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Background
The Notch pathway is one of the best studied cell to cell communication systems in the animal kingdom. It is highly conserved and used from worm to man. This pathway is needed whenever cell decisions are influenced by cell-cell communication, and also during proliferation or pathway crosstalk [1]. Using Dros... | 16293187 | PMC1310631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 17; 5:67 |
Background
Diagnosis and management of many hematologic diseases depends on examination of the bone marrow, which usually involves two separate specimens: a cytologic and a histologic preparation. While cytologic preparation of bone marrow, obtained by aspiration, allows excellent visualization of cell morphology, the ... | 16262899 | PMC1310632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 1; 5:144 |
Background
A powerful tool to dissect the genetic buffering contributing to robustness of an organism is to identify gene pairs whose individual mutants are viable, but whose double mutants are lethal or exhibit reduced fitness [1,2]. These are particular types of genetic interactions, which more generally indicate tha... | 16283923 | PMC1310633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 9; 6:270 |
Introduction
Understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning and services is currently a major aim of ecology [1,2]. Animal-mediated pollination is one of the essential ecosystem services provided to humankind [3,4]. The negative impact of pollinator decline on the reproductive success of ... | 16332160 | PMC1310649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 4(1):e1 |
Introduction
The human gastrointestinal tract is the natural habitat for a large microbial community including species from the kingdoms Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya [1]. It is estimated that the human gastrointestinal (GI) flora contains 1014 microorganisms. Most of these microbes are symbiotic to the human host and... | 16336043 | PMC1310650 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e3 |
Introduction
Dedicated host phagocytic cells suppress microbial proliferation by engulfing pathogens and subsequently engaging additional host defenses through cytokine production and antigen presentation [1–3]. Pathogen recognition activates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that induce the rearrangement o... | 16336044 | PMC1310651 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e4 |
Introduction
Horizontal transfer can be defined as the process by which genes can move between reproductively isolated species. It is far more frequent than was once thought, particularly among prokaryotes [1], to the extent that it has complicated analysis of bacterial evolution [2]. Like many transfers between bacter... | 16336045 | PMC1310652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e5 |
Introduction
Vasculogenesis, or formation of vascular endothelial cells de novo, begins very early after the initiation of gastrulation in a vertebrate embryo. In a mammalian embryo, vasculogenesis starts with the formation of the blood islands in the yolk sac and angioblast precursors in the head mesenchyme [1]. In th... | 16336046 | PMC1310653 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e10 |
As animal extinctions continue at the rate of one every 16 years, it's unclear how declining biodiversity will disturb ecosystem dynamics. Of special concern are the pollinators, essential players in the reproductive biology of plants, the earth's primary producers. Millions of years of evolutionary coadaptations lie b... | 0 | PMC1310654 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 4(1):e12 |
What some people won't do for science. In the early 1980s, Barry Marshall was convinced that Helicobacter pylori, not stress, caused stomach ulcers and inflammation. To convince the skeptics, he drank a straight broth of H. pylori, and promptly developed severe gastric distress. In October, he won the Nobel Prize for P... | 0 | PMC1310655 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e15 |
As the primary distributor of nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the vertebrate body, the circulatory system provides life support to the body's tissues and organs. Consequently, the cellular and developmental signals that control development of this critical organ system, composed of the heart, the blood vessels... | 0 | PMC1310656 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e17 |
Faced with a world full of potentially harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses, multicellular organisms have evolved efficient innate mechanisms to combat infection soon after a pathogenic exposure. Many aspects of this innate response are shared by organisms as diverse as flies and humans, pointing to a common and ancien... | 0 | PMC1310657 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e18 |
In the early 1950s, legendary plant geneticist Barbara McClintock found the first evidence that genetic material can jump from one place to another within the genome. The variegated kernels of her maize plants, she determined, resulted from mobile elements that had inserted themselves into pigment-coding genes, changin... | 0 | PMC1310658 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e35 |
An increasing number of people live in the vicinity of major airports and experience considerable noise and air pollution. Raised blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and the major risk factor for stroke (Whitworth 2003). Environmental noise is a significant problem in Europe, and it is... | 16263498 | PMC1310905 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 13; 113(11):1473-1478 |
Sequencing of the human genome has brought new emphasis and increased interest in gene–environment interactions and is becoming relevant in defining public health policies. For many years, people’s susceptibility to xenobiotics have been known to differ significantly. Now, several techniques are available to identify a... | 16263499 | PMC1310906 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 29; 113(11):1479-1484 |
