text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Emerging lung infections capture the world's imagination because of the potential for pandemics. Recent examples include avian influenza and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). However, even in the absence of new pathogens or pandemics, lung infections have tremendous impact. Lung infections cause more diseas... | 16401173 | PMC1326257 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 17; 3(2):e76 |
Introduction
Severe invasive group A streptococcal diseases, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF), are rapidly progressive invasive diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality [1,2]. There is evidence that streptococcal superantigens are important inducers ... | 16401174 | PMC1326258 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e53 |
In the past 10 years, evidence has suggested that group A streptococci (GAS) adhere to epithelial cells and invade them. In 1994, LaPenta and colleagues found that GAS could invade human epithelial cells, in some cases better than classical intracellular bacterial pathogens such as
Listeria and
Salmonella spp. can.
S... | 0 | PMC1326259 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e95 |
Breast cancer is one of the highest-profile diseases in women in developed countries. Although the risk for women younger than 30 years is minimal, this risk increases with age. One-third of all breast cancer patients in Sweden, for example, are 70 years or older at diagnosis. Despite these statistics, few breast cance... | 0 | PMC1326260 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e92 |
“There is something in age that ever, even in its own despite, must be venerable, must create respect—and to have it ill treated, is to me worse, more cruel and wicked than anything on earth.”
—Frances Burney, 1768One of the noblest uses of epidemiology is the investigation of sources of inequalities in health outcom... | 16401143 | PMC1326261 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e48 |
Introduction
With extensive automation in laboratories, an ever increasing number of asymptomatic individuals with platelet counts ranging between 100 × 109/l and 150 × 109/l are now being recognized [1–3]. However, both the clinical features of these individuals, as well as the natural history of their thrombocytopeni... | 16401142 | PMC1326262 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 17; 3(3):e24 |
The Maria Auxiliadora Hospital (HAMA), a 20-year-old government hospital, serves about 2 million people living in Southern Lima, the poorest area of the city and one that is experiencing an explosive growth in population. We take care of extremely poor, malnourished patients, who have had little education and who have ... | 16401172 | PMC1326263 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 17; 3(2):e16 |
Marzluff JM, Angell T (2005) In the company of crows and ravens. Yale University Press. 408 p. ISBN (hardcover) 0-300-10076-0. US$19.80
Few groups of wild animals inspire such extreme opinions in the humans who observe them than members of the genus Corvus. In the book In the Company of Crows and Ravens [1], John Marzl... | 0 | PMC1326277 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 17; 4(1):e14 |
At the current pace, European women are not expected to reach parity with men in academic science positions until 2050. —Gerlind Wallon [1]
Some have a dream that, one fine day, there will be equal numbers of men and women in all jobs, including those in scientific research. But I think this dream is Utopian; it assum... | 16535774 | PMC1326282 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 17; 4(1):e19 |
An organism's survival from moment to moment depends, at least in part, on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its environment. Mechanisms for responding to environmental changes are universally present in living beings. For example, when mammals perceive a sudden environmental change as threatening, a rush ... | 16535775 | PMC1326283 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 17; 4(1):e23 |
As the major conduit of oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues, blood vessels are the body's ultimate lifeline (Figure 1). From conception, embryos must perform all the necessary functions of life before they have developed the organs to do so. The raw materials and waste products of metabolism are initially exchang... | 16535776 | PMC1326284 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 17; 4(1):e24 |
Why do reviewers do it? Why do they, in a best-case scenario, spend several hours reading, evaluating, and constructively commenting on a manuscript from a group of authors they might not even know? The reasons are many, oft repeated, and about as varied as the comments that reviewers provide on a single paper, on a sc... | 16535773 | PMC1326287 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan 17; 4(1):e33 |
Background
In mammalian females, estrogen that acts extracellularly is primarily produced in the reproductive organs, and concentrations in blood serum and other tissues change over the lifespan and within the ovarian cycle[1]. The most active and most studied form of estrogen in mammals is 17-β estradiol (hereafter E2... | 16368009 | PMC1327664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2005 Dec 20; 5:12 |
Background
Crescentic nephritis is a type of glomerular disease characterized by crescent formation followed by a rapidly progressive course [1]. It can occur in cases with antibodies against glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM disease), secondary to other glomerulonephritis and in patients with vasculitis and prese... | 16367998 | PMC1327665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Dec 20; 6:16 |
Background
Dementia is a major public health problem with enormous costs to society [1]. It is an incurable progressive disease with devastating consequences for both patients and their relatives. The estimated prevalence rate of dementia among older adults aged 65 to 95 is 6.6% [2]. Over the next years the number of d... | 16343336 | PMC1327666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 12; 5:133 |
