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Review
Viral Entry
John Young of the Salk Institute began this session by describing work his lab has recently completed in understanding cellular requirements for replication of Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) [1]. Through use of chemically mutagenized CHO cells, they identified five clones that became resistant to MLV in... | 16293194 | PMC1315336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Nov 17; 2:72 |
Cancer journals have an interesting history. Many of them are the official journals from established institutions or societies that have a fine track record in research and medical practice, with an avid and faithful readership. There are probably more journals devoted to cancer than any other field of medical science.... | 16318628 | PMC1315337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Nov 30; 5:33 |
Background
The process of myelination in the CNS requires a remarkable morphological transformation by newly-formed oligodendrocytes, with processes contacting and extending along each axon before elaborating a myelin membrane to enwrap the axon multiple times to create a sheath. This differentiation step is tightly co... | 16283943 | PMC1315338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Nov 12; 3:25 |
Background
The inner ear's blood supply depends solely on the spiral modiolar artery (SMA), a functional end artery. Vasospasm/constriction of the SMA can cause an ischemic stroke of the inner ear, leading to sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). Thus, investigating the mechanisms controlling the inner ear microcir... | 16316469 | PMC1315339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Nov 29; 5:10 |
Background
Almost all of the applied protocols to isolate microsatellites de novo include construction of partial genomic libraries (selected for small insert size) followed by cumbersome screening steps with hybridization probes [2]. Here, we introduce an improved approach called TOMMI (Targeted Oligonucleotide-Mediat... | 16287508 | PMC1315340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Nov 15; 6:54 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) form a recently-discovered family of single-stranded RNA molecules of length approximatively 22 nucleotides that are present in all higher eukaryotes [1,2]. As shown by the growing number of specific examples, they regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level by binding to spec... | 16274478 | PMC1315341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 7; 6:267 |
Background
Polyphenols show antioxidant activity in vitro and probably also in vivo and therefore might protect from oxidative stress related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, or chronic inflammatory processes [1,2].
Red wine is rich in polyphenols [3,4] and is one of the main polyphenol sources in west... | 16287499 | PMC1315342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Nov 14; 4:33 |
Background
Humans are inevitably, although we constantly seem to forget this, part of the environment we live in. The way we interact with and affect the environment will have consequences not only for our surroundings but also ultimately on ourselves. Air pollution is an example of an anthropogenic effect that has bec... | 16288656 | PMC1315343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Nov 16; 4:30 |
Background
The advancement in genome sequencing projects, the accumulation of knowledge in bioinformatics, and the molecular genetic analysis of genes and their functions in a variety of model organisms provides us with an unprecedented opportunity to identify novel genes based on sequences related to characterized gen... | 16324214 | PMC1315344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 5:69 |
Introduction
An international workshop on Immunosenescence and Vaccination was organised at the Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, UK, 6–7 October, 2005 by Peter Beverley (Jenner Institute), Arne Akbar (University College, London, UK) and Don Palmer (Royal Veterinary College, London, UK). The most profound... | 16307681 | PMC1315345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 24; 2:16 |
Introduction
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by destructive processes in the intestinal wall. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors potentially lead to an imbalance between the luminal bacterial flora, and the innate as well as the adaptive immune systems [1,2]. Ep... | 16318629 | PMC1315346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Nov 30; 4:8 |
Background
The cardiac cavities are in >85 % of cases the primary source of peripheral arterial embolism (PAE). Due to new and sophisticated imaging techniques in recent years, such as spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transesophageal echography (TEE), noncardiac sources of PAE ... | 16316468 | PMC1315347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Nov 29; 3:19 |
The spinal cord dorsal horn is one of the relay stations for nociceptive information transmitted by peripheral sensory afferents. Some of these sensory afferents are substance P (SP) and glutamate-containing Aδ- and C- fibers. Upon noxious stimulation, particularly intense stimulation, tachykinins such as SP and neurok... | 16297242 | PMC1315348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:08 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Nov 18; 1:34 |
Introduction
Tribal communities are mainly the forest dwellers who have accumulated a rich knowledge on the uses of various forests and forest products over the centuries. India possesses a total of 427 tribal communities, of these more than 130 major tribal communities live in North East India, which is comprised of t... | 16288657 | PMC1315349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Nov 16; 1:11 |
