text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is important for vertebrate animals to survive in a variety of habitats. Even small changes in ionic balance, osmolarity, and pH of body fluid seriously affect the survival of the animals. Strategies for maintaining body fluid homeostasis are different depending o... | 16364184 | PMC1351200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Dec 20; 5:18 |
Background
Macrophages are one of the most intensively studied cells of the immune system. They have been shown to play a key role in both the innate and adaptive immune response and are capable of responding to a range of signals leading to classical or alternative activation of immune responses which may be classifie... | 16343346 | PMC1351201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 12; 6:178 |
Background
Grouping genes into "sets" has become an intuitive and commonplace practice in bioinformatics and genomics research. Many bioinformatics applications can analyze sequential, structural, functional, and expressional ties between genes in a given set. For instance, the oPOSSUM system can identify over-represen... | 16371163 | PMC1351202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 21; 6:305 |
Background
The completion of human and other model-organism genome projects has provided a sequence infrastructure to allow an improved understanding of the dynamic processes of cellular signaling, regulation, and metabolism. Although all cells contain the complete genome, only a fraction of the genes are expressed wit... | 16403238 | PMC1351203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:56 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 11; 7:13 |
Background
Eye movements are usually spared in motor neuron disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy, Kennedy's disease and poliomyelitis. In ALS, the eye movement examination typically remains normal until late in the course of the disease, despite severe weakness of the skeletal... | 16409626 | PMC1351204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jan 12; 6:3 |
In the economic evaluation section of the protocol [1], we stated that secondary care contacts would be coded according to Healthcare Resource Group (HRG). This has not been possible as HRGs are not routinely recorded in all of the recruiting hospitals, and have proved unreliable among the hospitals that do. Deliveries... | 0 | PMC1351205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
Hemoptysis refers to expectoration of blood from respiratory tract. Often lethal, it is a frightening presentation for patient and relatives. A major emergency in pulmonary medicine, it necessitates a timely and apt approach.
While emergency resuscitation protocols may overlap, medical advance is usually di... | 16412223 | PMC1351206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
Many protein interactions are known, mostly involving other proteins, peptides or different organic molecules, and more and more are being deciphered. The main goal of drug design is to interfere specifically with these interactions. As peptides are often poor drug candidates, the need arises for bioequivale... | 16403211 | PMC1351258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:56 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 10; 7:11 |
Background
The aortic valve debridement by ultrasound in degenerative-calcific aortic stenosis appeared to be an alternative treatment for severe calcified aortic stenosis [1], but was given up because of the high incidence of restenosis and aortic regurgitation [2,3]. The aim of this study was to rehabilitate aortic v... | 16396673 | PMC1351259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 5; 4:2 |
Background
Melanoma-associated antigens such as MelanA/Mart-1 or tyrosinase recognized by monoclonal antibodies can be used as diagnostic markers for immunohistochemistry or as therapeutic targets for specific immunotherapy. Previously we have produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by subtractive immunization ... | 16405722 | PMC1351261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:56 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 11; 6:8 |
Background
Molluscan feeding, with its repetitive protraction and retraction of the radula to ingest food, has provided a simple model system for the study of central pattern generator neuronal networks and of the way in which the pattern is reshaped by neuromodulators [1,2]. In the buccal ganglia of the pond snail, Ly... | 16332252 | PMC1351263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Dec 6; 6:70 |
Background
The correct estimation of the free energy of protein conformations has been the focus of intense research for over 20 years. Despite recent improvements, this goal remains elusive. One important consequence of this is the limited ability to judge the quality of protein models built by homology or "ab initio"... | 16354298 | PMC1351271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 14; 6:301 |
The advancement of medical science depends on the production, availability, and utilization of new information generated by research. A successful research enterprise depends not only on a carefully designed agenda that responds to clinical and societal needs, but also on the research capacity necessary to perform the ... | 16390550 | PMC1351393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Since the early 1970s, when cannabis first began to be widely used [
1], the proportion of young people who have used cannabis has steeply increased and the age of first use has declined [
2,
3]. Most cannabis users now start in the mid-to-late teens [
1], an important period of psychosocial transition when misadventur... | 16420097 | PMC1351917 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 24; 3(2):e39 |
Dyslipidaemia, characterised by elevated total cholesterol, elevated non–high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides, is common in patients with HIV who are treated with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) [
1]. Although multiple factors influence lipid levels in patie... | 16420104 | PMC1351918 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 24; 3(3):e85 |
Peter Hotez and colleagues, in a new analysis in
