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Over past decades, a whole range of fluorinated chemicals have been synthesized and used as wetting agents, lubricants, corrosion inhibitors, insecticides, cosmetics, fire retardants, paper coatings, and surfactants (Renner 2001, 2003). The high stability of the carbon–fluorine bond and the inert characteristics of mos... | 16393665 | PMC1332663 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 1; 114(1):100-105 |
Insulin resistance is a crucial constituent of the metabolic syndrome, and its presence predicts type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (DeFronzo and Ferrannini 1991). In addition to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus is also characterized by a progressive β-cell dysfunction. In most patie... | 16393666 | PMC1332664 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 20; 114(1):106-112 |
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer. Although it is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, it accounts for only 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers each year. Five-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the United States average only 4.4% (Ame... | 16393667 | PMC1332665 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 25; 114(1):113-119 |
In previous studies, we reported statistically significant associations between ambient air pollution and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices (Dockery et al. 2005a, 2005b; Peters et al. 2000b; Rich et al. 2005). A pilot study of 100 patients in Boston, Massachusetts... | 16393668 | PMC1332666 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 20; 114(1):120-123 |
Manganese, a transition metal, is an essential nutrient in humans and animals. Like many other essential metals, excessive exposure has been associated with adverse health effects, in this case, neurotoxicity. Mn deficiency is rare in humans because the element is ubiquitous in common foods. Typically, dietary Mn intak... | 16393669 | PMC1332667 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 9; 114(1):124-129 |
The ability of fluoride to prevent dental caries has been well documented across various populations and study conditions (Booth et al. 1992; Brunelle and Carlos 1990; Burt et al. 1986; Clark et al. 1995; Eklund et al. 1987; Gilchrist et al. 2001; Newbrun 1989; Rugg-Gunn et al. 1988). Three primary mechanisms of action... | 16393670 | PMC1332668 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 17; 114(1):130-134 |
Bacterial endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide found in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Among its many known biologic activities, endotoxin is a cause of airway inflammation when inhaled. Exposure to endotoxin is associated with increased risk of nonatopic wheeze and with reduced prevalence of inh... | 16393671 | PMC1332669 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 12; 114(1):135-140 |
Schools are locations where children spend a large amount of their time, second only to time spent indoors at home. According to the U.S. Department of Education (DoE) National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) report Condition of America’s Public School Facilities: 1999 (Lewis et al. 2000), about one-quarter of U... | 16393672 | PMC1332670 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan 21; 114(1):141-146 |
Hurricane Katrina caused enormous physical destruction, environmental degradation, and human misery (Travis 2005). Full remediation will take years, and many decisions that are fundamental to the restoration and rejuvenation of the Gulf Coast are yet to be made. The challenges for New Orleans, Louisiana, are particular... | 16393636 | PMC1332671 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A12-A13 |
With this issue EHP bids a warm goodbye to Tom Goehl, our Editor-in-Chief since October 2001. Tom is a true altruist, always believing that the role of EHP is to impact the human condition by providing a forum for scientific information to be used by researchers, policy makers, and individuals to improve human health a... | 0 | PMC1332672 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A13 |
As I continue to consider new research opportunities for the NIEHS, my desire to support research in environmental genomics grows. While the accomplishments and available tools in genetics and genomics certainly enhance my enthusiasm for this field of research, my attraction to environmental genomics stems from my beli... | 16393638 | PMC1332673 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A14 |
In “The Population Equation: Balancing What We Need with What We Have,” Dahl (2005) presented generally accepted thought and consensually validated data regarding the human population, even though he did not include an adequate scientific theory of absolute human population numbers. Dahl also appeared to confirm the wi... | 16393640 | PMC1332674 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A17-A18 |
In their article on seasonality and children’s blood lead (BPb) levels, Laidlaw et al. (2005) stated that “lead-contaminated soil in and of itself may be the primary driving mechanism of child BPb poisoning in the urban environment.” We believe that the data presented by Laidlaw et al. (2005) do not support this conclu... | 16393641 | PMC1332675 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A18-A19 |
In their letter, McEwen and Renner raise several points that we would like to discuss.
