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Introduction
Ever since Koch discovered how to grow bacteria in pure culture, the laboratory has been an integral component of epidemiologic studies of bacterial diseases. Over time, our ability to discriminate among bacterial strains from the same species has increased, enhancing outbreak investigations and surveillan... | 16309556 | PMC1308839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2005 Nov 25; 2:10 |
Findings
The Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada is a community characterized by high rates of HIV among injection drug users (IDU), and is also the setting of one of North America's highest volume needle exchange program (NEP) [1]. Recent studies have indicated that injection-related infections, such as abscesses a... | 16281979 | PMC1308840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Nov 10; 2:24 |
Background
Preterm infants, i.e. those born before completion of 37 gestational weeks, account for 6–10% of births in Western society [1-3]. Preterm infants form the majority of low birthweight infants [3]. By definition, neonates weighing less than 2500 g are described as low birthweight infants [4]. The proportion of... | 16270908 | PMC1308841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Oct 28; 1:8 |
Background
Rhinitis is a common chronic condition and can be a significant source of impairment. To measure the impact of rhinitis on health-related quality of life (HRQL), several disease-specific measures have been developed [1,2]. These instruments vary in length and content. Certain instruments, such as the 28-item... | 16277662 | PMC1308842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 8; 3:68 |
Background
Because of its simplicity and practical applicability, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) has been widely used to elicit individuals' health value functions, either through measuring preferences for specific health states [1,2] or through evaluating their own health-related quality of life (HRQL) [3-5]. Recently,... | 16285884 | PMC1308843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 14; 3:71 |
Background
In addition to traditional objective measures of morbidity and mortality, self-reports are increasingly used to characterize patients' health and as an outcome of medical therapy. However, patients sometimes are unable to provide information because of cognitive impairment or other communication disabilities... | 16305748 | PMC1308844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 23; 3:75 |
Background
Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) or sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease of Sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in West and Central Africa) is transmitted to humans by the bite of a dipteran insect, the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.). The disease, though almost eradi... | 16269078 | PMC1308845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Nov 3; 4:27 |
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a relevant age related disorder, characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility putting the patient at risk for fractures [1]. Currently osteoporosis is viewed as a heterogeneous condition which can occur in any age of life and its etiology is attributed to various endocrine, m... | 16271143 | PMC1308846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 4; 2:14 |
Introduction
The only goal of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is to prevent/reduce morbidity associated with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) while maintaining or enhancing sensitivity for detecting nodal disease. It has been extensively demonstrated that SLNB is associated with lower morbidity than ALND [1-24].... | 16277655 | PMC1308847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 8; 2:25 |
Introduction
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is emerging as a new standard in the treatment of patients with operable breast cancer. It is a simple technique that uses subdermal or peri-tumoral injection of vital blue dye and/or radioactive isotope to identify the first lymph node(s) draining the primary tumor. SLNB ... | 16313674 | PMC1308848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 28; 2:26 |
Vitiligo, a psychologically devastating and frequently recalcitrant skin disorder, affects approximately 1% of the general population [1]. Theories concerning the cause of vitiligo have focused on three different mechanisms: auto-immune, neural, and autocytotoxic. The autoimmune hypothesis proposes an autoimmune attack... | 16303054 | PMC1308849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Nov 22; 2:11 |
Introduction
Autoimmune diseases, sometimes defined as a clinical syndrome caused by the activation of T cells or B cells, or both, in the absence of an ongoing infection or other discernible cause [1], comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders wherein alterations in the immune system may result in a spectrum of dise... | 16280086 | PMC1308850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:03 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2005 Nov 9; 2:9 |
Background
Chemokines are a superfamily of small (8–10 kDa) proteins, which coordinate cellular responses to inflammation, insult or injury [1-4]. They also play a pivotal role in the regulation of leukocyte trafficking and extravasation through the luminal surface of endothelial cells into sites of tissue inflammation... | 16259633 | PMC1308851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Oct 31; 2:14 |
Background
Nuclear receptors can generally be described as ligand activated transcription factors that form a large superfamily of proteins. In humans 48 such receptors have been identified [1] and are involved with an extensive number of cellular processes throughout development and adult physiology [2]. Nuclear recep... | 16309552 | PMC1308852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2005 Nov 25; 2:15 |
Findings
Aberrant expression of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and their inhibitors has been observed in post mitotic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1,2]. Proteins that normally function to control cell cycle progression in actively dividing cells may play a role in the death of post mitotic neurons in ... | 16300681 | PMC1308853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Nov 21; 2:27 |
Background