The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) arose out of the UK's Health of the Nation Strategy, and was created by Wing and colleagues as an instrument that could be routinely used to measure outcomes for adults with mental illness [1,2]. Comparable measures for children and adolescents (HoNOSCA) and older people ... | 16313678 | PMC1315350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 28; 3:76 |
Background
To prevent thrombosis and embolism, patients are treated increasingly as out-patients and are sometimes given anticoagulant therapy for many years. The anticoagulant with coumarin derivatives is widely distributed. As vitamin K antagonists, these derivatives inhibit the g-carboxylation of glutamic acids in t... | 16316464 | PMC1315351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Nov 29; 1:12 |
Background
Although the stem cell concept was introduced decades ago, to date, stem cells can only be defined functionally, not morphologically or phenotypically. Two functions define stem cells. Firstly, they are self-renewing, thus able to propagate to generate additional stem cells. Secondly they can differentiate i... | 16316465 | PMC1315352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Nov 29; 5:26 |
Introduction
The HeLa cell-free in vitro translation-RNA replication system [1] offers a novel and useful method for studies of the individual steps in the life cycle of poliovirus. These processes include the translation of the input RNA, processing of the polyprotein, formation of membranous replication complexes, ur... | 16300678 | PMC1315353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | Virol J. 2005 Nov 21; 2:86 |
Introduction
Variation in gene expression is often considered as noise or uncertainty arising from experimental artifacts and biological variability. Various studies of noise in gene expression have focused on different scales, ranging from a single gene [1] to a single cell [2,3] to a cell population [4-9]. These stud... | 16283931 | PMC1315354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:25 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Nov 11; 2:46 |
Introduction
Anaemia is a common, life-threatening complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African infants and young children. The anaemia develops when accelerated removal of erythrocytes is not compensated by the bone marrow. Bone marrow suppression is generally present in all malaria patients [1] and has al... | 16321150 | PMC1315355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 1; 4:56 |
1. Introduction – origins of genetic disease
The maintenance of genetic integrity in the male germ line has major repercussions for conception, the progress of pregnancy and, ultimately, the health and well-being of the progeny [1]. The human male contributes heavily to germ line mutations [2], and as such, is responsi... | 16313680 | PMC1315356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:13 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov 29; 3:67 |
Introduction
The growth of tumor cells such as Multicellular Tumor Cultures (MTSs) has led to important insights in tumor biology [1]. MTSs represent an intermediary level between monolayer growing cells and solid tumors in animals and humans [2]. The cytology and morphology of MTSs are close to experimental tumors in ... | 16283948 | PMC1315357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:10 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Nov 14; 5:32 |
Background
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) play vital roles as structural and catalytic components of metalloenzymes and are essential nutrients required for growth and development [1-3]. It is well recognized that consuming large quantities of Zn for extended periods of time causes severe Cu deficiency and can lead to the d... | 16307684 | PMC1315358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Nov 24; 4:35 |
Background
Preimplantation bovine embryo development is characterized by distinct biological steps, including first cleavage division, activation of the embryonic genome, compaction and blastocyst formation with the derivation of two different cell lines, the inner cell mass and the trophectodermal cells. These process... | 16324220 | PMC1315359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Dec 3; 5:27 |
Background
The improvement in survival rates for preterm and very low birth weight infants has been well documented during the last 20 years [1-3]. More recently, a marked reduction in mortality rates has been reported following the introduction and widespread use of antenatal steroids and exogenous surfactant [4-6]. D... | 16280080 | PMC1315360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Nov 9; 5:40 |
In the aftermath of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Figure 1) and in anticipation of avian flu, the international health community has recognized that pandemic planning and response is an inherently multigovernmental concern. The ability of pathogens to cross borders and rapidly spread around the globe requir... | 16354103 | PMC1315361 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 20; 3(1):e1 |
Practitioners of pediatric medicine may still be undecided as to whether the newer generation of antidepressant drugs is effective for child and adolescent depression (CAD) [1]. Since 1989, when selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were introduced in the United States, they have become the top-selling drug c... | 16354104 | PMC1315362 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 20; 3(1):e9 |
Introduction
Two members of the lipase family, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) are known to influence plasma lipoprotein metabolism and risk of atherosclerosis in humans [1–5]. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a more recently discovered member of this family of lipases [6,7]. In contrast to LPL and HL, it is... | 16354105 | PMC1316064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e22 |
Introduction
Insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of insulin-producing β-cells found in pancreatic islets of Langerhans [1]. The development of diabetes is characterized initially by insulitis, in which leukocytes migrate to and invade islets. This is followed by ov... | 16354107 | PMC1316065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e17 |
Introduction
About 46 million of the estimated 60 million deaths per year worldwide occur in developing countries [1]. However, there is a dearth of reliable and accurate information on the causes and distribution of mortality in these countries. India has about 9.5 million deaths a year, or about one in six of all dea... | 16354108 | PMC1316066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e18 |
Introduction
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by posttranslational conversion and cerebral accumulation of a pathological isoform (PrPSc) of a host-encoded membrane-associated glycoprotein (cellular prion protein, PrPC) [1]. These diseases include... | 16354106 | PMC1316067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e14 |
Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem. The most common form of diabetes—90%–95% of cases—is type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, which affects mainly adults. The remaining cases are type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes. Also known as juvenile diabetes, type 1 diabetes usually develops before the age o... | 0 | PMC1316068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e51 |
Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. The formation in the arteries of deposits or plaques containing cholesterol, calcium, and other materials directly causes heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral circulatory problems by blocking the blood flow t... | 0 | PMC1316069 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e54 |
Misfolding of a single protein, the cellular prion protein (PrP
c) into the disease-associated form PrP
Sc is believed to cause fatal prion diseases in humans and other mammals, including sheep, cattle, and deer. The misfolding can occur sporadically or after contact—through inoculation or ingestion—with PrP
Sc from an... | 0 | PMC1316070 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e55 |
Some of the biggest public health successes in the Western world have come about because of simple records of people's deaths—their age at death, where they lived, and what they died of. Soaring lung cancer rates in the United Kingdom and United States around World War II, for example, led to life-saving research into ... | 0 | PMC1316071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 20; 3(2):e56 |
Background
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK)1 are a large family of enzymes that transfer the γ-phosphate of ATP to tyrosine hydroxyl groups in proteins. By phosphorylation, PTKs regulate the conformation and function of their protein substrates [1]. This covalent modification is a fundamental mechanism of signal transduc... | 16305747 | PMC1316873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Nov 23; 6:25 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection occurs worldwide. It results in chronic gastritis, ulcer, mucosal associated lymphomas and gastric carcinomas [1,2]. The diagnostic methods available for detecting H. pylori infection include serology (IgG ELISA), rapid urease test, histopathology, 13 C-urea breath t... | 16309551 | PMC1316874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 25; 5:38 |
Background
Essential hypertension is the most common reason for adult visits to office-based physicians and for the use of medication [1-3]. It is estimated that 24% of the US adult population (70% in persons over 70) and at least 50% of the Irish adult population aged 50 or over are hypertensive[4,5]. Ethnic differenc... | 16324215 | PMC1316875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Dec 2; 6:41 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the UK and responsible for approximately 238,000 deaths annually, or 39% of total mortality [1]. Some UK ethnic groups have a higher cardiovascular disease burden, and this is particularly true for individuals of South-Asian origin [2]. The causes of hi... | 16313671 | PMC1316876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 28; 5:125 |
Introduction
The composition of the medium used for cultivation of micro-organisms is directly reflected in their physiological phenotype and their fermentation performance, which in turn affects the results of strain analyses and strain performance in industrial applications. For this reason, the successful developmen... | 16283927 | PMC1316877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Nov 10; 4:31 |
Background
Recent studies indicate that metabolic networks evolve at the local level through patchwork evolution and retrograde evolution [1-3]. Patchwork evolution, which is likely to be more important, occurs when an enzyme evolves from a broad spectrum enzyme to an enzyme with a highly specialized activity [4]. Retr... | 16281983 | PMC1316878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 10; 6:159 |
Background
Asthma is a complex disease associated with reversible airway obstruction of variable degree, airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway remodeling. These hallmarks of asthma are being examined in murine models, with the goal of understanding the basic cellular and genetic mechanisms of... | 16309547 | PMC1316879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 25; 6(1):139 |
Background
In recent years, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have become the preferred marker for association studies of genetic diseases or traits. A set of linked SNPs on one chromosome is called a haplotype. Recent studies have shown that the patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) observed in human population... | 16259642 | PMC1316880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 1; 6:263 |
pmcBackground
