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Introduction
Chronic cough is a frequent problem in general practice and one of the commonest reasons for referral to respiratory clinic. A patient's quality of life becomes severely affected through loss of sleep, interruption of work and social embarrassment. Every effort should be made to clarify the cause of cough ... | 16307683 | PMC1336741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | Cough. 2005 Nov 24; 1:11 |
Long before his meteoric rise to a Nobel Prize at age 42 and to the presidency of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) a decade later, Tom Cech was just another guy working down the hall from me. In the mid 1970s, our lives intersected at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was a postdoc and I... | 16758005 | PMC1342630 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e76 |
Introduction
Our understanding of the inner workings of eukaryotic cells owes much to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The application of powerful genetic and molecular tools to this model organism has yielded an extensively annotated proteome. These analyses have benefited greatly from the engineering of experiment... | 16429164 | PMC1342634 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e80 |
In PLoS Genetics, volume 1, issue 3, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010030
Andrew Dillin should be listed as a corresponding author (in addition to Jan Karlseder). E-mail: dillin@salk.edu
Citation: Correction: Uncoupling of longevity and telomere length in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 1(6): e81. | 0 | PMC1342635 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e81 |
Introduction
A majority of people in industrialized countries will develop high blood pressure or hypertension. By one estimate, 90% of middle-aged and elderly people living in the United States can expect to become hypertensive [1]. The burden is not equally shared, however. In the United States, hypertension occurs e... | 16429165 | PMC1342636 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e82 |
Introduction
The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a cholesterol and phospholipid transporter, and mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease (TD) [1–3], a rare disorder characterized by reduced levels of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increased risk for coronary artery disease [4]. Mo... | 16429166 | PMC1342637 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e83 |
In PLoS Genetics, volume 1, issue 1, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010007
In the first paragraph of the Materials and Methods section, “rabbit anti-NeuN” should be “mouse anti-NeuN.”
Citation: Correction: Cell-autonomous death of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with autophagy in Niemann-Pick type C disease. PLoS Genet 1(6)... | 0 | PMC1342638 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e86 |
Background
Paragangliomas (PGL) of the head and neck (also known as glomus tumors) are parasympathetically innervated, benign tumors, most commonly arising at the carotid bifurcation, but also frequently found as vagal and jugulotympanic tumors. Pheochromocytomas are paragangliomas of the sympathetic nervous system, fr... | 16405730 | PMC1343542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 11; 7:1 |
Background
Information technology has significant potential to improve patient safety, organizational efficiency, and patient satisfaction in healthcare[1-5]. For example, computerized physician order entry with decision support reduced the serious medication error rate by 55% in one study[6], and some data suggest tha... | 16396679 | PMC1343543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Background
An important task for general practitioners (GPs) is to diagnose and treat depressions and anxiety disorders, which are among the most common and amenable mental disorders in their practice [1]. The literature shows that the GPs' diagnostic skills concerning these common disorders are moderately good [1-8], ... | 16351733 | PMC1343544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Dec 14; 5:46 |
Introduction
Cancer is one of the devastating neovascular diseases that incapacitate so many people the world over. It is one of the top leading causes of death in the western world. Continuous search for cure and prevention over the past years seems to be yielding encouraging results and this gives the impetus for fur... | 16401338 | PMC1343545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jan 9; 5:1 |
Background
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has enjoyed substantial growth in recent years [1,2]. A commonly accepted definition of CAM is a "group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine [3]."