Malaria accounts for an estimated 1 to 3 million deaths each year, with the majority occurring in children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause an estimated 1 to 2 million deaths in African children [2]. The WHO's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is targ... | 16271153 | PMC1308854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Nov 6; 4:53 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for most of the more than one million deaths that occur each year from malaria infection in Africa [1]. Most of these deaths occur as a result of complications such as severe malaria-associated anaemia (SMA) and cerebral malaria (CM) or coma [2]. The pathogenesis ... | 16277654 | PMC1308855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Nov 8; 4:54 |
Background
Gains or amplification of the long arm of chromosome 1 is among the most common chromosomal abnormalities in human neoplasia [1]. Local gains or high-level amplification affecting 1q21-q23 is particularly frequent, and was first described for sarcomas [2-4]. Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tu... | 16274472 | PMC1308856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Nov 7; 4:39 |
Background
ASICs are ion channels that open when the extracellular pH drops [1,2]. They belong to the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin superfamily of ion channels [3,4]. Members of this family are selective for sodium, are inhibited by the diuretic drug amiloride, and have two membrane-spanning regions with intracel... | 16305749 | PMC1308857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Nov 23; 1:35 |
Introduction
Selenium (Se) plays a key role in the maintenance of normal health in human populations [1]. The cellular biochemistry of Selenium involves the expression of a variety of selenoproteins. Selenium is part of the active site of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an antioxidant enzyme [2]. It has been demonstra... | 16285883 | PMC1308858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Nov 14; 4:32 |
Introduction
High-density oligonucleotide (oligo) arrays are a powerful and widely used tool for large-scale gene-expression profiling [1]. One extensively validated oligo array type is available as commercial GeneChip® technology (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, USA). GeneChip® arrays use probe-sets rather than single oligos... | 16280083 | PMC1308859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Nov 9; 1:10 |
Introduction
With several plant genome sequencing projects already finished and several others nearing completion, the logical next step is the assessment of the protein products encoded by these genomes. The protein composition of different tissues, cell types and isolated cellular organelles from a range of plant spe... | 16287510 | PMC1308860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:28 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Nov 16; 1:11 |
Background
In Brazil, as in most of the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, abortion is highly legally restricted. The Brazilian Penal Code dating back to 1940 states that abortion is illegal except when performed to save a woman's life or in the case of rape. Although not explicitly permitted by law, abortions i... | 16288647 | PMC1308861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Nov 15; 2:10 |
Background
Subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accounts for over 56% of HIV-1 infections [1-3]. Globally, HIV-1 infection is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. HIV-1 infected children account for 20% of all HIV-1 related deaths; 7% of individuals living with HIV-1 infectio... | 16274482 | PMC1308862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 7; 2:67 |
Introduction
Viruses of the Betaretroviruses genus, formerly known as D- and B-type retroviruses, assemble their capsids in the cytoplasm of infected cells instead of at the plasma membrane like most retroviruses. The B-type viruses contain prominent surface glycoproteins and spherical, eccentric capsids and include mo... | 16274484 | PMC1308863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 7; 2:68 |
Tat transactivation: A historical perspective, initiation vs elongation
Transcription of the HIV-1 provirus is characterized by an early, Tat-independent and a late, Tat-dependent phase. Transcription from the HIV-1 LTR is increased several hundred-fold in the presence of Tat and the ability of Tat to activate transcri... | 16280076 | PMC1308864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 9; 2:69 |
Background
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are closely related retroviruses that infect T-cells in vivo, with a probable preferential tropism for CD4+ and CD8+ cells respectively [1]. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of the Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and of the Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP... | 16285885 | PMC1308865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 14; 2:70 |
Background
The HIV TAT protein is a key regulator of viral replication [1]. Binding of the TAT protein to the TAR element, a 59 nt sequence at the 5' end of nascent RNA, is the first critical step for producing full length HIV RNA. The transcription of HIV RNA from both integrated and non-integrated HIV genome is depen... | 16293193 | PMC1308866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 17; 2:71 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene and early alterations are primarily found in the small airways [1]. Pulmonary surfactant is of critical importance for the maintenance of airspace patency during the respiratory cycle, especially at lower a... | 16274485 | PMC1308867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 7; 6(1):133 |
Introduction
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) has recently been identified as a distinct form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, distinguishable from usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). NSIP has been associated with better response to immunosuppressive therapies and a more favorable prognosis [1-4]. Histolo... | 16287509 | PMC1308868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 15; 6(1):137 |
Background
Dengue is the most prevalent viral disease transmitted by arthropod vectors worldwide [1]. An estimated 50–100 million cases of dengue fever and 500.000 cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever resulting in around 24.000 deaths occur annually depending on epidemic activity [1,2]. At present, almost 30% of the worl... | 16274483 | PMC1308869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Nov 7; 3:17 |
Background