The use of microarrays has led to a significant number of exciting discoveries establishing important links between mRNA expression patterns and cellular states [1,2]. Mathematical and computational models have been developed to understand and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying expression p... | 16297243 | PMC1316881 | CC BY | 2023-05-13 23:14:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 18; 6:276 |
Introduction
The functioning of living organisms is based on an intricate network of genes and proteins regulating each other. Various organisms differ due to not only differences in the constituting components (genes/proteins) but also the organization of these regulatory networks. It is, therefore, important to addre... | 16477325 | PMC1317652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 23; 1(7):e74 |
Introduction
Comparative genomics enables inferences to be drawn concerning the coding potential of related genomes and the evolutionary forces that have influenced genome organization [1]. The resolving power of whole-genome comparisons to a large extent depends upon the proximity of the phylogenetic relationship betw... | 16389297 | PMC1317653 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 23; 1(4):e44 |
Introduction
The centromeric regions of animal and plant chromosomes are large assemblies of thousands of short (approximately 151 to 340 base pairs [bp]) satellite repeats in head-to-tail orientation with interspersed retroelements. In Arabidopsis thaliana, these comprise 177- to 179-bp satellite repeats (cen180, also... | 16389298 | PMC1317654 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 23; 1(6):e79 |
Introduction
We have previously published on the utilization of high dose antipsychotic treatment and polypharmacy in secondary care, and lack of adherence to appropriate guidelines [25]. The publication of NICE guidance on antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia [4] would, we assumed, result in positive changes in se... | 16316473 | PMC1318453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Nov 29; 4:18 |
Introduction
The organization of health systems in sub-Saharan Africa is, more than elsewhere, born in close connection with the establishment of political and territorial structures, initially within the colonial framework, then within the building of independent States [1,2]. Since 1980s, the economic and financial c... | 16321167 | PMC1318454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2005 Dec 2; 3:8 |
Background
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) or Berger's disease is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide in patients undergoing renal biopsy. Diagnosis is based on the occurrence of mesangial deposits of IgA in the glomeruli in the presence of recurrent episodes of intra-infectious macroscopic hematuria or persistent micr... | 16329758 | PMC1318455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Dec 5; 6:14 |
Background
Stress fibers are bundles of actin microfilaments formed in cells following integrin-mediated attachment and spreading [1]. Regulation of these contractile fibers is critical for cell adhesion and motility. The microfilaments within stress fibers are held together by specialized bundling proteins, such as my... | 16336664 | PMC1318456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 8; 6:45 |
Background
The proportion of the population that is overweight or obese has increased steadily in many developed nations including the U.S. [1,2]. The continual rise in the prevalence of obesity is of concern to public health agencies because of its potentially explosive effect on the health of individuals and the cost... | 16329757 | PMC1318457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 5; 5:126 |
Background
The isoalloxazine ring system is the redox active moiety of the coenzyme forms (FMN or FAD) present in flavoenzymes. These are involved in a variety of biological processes, spanning a wide spectrum with regard to the underlying chemical reaction mechanisms. These range from the classical (de)hydrogenation, ... | 16309555 | PMC1318458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Nov 25; 6:26 |
Background
There is unprecedented growth of medical information. PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 15 million citations of biomedical articles [1]. MEDLINE, the largest component of PubMed, covers over 4,800 journals. Searching for relevant and updated information in MEDLINE/PubMed ca... | 16321145 | PMC1318459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Dec 1; 5:37 |
Background
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sexually transmitted genital tract infections both in the United States [1] and worldwide [2]. It is generally accepted that most female genital tract infections with C. trachomatis are both asymptomatic and without severe sequelae [... | 16293190 | PMC1318460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 17; 5:105 |
Background
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health problem in the U.S. Nearly one-quarter of all women and 7.4% of men have been physically and/or sexually abused by an intimate partner in their adult lives [1]. Women are more likely than men to experience IPV and to be injured during an assault [1]. I... | 16297245 | PMC1318461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:13 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Nov 19; 6:48 |
Background
The development of fibrosis is thought to share a number of important features with normal wound repair. Both fibrosis and wound repair are characterized by the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts that differentiate to myofibroblasts [1-3]. These cells accumulate within tissue, produce extracellular ma... | 16324212 | PMC1318462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 2; 6(1):141 |
Background
