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Background
A number of screens have been undertaken to identify proteins that interact with the tumour suppressor proteins p53 and Rb. RBBP6 is one of the few proteins identified that has been shown to interact with both p53 and Rb. Three partial cDNA's from the full length RBBP6 transcript were originally cloned and s... | 16396680 | PMC1360078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Introduction
Methadone maintenance is one of the most highly researched and evidence-based treatments for illicit drug dependence. Randomized trials demonstrate that prescribing higher dosages of methadone leads to greater reductions in heroin use in opioid-dependent patients [
1–
4]. These findings support recommendat... | 16448216 | PMC1360079 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 7; 3(3):e80 |
Between 750,000 and 1 million people in the United States are addicted to heroin, a semisynthetic opioid made from the seeds of opium poppies. This highly addictive, illegal drug is converted in the brain into morphine, which binds to opioid receptors (which normally bind pain-relieving peptides produced by the brain) ... | 0 | PMC1360080 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 7; 3(3):e128 |
Tie (tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like loop and epidermal growth factor homology domains) represents a novel class of receptor tyrosine kinases that are mostly expressed by vascular endothelial cells. There are currently two known members in this class: Tie1 (also described as Tie) and Tie2 (also known as Tek; r... | 16441182 | PMC1360081 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 7; 3(3):e113 |
Background
The family flaviviridae encompasses viral agents, which are an important cause of arthropod-borne encephalitis in humans. Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus is the most common among them in the world [1]. In India, JE, the leading cause of viral encephalitis, has been endemic in South India, since 1978. The mo... | 16398932 | PMC1360082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jan 6; 3:2 |
Background
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonosis that occurs worldwide and infects a variety of different animals, including domestic mammals like cattle and sheep. Whereas animals in general show no clinical signs of infection except occasional abortions, C. burnetii can cause serious illness... | 16423303 | PMC1360083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 19; 6:2 |
Background
Mucosal candidiasis, including oropharyngeal, esophageal, and vaginal candidiasis, is common among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients [2,7]. Oropharyngeal candidiasis may occur in up to 90% of HIV-infected patients during the course of the disease [9]. Progressive cell-mediated immunodefici... | 16423306 | PMC1360084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 20; 6:8 |
Introduction
Atherogenesis is initiated by the interaction of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins with the arterial wall [1]. Many processes have been implicated in early atherogenesis, including lipoprotein oxidation [2], lipoprotein retention and aggregation [1,3], endothelial alteration, macrophage chemotaxis and foam cel... | 16396678 | PMC1360085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 5; 3:5 |
Background
Patients with advanced prostate cancer (CaP) suffer from the severe consequences of hormone-refractory disease and bone metastases. After development of metastatic hormone-refractory disease, CaP is incurable, with a median survival of 9 to 12 months. Given the near-certainty that processes associated with h... | 16417633 | PMC1360086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 17; 6:15 |
Background
In Tanzania, as in a number of African countries, existing antimalarial treatment (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, SP) is being replaced by artemesinin combination treatment (ACT) as first line treatment for non-severe malaria. However, at 5–10 times the cost of SP, its introduction creates an urgent need to rev... | 16423307 | PMC1360087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 20; 5:4 |
Background
As part of the NHS plan it was suggested that all patients should have the opportunity to receive copies of the letters sent to their General Practitioner following outpatient consultations [1]. The former Secretary of State for Health extended this proposal, suggesting that patients should have a specific l... | 16426444 | PMC1360088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:58 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Jan 20; 4:2 |
Background
Ideally, to facilitate control of gene expression for production of proteins in an organism like P. fluorescens, which has been developed as a robust recombinant protein expression system[1,2], it is desirable to have a collection of expression cassettes. These cassettes would contain a variety of promoters ... | 16396686 | PMC1360089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jan 5; 5:1 |
Background
BRAF is a member of the RAF family of kinases that acts upstream of the MEK1/2 kinases in response to RAS signals. Activating mutations in BRAF have been reported in 5–15% of colorectal carcinomas (CRC), with by far the most common mutation being a 1796T to A transversion leading to a V600E substitution [1-3... | 16403224 | PMC1360090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jan 10; 5:2 |
Background
Several recent HIV vaccine strategies have focused on the induction of potent cellular immune responses [1]. Experiments in the macaque model of HIV infection have shown that a strong cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) response against viral proteins can prevent disease, although such a response cannot preven... | 16398928 | PMC1360091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 6; 3:1 |
Introduction
The activation of tyrosine kinase receptors plays an important role in the genesis of breast cancer. From the extensive analysis of many breast tumors it is well established that ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors, in particular ErbB2 and ErbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR), often become constitutiv... | 16371159 | PMC1360092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Dec 21; 4:43 |
Background
More than 50 years ago, Pell and D'Alonzo first demonstrated the existence of a peak in the morning hours in a study of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in a large industrial population [1]. Subsequent population studies showed a non-uniform circadian distribution of events with a morning peak [2-11] and som... | 16401349 | PMC1360093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jan 9; 6:1 |
Background