PLoS Medicine, throw down a compelling challenge to the global health community to intensify its response to the neglected tropical diseases. The authors discuss opportunities for integrating neglected disease control with interventions against the “big three,” namely, H... | 16435910 | PMC1351919 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 31; 3(5):e112 |
The age of hypocrisy has been succeeded by that of indifference, which is worse, for indifference corrupts and appeases: it kills the spirit before it kills the body. It has been stated before, it bears repeating: the opposite of love is not hate, but indifference. —Elie Wiesel
The last five years have witnessed incr... | 16435908 | PMC1351920 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 31; 3(5):e102 |
Introduction
Veterinary use of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is a major cause of the catastrophic collapse ofGyps vulture populations in the Indian subcontinent [1–3]. Three species of vultures endemic to South Asia, which together used to number tens of millions, are now at high risk of gl... | 16435886 | PMC1351921 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 4(3):e66 |
All organisms need defense systems to ward off infection. These defenses typically mobilize in response to antigens, bits of protein fragments derived from a pathogen. Vertebrates have a superbly efficient system of adaptive immunity that uses proteins to recognize and bind billions of different antigens via a process ... | 20076540 | PMC1351922 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 4(3):e75 |
Molecular biologists are like obsessive jigsaw-puzzle lovers. They won't stop until they have found a spot for every molecule in their favorite cell. But their obsession rarely amounts to just fun and games, particularly when that cell is linked to a serious disease. By patiently fitting individual proteins into simple... | 20076535 | PMC1351923 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 31; 4(2):e59 |
Introduction
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a multigene complex critical to vertebrate immunity. The MHC is the most gene-dense and polymorphic region of the mammalian genome and is associated with resistance to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, transplantation, and reproductive success [1]. Loci contai... | 16435885 | PMC1351924 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 4(3):e46 |
Introduction
A major goal in studies of pancreatic islet development and diabetes mellitus is the identification of signaling pathways that maintain adult pancreatic islet functions. Pancreatic islets are comprised of endocrine cells that secrete hormones including insulin (β cells), glucagon (α cells), somatostatin (δ... | 16435884 | PMC1351925 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 31; 4(2):e39 |
In just ten years, tens of millions of vultures have vanished from the Indian subcontinent. Since the early 1990s, white-backed (Gyps bengalensis), long-billed (G. indicus), and slender-billed (G. tenuirostris) vulture populations have dropped by over 95%. In Europe, it was clear that human persecution eradicated beard... | 20076536 | PMC1351926 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 4(3):e61 |
Introduction
Whereas Watson–Crick DNA base pair changes have long been recognized as a mechanism for mutation, rearrangements of the human genome including deletions, duplications, and inversions have been appreciated only more recently as a significant source for genetic variation. Deletion and duplication mutations c... | 16444292 | PMC1352149 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2005 Dec 30; 1(6):e49 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its sequelae are the leading cause of premature death, leading not only to significantly increased mortality rates but also to high levels of morbidity [1]. Whilst the causes of CVD are complex there is increasing evidence suggesting an integral role for inflammation in CVD... | 16412224 | PMC1352345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Jan 13; 5:1 |
Background
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue characterized by widespread vascular lesions and fibrosis. In SSc, vasospasm causes frequent episodes of reperfusion injury and free radical-mediated endothelial dysfunction, which might finally influence the onset of local thromboti... | 16420700 | PMC1352346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Jan 18; 4:2 |
Background
One of the most important powers of GIS is the capability to publish and share geo-spatial information on the Internet among large numbers of people. Sharing of geo-spatial information is an important and effective way of working in many kinds of applications. Geo-spatial information includes not only maps o... | 16420699 | PMC1352347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 18; 5:6 |
Background
Most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation resulting from the activation of brain mononuclear phagocyte cells, called microglial cells[1]. Because increased proliferation of microglial cells is seen in brains of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) [2], Alzheimer's disease (AD)... | 16343349 | PMC1352348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Dec 12; 2:29 |
Background
The name reovirus includes the acronym reo-(respiratory enteric orphan), so designated because reovirions can be isolated from the respiratory and intestinal tracts of both warm and cold-blooded animals, but have not been associated with specific clinical diseases. There are three major mammalian reovirus se... | 16390540 | PMC1352349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
The Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) is an important insect pest of wheat (Triticum spp.). As a member of the gall midge family (Cecidomyiidae) it belongs to the dipteran suborder Nematocera, which also includes mosquitoes, midges, black flies and fungus gnats. Widespread outbreaks of the Hessian fly occur... | 16412254 | PMC1352350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 16; 7:7 |
Background