First, because all infants in our study (Swan et al. 2005) appeared normal, McEwen and Renner infer that there is no evidence of an adverse effect. However, the absence of evidence of an effect in infancy does not preclude serious a... | 0 | PMC1332676 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A20-A21 |
In the October articles “Children’s Centers Study Kids and Chemicals” [
Environ Health Perspect 113:A664–A668 (2005)] and “Are EDCs Blurring Issues of Gender?” [
Environ Health Perspect 113:A670–A677 (2005)], photographs and their captions erroneously imply that plastic drink bottles contain ortho-phthalates. Plastic d... | 0 | PMC1332677 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A21 |
Since 1994 food manufacturers have been required to list all the ingredients on their products’ labels. A new law now takes this obligation a step further, requiring manufacturers to notify consumers in “plain language” of certain allergens contained in their products. This is good news for the estimated 11 million Ame... | 16393643 | PMC1332678 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A24 |
Since Hurricane Katrina struck the U.S. Gulf Coast on 29 August 2005, Americans have sought reliable information on how to safely reenter flood-damaged environments. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has been at the forefront of the effort to assist those affected by this disaster. Two DHHS agenci... | 0 | PMC1332679 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A27 |
NIEHS director David Schwartz knows firsthand what the country’s worst natural disaster looks like. Within days of Hurricane Katrina’s winds and waves, he led an advance medical team of 50 physicians, nurses, and health care workers from the NIH, the NIEHS, and Duke University Medical Center to Mississippi to respond t... | 16393644 | PMC1332680 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A28-A29 |
The conditions in Louisiana and Mississippi following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita reminded us all of our commonality in the human experience and moved many to help. Among those moved to help were the staff at the Community Outreach and Education Programs (COEPs) of NIEHS Centers across the country. Responding to commun... | 16408360 | PMC1332681 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A30-A31 |
Farrer DG, Hueber SM, McCabe MJ Jr. 2005. Lead enhances CD4+ T cell proliferation indirectly by targeting antigen presenting cells and modulating antigen-specific interactions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:125–137.
Although lead has been banned from use in products like house paint, gasoline, and water pipe solder in th... | 0 | PMC1332682 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A31 |
Hurricane Katrina has been called the most devastating natural environmental calamity in U.S. history. Visitors to the scene say the destruction is worse than anyone can imagine. Scientists also say that some perceived health threats have been overblown and others understated. Months after Katrina roared into the Gulf ... | 16393645 | PMC1332683 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A32-A39 |
Hurricane Katrina’s disastrous flooding of the Gulf Coast confirmed three decades of warnings by scientists. Most of New Orleans is below sea level, and South Louisiana’s coastal wetlands, which once helped buffer the city from giant storms, have been disappearing at a spectacularly swift pace. Now some researchers are... | 16393646 | PMC1332684 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A40-A43 |
Human beings have likely been battling rising waters since the dawn of organized agriculture. Farmers around the world have traditionally been drawn to the rich soils of floodplains, which are generally well worth the trouble occasionally caused by surrounding waterways. Densely populated urban areas subsequently grew ... | 16393647 | PMC1332685 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A44-A47 |
Numerous studies of various populations have shown that adding fluoride to drinking water prevents dental decay. However, a 1999 study in Massachusetts and a 2000 study in New York reported associations between the use of silicofluoride compounds in community water systems and elevated blood lead (PbB) concentrations i... | 0 | PMC1332686 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A49-A50 |
Manganese is an essential nutrient for humans, but its excessive consumption can cause adverse health impacts. Past studies have linked inhalation of excessive manganese to neurotoxicity in adults. Now a group of U.S. researchers suggests that ingesting high doses of manganese in drinking water can hamper intellectual ... | 0 | PMC1332687 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A50 |
The Superfund Basic Research Program (SBRP) is pleased to announce that Ms. Tiffany G. Bredfeldt of the University of Arizona is the recipient of the eighth annual Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award. The award will presented to Ms. Bredfeldt on 13 January 2006 at the SBRP annual meeting in New York, New York.