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been established from various lymphoid sources of patients with metastatic melanoma[1]. The majority of CTL are of CD8 phenotype and generally lyse tumor cells in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted manner. A number of melanoma-associated antigens and peptides define... | 16281981 | PMC1308870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Nov 10; 3:41 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common form of lower respiratory viral infection affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals [1]. In severe cases, it may cause complications ranging from pneumonia and bronchiolitis to death [2]. While the most severe outcomes arise in pati... | 16281972 | PMC1308871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | Virol J. 2005 Nov 9; 2:84 |
Background
The utility of the E-cadherin immunohistochemical stain to distinguish between lobular and ductal carcinomas that are difficult to classify by morphologic features alone has been well-documented in recent years [1-8]. However, greater experience in the staining patterns of lobular and ductal lesions with the... | 16287501 | PMC1308872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 14; 3:73 |
Background
Mature teratomas are the most common histological type of germ cell tumors, followed by seminomas [1]. Germ cell tumors are predominantly found in gonads, while the anterior mediastinum is the most common extragonadal site [2]. The mediastinal germ cell tumors comprise 15% of anterior mediastinal tumors in a... | 16303056 | PMC1308873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 22; 3:76 |
Background
One of the most striking discoveries in the post-genomic age has been the amount of non-random gene positioning in eukaryotic genomes [1]. In the human genome, for instance, highly/broadly expressed genes cluster [2-5]. Likewise in yeast co-expressed genes tend to reside together [6] and such pairs tend also... | 16277660 | PMC1309615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 8; 5:62 |
Background
The human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a gene-dense region on chromosome 6p21.3, and comprises a group of genes that are involved functionally with the adaptive and innate immune system. From centromere to telomere, it is divided into five regions: extended class II, classical class II, class II... | 16271140 | PMC1309616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 4; 6:152 |
Background
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) more than a decade ago, the incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) [1] has decreased significantly in the Western hemisphere. However, PCP still remains the most common opportunistic infection in patients infected with the huma... | 16271157 | PMC1309617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 7; 5:101 |
Background
Bright white light has been shown to suppress melatonin, shift circadian rhythms and alleviate depression. Evidence suggests that green light may have effects similar to those of white light but could be more efficient [1-4]
Recent studies have suggested that lower photon densities of blue light are require... | 16283926 | PMC1309618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 9; 5:42 |
Background
Social affluence is a double edged sword. On the one hand, life is more convenient than ever because of the advances in technology; on the other hand, the incidence of diabetes is occurring at an alarming rate. The explosive increase in number of people diagnosed with diabetes makes this disease a new health... | 16232315 | PMC1309619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Oct 18; 2:29 |
Background
Zondek and colleagues were the first to propose that the pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate the gonads [1]. This hypothesis was later confirmed with the identification of two different hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) [2]. These advances in the understan... | 16280073 | PMC1309620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 9; 3:62 |
Introduction
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind in a sequence-specific manner to short DNA segments (“binding sites”), most commonly in intergenic DNA upstream of a gene, to activate or suppress gene transcription. Their DNA-binding domains recognize collections of short related DNA sequences (“motifs”)... | 16477324 | PMC1309704 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 9; 1(7):e67 |
Introduction
Complex cellular and developmental processes depend on precise spatiotemporal regulation of mRNA and protein levels and activities. Such regulation arises essentially at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. While tremendous progress has been made in understanding transcri... | 16355253 | PMC1309705 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 9; 1(7):e69 |
Introduction
Regulation of gene expression is important for many cellular processes. Numerous studies have focused on the transcriptional level to investigate under what conditions a gene is transcribed and to what extent. These investigations have led to descriptions of system architectures, in which the activity of s... | 16355254 | PMC1309706 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 9; 1(7):e72 |
Background
Traditional approaches to the study of nociceptive signaling mechanisms often focus on single gene products. The functions of such molecules are commonly examined using pharmacological, electrophysiological, genetic and behavioural techniques. While there is little doubt that these investigations have been o... | 16297238 | PMC1310513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Nov 18; 1:33 |
Background
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a significant human pathogen and the prototypical member of the herpesviridae, a large family of enveloped nuclear DNA viruses. HSV displays two modes of interaction with its human host: lytic and latent (reviewed in [1]). Primary infection of epithelial cells produces the lytic... | 16300675 | PMC1310514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Nov 21; 2:85 |
Background
Previously, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) did not attract much attention in Japan because its incidence was lower than in the USA and Europe [1]. However, an increasing number of patients have recently been diagnosed with VTE in Japan along with improved detection thanks to progress in imaging t... | 16297244 | PMC1310515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Nov 19; 3:18 |
Background
Preliminary results from this study were presented in a poster session at the 2002 AcademyHealth Conference on June 23, 2002, and final results were presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society Medical Decision Making on October 2003.
Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) show how to maximize the number... | 16281982 | PMC1310516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2005 Nov 10; 3:10 |
Background
During Wallerian degeneration, macrophages enter the peripheral nervous system [1-3] when permeability of the BNB is increased. The increased permeability of BNB leads to the increased infiltration of macrophages into the endoneurium [4,5]. Injury-activated Schwann cells and resident macrophages are probably... | 16287511 | PMC1310517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Nov 18; 2:26 |
Background
The coexistence of multiple chronic diseases in the same individual or multimorbidity has led to increasing interest in its measure in research studies as a potential confounder or as a predictor of study outcome [1,2].
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an outcome measure that is adversely affected ... | 16305743 | PMC1310518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 23; 3:74 |
Background
IL-4 is a Th2 cytokine that plays an essential role in IgE regulation. It triggers isotype switching from IgM to IgE, induces differentiation to Th2 phenotype on T cells and plays a critical role in the induction and maintenance of allergy.IL4 gene has been mapped to chromosome 5q31 where asthma and atopy ha... | 16313681 | PMC1310519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Nov 29; 3:15 |
Background
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1 infected individuals has led to a significant decrease of plasma viremia to undetectable levels and has considerably improved the survival and quality of life of infected individuals (reviewed in [1]). However, the presence of cellular reservoi... | 16305739 | PMC1310520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 23; 2:73 |
Background
Tuberculous involvement of the metacarpals and phalanges is a rare presentation of extrapulmonary TB [1,2]. The spine is the most frequent site of skeletal involvement; occurring in 1 to 3% of patients with extrapulmonary TB [3]. The diagnosis is often delayed because osseous tuberculosis is a paucibacillary... | 16269085 | PMC1310521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Nov 3; 4:18 |
Introduction
An important development in the area of recombinant protein purification has been the incorporation of self-cleaving protein elements into a variety of fusion-based purification systems [1-3]. These elements are derived from naturally occurring self-splicing inteins through various protein engineering stra... | 16283936 | PMC1310522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Nov 11; 4:32 |
Background
In 1980 the WHO [1] published a framework for classifying the consequences of disease. This classification system included the domains of impairment, disability, and handicap where a linear relationship was thought to exist between domains. This framework emphasized the multifaceted nature of health and led ... | 16288664 | PMC1310523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 16; 3:73 |
Neuroendocrine carcinoma comprises carcinoid tumors, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and small cell carcinomas. Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder are rare. They usually involve male patients and coexist with urothelial carcinoma [1]. Among neuroendocrine tumors of the urinary bladder, small... | 16269089 | PMC1310524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Nov 4; 2:18 |
Background
Odor information in animals is represented as a spatial pattern of activity among glomeruli in the olfactory lobe [1]. This odotopic map is generated by the projection of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) each expressing a single odorant receptor (Or) gene to a defined glomerulus(i). How is this wiring patte... | 16281986 | PMC1310525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Nov 11; 5:25 |
Background
The epigenome of a specific tissue constitutes the total set of chromatin modifications existing above the level of DNA base sequence and mitotically inherited, conveying stability to the differentiated state. In mammalian cells, these epigenetic modifications consist primarily of DNA methylation, histone po... | 16287503 | PMC1310526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 15; 6:39 |
Background
The mammalian tachykinins are a group of peptides sharing the common C-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. The three principal tachykinins are substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B, and although these are preferred agonists for the neurokinin-1, neurokinin-2 and neurokinin-3 receptors respectively,... | 16305744 | PMC1310527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Nov 23; 6:66 |
Introduction
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare respiratory disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant-derived material in the lung of patients [1]. Currently PAP is categorized into acquired, congenital, and secondary PAP [2,3].