Epidemiologic studies have associated exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM) with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Brunekreef and Holgate 2002; Pope et al. 2002). To date, the majority of studies have dealt with the relationship between health outcomes and the ambient levels of PM10 and PM2.5,... | 16263500 | PMC1310907 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 31; 113(11):1485-1490 |
Red tides have been documented on the Gulf Coast of Florida as early as 1530 (Taylor 1917). They occur almost annually and often persist for many months (Woodcock 1948). Red tides are caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve and Ptychodiscus brevis), which produces a series of polycyclic ... | 16263501 | PMC1310908 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 23; 113(11):1491-1496 |
In 1995, amphibians with severely malformed limbs were discovered in Minnesota (Blaustein and Johnson 2003). The next year, amphibians with truncated and missing limbs were found at several sites stretching along 120 miles of Vermont’s Lake Champlain shoreline (Levey et al. 2003). Since then, elevated rates of developm... | 16263502 | PMC1310909 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 11; 113(11):1497-1501 |
Risk management provides a context for addressing environmental health hazards. Critical to this approach is the identification of key opportunities for participation. Ideally, affected parties are involved early and throughout the decision process through continuing dialogue. The reality, however, often falls short of... | 16263503 | PMC1310910 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 27; 113(11):1502-1508 |
Increasing evidence suggests that lead exposure may contribute to decreased renal function (Kim et al. 1996; Lin et al. 1999, 2003; Muntner et al. 2003; Payton et al. 1994; Staessen et al. 1992; Yu et al. 2004) and increased uric acid levels (Lin et al. 2002, 2001; Shadick et al. 2000) at lower doses than previously re... | 16263504 | PMC1310911 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 27; 113(11):1509-1515 |
Endotoxin is biologically active lipopolysaccharide, a component of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin has potent proinflammatory effects that have been well characterized at high doses among adults but are less well understood in home settings and among infants and children (Liu 2002; Reed an... | 16263505 | PMC1310912 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 5; 113(11):1516-1521 |
A number of neurotoxic environmental contaminants, recognized as endocrine disruptors, have aroused much interest in the field of neuroendocrinology (Pillai et al. 2003). In particular, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and many heavy metals such as arsenic, cobalt, and mercury in the organic... | 16263506 | PMC1310913 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 14; 113(11):1522-1529 |
Phthalates are used industrially as plasticizers and solvents and as stabilizers for colors and fragrances. They are found in personal care products, medications, paints, adhesives, and medical equipment made with polyvinyl chloride plastics [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1995, 2001, 2003]. D... | 16263507 | PMC1310914 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 18; 113(11):1530-1535 |
Numerous epidemiologic studies have observed that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution, which occurs in many urban and industrial environments, is associated with an increase of cardiovascular diseases and mortality (Brook et al. 2003; Morris 2001). Although the exact components of PM and the exact mechani... | 16263508 | PMC1310915 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 21; 113(11):1536-1541 |
Between 800,000 and 1.2 million buildings in the United States may be associated with building-related illnesses, and thus, between 30 and 70 million workers are exposed to potentially unhealthy working conditions (Kreiss 1990; Woods 1989). Mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone (O3) are prominent poll... | 16263509 | PMC1310916 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 21; 113(11):1542-1548 |
Thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDCs) are xenobiotics that alter the structure or function of the thyroid gland, alter regulatory enzymes associated with thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis, or change circulating or tissue concentrations of THs. TDCs include a wide range of chemical structures. Chemicals such as perchlorate... | 16263510 | PMC1310917 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 21; 113(11):1549-1554 |
High concentrations of airborne particles have been associated with increased pulmonary and cardiovascular mortality, with indications of a specific toxicologic role for ultrafine particles (UFPs; particles with diameters < 0.1 μm) (Peters et al. 1997). UFPs may induce inflammatory and prothrombotic responses, promotin... | 16263511 | PMC1310918 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 26; 113(11):1555-1560 |
A number of studies have recently reported pulmonary and cardiovascular health effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAP) in animals and humans (Clarke et al. 1999, 2000; Ghio et al. 2000; Gordon et al. 2000; Huang et al. 2003; Kodavanti et al. 2000a; Saldiva et al. 2002; Smith et al. 2003). Real-time ambient part... | 16263512 | PMC1310919 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 27; 113(11):1561-1568 |
In rats and mink, several acute studies of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have associated these compounds with hepatotoxicity (Bergman et al. 1992; Bruckner et al. 1974; Chu et al. 1994; Jonsson et al. 1981; Kelly 1993; Kimbrough et al. 1971; MacLachlan and Cullen 1995; Parkinson 1996). Specifically in the liver, acu... | 16263513 | PMC1310920 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 5; 113(11):1569-1574 |
Many published studies have demonstrated statistically significant associations between ambient air fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm, PM2.5) mass concentrations and short-term changes in heart rate (HR) and/or HR variability (HRV) in humans and laboratory animals (U.S. Environmental Protection Agen... | 16263514 | PMC1310921 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 5; 113(11):1575-1579 |