Several studies... | 16368000 | PMC1343546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Dec 20; 5:78 |
Background
Recent figures indicate that globally, 529,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth each year [1]. The detrimental effect of maternal death on household income, household productivity, and household disintegration has been widely described [2-4]. In addition, maternal deaths cause 1 million children to beco... | 16372911 | PMC1343547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 22; 5:140 |
Background
Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) is the main cause of late-onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) [1]. Although fulminant late-onset sepsis (death occurring in less than 48 h) is usually due to gram-negative organisms, CONS may cause fulminant sepsis in about 1% of cases [1]. Increasing... | 16375769 | PMC1343548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Dec 23; 5:49 |
Background
Oxygen deprivation is an environmental condition organisms may encounter in their natural habitat, thus mechanisms evolved to respond to and survive oxygen deprivation. Hypoxia and anoxia are both terms used to describe oxygen deprivation. Hypoxia has been defined in several ways including: 1. When O2 depriv... | 16368008 | PMC1343549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:29 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 20; 6:47 |
Introduction
The syndrome of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been defined by mucopurulent anterior or posterior nasal discharge, regional facial or dental pain, sinus region tenderness, fetid odor, and other symptoms that do not respond to 12 weeks of adequate therapy [1,2]. This clinical definition has been updated t... | 16364180 | PMC1343550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:23 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 19; 6(1):149 |
Background
Burkholderia mallei (Bm) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, and are serious human health hazards mostly in Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, South and Central America, and the Middle East [1-4]. Melioidosis is characterized by severe pulmo... | 16336651 | PMC1343551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:174 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is the pathway by which short interfering RNA (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) are used to inactivate the expression of target genes (for recent review see [1,2]). Compared to siRNA, shRNA offers advantages in silencing longevity, delivery options and cost. Expressed shRNA is tran... | 16396676 | PMC1343552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Background
Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder. The point prevalence for neck pain in the general population of the Netherlands varies between 9% and 22% [1,2], and approximately one-third of all adults will experience neck pain during the course of 1 year [3]. Patients usually receive conservative treatment... | 16351719 | PMC1343553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Dec 13; 6:59 |
Forty years ago, the release of the Surgeon General's report on Smoking and Health marked a turning point in scientific and public health efforts to address the consequences of tobacco use for human health [1]. There had been earlier statements by the U.S. Surgeon General, in 1957 and 1959, declaring cigarette smoking ... | 16403213 | PMC1343554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Background
Medical curricula are generally organized into three major pillars: objectives, learning experiences and evaluation [1]. While it is assumed that all three exert an influence on the process of learning, the relative contribution of each has not been studied [2,3]. All structured educational activities should... | 16359554 | PMC1343555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:56 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Dec 16; 5:39 |
Background
Self-rated health (SRH) has become one of the most common health indicators in Public Health research. Prospective and cross sectional studies have shown that a persons' own perception of their general health is a powerful predictor of subsequent mortality [1-3], incorporates psychological well being and soc... | 16364183 | PMC1343556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Dec 20; 4:8 |
Background
Introduction
Since the introduction of computers, there has been an evolution of improvements in data collection methods corresponding to advances in technology. Specifically, there have been dramatic advances in the development of web-based data collection instruments. The purpose of this paper is to outlin... | 16390556 | PMC1343557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Jan 4; 3:1 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are extremely unusual neoplasm accounting for less than 1% of all gastrointestinal tumors, arising from the Cajal's interstitial cells located in mesodermal tissue. They are defined as primary mesenchymal tumors, typically staining positive for the expression of c-KIT p... | 16384538 | PMC1343558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec 30; 3:78 |
Introduction
There are no low-resistance connections between the cells in several different cardiac muscle and smooth muscle preparations [1-3]. In a computer simulation study of propagation in cardiac muscle, firing of the pre-junctional membrane generated an electric field (EF) in the narrow junctional clefts, which ... | 16384537 | PMC1343559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 30; 4:71 |
Background
The human endometrium coordinates the reproductive events leading to embryo implantation and pregnancy. The surface and glandular epithelium of the endometrium is an important site of contact between the host and several pathogens ascending the reproductive tract, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, human immuno... | 16384532 | PMC1343560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 29; 3:74 |