Background
As is widely known, nutrient-stimulated insulin secretory response in the pancreatic β cell consists of three distinct components. These include: a) an initial peak (first phase) triggered by Ca2+, b) augmentation of the Ca2+-triggered response (second phase), and c) a memory that persists after removal of t... | 16336655 | PMC1327667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Dec 8; 5:9 |
Background
Among independently living, normally aging study populations, evidence exists to support an association between more optimal nutriture (measured by dietary intake or blood parameters) and better performance on cognitive tests [1-3]. Some researchers have suggested that even marginal nutritional status may af... | 16351716 | PMC1327668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Dec 13; 5:16 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder that involves softening and disintegration of articular cartilage, vascular congestion and increased osteoblastic activity in the subarticular bone, new bone or cartilage growth at the joint margins, and capsular fibrosis. These factors often lead to pain, a common complaint... | 16321158 | PMC1327669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Dec 1; 6:58 |
Background
Disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster has been described in persons with immunosuppression due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hematological malignancy, or chemotherapy. However, it is uncommon to see dissemination of zoster in healthy individuals. In this report, we describe the clinical course of a p... | 16351732 | PMC1327670 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Dec 14; 6:50 |
Background
Copines are highly conserved, calcium-dependent membrane binding proteins found in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. Multiple copine homologs exist in each of Paramecium, Arabidopsis, C. elegans, mice, and humans. Copines are characterized as having two C2 domains at the N-terminal region followed by an "A ... | 16343335 | PMC1327671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:30 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 12; 6:46 |
Background
Protein kinases are key regulatory molecules in all eukaryotic cells. Together with their antagonists the protein phosphatases they form complex networks of mutually activating and silencing molecules. Their activity affects vital processes like differentiation, proliferation, motility, stress response, and ... | 16384531 | PMC1327672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2005 Dec 29; 4:6 |
Background
Adherence to a drug regime is a significant issue in the clinical management of schizophrenia. Early treatment discontinuation on the part of patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like disorders is strikingly common, with estimates of its prevalence in antipsychotic drug trials ranging from 25%–75%. T... | 16375765 | PMC1327673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Dec 23; 3:21 |
Background
The functional development of the prostate is governed by stromal mesenchyme induction and epithelial response. This stromal/epithelial interaction was demonstrated by heterotypic tissue recombinants engrafted in animal hosts in which the stromal element dictated the organogenesis of the implanted epithelial... | 16343351 | PMC1327674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Dec 12; 5:17 |
Background
Spermatogenesis is an androgen-dependent process, yet the molecular mechanisms of androgens' actions are poorly understood. Both testosterone (T) and its active metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) bind to and activate the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the family of ligand-activated transcription facto... | 16336681 | PMC1327675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 9; 3:70 |
Background
Malaria kills over a million people annually, most from sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Additionally, malaria mortality is on the rise, largely because of the emergence over the past two decades of widespread Plasmodium resistance to affordable antimalarial drugs [2]. Control approaches such as insecticide impregnat... | 16336684 | PMC1327676 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 9; 4:59 |
Background
Array comparative genomic [1-3] and FISH-based methods [4] have been widely used for the detection of DNA copy number changes. However, the resolution of commercially available DNA arrays can be too low to detect microdeletions or microduplications [5,6], whilst FISH is generally only useful when the regions... | 16351727 | PMC1327677 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 13; 6:180 |
After the publication of our work in BMC Cancer [1], we became aware of an omission. In the Methods section, under the subtitles "Cell lines and tissue samples for cDNA arrays" and "cDNA probe preparation" we failed to quote the original description of how the cDNA library was generated, published in the Journal Archiv... | 0 | PMC1327678 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 29; 5:164 |
Background
Cataract extraction is one of the commonest surgical procedures performed on large number of patients worldwide. Post cataract surgery endophthalmitis is a serious sight threatening complication and no effort to prevent it can be too intense. Over the years, the incidence has reduced to 0.06%, largely owing ... | 16343353 | PMC1327679 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Dec 12; 4:19 |
Background
Fatty liver or hepatic steatosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in hepatocytes [1]. On worldwide grounds, the prevalence of steatosis is very high, and is associated with several factors such as alcohol, diabetes, overweight, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatitis C genotype 3, abetali... | 16375767 | PMC1327680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Dec 23; 4:10 |