The efficacy of colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) using faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) in reducing colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality in the 50–75 year old population has been demonstrated in large randomised trials[1]. The reduction in mortality by screening is strictly linked to its ability to involve as... | 16372903 | PMC1352351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 22; 5:139 |
Background
Salmonellosis is an important public health problem causing substantial morbidity, and thus also having a significant economic impact. Although most infections cause mild to moderate self-limited disease, serious infections leading to death do occur. In the United States it is estimated that 1.4 million non-... | 16403230 | PMC1352352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 10; 6:4 |
Background
It is hard to imagine health care without Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Information technology in health care has existed for about four decades, and has gained widespread usage. Electronic patient records offer health care professionals access to vast amounts of patient-related information... | 16401336 | PMC1352353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:59 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jan 9; 6:3 |
Background
Ion channel activity is essential to living cells in both plants and animals. Classical (or "forward") electrophysiology consists in measuring the cell membrane conductance and in deciphering this complex parameter towards the identification of the underlying ion transport systems and subsequently in getting... | 16359560 | PMC1352354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Plant Methods. 2005 Dec 19; 1:14 |
Background
Published health studies form the basis of many clinical decisions including the evaluation and provision of health services. However, reviews of peer reviewed literature show that the scientific quality of such studies is often compromised by the use of inappropriate methodology [1-5]. This has scientific a... | 16409636 | PMC1352355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:48 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 12; 6:2 |
Background
The condition of obesity has become a significant public health problem in the United States. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity in adults has almost doubled, with current estimates of obesity present in over 35% of adults [1]. In children and adolescents, the prevalence of overweight has tripled in the l... | 16371155 | PMC1352356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:06 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2005 Dec 21; 5:48 |
Background
Regardless of the desire to keep up to date, behaviour change is difficult. Even the most motivated of health professionals face barriers when attempting to stay up to date by finding, reading and using research. The primary barriers reported by allied health professionals for not using research in practice ... | 16364181 | PMC1352357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Dec 19; 5:40 |
Background
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis or emphysema have been associated with short-term exposure to air pollution [1-3]. Studies done in the 1970s found that high levels of particles were related to a high prevalence of chronic bronchitis [4,5]. However, rece... | 16372913 | PMC1352358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 22; 6(1):152 |
Background
Hemangiopericytoman is a soft tissue vascular neoplasm arising from capillary pericytes and is found throughout the body in soft tissues and bone [1-3]. It was first described in 1942 [1]. Primary vascular neoplasm of the spleen constitutes the majority of nonhaematolymphoid splenic tumors [4]. The benign va... | 16359555 | PMC1352359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec 17; 3:77 |
Background
There is experimental evidence that formation of oxidants is regulated in cells by factors, affecting targets specifically [1-4]. Different oxidative stress-inducing agents (cumene hydroperoxide, diamide, H2O2, linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxide, menadione), which disturb intracellular oxidant concentrations spe... | 16368011 | PMC1352360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Dec 20; 6:182 |
Background
Delirium is a serious, high frequency complication in intensive care unit (ICU) patients (incidence: 40–82%) [1-5], being defined as a transient organic mental syndrome characterised by a disturbance in awareness, cognition and attention [6]. These disturbances are frequently manifested in expressions of dis... | 16351715 | PMC1352361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Nurs. 2005 Dec 13; 4:7 |
Background
Somatic and germ cell tumors are typical testicular neoplasms which can affect young, adult and elderly men. In the last years, testis tumor management has improved by new diagnostic and surgical tools, as well as by innovative therapy options to preserve fertility against cytotoxic treatments [1]. However, ... | 16372909 | PMC1352362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 22; 3:72 |
Introduction
The cornea consists of three layers [1,2]: the epithelium, the stroma, and the endothelium. The epithelium acts as a mechanical protection. The stroma is responsible for 95 % of its thickness, and is composed of bundles of collagen fibers arranged in crossed layers. The regularity of the distribution of co... | 16372912 | PMC1352363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Dec 22; 4:70 |
Background
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunisation is relatively ineffective against tuberculosis in the tropics, where the incidence of tuberculosis is high [1]. Helminth infection induces T-helper-2 responses and production of immunoregulatory cytokines and molecules that modulate responses to both helminths and b... | 16371154 | PMC1352364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 21; 5:115 |
Background
Colourful and seductive, geographic information systems (GIS) offers status symbol technology that researchers and development agencies rush out to purchase. The imagery conjured up by a map is immediate and compelling: if we believe the map, we seem to know where the problems are and, it should follow, wher... | 16390549 | PMC1352365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Findings