There is growing concern that exposure of adults and, especially, of the developing fetus to environmental chemicals could have potentially detrimental effects on various aspects of health, particularly reproductive development. This concern stems from four areas of information. First, evidence for a range of reproduct... | 16263515 | PMC1310922 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 11; 113(11):1580-1587 |
The thyroid hormone (TH) triiodothyronine (T3) is critical to vertebrate development and growth, playing vital roles during central nervous system (CNS) development and during organogenesis of heart, muscles, bones, and lungs. In both developing and mature organisms, numerous physiologic functions are regulated by T3 a... | 16263516 | PMC1310923 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 11; 113(11):1588-1593 |
Chemical contaminants are ubiquitous in the world’s oceans. Specific health effects and overt disease in fish have been linked to high concentrations of contaminants in some coastal regions of North America (e.g., Murchelano and Wolke 1991; Myers et al. 1990). Atmospheric processes distribute many of these same contami... | 16263517 | PMC1310924 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 14; 113(11):1594-1599 |
Organotins belong to the most widely used organometallic compounds, with an estimated annual production of approximately 50,000 tons. Derivatives of dialkyltin compounds such as dibutyltin (DBT), diphenyltin (DPT), and dioctyltin (DOT) are used in industry as stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and as catalysts in ... | 16263518 | PMC1310925 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 14; 113(11):1600-1606 |
Humans have altered the nitrogen cycle dramatically over the last half-century, and as a result, nitrate is steadily accumulating in our water resources. Globally, human nitrogen production has increased rapidly since 1950 and currently exceeds nitrogen fixed by natural sources by about 30% (Fields 2004). This figure c... | 16263519 | PMC1310926 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 23; 113(11):1607-1614 |
Environmental health sciences focus on the relationship between exposures to environmental chemicals of concern and their relationship to health outcomes. The traditional method for assessing human exposures to environmental chemicals is to estimate, by empirical or modeling methods, the concentrations of chemicals of ... | 16263520 | PMC1310927 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 6; 113(11):1615-1621 |
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail.
—Abraham Maslow
Scientists are often no different from others in following the tendency of which Maslow spoke. Even in structural biology, a field that relies on complex mathematics, immense computing power, and cutting-edge technologies,... | 16263521 | PMC1310928 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 13; 113(11):1622-1626 |
Identification of risk factors for chronic renal failure is essential in order to prevent reduction of life quality and life expectancy and to minimize the high costs of treatment. Cadmium is a widespread environmental pollutant known to cause renal damage (Järup et al. 1998). Apart from smoking, the major sources of c... | 16263522 | PMC1310929 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 11; 113(11):1627-1631 |
The causality of observed associations between air pollution and respiratory health in children is still subject to debate, although numerous studies have reported adverse effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of children, using indicators of general air pollution (Braun-Fahrländer et al. 1997; Chen et al.... | 16263523 | PMC1310930 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 21; 113(11):1632-1637 |
A growing body of evidence indicates that maternal exposures to air pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 10 μm or ≤ 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A major research ... | 16263524 | PMC1310931 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 18; 113(11):1638-1644 |
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/PCDFs), known together as dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous, persistent organic pollutants that act as endocrine disruptors in eco- and bio-systems. Various industries, the combustion of solid wastes, and forest fires generate these x... | 16263525 | PMC1310932 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 27; 113(11):1645-1650 |
Children may experience greater risks from pesticide exposures than adults because of behavioral, dietary, and physiologic characteristics associated with development (National Research Council 1993). University of Washington researchers began an investigation of children’s exposure to pesticides in 1991, with particul... | 16263526 | PMC1310933 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov 6; 113(11):1651-1657 |
Because of concern about the health and environmental effects of burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce electrical energy in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in nuclear power stations as a “carbon-free” method of generating electricity. For example, an interdisciplinary study titled T... | 16263488 | PMC1310934 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A720-A721 |
I am very proud of the role that the NIEHS has played in the Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. Extramural and intramural scientists have jointly developed and are implementing both short-term and long-term responses to this natural disaster. Many individuals have contributed to our response, but I especially want to ac... | 16263489 | PMC1310935 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A722 |
Siemiatycki et al. (2004) published a list of occupational carcinogens based largely on the evaluations published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), augmented with additional information on the extent of workplace exposure. They considered 28 agents as definite human occupational carcinogens (IA... | 16263490 | PMC1310936 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A726-A727 |
Ginsberg and Rice (2005) argued that the reference dose for perchlorate of 0.0007 mg/kg per day recommended by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee to Assess the Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion is not adequately protective. As members of the committee, we disagree.