The acquired form of PAP is clinically characterized by cough, d... | 16303053 | PMC1310528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 22; 6(1):138 |
Background
Musculoskeletal physiotherapists routinely assess lumbar spinal segmental motion and choose interventions on the basis of the findings of those assessments. However, the validity of clinical tests used to assess segmental motion has not been established. When physiotherapists examine the lumbar spine, common... | 16274487 | PMC1310529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 7; 6:56 |
Background
In mammals, a single progranulin gene, also known as proepithelin, acrogranin and PC-cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF), encodes a glycoprotein precursor exhibiting pleiotropic tissue growth factor activity (reviewed in [1-4]). Progranulin is secreted in an intact form [5-8], or undergoes proteolysis leading... | 16277664 | PMC1310530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 8; 6:156 |
Background
Cultured insect cells can serve as efficient host systems for the recombinant expression of certain eukaryotic proteins that fail to be expressed in bacterial host systems. Advantageously, insect cells provide eukaryotic type chaperones, permit the expression of long open reading frames, and are not subject ... | 16285881 | PMC1310531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Nov 14; 6:24 |
Background
The prevalence of obesity has reached alarming levels in Britain with several studies [1] reporting that the number of young people who are overweight and obese has increased notably over the past decade. This dramatic increase in overweight has not been confined to British children and adolescents; pediatri... | 16259624 | PMC1310532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Oct 31; 5:113 |
Background
Patients with hazardous and harmful drinking patterns are commonly encountered by primary care clinicians worldwide. Studies from the U.S., Europe and Australia indicate that 10–40% of patients seen in primary care settings engage in hazardous or harmful drinking [1-5]. This group of patients, sometimes refe... | 16271146 | PMC1310533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Nov 4; 6:46 |
Background
The recent withdrawal of rofecoxib together with new data showing that other cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors might also be associated with an increased risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events, mainly acute myocardial infarction (MI), has created a climate of uncertainty surrounding the safety o... | 16316472 | PMC1310534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Nov 29; 3:17 |
Background
Anterior urethral rupture is rare and is usually iatrogenic, during catheterisation or urethral dilatation. Trauma resulting from inflating a Foley balloon in the urethra occurs frequently. It may also result from blunt trauma e.g. saddle injury.
The definitive management of anterior urethral injury remains... | 16281970 | PMC1310535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Nov 9; 5:13 |
Background
Introductory statistics textbooks typically advise against the use of parametric methods, such as the t-test, for the analysis of randomized trials unless data approximate to a normal distribution. Altman, for example, states that "parametric methods require the observations within each group to have an appr... | 16269081 | PMC1310536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Nov 3; 5:35 |
Background
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a key role in the oxidative, peroxidative and reductive metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as drugs, dietary components and alcohols (for review see [1].). However, CYPs not only function in the detoxification of xenobiotics but may also be involved in t... | 16281975 | PMC1310537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 10; 5:34 |
Background
The Barabási and Albert scale free network model is a mathematical precept that describes the innate connectivity and distribution within complex networks. These scale free networks defy the traditional random graph model of Erdös and Renyi and display a connectivity distribution where the occurrence of high... | 16283924 | PMC1310538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 9; 6:271 |
Background
Among the entire spectrum of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, aggressive behaviour (AB) is the most disturbing and distressing behaviour displayed by older patients in long-term care facilities. According to Patel and Hope [1], AB refers to an overt act, which is not accidental, involving ... | 16280091 | PMC1310539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Nov 10; 5:13 |
Introduction
It has recently been demonstrated in several studies that to a large extent, without prior knowledge of individual origins, the geographic ancestries of individuals can be inferred from genetic markers [1–5]. In one of the most extensive of these studies to date, considering 1,056 individuals from 52 human... | 16355252 | PMC1310579 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 9; 1(6):e70 |
Background
Present theory for the evolution of parasite virulence is built upon the idea that there is a trade-off between the advantage of within-host replication and the disadvantage that such replication has on host survivorship [1-4]. Several factors have been shown to affect this trade-off, and thus change the att... | 16281984 | PMC1310603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 10; 5:64 |
Background
