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Background
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most common cause of sterility. An our recent study underlined the relevant role of d-dimer, as marker of hypercoagulable state, to identify thrombophilia in women affected by primary or secondary sterility [1]
In 1999 a study written by Brenner et al. identified... | 16324213 | PMC1322227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Dec 2; 3:43 |
Background
Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are enveloped viruses with a segmented, single-stranded RNA genome of negative polarity [1]. The large (L) segment encodes the viral RNA polymerase, the medium (M) segment the two surface glycoproteins, and the small (S) segment the nucleocapsid protein (N... | 16336658 | PMC1322228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | Virol J. 2005 Dec 8; 2:90 |
Background
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by a strong urge to move the limbs, usually accompanied by unpleasant sensations, such as creeping, crawling, tingling or pain, particularly when the person lies down or sits for prolonged periods. In most patients, these sens... | 16329756 | PMC1322229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:42 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 5; 3:79 |
Background
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome (PWS and AS) are complex neurobehavioral disorders associated with loss of function of a cluster of differentially expressed imprinted genes in chromosome 15q11-q13 [1]. PWS is characterized by a neonatal stage of failure to thrive, hypotonia and respiratory distress follow... | 16280085 | PMC1322230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 9; 6:157 |
Background
Neogenin, a member of the DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer) receptor group, encodes a 1461 amino acid protein and has similar structure to DCC with 50.2% amino acid identity [1]. Neogenin is one of two groups of netrin-1 receptors [1,2]. Netrin-1 and its receptor groups were initially known to induce neuron... | 16324219 | PMC1322231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 3; 5:154 |
Although leprosy is no longer a health problem in developed countries, it continues to affect millions of people in large parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Effective chemotherapeutic treatments are available that have reduced the global disease burden dramatically, but there remain important challenges to fight... | 16363908 | PMC1322279 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e341 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 35-year-old woman became aware of a swelling in her neck about ten weeks before referral. She had been trying to conceive for ten months. She had had a missed abortion five months earlier. Because of the neck swelling, her family doctor arranged thyroid function tests, which were in the thyrotoxic... | 16363909 | PMC1322287 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:28 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e370 |
The deplorable state of global health and the failure to improve this state have been debated extensively. Recent editorials in the Lancet in relation to the failure of Roll Back Malaria and the potential failure of the 3 by 5 programme [1,2] illustrate how disappointment, surprise, and admonitions about such failures ... | 16363910 | PMC1322290 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:26 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e400 |
Systemic sclerosis (SSc; also referred to as “scleroderma”) is a rare but debilitating autoimmune disease clinically characterized by skin thickening and signs and symptoms of vasculopathy, which can involve the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gut. The disease spectrum can range from limited to diffuse disease, depending on... | 16363912 | PMC1322299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e415 |
Standard “Alzheimerology” lore holds that the insolubility of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles was a great impediment to elucidating the molecular composition of each of these structures. Roughly 77 years passed between Alois Alzheimer's description of the clinical and pathological features of the illness su... | 16363913 | PMC1322301 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e417 |
The article on HIV/AIDS infection by Singh and colleagues outlines an alarming fact about the spread of this deadly virus in Nepal [1]. We would like to add that more assertive campaigns are necessary to curb the spread of infection in the Indian subcontinent before it's too late. In the year 2000 alone, a total of 5.3... | 16363914 | PMC1322304 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:27 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e420 |
Musa Mayer makes several good points about the importance of enrolling people with life-threatening conditions in clinical trials in order to identify new treatments and speed the pipeline along for the greater good [1]. However, the idea that clinical trial enrollment suffers when seriously ill individuals are provide... | 16363915 | PMC1322305 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e421 |
Emma Veitch cites my PLoS Medicine Essay [1] about how the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) review of documents can serve as a source of clinical trials data, but she follows it up with the statement, “However, it is difficult to have confidence in data released by sponsors when the data have not been subjected t... | 16363916 | PMC1322306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e422 |
Erick Turner appropriately points out the high levels of rigor applied during regulatory authorities' review of clinical trial data [1]. However, the statement beginning “However, it is difficult to have confidence in data released by sponsors…” [2] was not intended to highlight the release of review documents by the F... | 0 | PMC1322307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e423 |
One of the common criticisms of medical education is that there is often a mismatch between what is taught at medical school and the actual skills that are needed by doctors to provide locally relevant health care. This mismatch is particularly striking in South Asia, according to the 60 educators who gathered for the ... | 16363918 | PMC1322308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:31 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Dec 27; 2(12):e424 |