The biological activity of androgen occurs predominantly through binding to an intracellular androgen receptor (iAR) protein, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, functioning as a ligand-activated transcription factor [1]. However, in recent years, a number of reports indicate additional rapid andro... | 16293185 | PMC1318463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Nov 17; 5:148 |
Introduction
Production of progressive brain hypoxia in an anesthetized, vagotomized, peripherally-chemodenervated cat results in depression of respiratory output and a stereotypical progression of respiratory pattern changes, as hypoxia progresses [1-4]. Initially, the amplitude of the phrenic neurogram is depressed, ... | 16318633 | PMC1318464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Nov 30; 2:32 |
Introduction
It is widely believed that the increase in incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is the result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors [1]. T2DM is due to resistance to insulin action and a relative deficiency of insulin. Age, obesity, central adiposity, lack of ... | 16316471 | PMC1318465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Environ Health. 2005 Nov 29; 4:28 |
Background
Since its development in the 1950's, the Delphi method has been broadly utilized in various fields of study including clinical medicine, nursing practice, medical education and healthcare services [1,2]. Despite its wide application, however, many questions regarding this methodology still continue to intrig... | 16321161 | PMC1318466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Dec 1; 5:37 |
Background
Liver fibrosis, increased liver collagen content, [1-3] damage to the canals of Hering, [4] and cirrhosis, have been reported in patients being treated with methotrexate for psoriasis [5] or rheumatoid arthritis [6] but not in the context of inflammatory bowel disease;[7,8] some studies suggest that this ris... | 16316460 | PMC1318467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Nov 29; 5:12 |
After the publication of this work [1], we became aware of the fact that the frequency of the ultrasound transmitter that we used for determining the elastic moduli of the trabecular bone specimens was not correctly specified. The oscillation frequency of the ultrasound transmitter was 2 MHz (and not 100 MHz as stated ... | 0 | PMC1318468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:54 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 7; 4:66 |
Background
Self-hypnosis has been taught routinely at the SUNY Upstate Medical University Pediatric Pulmonary Center for treatment of pulmonary symptoms thought to be amenable to psychological therapy [1]. Patients who have benefited from hypnosis instruction include those with asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), habit cough... | 16321153 | PMC1318469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec 1; 5:28 |
To celebrate the 10th annual meeting of the Institute of Human Virology (IHV), Retrovirology publishes this month a supplement [1] which includes 315 abstracts of presentations that took place August 29th to September 2nd, 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. This compilation of meeting abstracts, as with all other items ... | 0 | PMC1318470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 7; 2:74 |
Background
The identification of individual components from a mixture of nucleic acid sequences relies currently on molecular hybridization approaches, such as microarrays. Technically, these make use of the inherent combinatorial complexity of strings of nucleotides, as well as the base pairing reaction between single... | 16316462 | PMC1318471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 29; 6:281 |
Background
The number of known genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is limited compared with the very large numbers known in mammals. However, the salmon is so important as an aquaculture species that a lot of effort has been put into acquiring knowledge of its genome compared to many of the other aquatic species. Al... | 16321156 | PMC1318472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 1; 6:171 |
Introduction
The post-reproductive segment of the human lifespan is often considered to be an adaptive feature of aging, since post-reproductive women can make significant contributions to the fitness of their children and grandchildren [1,2]. Although there is published evidence for the adaptive significance of the po... | 16363919 | PMC1318473 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 4(1):e7 |
Introduction
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that mediate innate immunity and regulate adaptive immunity via cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. The activation of NK cell function is a result of the integration of activating and inhibitory signals delivered by NK cell receptors [1,2]. NK ce... | 16366734 | PMC1318474 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 4(1):e9 |
When Richard Dawkins famously called organisms “throwaway survival machines” that exist solely to preserve the genes that made them, critics balked at the specter of genetic determinism. But Dawkins' selfish genes derive straight from classical evolutionary theory that says life exists to reproduce, and that natural se... | 0 | PMC1318475 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:46 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 4(1):e16 |
“Natural killer cells”—their very name chillingly evokes their primary function as the hit men of the body's immune system. But according to a new study by Sumati Rajagopalan, Eric Long, and their colleagues, these killers may also play a part in ensuring the success of a pregnancy. And the signal that provokes this un... | 0 | PMC1318476 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 4(1):e30 |
Introduction
Hubel and Wiesel's groundbreaking work in the 1960s and 1970s defined a critical period in brain development when manipulating visual inputs causes dramatic functional and structural changes in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex [1–3]. Since their finding that large-scale rearrangement of thalamic affere... | 16366735 | PMC1318477 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 4(2):e29 |