Ginsberg and Rice (2005) bas... | 16276624 | PMC1310937 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A728-A729 |
Risk assessors should always carefully evaluate whether a given reference dose (RfD) is the most appropriate choice for assessing risk. In the case of perchlorate, Ginsberg and Rice (2005) suggested that the RfD proposed by the National Research Council (NRC) is inappropriate because the NRC did not thoroughly evaluate... | 16276625 | PMC1310938 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A729-A730 |
We would like to respond to the comments from several members of the NAS perchlorate panel (Johnston et al.) and from two other groups (Gibbs et al., Strawson et al.). These letters were in response to our commentary published in EHP (Ginsberg and Rice 2005). The letters take an opposing viewpoint but do not invalidate... | 0 | PMC1310939 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A730-A732 |
In Figure 2D of Greer et al. [
Environ Health Perspect 110:927–937 (2002)], there should have been seven subjects in the 0.007 mg/kg-day group, but EHP erroneously included an extra line (without symbols), indicating a nonexistent eighth subject. This error was reproduced in the commentary of Ginsberg and Rice [
Enviro... | 0 | PMC1310940 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A732 |
When the Asian tsumani struck on 26 December 2004, health authorities braced for an onslaught of waterborne illnesses including malaria and cholera, which often follow such disasters. But saltwater flooded the freshwater breeding grounds of the mosquitoes that spread malaria, and relief agencies quickly distributed bot... | 16263492 | PMC1310941 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A734 |
Green chemistry aims in part to help clean up chemical processing by reducing or eliminating toxic elements from production and use. One university at the forefront of the movement is the University of Oregon, which has developed a website, Greener Education Materials for Chemists (GEMS), to educate teachers on introdu... | 0 | PMC1310942 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A737 |
Every day, Earth-observing satellites outfitted with remote-sensing technology generate vast data streams that scientists use to study the biosphere—the part of the Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. These orbiting systems are rapidly advancing studies of climate change, weather, and other global phenomena... | 16263493 | PMC1310943 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A738-A739 |
Too much computer time may not be good for kids, but sometimes surfing the Internet can be a wholesome activity, especially when it involves websites that help children learn how to make informed choices about their own health. One such site is the Veggie-Mon website at http://www.veggie-mon.org/. Created in 2000 by th... | 0 | PMC1310944 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A739-A740 |
Cook JD, Davis BJ, Cai SL, Barrett JC, Conti CJ, Walker CL. 2005. Interaction between genetic susceptibility and early-life environmental exposure determines tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8644–8649.
Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are common benign tumors in the muscle tissue of the uterus... | 0 | PMC1310945 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A740 |
Just past its 50th birthday, commercial nuclear energy is experiencing a tentative rejuvenation that could result in a greater role as a global source of electricity. Skeptics still harbor many of the objections that have slowed or stopped the construction of new nuclear power plants, but rising concerns about the cost... | 16263494 | PMC1310946 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A742-A749 |
As fossil fuel prices and consumption both continue rising, the search is on for alternative fuels. Fuel for vehicles is taking center stage, now that 67% of U.S. petroleum consumption goes toward fueling vehicles, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Could biomass energy derived from plant matter supply a... | 16263495 | PMC1310947 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A750-A753 |
Increasingly, problems of rising energy demands, dwindling resources, and pollution concerns are being mitigated by turning waste into usable products. Now some researchers are eyeing organic wastes from homes, food processing, and other sources as an energy feedstock—bacteria including Rhodoferax and Geobacter are bei... | 16263496 | PMC1310948 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A754-A757 |
Widespread exposure to the heavy metal cadmium occurs through both natural and industry-related sources. The general population is likely to encounter low-level chronic exposure through smoking and from dietary sources, particularly shellfish, grains, and vegetables. In 1999 an ongoing population-based Swedish study, W... | 0 | PMC1310949 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A759-A760 |
Over the past few decades, researchers have been trying to pin down the specific chemical culprits behind increasing complaints of poor air quality inside offices and other buildings. Among the many chemicals suspected so far have been volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone, prominent pollutants in indoor environm... | 0 | PMC1310950 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A760 |
The attacks of September 11, 2001, using airplanes, followed closely by the biologic attacks using anthrax spores placed in letters, have illustrated how vulnerable our society is to such acts of terrorism. Since these events, the NIH has led the national research effort focused on the development of medical countermea... | 0 | PMC1310951 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A761 |
The Environmental Fellows Program at Harvard University
The University Center for the Environment has created the Environmental Fellows program to enable recent doctorate recipients to use and expand Harvard’s extraordinary resources to tackle complex environmental problems. The Environmental Fellows will work for two ... | 0 | PMC1310952 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A762-A763 |
Mild et al. suggest that we should have included magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies (ELF MFs) in our listing of occupational carcinogens (Siemiatycki et al. 2004). We acknowledge that ELF MFs have been classified as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B) by the Monographs Programme of the International ... | 0 | PMC1310953 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A727a |
The Committee to Assess the Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion [National Academy of Sciences (NAS)] released its final report [National Research Council (NRC) 2005] in January 2005, recommending a reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate of 0.0007 mg/kg-day. In a commentary published online on 25 May 2005, Ginsbe... | 16263491 | PMC1310954 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A727b-A728 |
Any exposure to radiation may cause cell damage that could lead to cancer, according to a June 2005 report from the National Research Council. The risk noted by the report, though small, is a third higher than the risk of 8.46 cancers per 10,000 people exposed to 1 rem (or 10 millisieverts [mSv]) currently used by U.S.... | 16276647 | PMC1310955 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A735a |
Smoke-Free Beijing Olympics
WHO officials announced in April 2005 that the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be smoke-free, a ban the city’s mayor has personally endorsed. Experts say the move signals an official effort by China to heighten awareness of the dangers of smoking among its population, of whom 360 million smo... | 0 | PMC1310956 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A735b-A737 |
Consider the following scenario: You’re making last-minute preparations the night before a planned day of outdoor activities. Suddenly your cell phone rings. It’s not a friend or relative, but a text message warning you that air pollution levels will spike near your destination the next day. If you suffered from asthma... | 16276648 | PMC1310957 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A736a |
Anyone with common seasonal allergies knows perfectly well what’s causing their misery: pollen! And allergists know why pollen makes people sneeze: the body’s immune system is releasing a lot of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, in response to the invading pollen proteins. However, new research... | 16276649 | PMC1310958 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A736b |
Ultrafine particles (UFPs), those less than 100 nanometers in diameter, have existed for millennia in natural settings. But with the significant increase in UFPs resulting from human activities in the past few centuries (largely through combustion processes) and the potential for a deluge of nanoparticles as that indus... | 0 | PMC1310959 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A758a |
It is well established that many environmental contaminants can disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis, which is vital during fetal development and for a variety of physiological processes in adults. Among known TH disruptors are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and dibenzofurans, all members of the polyhal... | 0 | PMC1310960 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A758b-A759 |