Introduction
An association between obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension has been recognized for some time. Reaven's 1988 Banting lecture is generally considered a turning point in codifying a unifying principle under the name of MetS or Syndrome X (Reviews: [1-7]. Although there is no universally... | 16288655 | PMC1323303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:39 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Nov 16; 2:31 |
With this issue, Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) begins its second year of publication. The expertise and enthusiasm of our authors, editors, reviewers, and board members enabled PCD to provide our readers with a unique view of public health and chronic disease in 2004:
Peer-reviewed articles of original research, co... | 15670454 | PMC1323304 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:17 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A01 |
Type 2 diabetes makes a compelling case study for public health action (1). The disease respects no boundaries. It is increasingly common — occurring in both developed and developing countries (2), in men and women, at earlier ages than in past decades, and in persons of every race and ethnic group, with a high prevale... | 15670455 | PMC1323305 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A02 |
Approximately 11.5 million people reside in the 42 counties and 39 Mexican municipalities located along the U.S.-Mexico border, and 86% of those people reside in 14 pairs of sister cities, metropolitan areas divided by the international border (1). Border residents share similar resources and environmental problems: is... | 15670456 | PMC1323306 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:52 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A03 |
The Past
Obesity and diabetes were probably rare before the advent of agriculture. Our ancestors, hunters and gatherers for millennia, had varied but unpredictable diets. Studies of hunter-gatherers of the 20th century suggest that animal sources dominated our ancient food basket, with plants (fruits, vegetables, and ... | 15670457 | PMC1323307 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:21:01 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A04 |
pmcIntroduction
This article describes an effort to develop and implement a comprehensive, community-based approach to diabetes prevention and control in selected communities along the U.S.-Mexico border.
The U.S. state of Arizona shares a border with the Mexican state of Sonora. The four Arizona counties on this bor... | 15670458 | PMC1323308 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A05 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in New Mexico and the second leading cause of cancer death (1). Randomized controlled trials of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) have shown that screening reduces the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (2-4). Flexible sigmoidoscopy... | 15670460 | PMC1323310 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:15:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A07 |
Introduction
The obesity epidemic in the United States worsens with each passing year. From 1991 to 2002, the prevalence of obesity has increased more than 80%, representing an estimated 43 million adults in 2002 (1). In 1991, no state in the nation had an obesity prevalence at or above 20%, but by 2002 there were 39 ... | 15670461 | PMC1323311 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:19 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A08 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths (after lung) in New York City (NYC) (1) and the leading cause of cancer death among nonsmokers (2). In 2000, 1600 New Yorkers died of colorectal cancer (1). In March 2003, based on findings from an advisory committee on colorectal cancer scree... | 15670462 | PMC1323312 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A09 |
Introduction
An estimated 6 million women in the United States become pregnant each year (1). Although preventive dental care (e.g., dental cleaning) will improve the overall health of pregnant women and may reduce their risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, women who are pregnant are known to use dental services less f... | 15670463 | PMC1323313 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:19:00 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A10 |
Introduction
One of the most common chronic disorders in children and adolescents (1), asthma represents a major public health problem of increasing concern in the United States. Between 1980 and 1996, the prevalence of asthma increased by an average of 4.3% per year, from 3.6% to 6.2% among children aged from birth t... | 15670464 | PMC1323314 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A11 |
Introduction
The number of overweight and obese youth has been increasing dramatically in recent decades, and there is no sign that this trend is ending (1). Prevention may be one of the hallmarks of pediatric practice, but office-based counseling offers limited leverage to counter broader changes that affect the dail... | 15670465 | PMC1323315 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A12 |
Introduction
Recent research indicates that seven out of 10 office visits to a primary care practitioner concern chronic diseases (1). As the management of chronic diseases has assumed an increasingly vital role in health care delivery, recognition of the importance of depressive disorders has also grown. By 2020, dep... | 15670467 | PMC1323317 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:14 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A14 |
Background
The impact of diabetes is devastating along the U.S.-Mexico Border. The rate of diabetes mortality in the border region is nearly 50% higher than in the rest of the country (1), and Hispanics are two to three times more likely to suffer from serious secondary complications (2,3). Self-management behaviors, ... | 15670468 | PMC1323318 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:24 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A15 |
Background
Approaches to preventing and controlling chronic diseases, such as diabetes, must focus on broad lifestyle issues. Such an approach to preventing and controlling diabetes may include patients, their families, providers, and the entire community (1-3).
