text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Molecules that are directly involved in reproduction are often subject to rapid evolutionary change [1]. Zonadhesin (ZAN) is one such molecule that has undergone domain expansion [2,3] and positive selection [4,5] in mammals. ZAN is a multi-domain sperm protein that is implicated in the species-specific bind... | 16303057 | PMC1325057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 22; 6:165 |
Background
Polymorphisms are nucleotide differences in genomic DNA sequences that naturally occur within a population. A single nucleotide substitution is called a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and these variants occur at a frequency of approximately one every 1,000 bases in humans [2]. SNPs are established gene... | 16336665 | PMC1325058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 8; 6:292 |
Background
The cell nucleus is a highly complex organelle that organizes the comprehensive assembly of our genes and their corresponding regulatory factors. Accordingly, the cell nucleus reflects the intricate regulation of various biological activities. Although protein complexes disperse throughout the entire organel... | 16336650 | PMC1325059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:291 |
Background
Dehydrogenase enzymes exhibit stereo-selectivity for diastereotopic hydrogen atoms, situated at the C4 position of the dihydronicotinamide ring of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP). The dehydrogenases belong to th... | 16318635 | PMC1325060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 30; 6:283 |
Introduction
Y-family polymerases are able to bypass a variety of DNA lesions that impede high-fidelity replicative DNA polymerases. Such bypass polymerases exhibit a higher error rate and lower processivity on undamaged DNA templates, and can extend from mismatched base pairs (reviewed in [1,2]). Studies suggest that ... | 16379496 | PMC1325099 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 3; 4(1):e11 |
Background
Arson is a major source of property damage, injury and death in many Western countries. The incidence of arson appears to have increased both in the United States and in Europe in recent years [1,2] and in Finland it has doubled between 1985 and 1995 [3].
Fire-setting recidivism rates have varied widely in ... | 16351734 | PMC1325224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Dec 14; 5:47 |
Background
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is one of the main airports of Europe. The airport is a major source of complaints about aircraft noise, noise related adverse health effects and – especially since the crash of an airplane in a suburb of Amsterdam on October 4th 1992 – about safety risks. A longstanding subject of... | 16332253 | PMC1325225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 6; 5:127 |
Background
In June 2000, in its ambitious comparison of 191 countries in terms of their ability to meet three main goals – improving health, increasing responsiveness to meet the legitimate demands of the population, and ensuring that financial burdens are distributed fairly – the World Health Organization (WHO) ranked... | 16321155 | PMC1325226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Dec 1; 5:76 |
Background
Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bound organelles that lack a genome and, therefore, must import their entire complement of constituent proteins. All proteins that are targeted to the peroxisome are synthesized on free polyribosomes in the cytosol and are imported post-translationally. Several distinct import... | 16313672 | PMC1325227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:03:09 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 28; 6:40 |
Background
Parasitic plants directly invade and rob nutrients from host plants [1,2]. The consequences can be devastating to the host plant and some of the world's most pernicious agricultural pests are parasitic weeds [3]. The number of parasitic angiosperms is surprisingly large with over four thousand parasitic spec... | 16288663 | PMC1325228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2005 Nov 16; 5:24 |
Background
Immune responses are regulated and initiated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which bind to short peptides from antigens and display them on the cell surface for the recognition by T cell receptors. The specificity of this binding can be predicted from the amino acid sequence of a peptide... | 16351712 | PMC1325229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Immunome Res. 2005 Dec 13; 1:6 |
Background
Many doctors in the UK, and probably elesewhere, are unhappy with their careers in medicine, with a fifth or more of junior doctors considering leaving medicine [1]. Medical school selectors do not wish only to select academically able students who can cope academically with the medical course, but also want... | 16351718 | PMC1325230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Dec 13; 5:38 |
Background
Carcinoid tumors are derived from neuroendocrine cells and are usually slowly growing malignant tumors with distinct morphological characteristics. Most frequently, carcinoids are located in the appendix and ileum, but they are also known to arise from other sites, such as the bronchus and pancreas. The carc... | 16293186 | PMC1325231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 17; 3:75 |