Introduction
Glucose homeostasis is maintained, in part, by pancreatic β cells, which secrete insulin in a highly regulated sequence of dependent events [1]. β cells metabolize glucose, resulting in an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio, the closing of the ATP-dependent K+ channel, the activation of the voltage-gated Ca+ ch... | 16366736 | PMC1318478 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 4(2):e31 |
The developing human brain is a hotbed of activity that continues well beyond the first year. During early postnatal development, we manufacture some 250,000 neurons per minute, then spend the next few years building the connections that underlie brain function. It has long been assumed that the neural plasticity of yo... | 20076528 | PMC1318479 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 4(2):e42 |
Those seeking the fountain of youth would do well to watch their calories. Indeed, caloric restriction has been known for many years to increase longevity in laboratory animals. A simple explanation for this effect is that reducing food intake slows down the body's metabolism, which reduces the formation of toxic bypro... | 20076530 | PMC1318480 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 4(2):e44 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease in epithelia (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 219700, ), with chronic lung infection being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. It has a a carrier frequency of about 1 in 25 in the United Kingdom, and the disease is due to mutat... | 16336654 | PMC1318481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Dec 7; 4:9 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is a disease of elderly, with only 5% recorded in those younger than 40 years. Elderly patients form a highly heterogeneous group in respect of both general physical status, and number and types of co-morbidities [1,2]. This, to some degree, has resulted in different concepts in management,... | 16324216 | PMC1318482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 2; 5:153 |
Background
Leprosy, which annually affects about 700,000 new patients world wide [1], is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is thought that in endemic areas many individuals are infected with M. leprae, but only a few of those infected actually develop the disease [2]. Leprosy manifests itself as a di... | 16307680 | PMC1318483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Nov 24; 6:40 |
Background
People living in poverty throughout the developing world are heavily burdened from a series of communicable diseases, particularly parasitic diseases. They also tend to be marginalized by the health sector, as are many of the diseases that affect them. These diseases which are currently referred to as Neglec... | 16283932 | PMC1318484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 11; 5:119 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults with diabetes [1-4]. Antiplatelet therapy, with either aspirin or the newer platelet aggregation inhibitors, has been shown to be safe and cost effective for reducing the risk of recurrent vascular events [5-8]. Consensu... | 16321162 | PMC1318485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Dec 1; 4:18 |
Background
Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism plays a pivotal role in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes [1], and explains, at least in part, the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). PPARα is a member of the nuclear receptor super-family of ligand-activated transcription fact... | 16309557 | PMC1318486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Nucl Recept. 2005 Nov 25; 3:4 |
Background
Influenza pandemics arise from genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza viruses or alternatively by the direct adaptation of a avian influenza viruses to efficient human-to-human transmission [1]. Avian influenza A subtype H5N1 transmitted from poultry to humans in Hong Kong in 1997 (H5N1/97) c... | 16283933 | PMC1318487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:26 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 11; 6(1):135 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death and third most diagnosed cancer in the United States [1,2]. Multiple policy-making organizations have published evidence-based CRC screening guidelines that recommend annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy or barium enema ev... | 16313676 | PMC1318488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Nov 28; 5:36 |
Materials and methods
Cells and chemicals
Human hepatoma Huh7 cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 1× penicillin, streptomycin, fungizone, 10mM L-glutamine, and 1× non-essential amino acids (all reagents were from Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA). BB7 cells are derived from Huh7 cells and support the replication of a ... | 16324217 | PMC1318489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | Virol J. 2005 Dec 2; 2:89 |
Background
Genetic variation exists between individuals (or strains) of all organisms and it makes up the genetic basis for phenotypic differences between individuals. In addition, genetic variation functions as a valuable resource for mapping phenotypic traits in model organisms. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)... | 16316463 | PMC1318490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 29; 6:170 |
Background
DNA sequence alignment is a common step in molecular evolutionary analysis. Aligned sequences are used for many purposes, including estimation of patterns of divergence, selection, the tempo and mode of evolutionary change, identification of functional elements and constraints, and phylogenetic history, just... | 16305750 | PMC1318491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 23; 6:278 |