Background
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) is a persistent retrovirus. The majority of infected individuals remain lifelong, asymptomatic carriers of the virus (ACs). However, 2–3% of infected individuals develop an aggressive malignancy named Adult T cell Leukemia. A further 2–3% develop inflammatory diseas... | 16336683 | PMC1327681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 9; 2:75 |
Background
Microorganisms are widely used for producing antibiotics, therapeutic proteins, food and feed ingredients, fuels, vitamins and other chemicals. Currently there is an increasing trend to replace chemical synthesis processes with biotechnological routes based on microbial fermentations. In order to economicall... | 16375763 | PMC1327682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 23; 6:308 |
Background
Huntington disease (HD) is caused by expansion of a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the 5'-translated region of the IT15 gene on chromosome 4, which encode the protein huntingtin [1]. The expansions result in the formation of elongated proteins with a variety of new properties. The ext... | 16372906 | PMC1327683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Dec 22; 4:12 |
Background
Cancer of the cervix is preventable, yet approximately 493,100 new cases and more than 273,000 deaths occur each year among women worldwide. [1] While evidence of effective screening programs can be seen throughout the developed world, the burden and impact of the disease remains high in developing countries... | 16336668 | PMC1327684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Reprod Health. 2005 Dec 8; 2:11 |
Background
Information technology (IT) is now viewed globally as a catalyst for change "not only to improve the automated processes but also to improve the way work is performed" [1]. In 1997, the World Health Assembly identified fostering the use of, and innovation in, science and technology for health as one of the e... | 16364186 | PMC1327685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 20; 5:137 |
Reductionism rules. Progress in science is made by simplifying the daunting complexity of the living world into a series of controlled experiments or observations. We use model organisms to help this simplification and eventually nail down some few facts on which everyone agrees. We agree that something is true for a p... | 0 | PMC1327686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 21; 4:68 |
Background
Several clinical studies have shown that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) causes a decline in the social, physical and psychological functionality of affected patients [1-12]. These changes in quality of life (QOL) can impair the patient's ability to perform even basic daily tasks. Similarly, various studie... | 16329755 | PMC1327687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 5; 3:80 |
Background
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumour of childhood. It is a tumour of the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system. The most common genetic features of this tumour are amplification of the oncogene MYCN, deletions of part of chromosome arm 1p, gain of parts of 17q and triploidy. MYCN amplification, ... | 16359544 | PMC1327688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 16; 5:161 |
Background
One type of data collected and used by geneticists involves the scoring of markers in a genetic cross of two parents whose markers are known. Such data are used to create genetic maps, associate markers with traits of interest, and to study recombination. For some organisms such as yeast and Arabidopsis, all... | 16343334 | PMC1327689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 12; 6:297 |
Background
The actin binding protein cortactin [1-3] is believed to be involved with actin related cellular events, such as cell motility, cell adhesion, cytokinesis, endo- and phagocytosis, movement of intracellular particles through the cytoplasm, and organization of transmembrane proteins [4]. Clearly Sertoli cells ... | 16368001 | PMC1327690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2005 Dec 20; 4:11 |
Background
Functional status is now seen as an important determinant of patients' quality of life and a wide variety of instruments have been developed [1]. Instruments for quantifying functional status tend to have a fixed length and administer all items to the whole group of patients under scrutiny. Currently, intere... | 16381611 | PMC1327691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 29; 3:83 |
Background
Analysis of hybridized microarrays starts with scanning the fluorescent image. The quality of data scanned from a microarray is affected by a plethora of potential confounders, which may act during printing/manufacturing, hybridization, washing, and reading. For high-density oligonucleotide arrays (HDONAs) s... | 16336691 | PMC1327692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 10; 6:294 |
Background
Recent investigators have shown in different settings that substance use is associated with impaired Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL). In alcohol dependent patients, Daeppen et al. [1] (1998; 147 patients in Switzerland), Mc Kenna et al. [2] (1996; 586 inpatients in Great Britain) and Volk et al. [3] (... | 16321144 | PMC1327693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 1; 3:77 |
Background
Microarray techniques are being used more and more widely, and many models and algorithms have been developed for microarray data analysis. However, in many cases, people need to have a sufficient knowledge of mathematics, statistics and computer skills in order to utilize these methods. A perfect example is... | 16371165 | PMC1327694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 21; 6:306 |
Remember the monk and the peas? The story introduced school children to genetics long before the human genome made the evening news. The Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel conducted hundreds of experiments on the edible pea, crossing peas that were smooth or wrinkled, peas that grew tall or short, peas that had white or vi... | 15888212 | PMC1327695 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A01 |