Edited by Olle Selinus, Brian Alloway, José A. Centeno, Robert B. Finkleman, Ron Fuge, Ulf Lindh, and Pauline Smedley
Burlington, MA:Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 812 pp. ISBN: 0-1263-6341-2, $99.95 cloth
Emerging disease, pesticides, antibiotic resistance, heavy metals—every time we turn around it seems we face fri... | 0 | PMC1310961 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A780a |
Comprehensive Toxicology: General Principles
J.A. Bond
Burlington, MA:Elsevier, 2005. 354 pp. ISBN: 0-08-042966-1, $146.95
Comprehensive Toxicology: Renal Toxicology
R.S. Goldstein
Burlington, MA:Elsevier, 2005. 716 pp. ISBN: 0-08-042972-6, $196.95
Deliberative Environmental Politics: Democracy and Ecological Rat... | 0 | PMC1310962 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov; 113(11):A780b |
Introduction
Individuals with compromised immune systems are at high risk for acquired invasive fungal infections. Aspergillus fumigatus, the etiological agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), is a ubiquitous mold that causes severe, invasive, life-threatening disease in patients who are severely immunocompro... | 16344862 | PMC1311140 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 9; 1(4):e42 |
Evolution is famously controversial, despite being as well established as any scientific theory. Most people are familiar with the dismal statistics, showing how a large fraction of Americans at all educational levels do not accept the theory of evolution [1], how efforts to teach evolution often fail to have an impact... | 16336048 | PMC1311567 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3(12):e364 |
In retrospect, the history of selenium biochemistry does not differ greatly from the study of a number of other trace elements in that it occurred over many years, progressing from periods of little general interest to widespread concern regarding toxicity problems and eventually to recognition of selenium as an essent... | 16336050 | PMC1311585 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3(12):e421 |
In the early 16th century the practice of medicine and the discipline of physiology bore almost no relation to the sciences we know today. Medieval scholasticism had entrenched the writings of ancient authors as the arbiters of truth and almost completely suppressed novel inquiry in the biological sciences. The result ... | 0 | PMC1311589 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3(12):e425 |
When you're standing inside a volcano, it's hard not to pay attention to what's around you. And whose interest wouldn't be captured by guiding remotely operated vehicles through a hydrothermal vent or pumping magma into a volcano and watching it erupt? The new Science Adventure Center at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, ... | 0 | PMC1311590 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3(12):e427 |
Once thought only science fiction, alien invasions are one of today's major scientific challenges. The “aliens” in question are nonnative, or exotic, species capable of outcompeting natives and, ultimately, taking over the ecosystems to which they are introduced (Figure 1). Invasive alien species are a worldwide proble... | 16336053 | PMC1311591 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3(12):e429 |
Background
Music therapy is defined as a systematic process where the therapist helps the client to promote health, using musical experiences and the relationships that develop through them [1]. It is often perceived as a psychotherapeutic method where musical interaction, in addition to verbal discussion, is used as a... | 16259626 | PMC1311735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 31; 5:39 |
Introduction
Induction of alternative sigma (σ) factors is an important strategy for coping with environmental stress in bacteria. Indeed, there is a rough correlation between the apparent complexity of the environment and the number of alternative σ factors, e.g., Mycoplasma sp., which are obligate intracellular patho... | 16336047 | PMC1312014 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e2 |
For bacteria, a change in the environment often causes physiological stress. Bacteria cope with that stress by altering the expression of suites of genes, and manufacturing new proteins, which may allow the cell to repair damage or protect itself in the future. This stress-induced gene expression response is often medi... | 0 | PMC1312015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 4(1):e13 |
Introduction
In the United States, tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and disease. Smoking kills more than 440,000 people in the United States each year, with most deaths occurring from lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and chronic airway obstruction (1). Yet approximately 23% of American adults ... | 15670435 | PMC1312309 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Sep 15; 1(4):A04 |
Background
Fall prevention in the elderly has been recognised as an important area of research and intervention [1]. Numerous studies have presented combinations of fall related risk factors and a number of risk assessment tools have been developed [2,3]. However, few of these tools are based on rigorous research. The ... | 16285880 | PMC1312310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Nov 10; 5:14 |
Introduction
Private health insurance (PHI) is one of the foundations of the Australian health system [1]. Unlike the Unites States, however, the Australian Government provides universal access to free public hospital care, with ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals being available subject to limited client co-payments v... | 16274489 | PMC1312311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Nov 8; 2:27 |
Introduction
IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®[1,2], was created in 1989, by Marie-Paule Lefranc, at the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM) (Université Montpellier II and CNRS) at Montpellier, France, in order to standardize and manage the complexity of the immunogenetics data. Fi... | 16305737 | PMC1312312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Sep 20; 1:3 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO•) plays a pivotal role in vascular biology through both cGMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In health, NO• regulates vascular tone by activating soluble guanylate cyclase [1-3]. However, other important effects of NO• in the vasculature such as cytoprotection and anti-adhesion appear... | 16269079 | PMC1312313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 3; 6:151 |