Endophthalmitis is an important ocular disease that is most commonly caused by postoperative and posttraumatic introduction of bacteria into the posterior segment of the eye. In severe infections, visual acuity is greatly diminished or completely lost [1]. Indigenous ocular flora is presumed to be a source o... | 16396685 | PMC1360094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Introduction
In 2005, approximately 230,000 new patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer, and about 30,000 died, mostly from metastatic disease [1]. Most patients in the US are diagnosed with localized or regional disease that is treated with surgery (e.g., prostatectomy) and/or radiation therapy, including brachyt... | 16390546 | PMC1360095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 3; 4:1 |
Background
Because of the need to protect patient privacy publicly available data are often aggregated to a sufficient extent to prevent the disclosure or reconstruction of patient identity. The information available for human health studies is thus often restricted to raw or adjusted rates within areas, such as census... | 16354294 | PMC1360096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Dec 14; 4:31 |
Mammoth mitochondrial (mt) genomes are apparently on a similar schedule to London buses—you wait for ages and then suddenly three come along at once. Within the past six weeks, three studies [1–3] have independently determined all, or most, of the mammoth mt genome sequence, some 16,800 base pairs (bp). Encouragingly, ... | 16448215 | PMC1360097 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e78 |
Introduction
Visual detection of targets that move within visual clutter is a common task in animals searching for prey or conspecifics. In birds of prey such as kestrels, for example, astonishing optical acuity permits visual detection of prey at distances of up to 275 m from a perch [1]. This task becomes even more c... | 16448249 | PMC1360098 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e54 |
Legendary athletes like running back Gale Sayers and center fielder Willie Mays earned fame and fortune by pursuing a target traveling at high speeds against a moving, chaotic background. But most animals rely on this evolutionarily honed skill for more fundamental needs. Peregrine falcons snag prey while flying at spe... | 20076543 | PMC1360099 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e81 |
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) disappeared along with the last ice age over 10,000 years ago, yet scientists can glean insight into its evolutionary history by studying its frozen remains. Three recent independent studies applied different methods to isolate and sequence multiple DNA fragments from mammoth ... | 20076539 | PMC1360100 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e74 |
Introduction
Mammuthus, Elephas, andLoxodonta (family Elephantidae, subfamily Elephantinae) are closely related genera that evolved in the African Pliocene, possibly from the genusPrimelephas [1–4]. The woolly mammothMammuthus primigenius became extinct across most of its former range along with other late Pleistocene... | 16448217 | PMC1360101 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e73 |
Background
Bladder cancer has the fourth highest incidence in men and seventh in women in the US [1]. Superficial papillary bladder cancers, though they may grow very large, do not invade and generally can be managed by excision. The more aggressive invasive bladder cancers that develop de novo have a five-year surviva... | 16412233 | PMC1360102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 13; 6:12 |
Background
Angiogenesis – the formation of new blood vessels from an already established microvasculature – is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as benign and malignant tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic retinopathy. A solid tumor cannot grow beyond a critical size of 1–2 mm3 or met... | 16409625 | PMC1360103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:01:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 12; 6:9 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 40-year-old woman presented to a tertiary-care facility on the 11th of October 2004, having been referred from a private-health clinic for continued treatment of thyrotoxicosis. The referring doctor had started her on carbimazole, 60 mg daily 11 months earlier. She discontinued treatment after thr... | 16435888 | PMC1360619 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e12 |
Presentation of Case
A 41-year-old non-Hispanic white woman, accompanied by her psychiatrist, presented for immunologic consultation with an armload of medical records. The patient's primary concerns were environmental mold exposure and a productive cough attributed to recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infect... | 16435889 | PMC1360621 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e15 |
The American Medical Student Association (AMSA), with more than a half-century history of medical student activism, is the oldest and largest independent association of physicians-in-training in the United States. As the voice for over 50,000 members, AMSA has prided itself on fostering ideals such as honesty and integ... | 16435890 | PMC1360625 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e30 |
Cholera has been scrutinized since the birth of epidemiology, and it is still a subject of intense interest for modern-day epidemiologists. Studying cholera has led to the development of new epidemiological methods that have helped to illuminate not only cholera transmission but the whole science of infectious disease ... | 16435891 | PMC1360632 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:32 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e42 |
No resource allocation decision occurs in a vacuum. The decision to fund any public health intervention implies that those funds will be unavailable for alternative uses that may confer greater or lesser benefits. Even when funds are earmarked for a specific purpose, such as providing antiretroviral therapy (ART), ques... | 16435892 | PMC1360636 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e60 |
This is the first of 12 Correspondence pieces in this issue that are in response to an important PLoS Medicine Research Article: Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, et al. (2005) Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 t... | 16435893 | PMC1360637 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e63 |
Auvert and colleagues present preliminary evidence for the protective effect of male circumcision on HIV acquisition [
1]. Their report also reveals several problems with the widely held assumption that penile–vaginal sex accounts for the overwhelming majority of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.