Background
Comparison of human DNA sequences with those of other mammalian species is a powerful method for identifying functionally important sequence elements in the human genome because sequences with function tend to be evolutionarily conserved whereas those without function tend to accumulate variation over time. ... | 16336695 | PMC1325232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 10; 6(1):145 |
Background
The factors that regulate the transcription of the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK-C) have been studied in great detail over the years [1]. However, its metabolic role in the various tissues in which the gene is expressed has received far less atten... | 16300682 | PMC1325233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Nov 21; 2:33 |
Background
External RNA controls consortium
The External RNA Control Consortium (ERCC) is an ad-hoc group with approximately 70 members from private, public, and academic organizations. The group was initiated in 2003 to develop a set of external RNA control transcripts that can be used to assess technical performance ... | 16266432 | PMC1325234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 2; 6:150 |
Background
A patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is described as one suffering unrelenting, debilitating fatigue (for a period of six months or more) which is unresolved by rest. This fatigue is not the result of normal physical activity and can cause both mental and physical impairment to the sufferer. Further... | 16351714 | PMC1325235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Dec 13; 6:49 |
Background
Infection of synthetic abdominal aortic grafts occurs in ≤1% of patients, with a higher risk (1.5–2%) for grafts that extend to the femoral location. Vascular graft infection may result from intra-operative contamination, local extension from infected adjacent tissue or by hematogenous seeding. The most comm... | 16336642 | PMC1325236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 7; 5:109 |
Background
The presence of lymphadenopathy requires further investigation. Often its presence is explained by a simple viral illness or trauma. Rarer causes are often made apparent by thorough history taking and examination. The need for a biopsy is controversial. We report a case where the answer may have been staring... | 16321151 | PMC1325237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec 1; 2:28 |
Introduction
Controlling malaria in forested areas remains a challenge in many parts of Asia and South America [1-7]. In Vietnam, forest malaria occurs in 16 provinces (out of 64) situated in the central part of the country (11 in the Central area, 4 in the western highlands and 1 in the south-eastern region). Accordin... | 16336671 | PMC1325238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 8; 4:58 |
Introduction
A number of authors argue that specific attention by governments and advocates to the policy implementation process is needed in tobacco control, to avoid the risk of 'policy slippage' [1-3]. Policy slippage is the gap between the intent of policy in legislation or government directives, and the implementa... | 16354296 | PMC1325239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Dec 14; 2:32 |
In 1983, during the earliest days of AIDS research, Deborah Anderson and her colleagues in Boston, Massachusetts hypothesized that AIDS was transmitted by virally-infected "Trojan horse leukocytes" in semen [1]. This prediction has been supported by numerous studies over the past two decades, although many questions re... | 16324221 | PMC1325240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Dec 3; 2:11 |
Background
Pectin lyase (PNL, EC 4.2.2.10) belongs to polysaccharide lyase family 1 and cleaves α-1,4 bonds between galacturonic acid residues of pectin. The mode of PNL action is trans-elimination [1] with end-product oligosaccharides of 4-deoxy-6-methyl-alpha-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups. Pectins are present in the p... | 16354300 | PMC1325241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Dec 14; 4:35 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in both men and women in the United States [1]. Non-small cell lung carcinomas arise from the respiratory epithelium and progress through well-defined pathological stages prior to becoming invasive and metastatic tumors. While many studies have identified ... | 16332260 | PMC1325242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 6; 5:155 |
Chronic HIV-1 infection is characterized by a steady but generally slow loss of CD4+ T cells. A central puzzle of HIV-1 research in the early 90's has been how the virus could cause AIDS, when it infects a trivial number of T cells. It took until 1995 before it was realized that massive virus replication occurs during ... | 16359549 | PMC1325243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 16; 2:78 |
Background