Human polyomavirus JC (JCV), a small, non-enveloped virus with a closed circular double-stranded-DNA genome, is ubiquitous in nature with a seroprevalence of up to 80% among geographically isolated populations [1-3]. JCV was first isolated in 1971 from the brain of a patient with progressive mulifocal leukoenc... | 16398941 | PMC1352366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:53 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jan 9; 3:3 |
This book is intended for radiation and medical physicists, biomechanical engineers, radiation oncologists and clinicians who are involved in the assessment and treatment of patients requiring close-distance radiation, which is defined as "brachytherapy". This book is a very comprehensive description of brachytherapy w... | 0 | PMC1352367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jan 18; 5:4 |
Background
Pericarditis is a common disorder that has multiple causes and presents in various clinical settings [1]. Tuberculosis is responsible for more than 50% of cases of pericarditis in developing countries where tuberculosis remains a major public health problem [2]. By contrast, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infect... | 16396690 | PMC1352368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 6; 6:2 |
Background
Phosphorylation is believed to be the most common protein post-translational covalent modification and is known to occur in the processing of as many as 1/3 of eukaryotic gene products [1]. That the mammalian genome is predicted to encode as many as 1000 different protein phosphatases and twice as many kinas... | 16359552 | PMC1352369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:24 | no | BMC Biochem. 2005 Dec 16; 6:29 |
Background
Arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) are essential for the formation and function of the cardiovascular system. Abnormalities in their growth can cause a wide range of human disorders such as atherosclerosis, the principal cause for heart failure, thus the leading cause for deaths in the western world [1-3]. T... | 16354304 | PMC1352370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Dec 14; 5:21 |
pmcBackground
Since 1979 the International Society for Salt Lake Research has organized triennial conferences in various salt lake regions of the world including the USA, Canada, China, Russia, Kenya, Bolivia, Spain, and South Australia [1]. The 9th International Conference on Salt Lake Research was held 26–30 Septemb... | 16381606 | PMC1352371 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:43 | no | Saline Syst. 2005 Dec 28; 1:12 |
Background
The harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy was first investigated by Spontag and Wallace in 1935 [1]. They reported 'a definite and real' increase in fetal heart rate after the mother began to smoke. Since then there is clear evidence of risks associated with smoking in pregnancy from epidemiological, c... | 16371166 | PMC1352372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 21; 5:138 |
Introduction
HIV infection/AIDS is a deadly disease that has affected over 30 million people world-wide and at least a million people in this country [1]. To achieve the treatment goal of reduction in viral loads and improved life expectancy, the treatment guidelines entail that patients be highly compliant to the drug... | 16368007 | PMC1352373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2005 Dec 20; 2:12 |
Background
In Korea, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 12% of all malignancies and is one of the leading causes of cancer death [1]. Metastatic HCC is associated with a very poor prognosis. Although numerous chemotherapeutic agents have been tested, the role of systemic chemotherapy for metastatic HCC has not... | 16396674 | PMC1352374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 5; 6:3 |
Introduction
Drug hypersensitivity reactions by IgE-mediated mechanisms during therapies have been reported elsewhere. Diagnosis is based in a meticulous clinical history, but many times needs to be supported by skin and/or serological tests and, even sometimes, drug provocation tests since drug preparations may contai... | 16375762 | PMC1352375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Dec 23; 3:16 |
Introduction
Snack foods and beverages high in sugar, fat and calories are now widely available in schools [1-3], and children's intake of these foods has increased [4]. While the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates the nutritional content of foods sold in the national school lunch and breakfast pr... | 16390544 | PMC1352376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
Developments of DNA sequencing technology have resulted in a rapid expansion of genome data. It becomes a challenging issue to explore the secrets of genomes and maximize the scientific knowledge gained from them. The first step in analyzing a completely or partially sequenced genome is to identify all its g... | 16401352 | PMC1352377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 10; 7:9 |
Background
The colon is the home for a complex mixture of microorganisms that is critical for human health. The actual number of species that may be present is controversial; it has been estimated that >500 species coexist in the human colon [1]. It is believed that microflora contributes to the host's health by improv... | 16372904 | PMC1352378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Dec 22; 5:22 |
Findings
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides (nt) in length that are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes including developmental timing, signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis [1-3]. Recent studies indicate that cellular miRNAs can variably in... | 16381609 | PMC1352379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 28; 2:81 |
Background
Experimental studies of cancer genetics often compare a control population of mice to an experimental population in which a candidate cancer gene has been altered. The experiment measures the age of tumor onset in particular tissues for the control and experimental groups.