Introduction
Although measles virus (MV) is serologically monotypic, the genetic characterization of wild-type viruses has identified eight clades (A – H), which have been divided into 22 genotypes and one proposed genotype. Clades B, C, D, G and H each contain multiple genotypes (B1 – 3, C1 – 2, D1 – 10, G1 – 3, H1 – ... | 16303052 | PMC1318492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | Virol J. 2005 Nov 22; 2:87 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major public health concern and accounts for more deaths than any other disease [1] worldwide. Developing countries were once considered to be less affected by CHD. However, the burden of CHD in developing countries has increased to epidemic proportions [2]. Furthermore, it ... | 16309553 | PMC1318493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 25; 5:124 |
Background
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) represents an extranuclear capsule of genetic information, encoding essential structural and enzymatic proteins of the organelle. This satellite genome contains a wealth of information that has been shaped by speciation, rendering it a rich resource to trace evolutionary relationships... | 16336644 | PMC1318494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:176 |
Findings
Vaccinia virus (VV) continues to be the model organism for the investigation of the Orthopoxviridae family and as a result is the most widely studied and best understood virus in this family. This being said, our understanding of this virus family is still limited due to the size and complexity of these DNA vi... | 16336686 | PMC1318495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:58 | no | Virol J. 2005 Dec 9; 2:91 |
Background
The phytopathogenic spiroplasmas and phytoplasmas, which cause serious diseases of economically important plant species worldwide [[1] and [2]], are wall-less prokaryotes phylogenetically related to Gram-positive eubacteria with low G+C content [3]. They are transmitted in nature by phloem-feeding insects, p... | 16336638 | PMC1318496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:175 |
Most economically developed nations are now multiethnic, and, given current demographic trends, there is reason to believe that societies will continue to become more ethnically and culturally diverse. For example, the 1991 and 2001 UK censuses, which both included a mandatory question on ethnic identity, revealed that... | 16370583 | PMC1322037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 27; 3(2):e49 |
Background
Terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle is orchestrated by the family of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), which contains Myf5, MyoD, myogenin and MRF4 (for review see [1,2]). These factors activate muscle-specific gene transcription, by binding specific DNA sequences (E-boxes) as heterodimers with ubi... | 16321160 | PMC1322219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Dec 1; 6:27 |
Background
Iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children can have serious adverse effects on their development including irreversible cognitive impairment and behaviour problems [1-5]. The negative sequelae can be prevented with simple treatment with iron-fortified infant formula or oral iron supplementation. Hi... | 16300683 | PMC1322220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Nov 22; 5:42 |
Background
Amplification of genes for the ErbB family of receptors is associated with poor outcome in women's cancers, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Under non-pathological conditions, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) or ErbB1 is activated by ligand-induced receptor dimerization, resulti... | 16318625 | PMC1322221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 30; 6:41 |
Background
One of the complications of ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy is pouch-to-intestine fistula [1]. To date cases with enteropouch [2], enteroconduit [3] and ureteroenteric [4] fistulae have been reported. Patients more often have a history of irradiation [2], but there have been cases observed without ... | 16318627 | PMC1322222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Nov 30; 5:16 |
Background
Auditory neuropathy (AN) is recently described hearing disorder characterized by abnormal auditory nerve functioning in presence of normal cochlear receptor hair cell activity [1]. The clinical findings that define auditory neuropathy are
a) Presence of outer hair cell integrity in evoked otoacoustic emissi... | 16321163 | PMC1322223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Dec 1; 1:21 |
Background
It has been recognized that patients with Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk of developing malignant lesions [1,2]. Adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the small intestine complicating CD, even if it remains quite rare compared with the large bowel malignancies [3-5]. Carcino... | 16336666 | PMC1322224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 8; 5:157 |
Background
The megencephaly mice (BALB/cByJ-Kv1.1mceph/mceph, here denoted mceph/mceph) [1] have an 11 base pair deletion in the Shaker-like voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.1 [2]. This mutation causes progressive postnatal complex partial seizures and a unique pathologic brain overgrowth [2]. The enlargemen... | 16305740 | PMC1322225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Nov 23; 6:65 |
Background
The coiled-coil was one of the earliest protein structures described and first discovered in the two-stranded coiled-coil protein alpha-keratin [1]. Coiled-coils consist of two or more alpha-helices winding around each other in a supercoil, a simple yet versatile protein fold [2]. Mutations in coiled-coil pr... | 16288662 | PMC1322226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Nov 16; 5:66 |
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