Personality disorders and personality traits represent a major challenge to many professionals dealing with psychiatric patients. Personality disorders impact treatment for substance use disorders [1,2], and mood disorders [3-6], bipolar disorder [7], and increase the risk of violence and other crime [8], as... | 16336663 | PMC1325244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Dec 8; 5:45 |
Background
Many of the findings of health services research are never published in peer-reviewed journals nor presented at a conference [1,2]. There may be many reasons for this, including that such projects are often small, the researchers often hold clinical or service positions and their research time is minimal or ... | 16318638 | PMC1325245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Dec 1; 5:75 |
Background
Septicaemia is a common cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality. Deaths from paediatric septicaemia are likely to be higher in low-income settings. Children with septicaemia present with fever, difficult breathing, tachycardia, malaise, inability to feed or lethargy, but those with asymptomatic bacteraem... | 16336657 | PMC1325246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 8; 5:110 |
Background
The existence of chromosome territories as restricted volumes in which the DNA of only one chromosome is spatially arranged during interphase is now established for about 20 years [1,2]. The distribution of individual territories within the nucleus has come into focus more recently. Although the side-by-side... | 16336643 | PMC1325247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 7; 6:44 |
Background
Expenditure on pharmaceuticals has increased dramatically in all countries both in the developed and the developing world in recent years [1]. Provision of an increasing number of effective but expensive pharmaceuticals by drug reimbursement systems is challenging because the costs per patient are high. Paye... | 16305742 | PMC1325248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Nov 23; 2:28 |
Background
Personal car traffic is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM), a major pollutant that is estimated to be responsible for 300000 premature deaths every year in the European Union [1]. In Finland, the estimates are 920 deaths and 960000 restricted activity days for all PM [1]. The direct PM emiss... | 16309549 | PMC1325249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 25; 5:123 |
Background
Retroviral infection of a host cell is initiated by interaction of the retroviral Env protein surface (SU) subunit with a specific host cell receptor. This interaction triggers conformational changes within the Env protein that bring the virus and host cell membranes in close proximity, resulting in fusion a... | 16354307 | PMC1325250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 15; 2:76 |
Background
Exposure to the combustion-derived nanoparticulate component of particulate matter (PM) has been implicated in adverse effects in toxicology [1-3] and epidemiology [4-9] studies. Nanoparticles have at least one dimension less than 100 nm, similar to ultrafine particles which have a diameter of less than 100 ... | 16332254 | PMC1325251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Dec 6; 2:11 |
Background
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent causative agent of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients and it can also cause asthma, allergies, and mycotoxicosis [1]. Other species of this genus including Neosartorya fischeri (teleomorph of A. fischerianus), A. flavus, A. terreus, A. niger, and ... | 16336669 | PMC1325252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 8; 6:177 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Radiotherapy is an important modality of cancer treatment. Because radiation pneumonitis is a major obstacle to increasing the radiation dose, it is important to determine how the incidence of radiation- induced complication might be decreased and h... | 16336675 | PMC1325253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 9; 5:158 |
Background
The prevalence of overweight and obese people in the United States and other developed nations has progressively increased over the last twenty years and is now at epidemic proportions[1]. It is estimated that greater than 60% of all Americans are overweight, and approximately one-half of that group are clas... | 16321166 | PMC1325254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Dec 2; 5:23 |
Background
The human dopamine transporter (hDAT), one member of a family of Na+/Cl- dependent transmembrane transport proteins, serves as a critical regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission throughout much of the brain. The ~64 kb DAT1 gene (SLC6A3) that encodes the DAT includes 15 exons separated by 14 introns [1].... | 16309561 | PMC1325255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:39 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Nov 27; 6:55 |
Background
PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease affecting more than 1% of the population by the age of 65 years. Mutations in the alpha-synuclein (PARK1), Parkin (PARK2) and DJ-1 (PARK7) gene cause fairly rare familial forms of PD characterized by an early age of onset. Mutati... | 16354302 | PMC1325256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Dec 14; 4:10 |