The SBRP pr... | 0 | PMC1332688 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A51 |
Environmental Health Sciences Core Center Grants
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) invites applications from qualified institutions for support of the Environmental Health Sciences Core Centers. These centers are designed to build infrastructure in the fields of environmental health scienc... | 0 | PMC1332689 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A52-A57 |
In a recent article, vom Saal and Hughes (2005) proposed that a new risk assessment on bisphenol A (BPA) is needed because of the availability of extensive new literature, including “recent epidemiologic evidence that BPA is related to disease in women.” Specifically, the only research that vom Saal and Hughes cited as... | 16393639 | PMC1332690 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A16a |
Our commentary describing the extensive new literature reporting low-dose effects of bisphenol A (BPA) in experimental animals (vom Saal and Hughes 2005) was written in response to a report from the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (HCRA) by Gray et al. (2004), who concluded that “the weight of the evidence for low-dos... | 0 | PMC1332691 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A16b-A17 |
Our article (Laidlaw et al. 2005) is about seasonality of blood lead (BPb) and developing a predictive model using climatic variables. It is a new and unique finding about lead, marked particularly by the fact that it identifies diffuse soil lead as a significant component of lead sources in urban children. In the arti... | 0 | PMC1332692 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A19a |
In their article in the August issue of EHP, Swan et al. (2005) purport to show that anogenital distance (AGD) in male infants is correlated with maternal phthalate exposure during pregnancy. The AGD has been shown to decrease in male newborn rats following maternal exposure to antiandrogens (Gray et al. 2001). However... | 16393642 | PMC1332693 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A19b-A20 |
Low breastfeeding rates and inadequate emergency planning left many infants dehydrated and hungry in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Health and educational organizations responded rapidly with breastfeeding information and assistance. Through direct contact with mothers and emergency responders, the groups strove to imp... | 16408359 | PMC1332694 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A25a |
Liver Library
Johnson & Johnson’s pharmaceutical research and development division has contributed a library of expression profiles for 100 paradigm compounds, primarily hepatotoxicants, to the Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS) knowledge base based at the National Center for Toxicogenomics, a part of the NI... | 0 | PMC1332695 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A25b-A27 |
Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are contracted in hospitals and other health care facilities. Antibiotic use, patients’ weakened immune systems, close contact among people, and open wounds all make hospitals prime breeding grounds for these bugs. But community-acquired MRSA strains, w... | 0 | PMC1332696 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A26a |
Synchrotrons may have been designed with high-energy physics in mind, but now biologists are starting to see the light too. Jeffrey Gillow, a researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory, has been making use of the X-ray microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) in New York to see extremely fine detail... | 0 | PMC1332697 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A26b |
Swimming is a popular pastime in the United States. The 2000–2002 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment reported that each year an estimated 89 million Americans swim in recreational waters including lakes, oceans, streams, rivers, and ponds. But swimming waters may also be contaminated by human sewage from... | 0 | PMC1332698 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A48a |
Poor diet and lack of exercise are known contributors to the epidemic of type 2 diabetes spreading around the world. Now researchers have implicated another possible culprit in the rise of the disease [EHP 114:106–112]. A team of Spanish and Mexican researchers reports discovering that the endocrine-disrupting chemical... | 0 | PMC1332699 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:32 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A48b-A49 |
Edited by Sandro Galea and David Vlahov
New York:Springer, 2005. 599 pp. ISBN- 0-387-23994-4, $89.95
The world is undergoing major urbanization. Within 25 years, more than half the world’s population will be living in urban areas, and in this period approximately 1 million people will be added to city populations eac... | 0 | PMC1332700 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:30 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A64a |
Agricultural Biodiversity and Biotechnology in Economic Development
Joseph Cooper, Leslie Marie Lipper, David Zilberman
New York:Springer, 2005. 480 pp. ISBN: 0-387-25407-2, $99
Air Quality in Airplane Cabins and Similar Enclosed Spaces, Vol. 4: Air Pollution, Part H
Martin B. Hocking, Diana Hocking, eds.