Introduction
The sequencing of the human genome has provided tools to gain a better understanding of the role of genes and their interaction with environmental factors in disease development (1). This understanding is predicted to improve methods for targeting interventions aimed at preventing disease and improving he... | 15888213 | PMC1327696 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:29 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A02 |
Introduction
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and is increasing in incidence (1). In 2004, more than 1 million people were expected to be diagnosed with squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma, and more than 2200 deaths were expected (2). Another 54,200 people were estimated to be diagnosed wit... | 15888214 | PMC1327697 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A03 |
Whether and when genomics will lead to public health benefit via reductions in chronic disease burden has provided fodder for debate (1,2). A point of agreement among both proponents and skeptics is that directing genomics research to achieve this end will require integration of knowledge across multiple disciplines an... | 15888215 | PMC1327698 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A04 |
The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 continues to raise expectations on near-term applications of human genome discoveries in personalized disease prevention, especially in the area of common chronic diseases (1,2). In fact, almost daily we are confronted with stories of scientific discoveries of human ge... | 15888216 | PMC1327699 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A05 |
The events of September 11, 2001, brought unprecedented attention to public health in the United States. The national response to these events included a large infusion of resources into the public health system that enhanced the capacity for the system to respond to terrorist threats and other public health emergencie... | 15888217 | PMC1327700 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:31 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A06 |
If necessity is the mother of invention, creativity in public health has never been more important. Fortunately, the ability of the public health thinkforce (as compared to workforce) to respond to the challenges inherent in assuring the public's health is remarkable. The willingness of the thinkers to share informatio... | 0 | PMC1327701 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A07 |
Introduction
Comprehensive Cancer Control (CCC) is an emerging public health model that seeks to bring together public and private stakeholders to efficiently use limited resources to reduce the burden of cancer. The CCC program allows states and territories to facilitate their own partnerships to address their unique... | 15888219 | PMC1327702 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A08 |
Introduction
Patient adherence to a prescribed regimen of oral hypoglycemic agents to prevent diabetes is generally low and difficult to maintain, even in populations with adequate access to health care and drug coverage (1,2). This problem poses serious consequences for Asian-Pacific Islanders, who have a higher gene... | 15888220 | PMC1327703 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:15:32 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A09 |
Introduction
Public health experts promote planning at the state and community levels in order to achieve desired public health outcomes (1). With the support of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), substantial public health resources have been devoted to state planning in areas such as bioterrorism p... | 15888221 | PMC1327704 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A10 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States (1). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the American Cancer Society, and the American Gastroenterological Association have developed guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and recom... | 15888222 | PMC1327705 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A11 |
Introduction
West Virginia is a state with a disproportionately high burden of diabetes. During the last decade, West Virginia has consistently ranked among the highest diabetes prevalence and diabetes-related mortality of all the United States. In 1999, West Virginia had the third highest rate of death due to diabete... | 15888224 | PMC1327707 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:30 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A13 |
Introduction
Public health efforts to promote stroke awareness and the need to seek urgent treatment have assumed a new importance in the years since the publication of a major clinical trial showing decreased short-term disability and improved outcomes for patients experiencing an ischemic stroke after thrombolytic t... | 15888225 | PMC1327708 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:38 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A14 |
Introduction
Many professionals encourage public health planning as a key step in addressing complex issues such as chronic disease (1). This is especially true when problems require long-term strategies and multiple approaches, such as changes in policy, the environment, or individual behavior. Yet despite the widely... | 15888226 | PMC1327709 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:15:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A15 |
Introduction
African American women exhibit a higher rate of breast cancer mortality when compared with white women (1,2). Being diagnosed later, variation in treatment response, and larger tumor size have all been identified as factors that may contribute to differences in breast cancer survival time (3). Obesity is ... | 15888227 | PMC1327710 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:47 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A16 |