Introduction
Aging is a complex physiological process that involves a number of biochemical reactions, with molecular changes that are manifested in single cells as well as in the whole organism. Aging reflects the sum total of all changes that occur in living organisms with the passage of time that lead to functional ... | 16316470 | PMC1325257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 29; 2:17 |
Introduction
Light influences numerous biological and behavioral functions [1-3]. In the laboratory, exposure to light of varying intensities, wavelengths, and durations entrains the circadian pacemaker [4], suppresses melatonin rhythms [2,3,5], and modulates pupillary reflexes [6-8]. Recent evidence suggests that thes... | 16321164 | PMC1325258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Dec 1; 3:13 |
Background
For instance, protein identification via MDLC combined with tandem mass spectrometry techniques or other shotgun approaches usually generate huge data sets and compels application of software programs such as Sequest™ [1], Profound [2] or Mascot™ [3]. This produces peptide sequences that need to be grouped i... | 16336652 | PMC1325259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:290 |
Background
Myotragus balearicus [1] was an extremely modified caprine, endemic of the Balearic Islands, characterized by a series of unusual apomorphies developed throughout more than five million years of insular evolution [2-7]. Myotragus disappeared from Mallorca between 3,700 and 2,040 years BC [8], probably after ... | 16332256 | PMC1325260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Dec 6; 5:70 |
Background
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (Bland-White-Garland syndrome also known as ALCAPA syndrome), is a rare congenital abnormality affecting 1 in 300.000 live births, accounting for 0,5% of cases of congenital heart disease [1].
Patients with Bland-White-Garland (B... | 16356181 | PMC1325261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:04 | no | BMC Surg. 2005 Dec 15; 5:23 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human hepatotropic flavivirus. It is the major cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis, infecting about 3% of people world-wide [1]. Nearly 4 million people in the United States are infected with HCV [2], predominantly with genotypes 1a and 1b. HCV infection becomes chronic in about 80% ... | 16321149 | PMC1325262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2005 Dec 1; 2:88 |
Background
Toxoplasma gondii belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, which comprises a diverse group of protozoa, considered to share much of the biology underlying obligate occupation of a host cell and responsible for disease in a range of host species. Toxoplasma is distinct from most members of the large coccidian famil... | 16324218 | PMC1325263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 3:26 |
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a spectrum of lifelong disabilities resulting from gestational (prenatal) alcohol exposure. At one end is the full fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), involving craniofacial dysmorphology (particularly midfacial anomalies), growth retardation, and de... | 16398571 | PMC1325264 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 10; 3(1):e8 |
The use of antimicrobials has caused a proliferation of resistant pathogens (Figure 1), and most worryingly, some bacterial strains are resistant to multiple classes of drugs [1,2]. Policies are now being implemented to reduce antimicrobial use, with some encouraging successes [3,4]. However, here we argue that current... | 16398572 | PMC1325265 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 10; 3(2):e29 |
Background
Neuropathic pain patients exhibit a wide range of symptoms including spontaneous and stimulus-evoked pain [1]. The latter include tactile allodynia (pain caused by a normally innocuous stimulus), pinprick hyperalgesia (heightened sensitivity to a painful stimulus), altered sensitivity to heat, cold hyperalge... | 16354295 | PMC1325266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Mol Pain. 2005 Dec 14; 1:36 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a debilitating chronic disease that can reduce quality of life (QoL) in a variety of ways, including diminished physical and emotional functioning. Experiencing fractures can lead to reduced mobility and may be very painful, which can limit everyday activities. Reduced activities can lead to ... | 16283929 | PMC1325267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 10; 3:69 |
Background
In comparison with other Latin American nations, Argentina used to enjoy a relatively developed economy and a fair distribution of wealth until the early 1980s. During the last decade of the 20th century the economy was re-engineered almost completely to create an open market economy with practically no tran... | 16351728 | PMC1325268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Dec 13; 3:22 |
Background