Evolutionary theory predicts that costly structures must convey a fitness advantage to their bearers in order to be maintained over evolutionary time [1]. Flightlessness in birds and insects, limblessness in lizards and sightlessness in cave-dwelling organisms are some prominent examples of phenotypic regres... | 16271138 | PMC1310604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 4; 5:59 |
Background
The development of high-throughput technologies for discovering interactions between proteins has made it possible to screen entire proteomes and produce large protein-protein interaction (PPI) datasets. Different methods of PPI detection, including yeast two-hybrid assays [1-3], mass spectrometry of coimmun... | 16305745 | PMC1310605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 23; 6:277 |
Background
A difficulty experienced by many (if not all) users of gene expression microarrays is making sense of the complex results. After analyzing each gene in a data set, an experimenter is often left to the task of summarizing the results with little assistance. It is common for experimenters to ask questions at t... | 16280084 | PMC1310606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 9; 6:269 |
Background
Phylogenetic classifications traditionally rely on phenotypic traits and the paleontological record [1]. As a result of the large amount of DNA sequences now available in the databases, molecular phylogeny has become an essential companion in studying evolutionary relationships among species [2]. As usually ... | 16280081 | PMC1310607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 9; 5:63 |
The comment in the introduction of our article [1] suggesting that "quetiapine is the only available antipsychotic with significant 5-HT1D effects," is misleading. The affinity of quetiapine for this receptor is low and probably insignificant when compared with some other second generation antipsychotics [2].
Pre-publ... | 0 | PMC1310608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 30; 5:44 |
Background
Uganda is one of the global TB high burden countries ranked 20th in the world with an estimated incidence rate of tuberculosis in 2001 of 324 cases per 100,000 and a notification rate of 171 per 100,000 of the population. The estimated proportion of tuberculosis cases that were HIV positive was 35% in 2001. ... | 16307685 | PMC1310609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 24; 5:122 |
Background
More than 80% of the population in the developing world use traditional medicine, which includes herbal remedies, for the management of health [1]. In the developed world the dramatic revolution in healthcare was facilitated by the discovery of pharmacologically active chemical entities (supported by evidenc... | 16297236 | PMC1310610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Nov 18; 5:20 |
Background
Maternal depression during pregnancy has been studied less than depression in postpartum period. A recent study, however, shows that depression seems to be as common during pregnancy as after delivery [1]. Depending upon various scales used to measure depression, the prevalence rate has been found to be betw... | 16277665 | PMC1310611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005 Nov 8; 5:15 |
Background
It is well-known that the number of physical therapy treatment sessions varies over treatment episodes [1-10] and it is important for health care policy makers, physical therapists and patients to gain greater understanding of the sources of this variation. Greater understanding will increase the transparenc... | 16307679 | PMC1310612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 24; 5:74 |
Background
Autism is a severe heterogeneous neurobehavioral syndrome that becomes apparent in the first years of life [1-3] Autism is often viewed as a type of mental retardation, as most autistics have IQs lower than 70. However, autism is distinguished from other mental retardation syndromes by disproportionately sev... | 16266434 | PMC1310613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Nov 2; 6:52 |
Background
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex disorder, often with a severe or deadly outcome. The primary phase with tissue disruption initiates secondary injury processes in a delayed phase causing pathophysiological changes in the brain. As a consequence of the initial mechanical impact to the head, cerebral ... | 16318630 | PMC1310614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Nov 30; 6:69 |
Background
Clinical presentations of rabies in humans can be categorized as classic (furious and paralytic) and non-classic rabies [1,2]. The latter is almost always associated with bat and some dog variants whereas the classic forms are associated with dog variants. There is no specific genetic pattern of rabies virus... | 16288653 | PMC1310615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 16; 5:104 |
Background
Liver metastasis remains the major cause of therapeutic failure in colorectal carcinoma. Amongst the 300,000 people that are given the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) every year in Europe and North America, 60% will eventually develop liver metastases, and several of them will succumb from their disease... | 16293189 | PMC1310616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 17; 5:149 |
Background
Standard protocols for microarray analysis are generally based on samples with more than 1–5 μg of total RNA. However, there is an increasing interest in transcription profiling of small samples, as large amounts of material can be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain in both clinical and experimental set... | 16253144 | PMC1310617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 27; 6:147 |