New York... | 0 | PMC1332701 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:42:31 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jan; 114(1):A64b |
Background
In general the health of drug users has been found to be poorer than that of the general population. Ryan and White [1] noted that the health status of clients entering a public methadone programme in Australia was generally poorer on measures of physical and psychological health than that of the general pop... | 16283944 | PMC1334178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Nov 13; 2:25 |
Introduction
The disparity in pharmaceutical access between developed and developing countries is stark. Developing countries make up approximately 80% of the world's population but only represent approximately 20% of global pharmaceutical consumption[1]. Market failures, government failures and income differences acco... | 16336685 | PMC1334179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Global Health. 2005 Dec 9; 1:17 |
Background
Bacterial skin infections are a common and important cause of morbidity in disadvantaged populations. In Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory the prevalence has been reported at between 10 and 70% [1-4]. Pyoderma is important not only because of its local effects as a skin infection, but more imp... | 16336656 | PMC1334180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 8; 5:128 |
Background
There is much observational evidence that exposure to organic solvents, paints, glues, fuels, motor exhausts and other environmental hydrocarbon contaminants may induce glomerulonephritis and also worsen renal function in a large number of patients [1-3]. Indeed, this hypothesis satisfies all except one of H... | 16354301 | PMC1334181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Dec 14; 6:15 |
Background
This unusual dental anomaly showing an accessory cusp-like structure projecting from the cingulum to the cutting edge was first described by Mitchell in 1892 [1]. It was thereafter named a Talon cusp by Mellor and Ripa [2] due to its resemblance to an eagle's talon. Since then, this odontogenic anomaly has b... | 16336661 | PMC1334182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2005 Dec 8; 5:9 |
Background
Conflict, poverty and HIV disproportionately affect people in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, 25 active armed conflicts occurred worldwide, 69 countries were affected by refugee movements and 48 countries by internal displacement of their populations [1]. Africa was the most affected continent. The current esti... | 16351723 | PMC1334183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005 Dec 13; 2:12 |
Background
Critically ill patients often suffer from 'stress hyperglycemia', a condition in which insulin resistance due to increased catecholamine levels causes high blood glucose values [1]. The association between stress hyperglycemia and adverse outcome has been observed in numerous patient categories, ranging from... | 16359559 | PMC1334184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:11 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Dec 19; 5:38 |
Background
"Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort." [1]
Located in West Africa, Sierra Leone has a population of 4.6 million and a total fertility rate of 6.5. Its health indicators are poor. For example, life ... | 16354299 | PMC1334185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Dec 14; 5:77 |
Background
Respiratory viruses play an important role in exacerbations of COPD and this has been increasingly recognised since the application of molecular detection methods [1,2]. The most prevalent viruses detected by polymerase chain reaction so far were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza A, Rhinovirus and... | 16371156 | PMC1334186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 21; 6(1):150 |
Background
The phylum Apicomplexa contains several protozoan pathogens that cause severe disease in mammals, including humans. Members such as Plasmodium falciparum, and P. vivax, which cause severe human malaria, and Theileria parva and T. annulata, which are responsible for economic losses in cattle in Africa, result... | 16343347 | PMC1334187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 12; 6:179 |
Background
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the primary tool used to generate transgenic plants [1]. During early stages of co-cultivation, single-stranded T-DNA is transferred from the bacteria to plant cells [2]. Once moved into the plant cell by bacterial and plant encoded proteins [3,4], this T-DNA becomes double-stran... | 16359558 | PMC1334188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Dec 18; 1:13 |
Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe, chronic neuropsychiatric illness affecting 1%–3% of children and adolescents, characterized by recurrent, distressing, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). Although standard nomenclatures regard OCD as a unitary n... | 16396684 | PMC1334189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
High-throughput technologies are rapidly reshaping the plant research landscape. Gene expression microarrays, in particular, have impacted our way of thinking and challenged our concepts about research by providing genome-wide results at an increasing rate. A recent search in PubMed with the terms "microarray" and "pla... | 16401339 | PMC1334190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Jan 9; 2:1 |
Background
Assessment of dietary intake through food records or even weighed food intake is commonly subject to bias, provides only a poor estimate of current and/or habitual diet, and leads to widespread misreporting of energy and nutrient intake [1-7]. Biochemical biomarkers provide reasonable independent assessment ... | 16329761 | PMC1334191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Dec 5; 4:30 |
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, affecting approximately 4% of women [1]. PCOS is often associated with symptoms of excess testosterone: irregular or absent menses, excessive body hair, and infertility. PCOS is also associated with medica... | 16359551 | PMC1334192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Dec 16; 2:35 |
Background