We are baffled... | 16435894 | PMC1360638 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e64 |
The randomized study by Auvert et al. [
1] on male circumcision to prevent HIV infection is clearly a landmark study, which supports compelling observational evidence of strong protection [
2]. However, I believe the highlighted 60% degree of protection from the “intent-to-treat” analysis is probably too conservative. ... | 16435895 | PMC1360639 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e65 |
The study by Auvert et al. [
1] will certainly go into the history of HIV prevention as a landmark. The study is important because the results are the first blinded randomized study demonstrating that HIV can be prevented by male circumcision (MC). Double-blinded studies are considered to be the gold standard in resear... | 16435896 | PMC1360640 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e66 |
Jennifer Vines raises the question of other potential sources of HIV [
1]. During our follow-up, 569 participants received blood transfusions, were hospitalized, or received injections. We observed 15 infections among those who had such a nosocomial risk factor during the period when HIV infection occurred. We observed... | 0 | PMC1360641 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e67 |
As noted in Dondorp et al. [
1], histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) is released at schizont rupture as part of the regular 48-hour developmental cycle of the erythrocytic form of the parasite. Since this release of PfHRP2 into the circulation occurs while the parasitized red cell is adhering to vascular endothelium, it ... | 16435898 | PMC1360642 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e68 |
We are grateful for Ian Clark's suggestions [
1] in response to our research article [
2]. Much remains to be learned about the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. It is certainly hard to disprove that triggering local immune responses contributes in some way to the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria. Local overproducti... | 0 | PMC1360643 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e69 |
I have been following reports of the Auvert et al. study [
1] and have found four different figures for seroconversions.
An abstract from the 3rd International AIDS Conference (Rio de Janeiro, 24–27 July 2005) reported 15 seroconversions in the circumcised group and 45 seroconversions in the uncircumcised group [
2].... | 16435900 | PMC1360644 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e70 |
How have Auvert et al. [
1] controlled for the nonrandomization implicit in using a pool of men who want to be circumcised? Such self-selection increases the likelihood of recruiting men who are experiencing sexual difficulties—such as tight foreskins, a common but easily treatable problem leading to foreskin tearing—w... | 16435901 | PMC1360645 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e71 |
Auvert et al. argue that male circumcision provides a protective effect for males [
1]. On the other hand, Chao et al. identified circumcision of the male partner as a risk factor for females [
2]. Auvert et al. do not provide information on the overall effect of male circumcision on HIV transmission and infection [
1]... | 16435902 | PMC1360646 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e72 |
Auvert et al. must be commended for showing some appreciation of the ethical issues raised by their research trial [
1]. The Research Article itself and the accompanying ethical review by Cleaton-Jones [
2], however, curiously seem to take the money issue lightly. The
PLoS Medicine Editorial is quite right in identifyi... | 16435903 | PMC1360647 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e73 |
We wish to congratulate Auvert et al. [
1] on their work and wish them more success in their endeavors. Quite a number of studies have shown that circumcised males in heterosexual unions do have lower HIV rates [
2–4]. It would be good to know to what extent circumcision affects the HIV rates in sub-Saharan African cou... | 16435904 | PMC1360648 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e74 |
A prime requirement in any controlled study is that as far as possible, all conditions apart from the one being tested should be the same.