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, arising in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Tumors also occur in related sympathetic ganglia and are properly described as paragangliomas, by anatomical location. Both these tumor types are generally catecholamine secreting. Paragangl... | 16288654 | PMC1325269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Nov 16; 6:39 |
Background
The alignment of multiple sequences is essential in the analysis of protein sequences [1]. In contrast to pairwise alignment, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) can reveal subtle similarities among large groups of proteins. Such information can be used in phylogenetic analysis [2], function prediction [3], HM... | 16343337 | PMC1325270 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 02:12:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 12; 6:298 |
Background
A major challenge following the sequencing of the human genome is to determine the biological functions of the estimated 30,000 genes. Inducing mutations in mouse genes and determining their consequences in the whole animal is a powerful approach for gaining insight into the functions, regulatory networks, a... | 16300676 | PMC1325271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Nov 21; 6:164 |
Background
Chronic liver diseases (CLDs) are an extensive disorder affecting 5 million people in the United States and are one of the leading causes of death [1]. People with chronic HBV infection are at a lifetime risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cirrhosis, or both. Many people with HBV are unaware... | 16356186 | PMC1325272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 16; 3:81 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a very common disease of bone, and fragility fractures (i.e. fractures in the absence of relevant trauma) are its typical complication and the most common presenting sign. For many years, the diagnosis of osteoporosis was made only after the sudden occurrence of a fragility fracture.
The mos... | 16321148 | PMC1325273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 1; 3:78 |
Introduction
In the United States alone, infections acquired in hospitals affect 2 million patients, account for half of all major hospital complications, and result in annual costs of more than $4.5 billion [1]. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of these nosocomial infections that include a wide range of dise... | 16396609 | PMC1325475 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 10; 3(3):e33 |
The incidence of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals continues to rise globally.
S. aureus infections, including MRSA, occur most frequently in patients with weakened immune systems in hospitals and healthcare facilities, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. Healthcare-associated
S. a... | 0 | PMC1325476 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 10; 3(3):e84 |
Xenoestrogens are a large and structurally diverse group of compounds, which can act as inappropriate estrogens and/or can interfere with the actions of endogenous estrogens such as estradiol (E2) or other reproductive steroids. Many studies have demonstrated that contamination of the environment or treatment with xeno... | 15531431 | PMC1325963 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Nov 28; 112(15):1481-1487 |
Introduction
For patients with early breast cancer axillary lymph node status is the single most important prognostic indicator enabling decisions regarding adjuvant systemic treatment [1,2]. Axillary clearance remains the most accurate method of staging the axilla but the procedure is associated with significant morbi... | 16313679 | PMC1325972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:36 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Nov 28; 2:27 |
Background
Injury in the central nervous system (CNS) is generally accompanied by an inflammatory reaction that involves mainly microglia and astrocytes. The latter are the most abundant cells in the CNS and their contribution to the pathological outcome is still a matter of debate. In response to injury, cytokines and... | 16316466 | PMC1325973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Nov 29; 6:68 |
Background
Microarray experiments are widely used for gene profiling in different cell lines, various tissues, and conditions (normal versus cancerous). High throughput microarray technologies have made it possible to study problems that range from gene regulation and mRNA stability, to pathways for genetic diseases an... | 16318631 | PMC1325974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 30; 6:286 |
Background
Transcriptional repressors of the Polycomb group (PcG) are part of the cellular epigenetic machinery [1]. The PcG protein Bmi-1 was described as an oncogene in murine lymphomas, which acts via repression of the ink4A locus [2]. Its implication in human tumorigenesis is suggested by the finding that it is amp... | 16367997 | PMC1326198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Dec 20; 4:23 |
Background
The molecular processes governing the action of static magnetic fields on living systems remain poorly understood, partly because the experimental evidence is equivocal (reviewed in [1,2]). As for amphibian development, the hatching rate of embryos of the frog Rana pipiens subjected to the field of a 1 T per... | 16351729 | PMC1326199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2005 Dec 13; 3:2 |