Fish oocytes provide an appropriate experimental system with which to investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling meiosis and the embryonic cell cycle. Several factors responsible for the regulation of meiotic maturation in fish oocytes have been identified. These include the isolation and characterizat... | 16336677 | PMC1334193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 9; 3:69 |
Background
The massed action potential (M-wave) is known as the compound muscle action potential (CMAP); it is an important investigative tool in several different areas of neurophysiological research. Evoking the maximum M-wave (Mmax) by supramaximal stimulation is the electrical equivalent of the recruitment of all m... | 16332261 | PMC1334194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Dec 6; 2:33 |
Background
The rollator is a popular assistive walking device in most European and especially the Nordic countries [1]. The exact number of rollator users is unknown but about 6.4% of Danish 56–84 year-old people use a rollator and in Sweden about 4% of the total population use a rollator [1]. The terms "wheeled walker... | 16398933 | PMC1334195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jan 6; 5:2 |
Introduction
Malaria is the major health problem in Sudan and its prevention in the country is managed through official vector control strategies, which include annual indoor residual house spraying (IRHS), larviciding with chemicals (LWC), fogging or space spraying (SS) and recently insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Ma... | 16356177 | PMC1334196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 15; 4:62 |
Background
The conversion of oxygen uptake into an estimate of metabolic heat production is the most widely used method of determining the energy expenditure of rest and steady-rate exercise. Yet the presence of an oxygen deficit during brief, intense, non-steady state work suggests that this type of activity can not b... | 16390548 | PMC1334197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Introduction
Directed cell polarity is necessary for unicellular organisms to hunt and mate, for metazoan development, and for leukocytes to mediate inflammation and immune responses. Migrating cells need to make different actin assemblies at the front and the back and to maintain physical separation of signals for the... | 16417406 | PMC1334198 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 4(2):e38 |
Introduction
The orang-utan is the only great ape found outside Africa [1,2]. Due to its large home range, semi-solitary nature, arboreal lifestyle, and reluctance to cross open areas, it is probably the species most affected by the increasing fragmentation of tropical forests [1,2]. Despite a wide Pleistocene distribu... | 16417405 | PMC1334199 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 4(2):e25 |
Self-generated movement is a key aspect of cellular life. From a single-celled amoeba hunting for food or mates to a human neutrophil finding and killing an infectious microbe, cells use many of the same molecular components to move.
Directed motility results from asymmetric activities in the cell, as localized signal... | 20076534 | PMC1334200 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 4(2):e58 |
Humans' capacity to alter the environment has grown exponentially over the past century, challenging other species to adapt to a transfigured landscape. Over some 15,000 plants and animals face extinction, the overwhelming majority threatened by increasingly fragmented, polluted, and deteriorating habitats. These force... | 20076533 | PMC1334201 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 4(2):e57 |
Background
The cause of the relentless progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to chronic renal failure is likely to be multifactorial. CKD itself has a variety of inciting etiologies [1]. Accumulating clinical evidence indicates that proteinuria is associated with CKD [2] and predictive of progression in CKD regar... | 16371158 | PMC1334202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Dec 21; 6:17 |
Background
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to form cystathionine and abnormality in CBS activity is manifested in two major clinical conditions, viz. hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. Insufficiency in CBS activity may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia [1], which is... | 16375773 | PMC1334203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Dec 26; 1:25 |
Background
An inverse socioeconomic gradient has been documented for numerous health outcomes, including adult and infant all-cause mortality and a large number of diseases, health conditions, and health status measures [e.g., [1]]. This may not generalize to adolescent populations, however. West argued, based mainly o... | 16343342 | PMC1334204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 12; 5:132 |
Background
Models of AH PMC are in flux in a number of developed countries. In Australia there is increasing concern that lack of AH care is resulting in an increase in care substitution with more GP-like presentations occurring in emergency departments [1]. While it remains unclear whether this is true, it has resulte... | 16343354 | PMC1334205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Dec 12; 2:30 |
Background
Lymph node infarction is a rare occurrence as it has abundant vascularity. Infarction can be due to various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions. It may frequently fore shadow neoplastic conditions especially lymphoma and a diligent search should be undertaken to identify the cause. We present a case of ... | 16336698 | PMC1334206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Dec 12; 5:11 |
Background
I/R injury is a phenomenon often confronted in surgical pathologies and it is quite important because it causes severe clinical pathologies by causing destruction in close and far tissues. A mean effect of the I/R injury is formed at the reperfusion phase, and free oxygen radicals that appear in the reoxygen... | 16300680 | PMC1334207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 21; 5:37 |
Background