Background
Gene expression profiling by DNA microarrays has become an important tool for studying the transcriptome of cancer cells, and has been successfully used in many studies of tumour classification and of identification of marker genes associated with cancer [e.g. [1-3]]. With an increasing number of microarray ... | 16271137 | PMC1312314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 4; 6:265 |
Background
Molecular analysis during the early period of embryonic development has long been prevented in mammals because of the scarcity of biological material, whatever the species considered. In recent years, however, technical improvements in the analysis of messenger RNAs from tiny amounts of cells have revealed t... | 16277657 | PMC1312315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 8; 6:155 |
Background
Several signaling pathways have been identified which promote the characteristic features of apoptotic cell death, including cell shrinkage, translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and budding leading to disintegration... | 16242039 | PMC1312317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Oct 21; 6:146 |
Introduction
Constraint-based modeling approaches, such as flux-balance analysis (FBA) [1,2], have proved highly successful in analyzing the capabilities of cellular metabolism, including its capacity to predict deletion phenotypes, the ability to calculate the relative flux values of metabolic reactions, and the capab... | 16362071 | PMC1314881 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 1(7):e68 |
Introduction
Comparative genomics of the bacteria and archea is well developed, has provided many insights, and has promoted the development of numerous analytical tools. The comparative genomics of eukaryotes is still in its infancy due to a relative paucity of completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes. However, genomic... | 16362072 | PMC1314882 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 1(7):e71 |
Introduction
Thirty years ago, King and Wilson [1] raised a key question in human evolutionary genetics: Given that humans and chimpanzees have extremely similar genomes, what can account for the large biological differences between the two species? They proposed the provocative hypothesis that changes in the regulatio... | 16362073 | PMC1314883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 1(7):e73 |
Introduction
Genomes contain many levels of phylogenetic information. As well as sequences of nucleotides and amino acids, complete genomes also contain structural information on the order of genes [1], nucleotide usage patterns [2], and amino-acid composition [3,4]. The evolution of genome content has become a central... | 16362074 | PMC1314884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 1(7):e75 |
Background
Although olfaction is the primal sense in animals, it has also an important role in the human life. Loss of this unique sensation could be extremely unpleasant and can be associated with deterioration of communicational functions of patients [1,2]. In fact, disorders of the sense of smell can be frustrating ... | 16313675 | PMC1314885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Nov 28; 5:6 |
Background
Alcohol misuse constitutes a major problem in modern society and both physical and mental alcohol-related harm result in a large number of attendances at emergency rooms (ERs), imposing a significant burden on the workload and financial resources of the medical departments [1,2]. Excess alcohol consumption w... | 16293195 | PMC1314886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Nov 18; 5:73 |
Background
The association of human papillomaviruses (HPV) with invasive cervical carcinoma and its precursor lesions is well characterized [1,2]. There is also an emerging body of data indicating that HPV may contribute to tumor etiology at a variety of other anatomical sites [3]. For example, high-risk HPV types have... | 16288661 | PMC1314887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Nov 16; 5:10 |
Background
The addition of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to the U.S. recommended childhood immunization schedule in the year 2000 added three injections to the number of shots a child is expected to receive during the first year of life. Whereas seven to ten injections were recommended during the first year of l... | 16313673 | PMC1314888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Nov 28; 5:43 |
Background
There are several methods available for mutagenesis: 1) to isolate single strand template DNA and then create the mutation with one complementary primer [1]; 2) design two sets of PCR primers that overlap the mutation site, amplify the template by two PCR reactions and then clone the two PCR fragments and th... | 16321147 | PMC1314889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 6:22 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition, particularly in older people[1]. Around 36% of those aged over 50 suffer from knee pain[2-4], half of whom have severe difficulty with physical function or severe pain[5]. The vast majority of patients who seek care receive it in primary care. Since much of this pai... | 16274477 | PMC1314890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Nov 7; 6:55 |
Background
Malignant degeneration of burn scars has been reported as early as in the first century by Celsus. However, the classic description was published by Jean-Nicholas Marjolin in 1828, who indeed did not regard the lesion as malignant [1]. The entity „Marjolin's ulcer“, which is commonly used for carcinoma arisi... | 16309562 | PMC1314891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 28; 5:150 |
Background
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in males, but little is known about the molecular events involved in its development [1]. The prostate could constitute a target for infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) due to anatomical reasons, particularly by direct access of the viral particl... | 16307686 | PMC1314892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Nov 24; 5:15 |
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