In the Auvert study, the men from the intervention group were instructed, in effect, as follows: “When you are circumcised you will be asked to have no sexual contact in the six we... | 16435905 | PMC1360649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e75 |
In a recent article, Auvert and colleagues present the results of their randomized controlled trial on male circumcision to prevent HIV transmission [
1]. They conclude that male circumcision reduced the risk of HIV infection by some 60% (95% confidence interval, 32%–76%). The trial was certainly well conducted, and it... | 16435906 | PMC1360650 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e78 |
Malaria remains a challenging prospect for researchers and health workers, but there is encouraging news to report. Malaria research, after many years on the back burner, has risen dramatically up the priority list of donors and policy makers. Much of the credit for this turnaround must go to the Multilateral Initiativ... | 16435907 | PMC1360651 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jan 31; 3(1):e83 |
Background
In China, economic transition, urbanization, industrialization and an aging population have quickly increased the incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the past decades [1]. CHD has been ranked among the top three causes of death in China [2]. Anxiety and depression are common psycholog... | 16438711 | PMC1360658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 26; 4:6 |
Resumen
En México más de 12 étnias habitantes de zonas templadas han mostrado una tendencia micofílica y un profundo conocimiento micológico tradicional. Sin embargo los habitantes de zonas tropicales han sido estudiados insuficientemente. En el presente trabajo reportamos los resultados de una investigación etnomicoló... | 16393345 | PMC1360659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 5; 2:3 |
Background
Until recently astrocytes were considered to play no more than a supportive role for neurons in the central nervous system. This view has now been supplanted by a more active participation of astrocytes in information processing, where the astrocytes not only receive and respond to neuronal input, but also t... | 16420689 | PMC1360660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jan 18; 3:2 |
Background
Interfacial biofilms constitute an important reservoir of microbial life in aquatic systems. The main focus of biofilm research has been on the examination of bacterial biofilms (reviewed in [1]), which cause widespread problems in industrial fluid processing applications (reviewed in [2]) and play a major r... | 16412253 | PMC1360661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Jan 16; 6:1 |
Background
Orthodontic treatment is an elective treatment that depends on the perception of both the patient and the treating orthodontist. In Saudi Arabia, governmental sectors provide free orthodontic treatment for Saudi citizens. This has generated long waiting lists of patients that can extend for two to four years... | 16420691 | PMC1360662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jan 18; 2:2 |
Introduction
Although the proximal cause of paralysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the death of motor neurons, it is becoming widely accepted that motor neuron death in ALS is not cell autonomous but depends upon active and passive roles for ambient glial cells. The neuron-cell autonomy of ALS pathogenesis... | 16436205 | PMC1360663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jan 25; 3:2 |
Background
Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular, pericellular and intracellular matrices that mediates cell proliferation, migration, developmental, differentiation, morphogenetic processes in the developing organs, inflammation and tumor development [1]. Hyaluronan is structurally a simple pr... | 16401353 | PMC1360664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jan 10; 5:2 |
Background
Many children are exposed to tobacco smoking, both before and after they are born. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is believed to affect the utero-placental flow, leading to an impaired foetal nutrition and consequent intrauterine growth retardation [1]. The foetus of smoking women is exposed from the time... | 16396689 | PMC1360665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 5; 7(1):3 |
Background
Contagious equine metritis (CEM), which was first reported in thoroughbred mares during the 1977 breeding season in the UK [1], is an important bacterial genital infectious disease of horses caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. CEM generally leads to a loss of fertility in mares and the disruption of breeding... | 16398935 | PMC1360666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 6; 2:1 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), as a group, is a leading cause of the death in the United States [1], and worldwide, causing over 16.7 million deaths globally in 2002 [2]. In 1990, greater than 85,000,000 disability-adjusted life-years were lost worldwide due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke; this ... | 16390538 | PMC1360667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 3; 3:2 |
Background
Proteins are marked for degradation by the 26S proteasome via the covalent attachment of chains of the 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin [reviewed in [1]]. This process involves three discreet steps. First, ubiquitin is activated by the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E1) through the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP to ... | 16401342 | PMC1360668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Jan 9; 7:1 |
Background
Methylphenidate (MPD), also known as Ritalin, is a psychomotor stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) that has a similar chemical structure to amphetamine and methamphetamine [1-3]. It has been reported that an estimated 20 million monthly prescriptions for analeptic medications were written for the t... | 16417623 | PMC1360669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 17; 2:3 |
pmcResearch papers
The first volume of Saline Systems [1] included research papers from genomics and proteomics to physiology, ecology, and limnology. On the molecular end of the spectrum, a paper by McCready et al. [2] provided an insightful DNA microarray study on the effects of UV radiation on gene expression in a ... | 16417635 | PMC1360670 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Jan 17; 2:1 |