If the age-onset curve for the exp... | 16371164 | PMC1352380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Dec 21; 5:163 |
Introduction
Sirolimus- and Tarcolimus-eluting stents reduce restenosis rates in larger vessels and in longer lesions as compared to bare metal stents (BMS) [1,2]. The low restenosis rates found with these drug-eluting stents (DES) suggests that all lesions could benefit from this type of stent. One concern about their... | 16351730 | PMC1352381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:32 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Dec 13; 6(1):18 |
Background
The human mtDNA is a double stranded circular molecule of 16569 bp and contains 37 genes coding for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 polypeptides. It is present in high copy numbers (103–104 copies per cell) in virtually all cells and the vast majority of copies are identical at birth. Furthermore, mtDNA is known ... | 16359547 | PMC1352382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Dec 16; 5:34 |
Introduction
Shift work is defined as work primarily outside of normal daytime working hours [1,2]. Nowadays the number of shift workers has increased due to technological development. Shift work is accompanied by a greater incidence of many medical disorders, such as cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, and neurological... | 16379673 | PMC1352383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Dec 28; 3:15 |
Prevalence
ADHD is one of the most well-recognized childhood developmental problems. This condition is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. It is now known that these symptoms continue as problems into adulthood for 60% of children with ADHD. That translates into 4% of the US adult population,... | 16375770 | PMC1352384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:57 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Dec 23; 2:50 |
Bioinformatics can be defined as the application of computational tools to manage and analyze biological data, typically at the molecular level. The field of Computational Biology aims at the mathematical or computational modeling of biological processes, such as protein folding or protein-protein interaction. Many boo... | 0 | PMC1352385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Background
The preAssemble pipeline is intended to be used in sequencing projects at the stage immediately following sequencing and preceding sequence clustering and contigs assembly. Sequence data is produced by automatic sequencers in the form of trace files or chromatograms. Each file normally contains one sequence.... | 16417643 | PMC1352386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 17; 7:22 |
Background
Because of its accessibility, the common carotid artery (CCA) is often evaluated using B-mode ultrasound to assess atherosclerosis severity [1-3]. Ultrasound, animal, and anatomic studies indicate arterial diameters are associated with hemodynamic factors [4-7] and with vascular damage [8,9]. Several studies... | 16390545 | PMC1352387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 3; 4:1 |
Background
Phylogenetic trees are standardly used to analyse gene families as well as species ancestry [1]. A patristic distance is the sum of the lengths of the branches that link two nodes in a tree, where those nodes are typically terminal nodes that represent extant gene sequences or species. A matrix of patristic ... | 16388682 | PMC1352388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 3; 6:1 |
Background
The interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) with its cellular receptor CD4 [1] was recognized early as an opportunity to selectively inhibit HIV-1 infection by competition with soluble CD4 or by targeting HIV-1 infected cells with cytocidal molecular conjugates o... | 16371160 | PMC1352389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 21; 2:80 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through sexual intercourse accounts for the majority of infections. It must cross the epithelium during transmission, because the primary targets for HIV infection, CD4(+) cells, are protected by epithelial lining. However, the mechanism by which the virus tran... | 16368003 | PMC1352390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Dec 20; 2:79 |
Introduction
The interactions between protein domains and their peptide ligands play critical roles in signal transduction and many other key biological processes. Because domain-peptide interactions are usually weak and transient, and often depend upon post-translational modification, they tend to be under-represented... | 16446784 | PMC1356089 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e1 |
Introduction
The TGF-β signal transduction pathway follows an apparently straightforward downstream cascade, progressing sequentially from the interaction of ligands with transmembrane receptors, through phosphorylation of mediator Smad proteins, to transcriptional responses (Figure 1). The simple logic of this signal ... | 16446785 | PMC1356091 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e3 |
The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the availability of both biological information and tools for scientists. These tools and the methods by which they are applied are commonly used in all phases of biological research, for example, using BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) to find putative homol... | 0 | PMC1356094 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e7 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 1, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010036. Table 1 included incorrect values. The corrected table follows.
