origin of genetic novelty is of great interest in evolutionary biology. As mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, understanding the mutational processes that lead to novel genomic features such as new genes, expression patterns or system interactions is paramount. The most commonly inv... | 16283942 | PMC1308810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Nov 12; 3:24 |
Background
Genes involved in reproduction and fertilization tend to evolve at faster rates than non-reproductive genes and it has been proposed that this rapid evolution is driven by positive Darwinian selection [1]. Mammalian sperm proteins have been extensively studied and they often show rapid divergence between clo... | 16283938 | PMC1308811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 10; 5:65 |
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity in developed countries. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver disease ranging from bland steatosis to severe steatohepatitis. The prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is 2.1–6.3% in the gener... | 16283935 | PMC1308812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 11; 5:35 |
Background
The serpins are a superfamily of proteins sharing a conserved tertiary structure [1] that has evolved primarily to control proteolytic activity, although some have evolved non-inhibitory functions [2-6]. To date, over 500 serpin sequences have been identified in the genomes of species from almost all phyla i... | 16305753 | PMC1308813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 23; 6:167 |
Background
Because most health care expenditures are the results of doctors' decisions, whether doctors are cost-conscious is an important matter. Many decisions regarding medical tests and treatments are influenced by factors other than the expected benefit to the patient, including the doctor's demographic characteri... | 16281977 | PMC1308814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 10; 5:72 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and a major cause of meningitis and otitis media. Recent reports show an high global incidence of macrolide and penicillin resistance, whereas fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is not frequent [1-3]. Current guidelines for susp... | 16307682 | PMC1308815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 24; 5:106 |
Background
In 1950, China began its occupation of Tibet. Since then, many Tibetans have fled to Nepal and India. More than 50 years of occupation have been accompanied by forced population displacements, widespread hunger, restrictions on cultural and religious freedoms, well-documented political violence against speci... | 16280079 | PMC1308816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005 Nov 9; 5:7 |
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Malnutrition in patients with ESRD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Nutritional decline begins long before patients with progressive CKD become dialysis dependent [1,2] which in part is related to the spontane... | 16303055 | PMC1308817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Nov 22; 6:13 |
Background
Stroke is a disease of major importance in Asia. Reported incidence rates vary dramatically but are generally higher than those of the US [1-3]. For example, reported incidence rates for overall stroke are 39% greater in Japan [4], 23% greater in Taiwan [5], and 81% greater in Northern China[6] compared to t... | 16280090 | PMC1308818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Nov 10; 5:21 |
Background
Spoken word comprehension requires a listener to identify a single word among thousands of representations stored in her mental lexicon. Behavioral research suggests that the incoming auditory signal activates multiple lexical representations that match the signal [1], but also representations with partial m... | 16283934 | PMC1308819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Nov 11; 6:64 |
Background
Palliative care clinicians are increasingly using change in performance status as a flag for likelihood of need for services, timing of interventions, and as an outcome measurement for clinical programs and research [1-3]. The Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) has been used as an assessment tool for performa... | 16283937 | PMC1308820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Nov 12; 4:7 |
Background
Despite the fact that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality in most developed countries, SIDS incidence varies greatly in different countries and between regions within countries worldwide. Before 1990–1991, SIDS incidence varied from 1 to 6 cases per 1000 ... | 16283946 | PMC1308821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Nov 13; 5:41 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is chronic and common throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in developing than in developed countries [1]. H. pylori infection causes gastritis and is the most important risk factor for peptic ulcer disease (gastric and duodenal)[2,3]. It also contributes to... | 16283940 | PMC1308822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 10; 5:118 |
Background
Few studies have reported on the particular perspectives and actual practices of U.S. Hispanic physicians with respect to tobacco counseling and smoking cessation. There is a scarcity of information related to how Hispanic physicians perceive their responsibility to educate patients who smoke. In addition, t... | 16287500 | PMC1308823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 14; 5:120 |
Background
Community surveys in a range of countries show a high prevalence of mental disorders, but with many cases not receiving appropriate professional help [1]. As well as this unmet need with clinical disorders, there is the problem of how to help the large number of people with sub-clinical symptoms. These peopl... | 16280088 | PMC1308824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 9; 5:43 |
Background
Cystoscopy with bladder distention has traditionally been regarded as the diagnostic standard for interstitial cystitis (IC). Although there is considerable debate over the true value of bladder distention in the diagnosis of IC, the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney diseases (NIDDK) crite... | 16300684 | PMC1308825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Nov 22; 5:14 |
Background
Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) is a slowly growing, cell-associated gamma-herpesvirus. This virus is widespread throughout the equine population and has been isolated from horses of different countries like United Kingdom [1], Japan [2], Australia [3], New Zealand [4], Switzerland [5], Germany [6,7], United St... | 16281971 | PMC1308826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2005 Nov 9; 1:9 |
Background
Worldwide esophageal cancer ranks among the ten most common cancers [1] and the overall 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer is poor (e.g. 3%–10%) [2]. Although, there is a rising entity of adenocarcinoma [3], the majority of carcinoma of the esophagus are squamous-cell carcinom... | 16277658 | PMC1308827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Nov 8; 4:20 |
It has been three years since the publication of the first article in the Journal of Carcinogenesis; it was the editorial that espoused the need for the launch of the journal. Having seen three springs and three falls, it is time to ask where we are as a journal and where we want to be in the years to come.