Background
The bronchial provocation test that uses an aerosol of hypertonic (4.5%) saline as an indirect stimulus was developed over a number of years by Anderson and others in Australia [1-4]. The test subsequently became known as the hypertonic saline (HS) test. In epidemiology it was first used in a study in childr... | 16336673 | PMC1326200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:23 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 9; 6(1):144 |
Background
Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) is increasingly being seen as a bench-marking analytical tool for many trace DNA detection strategies, across a diverse range of areas encompassed within bioanalytical science [1-5] High quality performance characteristics associated with this technique include throughput... | 16336641 | PMC1326201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Dec 7; 5:31 |
Background
Globally, the burden of TB is escalating. Various reasons including poverty, population growth, migration and HIV/AIDS are the major factors for the continued threat of TB in the world, but a significant problem lies with the fact that many cases remain undiagnosed [1]. This could be due to a number of facto... | 16343350 | PMC1326202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 12; 5:112 |
Background
In this paper we look at global variation in the prevalence of diseases of affluence [1], such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes type 2 [2,3], between agrarian and non-agrarian societies. This societal division refers to differences in staple foods. The diet of an agrarian society is based on l... | 16336696 | PMC1326203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Dec 10; 5:10 |
Background
A variety of foot impairments such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes are associated with elevated plantar forefoot peak pressures and metatarsalgia[1]. Reduction of forefoot plantar pressure through foot orthoses is a common treatment for these conditions and for non-specific metatarsalgia. Moreover, fore... | 16368005 | PMC1326204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Dec 20; 6:61 |
Background
Cerebral malaria is one of the most common non-traumatic encephalopathies affecting children worldwide and the most severe neurological complication of falciparum malaria [1,2]. Patients present with a one to three day history of fever, seizures, unarouseable coma and brainstem signs [1,3,4]. Abnormal motor ... | 16336645 | PMC1326205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 7; 4:57 |
Background
The legitimacy of the diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has been questioned because it is a symptom complex without objective markers or known pathophysiology [1]. The 1994 CFS case designation criteria [2] require severe, sudden-onset, disabling fatigue lasting >6 months and ≥ 4 of 8 minor criteri... | 16321154 | PMC1326206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Dec 1; 5:22 |
Background
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) consists of recurrent, stereotypic episodes of incapacitating nausea and vomiting lasting hours to days and separated by symptom-free intervals, which typically last weeks or months [1-5].
The illness has four phases [6]: the inter-episodic phase, during which the patient is r... | 16368014 | PMC1326207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Dec 21; 3:20 |
Introduction
Policy-making around hearing health in Australia needs not only commitment but creativity. High rates of hearing impairment among older people, coupled with low rates of hearing aid use, demonstrate that the current policy approach is not working. This is alarming in a society whose population is ageing, a... | 16343355 | PMC1326208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Dec 13; 2:31 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related common dementia or loss of cognitive abilities. Neuronal loss, neurofibrillar tangles and senile plaques, abnormal protein deposits which include cleavage products of the amyloid precursor protein (amyloid β peptides (Aβ)) are pathologic characteristics of the disea... | 16332263 | PMC1326209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Dec 7; 2:28 |
Background
Bisphosphonates are very widely used the the treatment of metastatic bone disease and osteoporosis. They are structurally analogues to pyrophosphates. They inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal development and dissolution by affecting the ionic makeup of the hydration layer that surrounds the crystals in suspension... | 16332258 | PMC1326210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 6; 5:156 |
Background
Several factors can contribute to poor expression levels or low yields of soluble recombinant proteins produced in E. coli [1]: codon bias, lack of post-transcriptional modifications, incorrect membrane targeting, high protease activity, missing partners for complex formation, mRNA instability, limiting redo... | 16351710 | PMC1326211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Dec 13; 4:34 |
Background