Table 1 Mitochondrial Model Parameter Values
Citation: Correction: A biophysical model of the mitochondrial respiratory system and oxidative phosphorylation. PLoS Comput... | 0 | PMC1356095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jan 9; 2(1):e8 |
Introduction
Gene knockout by homologous recombination has been instrumental in investigating gene functions in mammals. It has been used to reveal gene functions in normal as well as in pathogenic pathways in vivo, and to generate models for many genetic disorders. However, the technical complexity, lengthy process, a... | 16450009 | PMC1358942 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jan 27; 2(1):e10 |
Introduction
Experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of biomolecules form the foundation of structural bioinformatics, and any structural analysis would be impossible without them. Two main techniques are available for biomolecular structure determination: x-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic reson... | 16462939 | PMC1359070 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e9 |
Introduction
Females and males share nearly identical genetic information, but vary widely with respect to disease susceptibility [1,2]. Apart from the obvious gender-specific diseases such as cervical or prostate cancer, sex influences susceptibility to nearly all highly prevalent diseases that affect both women and m... | 16462940 | PMC1359071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e15 |
Introduction
Meiosis ensures the reductional division of a diploid genome into haploid complements. Proper meiotic segregation depends on pairing, synapsis, and crossing over between homologous chromosomes. In addition to promoting genetic diversity [1,2], crossing over enables the bi-orientation of homologs at metapha... | 16462941 | PMC1359072 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e12 |
Introduction
A mechanism for selecting and marking an entire chromosome for coordinate regulation is central to the process of dosage compensation. Genetic sex determination in animals usually involves a pair of heterologous sex chromosomes and leads to a chromosome imbalance between males and females. Consequently, th... | 16462942 | PMC1359073 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e5 |
Introduction
Sry type HMG box (Sox6) is a member of the Sox transcription factor family characterized by the conserved high mobility group (HMG) domain, consisting of 79 amino acids involved in DNA recognition and binding [1]. Sox transcription factors bind to the minor groove of DNA and cause a 70°–85° bend of the DNA... | 16462943 | PMC1359074 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e14 |
Introduction
Identification of quantitative trait genes (QTGs) has been hampered by multiple factors, including variable quantitative trait locus (QTL) contributions, complex architectures [1,2], epistasis [3,4], gene-environment interactions, and genetic heterogeneity [5–7]. With the availability of whole genome seque... | 16462944 | PMC1359075 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:37 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 3; 2(2):e13 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a particularly common cancer encountered worldwide. Although the primary site is resectable in the majority of instances, metastatic disease will be present or develop in some 50% of those affected within 5 years of presentation. As a result of the portal venous route of spread, th... | 16375764 | PMC1360059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2005 Dec 23; 5:7 |
Background
India represents the largest human diversity, consisting of 4,635 culturally and anthropologically well defined populations with very little gene flow between them. Myriads of castes, subcastes and tribes, high degree of endogamy and consanguinity in various sects along with a population of more than one bil... | 16412239 | PMC1360060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 14; 7:4 |
Background
The prevalence of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) in children has increased from 0.4 in 1.000 during the 1970s to current estimates of up to 6 per 1.000. This increase is presumably a consequence of improved ascertainment and considerable broadening of the diagnostic concept [1]. While PDDs were prev... | 16393335 | PMC1360061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
STEM is a computer software system for defining and visualizing simulations of the geographical spread of contagious diseases. It allows simulated scenarios to model multiple population types (e.g., Humans and Ducks) being simultaneously infected by multiple diseases. The ultimate goal of STEM is to provide ... | 16417637 | PMC1360062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 17; 5:4 |
Background
Why would ARBs have dose-dependent efficacy?