The past t... | 16300673 | PMC1308828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Nov 21; 4:22 |
Background
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities, due to atherosclerosis occurring at the aortic bifurcation, femoral and popliteal arteries, commonly manifests as asymptomatic changes in intermediate phenotypes such as the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The most common symptom experienced is the ache... | 16274479 | PMC1308829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Nov 7; 4:17 |
Introduction
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the primary targets of fibrogenic stimuli in the injured liver. During the development of fibrosis, HSC undergo a transition from resting vitamin A-rich cells to an activated myofibroblastic phenotype characterized by loss of vitamin A, expression of α-smooth muscle actin, ... | 16303051 | PMC1308830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2005 Nov 22; 3:14 |
Background
The potential barriers capable of impacting daily learning, recall, and functional application of prior knowledge (in rehearsed or novel situations) among children with spina bifida-myelomeningocele and shunted hydrocephalus (SB/SH) are multifaceted and tightly inter-related. Neurological insults include ven... | 16293188 | PMC1308831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Nov 17; 2:10 |
Background
More than 100 years after its foundation, the chiropractic profession still ruminates about its eternal internal debate on "what is chiropractic?"[1]. It seems to be a profession almost uniquely divided by mostly common purposes, and even others agree significant challenges lie ahead. [2]
Amongst the most i... | 16307687 | PMC1308832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Nov 24; 13:24 |
Introduction
Clinical and epidemiological studies seem to indicate that an association between high levels of thyroid autoantibodies may be implicated in the increased frequencies of mood disorders observed in thyroid disease, independently of impairment of thyroid function [1-3]. A study carried out by our group sugge... | 16285879 | PMC1308833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Nov 10; 1:23 |
Introduction
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) are chronic, lifelong disorders for which there is as yet no effective cure, and medical management remains a challenge for clinicians. In spite of improvements in some associated "problematic behaviors" with specific drugs, effective medical treatment for the core l... | 16287506 | PMC1308834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Nov 15; 1:24 |
Introduction
Despite overwhelming evidence that institutional care is ineffective and often harmful for chronically impaired psychiatric patients, most policies to close long-term mental hospitals have been politically rather than professionally driven. Nowhere has that been more evident than in Italy. In 1978 the Ital... | 16305738 | PMC1308835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Nov 23; 1:25 |
Background
The vast majority of cervical cancer deaths occur among women in developing countries where screening has been largely unavailable [1]. The effectiveness of cervical cancer screening has been demonstrated by the dramatic decline of cervical cancer in developed countries in which programs relying on repeated ... | 16288646 | PMC1308836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Nov 15; 3:11 |
Background
In 1993 it was proposed that widespread environmental man-made chemicals with agonistic or antagonistic effects on hormonal steroid receptors, in particular the estrogen receptor, might disturb the foetal development of the male gonads resulting in impaired multiplication of Sertoli cells leading to a perman... | 16280075 | PMC1308837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Nov 9; 4:26 |
Introduction
The use of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POP), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) has been restricted and bans implemented in many countries during the 1970's and 198... | 16283941 | PMC1308838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Nov 11; 4:27 |
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