Background
Leiomyosarcomas of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are rare as illustrated by the fact that an International IVC Leiomyosarcoma registry established in 1992 collected, by means of literature review and personal communication, only 218 cases by the time of publication of its first report in 1996 [1]. Given their... | 16393338 | PMC1343561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Introduction
Endothelial dysfunction is an early and crucial event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [1]. It is reflecting an imbalance between the vasoconstriction and vasodilatation components and is associated with several risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabe... | 16396682 | PMC1343562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 5; 3:4 |
Background
Osteochondral transplants for cartilage resurfacing have been used with variable success either as single autografts[1], or in mosaicplasty[2]. Problems such as donor morbidity at the harvesting site and invading a second joint for harvesting lead to the search of pretreated, photooxidized transplants that w... | 16356173 | PMC1343563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Dec 15; 6:60 |
Background
Injections are one of the most common medical procedures, with an estimated 16 thousand million injections administered each year in developing and transitional countries, most of which are for therapeutic purposes [1]. In these developing and transitional countries, WHO estimates that 39% of injections are ... | 16364178 | PMC1343564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 19; 5:136 |
Background
In Australia, there has been growing concern that sub-optimal collaboration between different providers may impede the quality and outcomes of care, both in the physical and mental health arenas. In order to facilitate greater collaboration between providers, a series of new item numbers was added to the Med... | 16359557 | PMC1343565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Dec 18; 2:33 |
Background
Mechanomyography (MMG) involves recording and quantifying the low frequency lateral oscillations of active skeletal muscle fibers [1,2]. Although the exact origin(s) of the MMG signal is not completely understood, Gordon and Holbourn [3] suggested that MMG reflects the mechanical counterpart of motor unit el... | 16364182 | PMC1343566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 19; 4:67 |
Background
Leishmaniasis remains a serious public health problem in several parts of the developing world. Effective prophylactic measurements are hampered by imprecise comprehension of different aspects of the disease, including its immunoregulation. A better comprehension of immunoregulation in human VL may be useful... | 16364177 | PMC1343567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 19; 5:113 |
Background
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is characterised by symptoms of severe inattention, overactivity and impulsiveness. With its prevalence of 3–5% in school-age-children, AD/HD is one of the most common disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry [1]. According to Barkley's theory of AD/HD [2,... | 16336676 | PMC1343568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Dec 9; 1:22 |
Background
Measles infection and its associated complications have become uncommon in Canada since widespread immunization was implemented in 1963. One such complication, Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), is a devastating, progressive, central nervous system destructive process caused by mutant measles virus ... | 16356180 | PMC1343569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Dec 15; 5:47 |
Background
Malaria afflicts between 300–500 million people causing up to 2 million deaths globally per year [1]. Cerebral malaria (CM), characterized by seizures and loss of consciousness, is the most severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection with mortality rates ranging from 15 to 20% [2,3]. Malaria-induc... | 16359553 | PMC1343570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:13 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 16; 4:63 |
Background
Alpha1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) and surfactant protein-A (SP-A) are major defense glycoproteins in the alveolar spaces of human lungs. α1-AT, a 52,000 D glycoprotein, is secreted mostly by hepatocytes, and, to a lesser extent, by lung epithelial cells and phagocytes. α1-AT inhibits a variety of serine proteinases... | 16351724 | PMC1343571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 13; 6(1):146 |
Background
Comparing different interventions for the same condition is often difficult. Large direct comparisons are uncommon, and usually represent only a fraction of the total randomised trial data available. Instead we often have large numbers of randomised trials comparing different interventions with the same or s... | 16354303 | PMC1343572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Dec 14; 5:18 |
Review
Molecular hydrogen is one of the potential future energy sources as an alternative to the limited fossil fuel resources of today. Its advantages as fuel are numerous: it is eco-friendly, efficient, renewable, and during its production and utilization no CO2 and at most only small amounts of NOx are generated [1]... | 16371161 | PMC1343573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Dec 21; 4:36 |
Background
Miscarriage is regarded as a difficult and distressing life event for a woman [1-3]. It can cause anxiety [4,5] and depression [6], and can also be experienced as a traumatic life event [7,8]. Results from research into the psychological implications of abortion are equivocal, and this has resulted in much d... | 16343341 | PMC1343574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Dec 12; 3:18 |
Case report