More recently, and with increasing recognition of the e... | 15670469 | PMC1323319 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:16 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A16 |
Background
Between 1990 and 2000, the Mexican population in the United States increased by 52.9%, from 13.5 million to 20.6 million. By 2050, it is estimated that there will be 97 million Hispanic Americans in the United States, comprising about one quarter of the total population (1). In 2000, more than 43% of Hispan... | 15670470 | PMC1323320 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:54 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A17 |
Background
The leading causes of death in U.S. Hispanic populations are heart disease/stroke, cancer, accidents, and diabetes mellitus (1). Health-compromising behaviors such as physical inactivity and poor nutrition are clearly linked to increased risk for many of these chronic diseases. Studies have demonstrated tha... | 15670471 | PMC1323321 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:15:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A18 |
Background
Adult U.S. Hispanic populations living along the Arizona, United States-Sonora, Mexico border experience type 2 diabetes prevalence rates that are double the rate of the general U.S. population (1,2). The rate of type 2 diabetes is also rising among youth, especially in Mexican American children (3,4). Scho... | 15670472 | PMC1323322 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:54 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A19 |
Background
Among Hispanic populations in the United States, rates of type 2 diabetes and secondary complications (e.g., retinopathy, neuropathy, renal failure) are more than twice those reported for non-Hispanic whites (1-3). The high prevalence of associated conditions corresponds to the poor rates of adherence to Am... | 15670473 | PMC1323323 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:14 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A20 |
Background
The Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network (CPCRN) is a federally funded, national network of academic, public health, and community partnerships that work together to reduce the burden of cancer, especially among those disproportionately affected. The CPCRN was initiated in October 2002, with fundi... | 15670474 | PMC1323324 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:05 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A21 |
Background
The health effects of secondhand smoke are well documented; exposure to secondhand smoke is an important preventable cause of illness and death (1-3). Smoking bans have been developed as a legal tool to limit smoking in workplaces and other public areas (4), and they are recommended by the Task Force on Com... | 15670475 | PMC1323325 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A22 |
A Community Coordinator's Perspective
As local community coordinator of the Border Health Strategic Initiative (Border Health ¡SI!), a program in Yuma County to develop a comprehensive, community-based approach to diabetes prevention and control, I was responsible for facilitating communication among five community pa... | 15670476 | PMC1323326 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:38 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A23 |
To the Editor:
In his timely essay, "Reengineering Vital Registration and Statistics Systems for the United States," Charles J. Rothwell raises important issues about the registration of vital events in the United States (1). There is no question about the value of taking advantage of electronic technology to improve ... | 15670477 | PMC1323327 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A25 |
In Reply:
Dr Nasseri has registered valid concerns (1) about reengineering vital registration and statistics systems for the United States (2), many of which I share. Certainly the move to state-of-the-art information technology will not be the only key to rejuvenating the vital statistics system. We must not miss thi... | 0 | PMC1323328 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:15:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A26 |
In the PDF version of the article “Considerations for Using a Geographic Information System to Assess Environmental Supports for Physical Activity,” Figure 2 was incorrectly labeled. The correct figure legend is “Figure 2. Using a half-mile buffer to represent a neighborhood around a survey respondent’s home address, G... | 0 | PMC1323329 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:03 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A27 |
Latina Health in the United States: A Public Health Reader is a collection of articles drawn from journals and books published in the last decade about the health status and health needs of Latin American adolescent and adult females in the United States. In the preface, the editors state that the goals of the antholog... | 0 | PMC1323330 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:35 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 2(1):A24 |
Background
Clinical trials in biomedical research throughout the world must be evaluated by research ethics committees. No one has yet attempted to clearly quantify the activity of ethics committees and describe the characteristics of the protocols submitted, and only five studies[1-4] have dealt with this subject, two... | 16229743 | PMC1323331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Oct 17; 6:9 |
We will be witnessing the birth of the artificial, or in-silico, scientist. —J. D. Wren [1]
The field of bioinformatics has blossomed in the last ten years, and as a result, there is a large and increasing number of researchers generating computational tools for solving problems relevant to biology. Because the number... | 16738704 | PMC1323464 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 1(7):e76 |
Scientific Mission
The annual Bio-Ontologies Meeting has been operating for eight years; during this time, it has stimulated discussion about the role of ontologies and their associated technologies for structuring, sharing, analysing, and searching knowledge about biological systems. The format varies; usually, it has... | 16758004 | PMC1323465 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 1(7):e77 |