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) act as antagonists of the AngiotensinII Type1 receptor (AT2R1) [Swiss-Prot:P30556], and were designed to treat moderate hypertension. Although ARBs have been marketed for nearly a decade, their mode of action is not fully under... | 16403216 | PMC1360063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Background
The use of perinatal deaths to assess pregnancy outcomes has been a practical approach particularly in settings and circumstances where it is not always easy to distinguish between stillborn and liveborn infants who die shortly after birth. However, due to difficulties in measurement and etiological differen... | 16401351 | PMC1360064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Background
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a double-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 235 kbp in length making it the largest of the human herpesviruses. Analysis of the complete genome of several strains predicts over 160 open reading frames (ORFs) [1-3]. The overall nucleotide sequence of strains isolated ... | 16409621 | PMC1360065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jan 12; 3:4 |
Background
Eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages exist in numerous forms and are capable of infecting disparate hosts. The taxonomy of viruses is based upon morphological features, including capsid and tail structures, specific type of genetic material, and mechanism of replication and assembly [1,2]. Genetic compariso... | 16417644 | PMC1360066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 18; 7:8 |
Muscle Mg2+ in CFS
In a previous study we evaluated muscle blood flow and muscle metabolism in patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) [1]. In this study as well as others [2-4], it has not been clear whether muscle metabolism is abnormal in CFS. To better understand muscle metabolism in CFS, we re-evalu... | 16405724 | PMC1360067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Jan 11; 5:1 |
Background
Probiotics are food or preparations containing live microorganisms, traditionally regarded as safe for human and animal use. When ingested in sufficient numbers, probiotics are believed to play an important role in the control of host intestinal microbiota and modulation of host immune responses [7]. Both lo... | 16396687 | PMC1360068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:2 |
Introduction
Progress of cancer research on molecular level led to the discovery and a better understanding of genes involved in the development of tumor growth. In 1997, a new proto-oncogene was identified in pituitary growth hormone secreting tumor cells leading to a more malignant phenotype [1]. As a result, it was ... | 16426442 | PMC1360069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jan 20; 5:4 |
Background
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by chronic widespread joint and muscle pain and by pain on palpation of tender points [1]. The literature contains several population-based prevalence estimates, which have generally fallen in the range of 1–3% [2-5]. Chronic medical conditions are... | 16423291 | PMC1360070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 19; 7:4 |
Background
In colon cancer patients, histological stage has been considered as the most important predictor of recurrence. However, for better management of patients, especially those within the same stage, additional factors should be examined. The product of the retinoblastoma gene (pRb) is the master regulator of en... | 16426443 | PMC1360071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 20; 4:5 |
Introduction
The insect order Hymenoptera comprises over 200,000 species of ants, bees, wasps and sawflies. All members have haplodiploid sex determination; males are haploid (one chromosome set) and females are diploid (two chromosome sets). Arrhenotoky is the most common mode of reproduction; males develop parthenoge... | 16393347 | PMC1360072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Jan 5; 3:1 |
Background
Professional guidelines and clinical practice regarding the use of chaperones during intimate physical examinations vary substantially from one jurisdiction to the next. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council advises that all patients undergoing intimate exams be offered a chaperone regardless of... | 16371153 | PMC1360073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Dec 21; 6:52 |
Background
Anhedonia, a term first used by Ribot [1], describes the lack of interest and the withdrawal from all the usual and pleasant activities. Anhedonia has been described as a schizophrenic symptom by many authors, including Bleuler and Kraepelin [2,3]. Rado [4,5] had suggested that anhedonia is a central, geneti... | 16417645 | PMC1360074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 18; 5:1 |
Background
Genome analysis is improved and becomes more meaningful when one considers genome context, pathway context and metabolic reconstruction. A focus on the prediction of encoded proteins and establishing links to experimentally characterized protein sequences from other organisms is particularly important in org... | 16401340 | PMC1360075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 9; 6:1 |
Background
The prevalence of both obesity and diabetes has been increasing among children in the U.S. over the last several years [1,2]. Hispanic children have especially been affected by this problem [2,3]. This trend is expected to continue indefinitely unless effective public health strategies can be implemented to ... | 16417628 | PMC1360076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 17; 7:3 |
Background
Nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS), first described in 1961 by Frenkel and Hirsch [1], were classified on the basis of growth characteristics such as nutrient requirements (pyridoxal) and presence of satellitism. In 1989, based on DNA-DNA hybridisation, Bouvet et al. showed that NVS could be divided in... | 16426445 | PMC1360077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 20; 6:9 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.