Background
In undertaking any health care reform, it is important to clarify the ethical problems they may engender [1-4]. Lithuania as well as Eastern and Central European countries in transition have postulated the importance of ethical considerations in changes in the health sector. In Lithuania, ethics has traditio... | 16281969 | PMC1310618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 9; 5:117 |
Background
The etiology of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which represents 90 percent of bladder malignancies, is not quite clear, while squamous cell carcinoma (5%) of the bladder is well associated with some factors like urinary stones and prolonged infections. Some genital malignancies like vulvar or cervical ne... | 16274490 | PMC1310619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 8; 5:102 |
Background
BC is currently the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, causing 28% of all cancer deaths [1]. Although cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor, only 10–15% of heavy smokers (greater than 20 pack years) develop BC [1-3]. Antioxidant and DNA repair enzymes that provide protection f... | 16255782 | PMC1310620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 29; 5:141 |
Background
Transcription regulation is among the most sophisticated of regulatory processes, involving a complex combinatorial selection of cis- and trans-acting signals [1]. Proximal upstream regions of a gene in particular contain many cis-regulatory elements that regulate the expression of the gene by binding to var... | 16309559 | PMC1310621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 27; 6:168 |
Background
Multiple genome alignment is an important problem in bioinformatics. It is used in comparative studies to help find new genomic features such as genes and regulatory elements. Current multiple genome alignment programs [1,2] use progressive alignment [3], with a phylogenetic tree as a reference.
The primary... | 16293191 | PMC1310622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 17; 6:273 |
Background
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array CGH) is used to detect the aberrations in segmental copy numbers at chromosomal loci represented by DNA clones with known genomic locations [1]. CGH microarrays typically contain tens of thousands of spotted DNA sequences such as those derived from ba... | 16297240 | PMC1310623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 18; 6:274 |
Background
The "in silico" functional annotation of proteins generated by large scale sequencing projects is an important challenge in biology. Here we propose a rigorous protocol for multigenic families' annotation.
1/Importance of phylogenetic reconstruction
Because important functions are conserved during evolution... | 16271148 | PMC1310624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 4; 6:153 |
Background
Melanoma has become an important public health issue because of its rising incidence in the Caucasian population. Even though, most cases are cured by surgery alone in the early stages of the disease, advanced melanoma has a poor prognosis. Therapeutic strategies of metastatic malignant melanoma are based on... | 16287507 | PMC1310625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 15; 5:147 |
Background
The Engrailed Homology 1 (EH1) motif is a short (<10 amino acids) region, initially found in engrailed (en) and other homeobox containing proteins, that mediates transcriptional repression via interaction with the WD40 repeat containing groucho (Gro) [1,2]. Shimeld [3] proposed that the EH1 motif of Smith an... | 16309560 | PMC1310626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 27; 6:169 |
Background
Over 200 pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria have been completely sequenced [1], including multiple strains from several species. The availability of sequence data from related genomes has facilitated comparative genomic analysis, which not only allows the study of major evolutionary processes, but also t... | 16305751 | PMC1310627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 23; 6:279 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary neoplasm of the liver. Its incidence is increasing in western countries mainly due to the growing Hepatitis C Virus epidemics. Though potentially curable with surgery, very few patients are candidates for resection because of tumor extension and poo... | 16259635 | PMC1310628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 31; 5:142 |
Background
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean region is fuelled by stigma and discrimination, which are the most significant determinants of HIV infection and death from AIDS-related complications [1]. Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), an island nation situated off the coast of Venezuela and home to 1.3 million citizens, ... | 16288659 | PMC1310629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 16; 5:121 |
Background
From the many different prokaryotic genomes that have been sequenced in the last decade, it has been concluded that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributed significantly to the shape and size of microbial genomes [1]. Initially, HGT was regarded as an oddity in microbial genetics, with only a few antibiot... | 16297239 | PMC1310630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 18; 6:163 |
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