Introduction
A ubiquitous feature of the vertebrate brain is its segregation into white and gray matter (http://www.brainmuseum.org). Gray matter contains neuron somata, synapses, and local wiring, such as dendrites and mostly nonmyelinated axons. White matter contains global, and in large brains mostly myelinated, axo... | 16389299 | PMC1323466 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 1(7):e78 |
Introduction
Twenty-eight years have passed since the discovery of spliceosomal introns [1], but their evolution remains poorly understood. In the ongoing debate on intron evolution, the central issues include: introns-early versus introns-late, the mini-gene hypothesis, the proto-splice site hypothesis, rates of intro... | 16389300 | PMC1323467 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 1(7):e79 |
Introduction
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are highly polymorphic cell-surface glycoproteins, which function to bind peptides for presentation to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) following microbial infection or cell transformation [1–3]. In humans, a number of genes located mainly in the MHC cla... | 16389301 | PMC1323471 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 30; 1(4):e36 |
Despite being a time when genomics and proteomics are becoming popular modes of scientific inquiry, most microbe-centric researchers continue to use reductionism to study virulence by identifying the microbial characteristics associated with virulence and characterizing each independently. Reductionism is a critical an... | 16738705 | PMC1323474 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:25 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 30; 1(4):e40 |
Introduction
The genus Bordetella is composed of several species, of which three are exclusively respiratory pathogens of mammalian hosts: B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis, and B. parapertussis (henceforth referred to as the mammalian bordetellae). B. bronchiseptica causes chronic and often asymptomatic respiratory trac... | 16389302 | PMC1323478 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:28 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2005 Dec 30; 1(4):e45 |
Politicians in developed countries have secured a certain standard of health care for the sick as well as vaccination programmes to reduce the risk of illness. For some of these countries, cancer screening is next on the agenda, with breast and cervical cancer screening programmes at the top of the list. When it comes ... | 16383349 | PMC1323498 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 3; 3(1):e36 |
Development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine has been an elusive goal for over 20 years despite being an urgent global priority. The agonizingly slow progress is not from lack of effort, but is a consequence of the insidious biology of the virus. HIV-1 has many features that make vaccine development challenging, if not im... | 16383350 | PMC1323499 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 3; 3(1):e57 |
An HIV vaccine still seems to be a long way off, but scientists are pursuing several lines of research that could limit HIV infection. Increasing evidence indicates that the host's natural immunity has a major, albeit usually insufficient, role in limiting HIV-1 infection. Most efforts at stimulating an immune response... | 0 | PMC1323500 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 3; 3(1):e58 |
Introduction
Despite extensive efforts, no effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine has emerged or is on the horizon [1,2]. Increasing evidence indicates that the host's natural immunity has a major, albeit usually insufficient, role in limiting HIV-1 infection. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are the main me... | 16381597 | PMC1323501 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 3; 3(1):e11 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in most industrialised societies and is either the leading or a dominant cause of death for all racial and ethnic groups in the US and the UK. The risk is especially high amongst those originating from the Indian subcontinent—South Asians [1].
Resea... | 16379500 | PMC1324792 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 3; 3(3):e44 |
Long-standing inequities exist in the amount of research on diseases that affect the developed world and those—such as leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis—that affect nonwhite populations who live in the developing world. These inequities have also been perceived to exist when white and nonwhite populations coexist in de... | 0 | PMC1324793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 3; 3(3):e81 |
Introduction
Normal brain function requires adequate levels of blood flow to ensure the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells and to facilitate the removal of metabolites and heat. The vasculature that supplies and regulates this flow is comprised of a succession of feeder vessels and networks with extensive redund... | 16379497 | PMC1324794 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 4(2):e22 |
While examining the brain of a man who had died of a mesenteric tumor, Sir Thomas Willis was shocked to find a nearly totally blocked right carotid artery, the brain's main blood source. In his 1664 book,
Anatomy of the Brain, the Oxford physician and neuroanatomist reported that given the “influx of blood being denied... | 20076529 | PMC1324795 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 4(2):e43 |
Introduction
One-third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB). This disease tops the World Health Organization list of deaths due to a single infectious agent, with the death toll between 2 and 3 million people per year [1]. A pe... | 16379498 | PMC1324949 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 3; 3(2):e20 |
Introduction
The first US-based case of West Nile virus (WNV) disease was reported in New York in 1999 [1]; since then, the virus has spread across the country, leading to 16,637 detected cases of WNV-associated illness and 647 WNV-associated deaths from 1999 to 2004, inclusive (http://www.cdc.gov/).