Members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily are non-metallo enzymes with molecular masses between 25 and 35 kDa that function in the form of dimers or tetramers [1]. The crystal structures of several SDR proteins have revealed that the protein fold is highly conserved within this sup... | 16359545 | PMC1326212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Dec 16; 6:28 |
Background
With the advent of high-throughput biotechnologies in the last decade of the 20th century, enormous amounts of data have been generated on intracellular molecules [1-5]. The ongoing accumulation of such large-scale information presents a significant challenge to the scientific community: Namely, to understan... | 16351711 | PMC1326213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 13; 6:299 |
Introduction
Mönckeberg's sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative and apparently non-inflammatory disease in which the media of small and medium-sized muscular arteries becomes calcified independently of atherosclerosis. Since the condition does not involve primarily the intimal layer of the artery, the lumen is kept open by ... | 16343348 | PMC1326214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Dec 12; 5:34 |
Background
Evolutionary analyses of RNA polymerases, and RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in particular, have provided important phylogenetic inferences about ancient evolution. The RNAP largest subunit has played a key role in resolving such widely accepted hypotheses as the three domains of life [1,2] and putative affilia... | 16336687 | PMC1326215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Dec 9; 5:71 |
Background
The Sec6/8 complex, or 'exocyst', is an octomeric protein complex thought to comprise the proteins Sec3, Sec5, Sec6, Sec8, Sec10, Sec15, Exo70 and Exo84. This complex has been most extensively studied in yeast, where it is required for membrane trafficking and secretion [1,2]. In multicellular organisms, Sec... | 16351720 | PMC1326216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Dec 13; 3:27 |
Background
It is well established that the absolute sensitivity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to photic stimulation received through the retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT) changes along the 24-hour day [1-4]. Conceivably, changes in the sensitivity of the circadian system to light/dark patterns could be driven by t... | 16336697 | PMC1326217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Dec 11; 3:14 |
Introduction
The subcellular localization of proteins critically affects their biological roles and functions. For example, sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins can only alter transcriptional activity if they are localized to the nucleus, and transmembrane (TM) receptors can only bind their soluble ligands if they ar... | 16415983 | PMC1326219 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 13; 2(1):e11 |
Introduction
The prevalence of nosocomial infections in hospital intensive care units due to Acinetobacter baumannii currently ranges from 2% to 10% of all gram-negative bacterial infections in Europe [1] and account for about 2.5% of them in the United States [2]. A. baumannii exhibits a remarkable ability to rapidly ... | 16415984 | PMC1326220 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 13; 2(1):e7 |
Introduction
The mammalian inner ear is a complex structure consisting of a coiled cochlea, three orthogonally positioned semicircular canals, a central vestibule, and a dorsally projecting endolymphatic duct and sac. With the exception of the endolymphatic duct and sac, the different parts of the ear all contain senso... | 16410827 | PMC1326221 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 13; 2(1):e4 |
Introduction
The human genome has been shaped by the evolutionary forces of mutation, genetic drift, and selection, with the latter acting, in the main, to purify functional regions of deleterious mutations. By comparing the human and mouse genomes, previously it was estimated that about 5% of the human genome has unde... | 16410828 | PMC1326222 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 2(1):e5 |
Introduction
Genomes in prokaryotic organisms typically are packed tightly into a nucleoid where they carry out multiple functions simultaneously [1,2]. The condensed DNA within the bacterial nucleoid must not only be efficiently replicated and segregated during cell division [3], but it must also simultaneously partic... | 16410829 | PMC1326223 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 2(1):e2 |
Background
Sickle cell disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are widespread inherited, but independent, human genetic disorders affecting millions of people [1-3]. Whereas G6PD deficiency is an x-linked enzymopathy and among the most common genetic disorder in humans [3], sickle cell disease i... | 16356170 | PMC1326224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 15; 4:61 |
Background
Autochthony is generally considered for conspecific collections of individuals existing at a specified location. Basically, autochthony is judged by the time over which the ancestry of the collection has existed as a population at this location. In a recent paper by Kleinschmit et al. [1] the close relations... | 16332257 | PMC1326225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2005 Dec 6; 5:8 |