A 51 year old African-American female, eight years status post colostomy secondary to diverticulitis, presented to the emergency department with a 48 hour complaint of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Vitals signs were initially stable, physical exam was significant for distended, tender abdomen. A CT s... | 16371150 | PMC1343575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Dec 21; 4:21 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most widespread chronic diseases in the world. Nearly 7.5% of Iranian people are affected by DM type II [1]. DM has two types of complications: microvascular and macrovascular. One of the most frequently-occurring microvascular complications is diabetic neuropathy (DN), o... | 16336693 | PMC1343576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Dec 10; 5:24 |
Background
In Western countries, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of mature B-cell lymphomas with a frequency of approximately 30 to 40% [1]. DLBCL is an aggressive but potentially curable disease. However, only about 40 to 45% of patients are cured with combination chemotherapy [2]. Curren... | 16368013 | PMC1343577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 20; 5:162 |
Background
Human telomeres are specialized chromosomal structures that consist of repetitive sequences and a protein complex named shelterin that caps the ends of linear chromosomes [1-3]. Telomeric DNA is mostly composed of double-stranded 5' TTAGGG-3' repeats and terminates with an overhang of single-stranded 3' DNA.... | 16354306 | PMC1343578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 15; 2:77 |
Background
The metallothioneins (MT) are a group of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich intracellular proteins that are involved in maintaining intracellular metal homeostasis by binding transition metals such as zinc and copper. There are 10 functional isoforms of MTs described, which are divided into 4 classes, desig... | 16351731 | PMC1343579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Dec 13; 4:42 |
Background
Psoriasis is an incurable, chronic, immune-mediated disease. The impact of psoriasis on patients' physical, social, and psychological functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been well documented [1-4]. Many patients report moderate to extreme feelings of anxiety, anger, and depression [5].... | 16359548 | PMC1343580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Dec 16; 5:13 |
Background
In recent years, the advent of high density arrays of oligonucleotides and cDNAs has had a deep impact on biological and medical research. Indeed, the new technology enables the acquisition of data that is proving to be fundamental in many areas of the biological sciences, ranging from the understanding of c... | 16336639 | PMC1343581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 7; 6:289 |
Background
Interferon alpha plus ribavirin and more recently pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) given for 24 or 48 weeks constitutes the most effective initial therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C [1-4]. In relapsers, we have previously shown that viral load decline at week 2 appears the best time for predictin... | 16371151 | PMC1343582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Dec 21; 4:9 |
Background
Guided imagery (GI), a mind-body relaxation technique, is a cognitive, behavioral technique that allows individuals to exert active control over their focus of attention [1,2]. GI has been used to manage various symptoms; it is effective in alleviating chronic pain and reducing headache, and it is beneficial... | 16368006 | PMC1343583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Dec 20; 5:21 |
Background
Tenofovir (9-[9(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine; PMPA) is an acyclic nucleotide analogue with potent in vitro and in vivo antiretroviral activity. Despite its demonstrated antiviral potency, tenofovir has limited oral bioavailability in animals, presumably resulting from the presence of two negative ch... | 16390539 | PMC1343584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
Permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle is a crucial event during terminal differentiation. Dysfunction of either cell cycle control or differentiation machinery is responsible for deregulated growth and transformed phenotype [1]. Control of G1/S transition is regulated by a set of specific CDK and cyclin c... | 16351709 | PMC1343585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Dec 13; 4:41 |
Background
The diagnosis of Chiari I malformation (CMI) is made by radiographic and clinical criteria. Criteria include tonsillar descent 3–5 mm or more below the foramen magnum and compatible symptomatology. Recognized experts in the area of the craniovertebral junction have begun to question whether the radiographic ... | 16359556 | PMC1343586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2005 Dec 18; 2:11 |
Background
Many tests for spatial randomness that adjust for a heterogeneous background population have been proposed. These test statistics are used to test whether the geographical distribution of disease is random or not. They are also used in many other areas such as geomorphology, ecology, genetics and geography (... | 16356179 | PMC1343587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Dec 15; 4:32 |
Introduction
Evaluation of intracardiac anatomy from multiple two-dimensional echocardiographic images requires a mental conceptualisation process that is complicated by cardiac dynamics [1-3]. Currently, real-time 3D echocardiographic images of the heart do no longer demand this difficult and individually variable con... | 16375768 | PMC1343588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Dec 23; 3:37 |
Introduction
It is known that the immune response can be polarized into two broad subsets based on cytokine secretion of the T helper cells. T helper-1 cells (Th1) responses are associated with anti-viral and anti-cancer immune reactions and are characterized by high secretion of the cytokine IFN-γ and IL-2 [1]. In con... | 16390542 | PMC1343589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 3; 4:2 |
Background