WNV is a neuropat... | 16381598 | PMC1324950 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 24; 3(2):e21 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new disease that originated in the Guangdong province of China in November 2002, and subsequently spread to Hong Kong in February 2003 [1,2]. Facilitated by busy international traffic, it soon caused major disease outbreaks in multiple cities around the world o... | 16379499 | PMC1324951 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 3; 3(2):e27 |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in November 2002. At the end of February 2003, an infected doctor from the province inadvertently took the illness to Hong Kong. From there, a woman staying in the same hotel contracted the disease and took it back with her when she re... | 0 | PMC1324952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 3; 3(2):e59 |
One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Yet, even though 2–3 million people die from tuberculosis every year, only 5%–10% of individuals infected with the causative agent ever become ill. Many factors affect how well a person... | 0 | PMC1324953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 3; 3(2):e61 |
West Nile virus (WNV) was first isolated in 1937 from a sick woman living in the West Nile District of Uganda. Since then, it has been found in other parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and central Asia, as well as around the Pacific. Then in 1999, it arrived in the Queens borough of New York City. During this fi... | 0 | PMC1324954 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 24; 3(2):e62 |
Background
Over four million Canadians receive their drinking water from private water supplies, predominantly from groundwater wells [1]. Numerous studies report that Canadian private water supplies often exceed the minimal acceptable standards for microbial and chemical contamination [1-5], and it is estimated that 4... | 16336678 | PMC1325020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 9; 5:129 |
Introduction
The development of assays that permit high-throughput screening for biological function is an essential goal if we are to fully exploit genome sequence information in plants. Such assays might include over-expression or gene silencing, or the determination of cellular and subcellular localisation of mRNAs ... | 16356171 | PMC1325021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Dec 15; 1:12 |
Introduction
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the most common diseases of childhood. It is estimated that RSV infects up to two-thirds of infants worldwide by one year of age, with almost all children infected at least once by the age of 2 [1-3]. Around 75% of children have IgG antibodies to RSV by... | 16324223 | PMC1325022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 5; 6(1):142 |
Background
The perception and discrimination of thousands of different odorants by the vertebrate olfactory system results from the activation of specific odorant receptors expressed by olfactory neurons in the nose. The first odorant receptors were identified in the rat [1] and belong to what is now referred to as the... | 16332259 | PMC1325023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 6; 6:173 |
Background
Turnaround time is an important parameter that strongly influences patients and staff satisfaction in the emergency department and there are early reports considering this important issue [1]. In the department examined it is defined as the time from patient arrival to either discharge or hospitalization. Th... | 16351721 | PMC1325024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Dec 13; 1:27 |
Background
The global prevalence of anaemia is estimated in 2 billion people, that is, in about 30% of the worldwide population[1]. An even larger number of people present iron deficiency [1]. Every 9 of 10 persons affected of anaemia live in developing countries [2]. Anaemia prevalence in Latin America is 46% in child... | 16336667 | PMC1325025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Dec 8; 5:46 |
Background
A proportion of human oocytes collected during an IVF or ICSI procedure remains meiotically immature at the germinal vesicle (GV) or metaphase I (MI) stage. Several publications have shown that this proportion fluctuates around 15 to 20% [1,2]. It is not exactly known why some of the oocytes are unresponsive... | 16356175 | PMC1325026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 15; 3:71 |
Background
Falls are one of the giants of geriatric medicine, constituting a worldwide prevalent problem with substantial clinical and public health implications. Multiple risk factors have been identified as contributors to the fall syndrome and, accordingly, the list is highly heterogeneous including age-associated c... | 16321159 | PMC1325027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Dec 1; 5:15 |
Background
The ras proto-oncogenes encode membrane-bound small monomeric GTP-binding proteins with molecular masses ranging between 20 to 40 kDa, which are highly conserved in the course of eukaryotic evolution. Ras proteins control fundamental cell processes including proliferation, differentiation, motility and polar... | 16336640 | PMC1325028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 7; 6:43 |
Background
Prior to the advent of exogenous insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the 1920's, the mainstay of therapy was dietary modification. Diet recommendations in that era were aimed at controlling glycemia (actually, glycosuria) and were dramatically different from current low-fat, high-carbohydrate d... | 16318637 | PMC1325029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Dec 1; 2:34 |