Introduction
The 1996 Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health (1) emphasized the health benefits of moderate-intensity physical activities, especially everyday activities. These activities include heavy yard work, brisk walking, and housework in addition to purposeful leisure-time exercise. Participat... | 15888228 | PMC1327711 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:18:07 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A17 |
Introduction
Physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and smoking are three leading health behaviors contributing to the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States (1,2). Significant research effort goes into documenting the prevalence of these behaviors and quantifying how much they contribute to CHD... | 15888229 | PMC1327712 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:16:18 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A18 |
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus presents multiple challenges to public health. An estimated 18.2 million individuals in the United States have diabetes (1). This disease contributes to significant morbidity, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal disease, and premature mortality (1-3). In 2002, diabetes w... | 15888230 | PMC1327713 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:14 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A19 |
Introduction
The number of overweight and obese youth has been increasing, reflecting changes in social and environmental factors that need to be understood and modified for effective prevention (1-3). This two-part report reviews some data available to track how the lives of children have changed during the "obesity ... | 15888231 | PMC1327714 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A20 |
Prev Chronic Dis
Preventing Chronic Disease
1545-1151
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
15670474
PCDv22_03_0034a
Special Topics
EDITORIAL: FEATURED ABSTRACTS FROM THE 19th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Reducing Health Disparities: What Is Being Done, What Works
Baldyga William ... | 0 | PMC1327715 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:29 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A21 |
Background
Public health goals to reduce health disparities among people with chronic disease pose enormous challenges to health care providers, public health practitioners, academic researchers, and community leaders (1). In response to these challenges, recent community-based approaches to improve health are employi... | 15888233 | PMC1327716 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:21:02 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A22 |
Background
"It is not a question of if, but when and how the advances resulting from the Human Genome Project will be integrated into society, medicine and public health" (1). To integrate genomics into state public health activities, the Coordinating Center for Health Promotion within the Centers for Disease Control ... | 15888234 | PMC1327717 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A23 |
Background
With the arrival of the genomics era, we are faced with the challenge of how to apply genetic knowledge to public health practice (1). A challenge of this magnitude also presents a great opportunity to more effectively target health promotion activities to individuals and families at highest risk. Family hi... | 15888235 | PMC1327718 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A24 |
Introduction
As genomics research continues to expand and identify potential applications for disease prevention, departments of health as well as public health practitioners will need to become increasingly aware of genomics as a public health tool. In 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produc... | 15888236 | PMC1327719 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:14 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A25 |
Introduction
As exemplified by the genomics focus of this issue of Preventing Chronic Disease, public health is a continually evolving field. With an estimated 450,000 people working in salaried public health positions (1), many of whom received their training long ago, ensuring that members of this workforce receive ... | 15888237 | PMC1327720 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A26 |
Introduction
There is widespread enthusiasm that findings from the Human Genome Project will significantly shape the public health practice of the future (1). In recent years, genomic research has provided new insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of asthma, a major public health burden in the United States. How... | 15888238 | PMC1327721 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A27 |
Cover of Health Literacy from A to Z
In Health Literacy from A to Z: Practical Ways to Communicate Your Health Message, Helen Osborne takes us into the world of a health literacy consultant and the work she does to improve health communication. Over the last 10 years, health literacy has received increasing attention ... | 0 | PMC1327722 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:36:09 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A28 |
Cover of Human Genome Epidemiology: A Scientific Foundation for Using Genetic Information to Improve Health and Prevent Disease
Human Genome Epidemiology is edited by three well-recognized experts in genetic epidemiology, and their experience shows in the information and organization of this text. While they do not de... | 0 | PMC1327723 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:35 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A29 |
To the Editor:
The authors of "A Catalog of Biases in Questionnaires" in the January issue (1) provide a useful catalog of questionnaire biases, but in one of their examples, their recommended response is guilty of the same bias. This error occurs in Overlapping Interval.