Background
There are no low-resistance connections between the cells in several different cardiac muscle and smooth muscle preparations [1-3]. In a computer simulation study of propagation in cardiac muscle, it was shown that the electric field (EF) generated in the narrow junctional clefts when the prejunctional membr... | 16343352 | PMC1326226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:57 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Dec 12; 2:48 |
Background
The last few decades have seen an increase in the amount of constructed Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaires for use with children and adolescents [1,2]. Although a number of questionnaires have been used for evaluative studies the questionnaires are only occasionally used in paediatric clin... | 16283947 | PMC1326227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Nov 13; 3:70 |
Background
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the DOTS strategy in 1993 for the control of tuberculosis (TB), Chest X-ray (CXR) has been discouraged for the diagnosis of TB [1]. As TB is mainly transmitted by sputum smear-positive patients, the DOTS strategy strongly promotes smear microscopy for the ... | 16343340 | PMC1326228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:16 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 12; 5:111 |
Background
Probiotic microorganisms have traditionally been characterized as viable nutritional agents conferring benefits to the health of the human host [1]. The definition of the term "probiotic" has evolved through the years. The latest and most appropriate definition describes probiotics as "live microorganisms wh... | 16351713 | PMC1326229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Dec 13; 6:43 |
Background
It is well known that a vast majority of cellular functions are mediated through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. Protein association is implicated in cellular signal transduction, antigen-antibody binding, in the regulation of gene expression and in the functioning of a huge variety of other co... | 16336694 | PMC1326230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 10; 6:296 |
Background
Recent progress in sequence technology has revealed whole genome sequences of various species, such as human and mouse, leading to the production of comprehensive databases of gene sequences. Elucidation of gene functions is one of the most important issues in the so-called post-genomic sequence era and many... | 16336692 | PMC1326231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 10; 6:295 |
Background
The availability of genome sequences for multiple species and large-scale gene expression data has led to the development of computational genomic approaches to transcriptional regulation. A challenge in the field is the accurate genome-wide identification of the regulatory targets of transcription factors (... | 16297241 | PMC1326232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 18; 6:275 |
Background
Useful functional information can be extracted from amino acid sequences using a comparative strategy to identify potential SDPs (specificity determining positions) that differ between functionally divergent homologous proteins that arose from a common ancestor. In such an alignment, amino acids at positions... | 16318626 | PMC1326233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 30; 6:284 |
Introduction
Exons represent approximately 1% of the human genome and range in size from 1 to 1,000 nucleotides (nt), with a mean size for internal exons of 145 nt [1]. In contrast, introns constitute 24% of our genome, with sizes ranging from 60 to more than 200,000 nt. The mean size of human introns is more than 3,30... | 16396608 | PMC1326234 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 10; 4(2):e21 |
One of the most surprising discoveries in molecular biology was that a gene's coding region is broken up into smaller pieces (the exons) interrupted by noncoding portions called introns. After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, and before the RNA can leave the nucleus, the introns must be cut out and the exons spliced to... | 20076527 | PMC1326235 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 10; 4(2):e41 |
Many cases of thrombocytopenia in adults are diagnosed incidentally after a routine blood cell count; more efficient laboratory processes have meant that an increasing number of asymptomatic individuals with borderline low platelet counts (100 × 10
9/l to 150 × 10
9/l) are now being identified. There are gaps in our kn... | 0 | PMC1326255 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e93 |
Introduction
Age should not be a determinant for quality of care in breast cancer. In Sweden, as in many other countries, the population is ageing with a rapidly increasing number of elderly women diagnosed with breast cancer as a consequence. Today about 30% of all breast cancer patients in Sweden are 70 y or older at... | 16409108 | PMC1326256 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e25 |
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