Adherence has long been recognized to be a major barrier to optimum care of chronic diseases, including diabetes [1-3]. Typical rates of medication adherence are about 50%, with a very wide range [4,5]. Many approaches have been offered to improve adherence including patient education, written information, b... | 16396688 | PMC1334208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 5; 7:1 |
Background
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic agent which is effective against different types of tumours. In addition to its high antitumour activity, cisplatin is a drug with potential side effects including nephro-, neuro-, myelo- and ototoxicity, as well as liver damage and severe emesis. These toxicities ar... | 16390557 | PMC1334209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:56 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 4; 6:1 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently listed as the fifth leading cause of death in the world, and is also an important cause of chronic disability and permanent impairment, representing a major economic and social burden worldwide [1,2]. COPD is defined by the Global Initiative for chron... | 16359546 | PMC1334210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 16; 6(1):147 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in Canadian women[1]. Eighty percent of all breast cancers and almost 90% of breast cancer deaths occur among women 50 years of age or older [1]. Mammographic screening is an effective means of early breast can... | 16343343 | PMC1334211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 12; 5:159 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) affects 400,000 to 900,000 adults in the United States [1,2]. At least a quarter of those suffering from CFS are unemployed or receiving disability because of the illness; the average affected family forgoes $20,000 annually in lost earnings and wages (approximately half of the... | 16356178 | PMC1334212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Dec 15; 3:19 |
Introduction
The formation of a metastatic tumor in the secondary organ is the result of dissemination of a primary cancer cell, survival in the circulation, passing through the vascular bed in the distant organ and cancer cell proliferation [1-4]. Cancer metastasis is known to be an inefficient process, which reflects... | 16336680 | PMC1334213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Dec 9; 4:8 |
Background
Candida albicans once accounted for most serious nosocomial candidal infections. Over the last decade Candida infections, specifically candidemia, due to C. albicans have declined [1]. Other non-albicans Candida species (NAC) are now responsible for about half of candidemias and other deep Candida infections... | 16390552 | PMC1334214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Background
Blunt nonpenetrating post-traumatic maculopathies have diverse manifestations including choroidal rupture, posttraumatic macular hole, commotio retinae (Berlin's edema), Purtscher retinopathy and chorioretinitis sclopetaria [1]. Chorioretinitis sclopetaria is the result of traumatic chorioretinal rupture fol... | 16371168 | PMC1334215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec 22; 5:29 |
Background
Current methodologies used for protein biomarker studies include i) 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [2D-PAGE; 1–4]; ii) mass spectrometry [MS; 5–6]; and iii) immunological assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radio-immuno assay [ELISA and RIA; 7–9]. While they are widely used... | 16281978 | PMC1334216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Proteome Sci. 2005 Nov 10; 3:9 |
Background
High-rate pacing is a valid stress test to be used in conjunction with echocardiography; it is independent of physical exercise and does not require drug administration[1]. Its evolution in the last 20 years started from an invasive (intravenous) right atrial pacing modality, combined with a ionising imaging... | 16336679 | PMC1334217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Dec 9; 3:36 |
Introduction
Over a decade ago, Ruddle [1] pointed out the great potential value of local knowledge as an information base for local management of marine environments and resources, especially in the tropics, where conventionally-used data were usually scarse to non-existent. A number of subsequent studies have documen... | 16336660 | PMC1334218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005 Dec 8; 1:12 |
Introduction
There is no doubt that major progress is being made in cancer treatment. The availability of non-cross-resistant regimens that are active in specific solid tumors means that several lines of therapy can be administered to patients. Thus, even in advanced stages, the disease can be chronified, and long-last... | 16401350 | PMC1334219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 9; 4:3 |
Background
Much recent research efforts have been devoted to studying gene functions in the context of highly dynamic and modular cellular networks [1-4]. Valuable information about a gene's function can be obtained from its interaction with other genes [5]. Apart from the traditional hierarchical way of gene function ... | 16332255 | PMC1334220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 6; 6:288 |
Introduction
Sepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to a microbial pathogen. In the United States, this illness accounts for 2%–3% of all hospital admissions (∼650,000 per year to major hospitals), carries a mortality of ∼30%, and has estimated annual direct costs in excess of $16 billion [1]. Alth... | 16417407 | PMC1334221 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e46 |
HIV-1 infection has become a chronic, manageable condition for patients who can get long-term access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, for some patients, HAART causes various metabolic complications, including the development of dyslipidemia. For example, some protease inhibitors (PI), a class o... | 0 | PMC1334222 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e98 |
Introduction
The use of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with HIV-1 is associated with a cluster of metabolic complications, including atherogenic dyslipidemia [1–3]. Analyses of data in 17,852 patients from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs study document class effects of ART on li... | 16417409 | PMC1334223 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e52 |