Background
The PRECEDE-PROCEDE (PP) model is a planning model that provides structure for applying theories so the most appropriate intervention strategies can be identified and implemented [1,2]. The PP model has been utilized in public health and holds potential for use by school, community and clinical health promot... | 16318632 | PMC1325030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2005 Nov 30; 13:25 |
Background
Many studies have investigated factors or barriers that are associated with women's use of birth control methods [1,2]. Using the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior, some studies have investigated beliefs, attitudes, norms, and intentions that contribute to the use of specific contracept... | 16313677 | PMC1325031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Nov 28; 5:11 |
Background
Public access defibrillators (PADs) are now available for more rapid and efficient treatment of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest [1,2]. They are strongly recommended in The American Heart Association and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Guidelines [3]. PADs are used normally by untra... | 16309558 | PMC1325032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Nov 26; 4:65 |
Background
It is known that about 20% of patients with ulcerative colitis, suffer from severe acute relapse and its associated complications at some point in the course of their illness [1,2]. Overall, 5–10% of patients with ulcerative colitis present with a severe first attack. The relapse-free interval in a given pat... | 16316474 | PMC1325033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 30; 5:39 |
Background
Local control remains a great challenge in head-and-neck cancer (HNC) treatment. Even with an optimal combination of radio- and chemotherapy, local recurrences are observed in up to 50% of the treated patients [1,2]. Up to now, no reliable parameter could be established that would account for this high rate ... | 16321146 | PMC1325034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 1; 5:152 |
Introduction
Diet is central in the development of obesity and chronic diseases and is changing rapidly in low and middle income countries [1]. Some of the constraints in studying diet and its correlates in poor countries is that diet varies considerably from place to place and among different socio-economic classes, i... | 16351722 | PMC1325035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Dec 13; 4:37 |
Review
With the advent of modern molecular biology, recombinant expression is now routinely used for the production of proteins of sufficient purity and quantity for their functional characterization and/or use in downstream applications. For example, heterologous expression systems have facilitated the development of ... | 16336647 | PMC1325036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Dec 7; 4:33 |
Introduction
Primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare disease that continues to produce diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Most thyroid lymphomas are of B-cell origin [1]. There appear to be two distinct clinical and prognostic groups of these rare tumors. The more common subtype, comprising of up to 70% of cases, is a dif... | 16336672 | PMC1325037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Dec 9; 2:21 |
Background
Hearing is one of the most significant of human senses. For an individual it is perhaps the most crucial link in communication with the outside world. It's a prerequisite for a fulfilling life and career. Any deficit in it is as frightening for the person as a loss of vision. It's a handicap potentially seve... | 16336689 | PMC1325038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Dec 10; 5:12 |
Background
Flecainide is an increasingly used class 1C antiarrhythmic drug used for the management of both supra-ventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. It causes rate-dependent slowing of the rapid sodium channel slowing phase 0 of depolarisation [1] and in high doses inhibits the slow calcium channel. Flecainide als... | 16343338 | PMC1325039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Dec 12; 5:10 |
Background
Children in the United States follow eating patterns that do not meet national recommendations for fruits and vegetables. [1,2] To date, dietary interventions have been only modestly successful in increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among children [3] with effect sizes ranging from .2 servings (Gimme ... | 16300677 | PMC1325040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Nov 21; 4:34 |
Background
ATP is an extracellular messenger released by different cells that modulate lung functioning. ATP can be liberated from parasympathetic nerves as co-transmitter with acetylcholine [1], from epithelial cells [2], for example following exposure to air pollutants [3], and is released, probably from cell lysis, ... | 16336659 | PMC1325041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 8; 6(1):143 |
Only 0.2 – 0.5% of primary female genital malignancies are tubal, and histologically most of these are adenocarcinomas. Primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) accounts for about 10% of primary tubal carcinomas. [1] Primary TCC of the fallopian tube with exfoliation of malignant cells in cervical Pap smear has not be... | 16336674 | PMC1325042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Dec 9; 2:20 |
Background