Example:
How many cigarettes do you smoke pe... | 15888239 | PMC1327724 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:57 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A30 |
In Reply:
We would like to thank Dr Harrow (1) for pointing out a flawed example in our paper (2). As he notes, the recommended question should be:
How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?[ ] None [ ] 1–4 [ ] 5–24 [ ] 25 or more
The previously recommended category "4 or less" was a typographica... | 0 | PMC1327725 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2004 Mar 15; 2(2):A31 |
In the article "Childhood Obesity — What We Can Learn From Existing Data on Societal Trends, Part 1," some of the categories along the x-axis in Figures 4 and 5 were incorrectly labeled. In Figure 4, the categories "Sports/Outdoors," "Personal care," "Shopping," "Television," and "Other passive leisure (e.g., conversat... | 0 | PMC1327726 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Mar 15; 2(2):A32 |
Introduction
Biological systems are tightly controlled such that the concentrations of components are precisely balanced in an active biological pathway. The balances are maintained in part by coordinately regulated expression levels of the genes involved in the biological processes. Thus, genes that are coregulated ac... | 16424919 | PMC1331977 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 20; 2(1):e6 |
Introduction
The activity of transposable elements (TEs) places a variable mutational load upon their host species [1–3]. In species such as Drosophila, TEs comprise approximately 10% of heterochromatic [4] and only 2%–3% of euchromatic DNA [4,5] but cause over 50% of de novo mutations [6]. In contrast, nearly half of ... | 16440055 | PMC1331978 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e2 |
Introduction
Dyneins are large multi-subunit protein complexes that undertake a wide range of roles within the cell. They are adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–driven, microtubule minus-end-directed molecular motors that can be divided, based on function, into two classes: axonemal and cytoplasmic dyneins [1–7] (reviewed in... | 16440056 | PMC1331979 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e1 |
Introduction
The classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) containing the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci on human Chromosome 6p21.31 is a gene-dense region spanning nearly 4 Mb. The region plays an important role in disease resistance and susceptibility. About 30% of the approximately 150 constituent-express... | 16440057 | PMC1331980 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e9 |
Introduction
Splicing is an essential process that constructs protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences using tiny segments of information buried in the much larger primary transcripts of the eukaryotic gene. Regulated alternative splicing can create different protein coding sequences under different biological cir... | 16424921 | PMC1331982 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 2(1):e4 |
Both organochlorine chemicals—including a series of solvents and pesticides that have been banned in many parts of the world—and their metabolites have been linked to bone loss in a variety of species. Now, Christian Sonne of the Danish National Environmental Research Institute and colleagues have found a similar assoc... | 15595176 | PMC1331997 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Dec; 112(17):A1011 |
Bronchiolar epithelium cells known as Clara cells are thought to help defend airways against damage; Clara cell protein (CC16) is a lung-specific protein thought to protect the respiratory tract from inflammation. Studies have shown a positive association between ozone exposure and increased concentrations of CC16 in b... | 0 | PMC1331998 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Dec; 112(17):A1010a |
Major research efforts have shown that endocrine disruptors—environmental chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine system—may affect reproduction of wildlife and even humans. Studies in fish, for example, have shown that endocrine disruptors can reduce sperm count, induce both male and female gonadal tissue or i... | 15595175 | PMC1331999 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Dec; 112(17):A1010b-A1011 |
The average Earthbound American, estimates the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses nearly 24 gallons of water daily for personal uses such as drinking, toilet flushing, hygiene, and cleaning. International Space Station (ISS) crew members, on the other hand, are limited to little more than half a gallon per... | 15687037 | PMC1332000 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:40:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb; 113(2):A110-A114 |
Health authorities today enjoy an embarrassment of riches when it comes to data on disease incidence, thanks to the rapidly increasing use of electronic record keeping at hospitals, clinics, and related businesses such as pharmacies. Where significant numbers of paper files once required days or weeks to process for su... | 16140611 | PMC1332002 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:25 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Sep; 113(9):A610-A613 |
Case Presentation
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Rocky Mountain region (Region 8) Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) received three telephone inquiries from parents concerned about health risks to children exposed to a recycled tire crumb product used as a soil additive, or “amendme... | 16393649 | PMC1332647 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 17; 114(1):1-3 |