The tumor vasculature has been recognized as a promising target for new treatment approaches such as angiogenesis inhibitors, vascular disrupting agents and specific vascular occluding agents [1-5]. A number of these vascular targeting agents (VTAs) have been evaluated in clinical trials and prolongation of ... | 16336690 | PMC1343590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Dec 10; 3:21 |
Introduction
Mental disorders in humans are not well understood. Indeed, such classifications as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – fourth edition, [1], the standard descriptive nosology in the US, have been characterized as 'prescientific' by Gilbert [2] and others. Arguments from genetic dete... | 16371149 | PMC1343591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:57 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Dec 21; 2:49 |
Background
For almost 20 years, it has been widely appreciated that nucleotide substitution rates are unusually low in mitochondrial genomes of land plants. This conclusion was first reached by Wolfe et al. [1] from an examination of synonymous substitution rates for several mitochondrial genes among a small set of ang... | 16368004 | PMC1343592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:17 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Dec 20; 5:73 |
Background
Anxiety and depression are major factors impacting patient's quality of life, and the associated symptoms (inability to concentrate, loss of motivation, disturbed sleep, fatigue, pessimistic mood) may influence their ability to benefit from treatment and rehabilitation programs. High levels of anxiety have b... | 16364179 | PMC1343593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Dec 19; 3:82 |
Background
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are single base pair differences between individuals in a population. The recent completion of the Human Genome Project has helped facilitate the discovery of millions of SNPs and their use in genetic association studies for human disease [1]. Association studies work o... | 16356172 | PMC1343594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 15; 6:303 |
Background
In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful technique to identify proteins in biological samples [1-4]. For their identification, proteins are usually cleaved into peptides by a protease of known and restricted cleavage specificity, e.g. trypsin. The resulting cleavage products can then... | 16318636 | PMC1343595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 30; 6:285 |
Background
Taking laboratory discoveries and translating them into clinically useful diagnostic tests or targeted therapies requires the use of human samples for validation. This process, referred to as translational research, requires carefully storing and maintaining detailed annotation of these samples. Tissue Micro... | 16364175 | PMC1343596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 19; 6:304 |
Introduction
Mental and behavioural disorders are estimated to account for 12% of the global burden of disease [1]. More than 450 million people worldwide suffer from a diagnosable mental illness, and four of the six leading causes of years lived with disability are due to neuropsychiatric disorders [1]. Much of the bu... | 16336646 | PMC1345690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Dec 7; 2:29 |
Background
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies and is the major cause of cancer mortality among Indian women. [1,2]. Cytology screening (e.g., Pap test) is the standard method used for the control of cervical cancer in India, however organized screening programs are rare. Despite the availability of ... | 16371167 | PMC1345691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 22; 5:116 |
Background
The ongoing sequencing efforts continue to discover the sequences of many new proteins, whose function is unknown. Currently, protein databases contain the sequences of about 1,800,000 proteins, of which more than half are partially or completely uncharacterized [1]. Typically, proteins are analyzed by searc... | 16316461 | PMC1345692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Nov 29; 6:282 |
The term “globalization” was popularized by Marshall McLuhan in
War and Peace in the Global Village. In the book, McLuhan described how the global media shaped current events surrounding the Vietnam War [
1] and also predicted how modern information and communication technologies would accelerate world progress through... | 16420098 | PMC1351155 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 24; 3(2):e43 |
Now that the media frenzy over West Nile virus (WNV) has subsided, and pictures of dead birds and insect repellant cans no longer permeate the nightly news, what shall we do about screening the United States blood supply for the virus? Shortly after the spread of WNV in North America and the revelation that blood trans... | 16420099 | PMC1351156 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 24; 3(2):e99 |
Introduction
Assessing the level of pain in animals is a key element in pain research. Current pain assessment techniques are mainly limited to estimating animal responses elicited by stimuli to the, presumably, affected area using either: 1) thermal (paw immersion test, hot plate test, radiant heat test, acetone test)... | 16393346 | PMC1351167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jan 5; 2:1 |
Background
International terrorism, or aspects of it, have been argued to be a reaction to globalization and/or to be aided by many of its features [1,2]. In the last twenty or more years, there has been a substantial focus on terrorism-related policies in many jurisdictions, particularly since the attacks of 11 Septem... | 16354305 | PMC1351168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Global Health. 2005 Dec 15; 1:18 |
Background
In Japan, cancer has been recognized as a major component of the overall pattern of disease for decades. Thus, the importance of cancer prevention by lifestyle modification should now be strongly acknowledged.