The identification of genes causing non-syndromic hearing impairment has partially resolved the puzzle of clinical and genetic heterogeneity of deafness [1]. Among these genes the gene with the most significant impact on the population genetics and genetic counselling is the GJB2 gene with the mutation c.35d... | 16336662 | PMC1325043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Dec 8; 5:11 |
Background
Treatment with warfarin or other coumarin derivatives is an established method of secondary prevention after venous or arterial thromboembolic events, as well as for primary prevention. In 1997 the prevalence of oral anticoagulant treatment in Sweden was 0.8% [1]. That figure is comparable with those in Denm... | 16336670 | PMC1325044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Dec 8; 3:20 |
Background
Prolactin-related proteins (PRPs) are members of the growth hormone/prolactin (GH/PRL) family [1]. PRPs are highly expressed in binucleate cells of bovine trophoblasts, although their function is still obscure. No new member had been identified between early 1990 and this year [2]. We recently found a new PR... | 16332262 | PMC1325045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 7; 3:68 |
Background
The direct ex-vivo visualization and quantification of antigen-specific T cells is key to the characterisation of complex immune responses. The antigen specificity of T cells is determined by the highly specific interaction between their TCR and the cognate MHC-peptide complex. The low affinity and fast off-... | 16329759 | PMC1325046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Dec 5; 6:24 |
Background
CD63 was initially described as the ME491 antigen of melanoma cells [1-8]. CD63 is not expressed in normal melanocytes, but is expressed in nevi and many melanoma cells. CD63 is also expressed in a number of normal cells [1-5,9-18]. A number of studies have suggested that CD63 may regulate melanoma cell func... | 16318634 | PMC1325047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Nov 30; 3:42 |
Background
In mammals, angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1, ACE, peptidyl-dipeptidase A), an important member of the M2 peptidase family, is found on the surface of endothelial cells and is best known for its role in the biosynthesis of angiotensin II, as well as the degradation of circulating bradykinin and the... | 16329762 | PMC1325048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 5; 6:172 |
Review
Good quality of life (QoL) encompasses more than just good health. At a basic level, it can represent the sum of a person's physical, emotional, social, occupational and spiritual well-being, the study of which is complicated by the fact that there is no consensus as to what constitutes QoL. The World Health Org... | 16288650 | PMC1325049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 15; 3:72 |
Introduction
Regression analyses of measurements of a physiological or structural variable R (e.g. cardiac output or pulmonary alveolar surface area) in mammals of different mass M have shown in many cases that the variable is closely approximated by a function of the form
R = R1Mb,
which is often termed an allometri... | 16283939 | PMC1325050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:57 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Nov 10; 2:45 |
Background
Multiple genetic studies have been carried out that link human chromosome 20q13.1-13.2 to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [1-5]. This linkage evidence has led investigators to search for T2DM susceptibility genes in this genomic region. Our laboratory has carried out analysis of specific genes [6-8] and developed hig... | 16336637 | PMC1325051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Dec 7; 6:42 |
Background
Numerous Open Source projects contribute source code for routines that analyze DNA microarray data [1]. Projects such as Bioconductor [2] and Bioperl [3] offer web accessible repositories for DNA microarray software packages. However, obstacles such as lack of expertise in configuring the software for use on... | 16321157 | PMC1325052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 1; 6:287 |
Every organism's blueprint for life is encoded in the order of the building blocks of its genome. These building blocks consist of four DNA nucleotides, or bases: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T). Whenever a cell divides, it must duplicate its genome, and it must do so with high fidelity to maint... | 0 | PMC1325053 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 3; 4(1):e32 |
Background
Extracranial metastasis of primary brain malignancies is an uncommon event [1]. With increased patient survival due to new treatment options, however, the incidence of extracranial metastases of brain malignancies may increase, as has been the case with systemic cancers. An alternative to tissue biopsy to de... | 16287502 | PMC1325054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Nov 14; 2:19 |
Recent emphasis on human obesity obscures the fact that fat cells and the triglyceride energy system provide crucial functions in animals as diverse as invertebrate worms (C. elegans)[1], insects including fruit flies (D. melanogaster)[2], bony fish [3], toads (Bufo species), lizards [4], and birds [5]. Plainly, fat ti... | 16351726 | PMC1325055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Dec 13; 4:36 |
Background
Protective immunity to M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is regulated by T cells, macrophages and cytokines including IFNγ, IL-12 and TNF [1,2]. IFNγ derived from T and NK cells has been shown to be essential, as mice with a disruption of the IFNγ signalling are unable to restrict the growth of M. tuberculosis... | 16285886 | PMC1325056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Nov 14; 6(1):136 |
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