Gene expression is a sensitive indicator of toxicant exposure, disease state, and cellular metabolism and thus represents a unique way of characterizing how cells and organisms adapt to changes in the external environment. The measurement of gene expression levels upon exposure to a chemical can both provide informatio... | 16393650 | PMC1332648 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 9; 114(1):4-9 |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) estimated that 891 pesticide active ingredients were registered in 1997 (Aspelin and Grube 1999) and that 888 million pounds of pesticide active ingredients were used in the United States in 2001 (Kiely et al. 2004). Few of these chemic... | 16393651 | PMC1332649 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 7; 114(1):10-17 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chemicals that were produced commercially in the United States from 1929 to 1977 and used widely in the electrical industry because of their high stability, dielectric properties, and resistance to oxidation (U.S. EPA and Environment Canada 2004). They were also used in pl... | 16393652 | PMC1332650 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 1; 114(1):18-23 |
Swimming in coastal waters is a favored pastime in the United States. In a survey of > 75,000 households, 42% of respondents ≥ 16 years of age, equivalent to approximately 89 million individuals, reported swimming in recreational waters annually (National Survey on Recreation and the Environment 2000–2002). Such waters... | 16393653 | PMC1332651 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 1; 114(1):24-28 |
Over the last decade, studies conducted over five continents have demonstrated associations between daily exposure to particulate matter (PM) < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and premature mortality [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004]. The U.S. EPA promulgated ambient air quality standards for fine ... | 16393654 | PMC1332652 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 1; 114(1):29-33 |
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is now recognized as a health risk for pregnant women and children (Dunn and Zeise 1997; Witschi et al. 1997), and it is increasingly evident that ETS affects the developing brain and cardiovascular system (Eskenazi and Trupin 1995; Hutchison et al. 1998; Makin et al. 1991). T... | 16393655 | PMC1332653 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 7; 114(1):34-39 |
Biologists around the world have accumulated substantial evidence of endocrine disruption in wild fish, particularly in waters receiving sewage treatment plant or kraft mill effluents (KME) (Jobling et al. 1998; McMaster et al. 1996). Wild fish in KME-receiving waters in Canada, Scandinavia, and the United States exper... | 16393656 | PMC1332654 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 7; 114(1):40-45 |
A standard approach for evaluating the threat that a xenobiotic poses to environmental health is to test whether environmentally realistic concentrations have adverse effects on organisms that may be harbingers of possible risk to humans or ecosystem services. Amphibians have long been considered one of these bioindica... | 16393657 | PMC1332655 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 7; 114(1):46-50 |
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Peters et al. 2000, 2001a; Pope et al. 2004). Plausible mechanisms explaining the cardiovascular effects of particle exposure have not been clearly defined (Utell et al. 2002). However,... | 16393658 | PMC1332656 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 20; 114(1):51-58 |
Mercury is one of two elements that are liquid at ambient temperature. It is 13 times heavier than water, and its unique properties have led to a wide variety of uses in industry and elsewhere. Elemental mercury is still widely used in dentistry and a variety of hospital applications (Haas et al. 2003). It is also foun... | 16393659 | PMC1332657 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 20; 114(1):59-62 |
Increased vehicular traffic and emissions are major contributors to air pollution and a matter of growing importance in many city centers [World Health Organization (WHO) 2000]. Human and ecotoxicologic risks range from asthmatic, respiratory, and cardiovascular problems to long-term effects caused by carcinogenic and ... | 16393660 | PMC1332658 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 20; 114(1):63-69 |
Environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine contaminants (OCs), have been shown to affect the immune functions of animals exposed in the laboratory (Harper et al. 1993; Ross et al. 1996; Segre et al. 2002; Silkworth et al. 1984; Smialowicz et al. 1989; Smits et al. 2002; Wu et al. 1999). These experiments have s... | 16393661 | PMC1332659 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 21; 114(1):70-76 |
Resistance to toxicants has been reported in populations of invertebrates (Klerks and Levinton 1989) and fish (reviewed by Wirgin and Waldman 2004) from highly polluted aquatic ecosystems. For example, populations of Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, from three highly contaminated estuaries along the Atlantic ... | 16393662 | PMC1332660 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 21; 114(1):77-84 |
Depleted uranium (DU) is a by-product of the enrichment process of natural uranium (Priest 2001). The release of uranium into the environment presents a threat to human and ecologic health in many parts of world (Hass et al. 1998; Murray et al. 2002). DU shares chemical properties with natural or enriched uranium, but ... | 16393663 | PMC1332661 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 17; 114(1):85-91 |
In the last decade, genomic technologies have become gradually integrated into several phases of drug development. In the field of toxicology, drug safety laboratories have begun to use these technologies to assist research to conduct toxicity evaluations on as many potential lead compounds as feasible and to gain a be... | 16393664 | PMC1332662 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 12; 114(1):92-99 |
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