Internationally, several studies have estimated the proportion of total cancer deaths attributable... | 16403223 | PMC1351169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 10; 6:2 |
Background
Since the launching of the Safe Motherhood Initiative in 1987 [1], there has been a worldwide effort to reduce maternal mortality and to identify its determinants. These efforts have been directed by the outputs of a number of international conferences over the past decade such as the International Conferenc... | 16343339 | PMC1351170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 12; 5:131 |
Background
The safety of a novel drug product containing a new chemical entity should be assessed in an extensive post marketing safety surveillance program. It is also prudent to assess both, the safety outcomes that relate specifically to the targeted population, as well as those that could potentially be related to ... | 16417621 | PMC1351171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Jan 17; 6:1 |
Background
The alkaline phosphatases (APs) are a family of enzymes with a number of isozymes and isoforms that differ from each other in various degrees of amino acid sequences and the extent and nature of glycosylation. In humans, three of the four AP isozymes aretissue specific, i.e., the intestinal AP (IAP), placent... | 16372914 | PMC1351172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Dec 22; 5:33 |
Background
In pulmonary hypertension (PAH), the mean resting pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than 25 mm Hg in contrast to the normal adult pulmonary circulation which has little resting vascular tone. The disease is also characterised by an absence of a significant pulmonary vasodilator response [1]. Many precap... | 16390543 | PMC1351173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 3; 7(1):1 |
Introduction
Sadness is often portrayed as a feeling of heaviness in the chest or as 'broken heart' [1]; and the relation has been a subject of both literature and science. Symptoms of depression in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been reported from 8 – 45% [2], up to 65 percent [3]. Prevalence of ... | 16336682 | PMC1351174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005 Dec 9; 1:26 |
Background
Telomeres are specialized DNA-protein complexes that serve as protective caps of linear eukaryotic chromosomal ends and are essential for chromosomal stability [1]. The replication of telomeres during cell division poses a special problem for the cells because the conventional DNA polymerases are unable to c... | 16405739 | PMC1351175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 12; 7:2 |
Background
Many heterogeneous diseases lead to orofacial pain syndromes. Descriptions such as jaw (temporomandibular) joint pain, facial pain, and dental pain characterise these syndromes with regional anatomic descriptions. The International Headache Society [1-3] distinguishes orofacial pain syndromes from other pain... | 16372908 | PMC1351176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Dec 22; 1:14 |
Introduction
Asthma is one of the most common chronic conditions in developed countries, with a prevalence that has been increasing globally since the 1970s [1-3]. Asthma is often associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) and the overall characteristics of the diseases and treatment options for these disorders are similar... | 16381607 | PMC1351177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 28; 6(1):153 |
Background
The measurement of inter-vertebral motion in clinical settings has been a challenge to the field of biomechanics for many years. Early work that sought to use X-rays for kinematic measurement [1-3] first contented itself with qualitative assessment, but gradually moved toward seeking objective measurement. T... | 16393336 | PMC1351178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 4; 7:1 |
Introduction
Mental health is defined as the capacity to work, capacity to love and the capacity to play and for recreation [1]. Approximately one in five of the world's youth, 15 years and younger suffer from mild to severe mental disorders. A large number of these children remain undetected and untreated [2]. It must... | 16372910 | PMC1351179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Dec 22; 4:19 |
Background
The interactions of membrane-active peptides with lipids are of basic interest in a range of biological processes [1], including membrane fusion [2], the action of antimicrobial peptides [3], and lipid recognition by membrane binding domains in larger proteins [4]. A precise thermodynamic description of such... | 16368010 | PMC1351180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Dec 20; 6:30 |
Background
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis, secretion, and action are critical for reproductive function in mammals, particularly in females [1-3]. FSH production is regulated by a variety of neuroendocrine, intra-pituitary, and gonadal factors. Arguably, the most potent and selective stimulators of FSH sy... | 16384533 | PMC1351181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 29; 3:73 |
Background
Salamanders of the genus Ambystoma are important model organisms in biological research. Their seminal role in experimental embryology and broad utility in laboratory-based science is well known [1]. Ambystomatid salamanders are currently used in multiple areas including olfaction, vision, cardiogenesis, emb... | 16359543 | PMC1351182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 16; 6:181 |
Background
Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is extensively used for opiate addiction. Providing care in an office-based practice is feasible [1,2] and produces outcomes comparable to those from specialist treatment [1,3-7]. Furthermore, it reduces the stigma associated with the diagnosis and treatment of substance... | 16364176 | PMC1351183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Dec 19; 6:51 |
Background
New Zealand's mental health policy and services have evolved along similar lines to other "old Commonwealth" countries. Like other British colonies of settlement in the nineteenth century, New Zealand endeavoured to adopt the progressive ideas of the non-restraint system of care and treatment, along with its... | 16216131 | PMC1351184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Oct 10; 2:24 |
Background
Chlamydia species are related to a broad clinical spectrum of human disease including Chlamydia pneumoniae in lung and cardiovascular disease, C. psittaci in pulmonary emphysema and psittacosis, and C. trachomatis in ocular and urogenital infections [1-3].
C. trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually trans... | 16368002 | PMC1351185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 20; 5:114 |
Introduction
Malaria remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. The Zambian Ministry of Health estimates that the number of malaria cases has tripled in the past three decades to more than 4 million clinical cases and 50,000 deaths per year in a population of less than 11 million people [1]. The so... | 16356176 | PMC1351186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Malar J. 2005 Dec 15; 4:60 |
Background
While the thickness of the human cranial vault has been investigated before, not least in terms of the relationship between cranial thickness and sex, age and general body build [1-11], these studies have mostly addressed the total thickness (diploe and the external and internal table). The main incentive fo... | 16364185 | PMC1351187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2005 Dec 20; 1:13 |
Background
The clinical consequences of vitamin B12 (cobalamin; Cbl) deficiency include megaloblastic anemia and progressive neurologic disease of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The elderly population is especially prone to this deficiency because of reduced dietary intake and impaired absorption of the vi... | 16393340 | PMC1351188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 4; 3:3 |
pmcBackground
Relatively few microbial communities in hypersaline ecosystems, i.e., those with salinities consistently greater than that of seawater (35 psu), have been described in detail. Most investigations have focused on coastal salterns [24] and sabkhas [6,7], or inland, chronically hypersaline lakes such as the... | 16356185 | PMC1351189 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Dec 15; 1:11 |
Background
Pneumonia and influenza together are the fifth leading cause of death in the elderly (people 65 years old and older) and the seventh leading cause of death among all ages in the United States [1]. For this reason, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination is recommended for all adults 65 years old and older an... | 16403215 | PMC1351190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 10; 7:2 |
Background
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening autosomal recessive disease in the white population and afflicts over 30.000 persons in the United States [1]. While the genetic defect in CF is known, the relationship between the abnormal CFTR protein and chronic pulmonary disease has recently become ... | 16405721 | PMC1351191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 11; 6:4 |
Background
The recurrence of obstructive jaundice after cholecystectomy is estimated to occur in one to seven per cent of all cholecystectomy cases [1-4]. Symptoms may be due to retained stones which were unrecognized at the time of the initial operation, the development of a bile duct stricture or the presence of a lo... | 16396681 | PMC1351192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a classic disease of airway damage and remodelling, characterised by slowly progressive airflow obstruction, resulting in increasing dyspnoea and exercise limitation. It is a widely accepted theory that an important causative factor is extracellular matrix (ECM... | 16372907 | PMC1351193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 22; 6(1):151 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological disorder that leads to severe motor disabilities due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although it remains unclear how or why these specific neurons degenerate, the mechanisms likely depend on both environmental an... | 16375772 | PMC1351194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Dec 24; 6:71 |
Background
Carbenoxolone (CBX), a derivative of 18-glycyrrhetinic acid [1], is a widely used drug which, in addition to being a mineralocorticoid agonist and inhibiting 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [2], also blocks gap junctional communication [these issues nicely reviewed in reference [3]]. There has been an i... | 16405728 | PMC1351195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 11; 7:3 |
Background
DNA damage induces a G2 phase cell-cycle arrest in most tumour cell lines that lack functional p53 protein. Following abrogation of the G2 checkpoint, these cells arrest in mitosis and can subsequently form polyploid cells. This response is thought to represent an alternative to immediate death through apopt... | 16401344 | PMC1351196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:56 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 9; 6:6 |
Background
Journals frequently lay claim to international status. The Journal of Medical Ethics aims to be a "leading international journal that reflects the whole field of medical ethics", the Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics aims to be "an international journal that explores both broad issues in healthcare an... | 16412229 | PMC1351197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:41 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Jan 13; 7:1 |
Background
Realization of the research project
In 2002, PAM B.V. (Doorwerth, The Netherlands) introduced a commercially available innovative product and concept to promote physical activity. This concept consists of a physical activity monitor (PAM) as well as a specially designed website (PAM COACH) which gives person... | 16356182 | PMC1351198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 15; 5:134 |
Background
Traumatic subcutaneous haematomas are common conditions. Patients on anticoagulation treatment are at particular risk. Occasionally, large collections of blood accumulate and the pressure within the haematomas can exceed the blood pressure in the dermal and subdermal capillaries which may result in large are... | 16351725 | PMC1351199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Dec 13; 5:11 |
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