All cells require an adequate supply of oxygen to function. Oxygen is used in aerobic metabolism, which turns carbohydrates into the energy needed to power essential cellular processes such as protein synthesis. Cells, therefore, have to sense and respond to hypoxia—inadequate oxygen levels. In mammalian cells, a famil... | 0 | PMC1334224 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e105 |
Every year, more than 200,000 Americans die from sepsis, a severe illness caused by bacterial infection of the bloodstream. In the United States, 2%–3% of all hospital admissions are for sepsis, which has a mortality rate of about 30%. In sepsis, pathogens that have entered the bloodstream through a wound or from an in... | 0 | PMC1334225 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e97 |
Introduction
Oxygen is essential for aerobic metabolism in all mammalian cells. To maintain function and homeostasis, cells have to be able to sense and respond to inadequate oxygen levels (hypoxia). A family of transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) plays a central role in orchestrating the cell... | 16417408 | PMC1334226 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e47 |
Background
Implicit learning refers to the acquisition of embedded tacit knowledge without conscious awareness. In this form of learning, a deliberate effort to memorize or problem solve is not required. In most cases the content of knowledge gained is not immediately accessible to the knowledge holder [1,2]. For examp... | 16343344 | PMC1334227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Dec 12; 1:23 |
Introduction
Ebola virus VP40 is known to bud from cells as a virus-like particle (VLP) independent of additional virus proteins [1-4]. The most efficient release of VP40 VLPs requires both host proteins (e.g. tsg101 and vps4), as well as additional virus proteins (e.g. glycoprotein [GP] and nucleoprotein [NP]) [5-7]. ... | 16367999 | PMC1334228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2005 Dec 20; 2:92 |
Background
Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that involves the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic changes in cells [1]. These genetic aberrations affect a limited number of identified pathways that are involved in (colorectal) carcinogenesis [2]. A genetic model for sporadic colorectal cancer has been... | 16356174 | PMC1334229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 15; 5:160 |
Introduction
β-cells within the intact islet of Langerhans exhibit synchronous glucose-dependent bursts of electrical activity. Dissociated β-cells also show increased electrical activity at elevated glucose concentrations, but this activity is variable from cell to cell, with some cells being electrically “silent” and... | 16402858 | PMC1334237 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e26 |
From flies to lions, smell figures prominently in survival, pointing to food, predators, and mates. For humans, smell plays mostly an aesthetic role, prompting poetic ruminations on evocative aromas and intoxicating bouquets of fine wine. Insects and mammals have evolved common anatomical and physiological features and... | 20076525 | PMC1334238 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e34 |
Why can a person go into near hysterics when tickled by another, yet feel barely a trace of that sensation at the flutter of their own fingers? While there's little doubt that we perceive externally generated touch more acutely than we do our own, the underlying mechanisms for this attenuated response have remained unr... | 20076531 | PMC1334239 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e48 |
Diabetes is characterized by abnormally high sugar concentration in the blood and urine. The condition can eventually cause kidney and heart failure, blindness, and poor circulation, often requiring amputation of an afflicted limb. In the late 1800s, scientists studying digestion removed the pancreas of a dog and notic... | 20076532 | PMC1334240 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e53 |
Introduction
Differential processing of self- and externally generated sensory signals appears to be a fundamental means by which organisms interpret their environment, and has been observed across a variety of species and sensory systems [1–4]. In humans, self-generated tactile sensations are perceived as weaker than ... | 16402860 | PMC1334241 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e28 |
Introduction
The p53 tumor-suppressor protein is a sequence-specific transcription factor that responds to a wide variety of cellular stress signals [1–3]. The normal function of p53 is indispensable to many cellular processes, such as cell-cycle control and apoptosis. It is generally believed that p53 activity is prim... | 16402859 | PMC1334386 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e27 |
Introduction
Animals have the remarkable ability to detect and discriminate thousands of chemically distinct odors. Mammals and insects have solved this complex sensory perception problem in strikingly similar ways. In both phylogenetic classes, odors are detected by large families of highly divergent odorant receptors... | 16402857 | PMC1334387 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e20 |
The most common mutation in many human cancers disables p53, a key cell-growth regulator and tumor-suppressor protein. When a cell sustains DNA damage or some other stress, p53 activates genes involved in programmed cell death, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or other stress-induced responses. In healthy cells, p53 keep... | 20076526 | PMC1334479 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 4(2):e40 |
According to the ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy, "Bioterrorism is a type of terrorism that employs the use of biological agents to achieve its goals" [1]. This has been a hot topic in the United States since the mysterious anthrax letters of fall 2001 [2]. Mathematical models of viral transmission and con... | 0 | PMC1336740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 22; 4:69 |
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