Background
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common problem in gastroenterology and its most common etiology is peptic ulcer disease which accounts for 50% of the cases with gastrointestinal bleeding [1]. In the majority of the cases, bleeding ceases spontaneously [2]. However, some factors may contribute to continuous bl... | 16403233 | PMC1360671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 11; 6:2 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative human pathogen that causes acute infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among hospitalized patients and immunocompromised individuals [1]. Many P. aeruginosa isolates express a specialized protein secretion system, called the Typ... | 16375761 | PMC1360672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Dec 23; 4:22 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-coding RNAs about 21–26 nucleotide (nt) in length that can play important roles in gene regulation by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression [1,2]. According to the current understanding, miRNA is transcribed as long primary miRNA, which is processed into 60~70 nt ... | 16381612 | PMC1360673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 29; 6:310 |
Background
The early events of the HIV-1 life cycle include entry of the viral core into target cell, assembly of the reverse transcription complexes (RTCs), reverse transcription of the viral genome and transformation of RTCs into integration-competent complexes called pre-integration complexes (PICs) [1], trafficking... | 16409631 | PMC1360674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 12; 3:4 |
Background
Exposure to ambient particulate matter has been associated with a number of adverse health effects, including cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality [1-3] and lung cancer mortality [2]. The mechanisms underlying the observed adverse effects and the responsible particle properties are still not well understo... | 16390554 | PMC1360675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
From DNA microarray experiments, we can obtain genome-wide data about gene expression [1-3]. Each gene may be involved in one or more biological process/es. The biological process is described in the Gene Ontology datatabase (GO) provided by the GO consortium [4]. Merging microarray results, gene information... | 16401337 | PMC1360676 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 9; 7:6 |
Background
The complement system is a major constituent of innate immunity. Complement C4 plays an essential role in the activation cascades of the classical complement pathway as a subunit of the C3 and C5 convertases. C4 genes, located on the short arm of chromosome 6, are present either in a long (21 kilobasepair, k... | 16403222 | PMC1360677 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Introduction
The diversity of coastal ecosystems and their abundance of natural resources have attracted human communities since ancient times. In Brazil, artisanal fishing is fundamentally relevant because this activity produces food, for commercial purposes and a means of subsistence [1,2]. The bulk of Brazilian fish... | 16393342 | PMC1360678 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Introduction
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling [1-3]. Severe asthmatics develop irreversible airway obstruction, which may be a consequence of persistent structural changes including increased airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) mass in the airway wall that may be due to f... | 16390551 | PMC1360679 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 3; 7(1):2 |
Background
The recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with the highest incidence of use reported in adolescent and young-adult populations [1,2]. An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA, and its use has risen over the past dec... | 16393341 | PMC1360680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
Silicosis is a chronic diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by the inhalation of respirable particles of crystalline silica. In the lung, foci of inflammation featuring macrophages and lymphocytes precede and accompany fibroblast proliferation, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and increased deposition of ... | 16396683 | PMC1360681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Jan 5; 3:2 |
Background
DNA- and RNA-binding proteins are essential for the regulation of gene expression at many levels. They control many biological processes in all organisms by altering gene expression at the levels of transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, stability, localization, and translation. Although some protein... | 16393334 | PMC1360682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 4; 7:1 |
Background
Apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, one of the structural proteins in high-density lipoprotein particles, is a protective factor against the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease [1,2]. It promotes cholesterol efflux from cells and maintains cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Although the structure of Apo A1 a... | 16423305 | PMC1360683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 20; 7:4 |
Introduction
Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a peculiar form of subunit vaccine based on viral capsid and envelope proteins which show the ability to self-assemble into highly organized particulate structures [1,2]. VLPs closely resemble immature virus particles but are both replication and infection incompetent,... | 16384534 | PMC1360684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:27 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Dec 29; 3:45 |
Background
Genomic islands are sections of bacterial genomes that have been acquired by horizontal transfer and are characterized by one or more of the following criteria: (1) are absent from the identical location in closely related strains or species; (2) contain an altered G/C content as compared to the rest of the ... | 16396675 | PMC1360685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 5; 6:2 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChip® oligonucleotide arrays are a popular platform for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression in mRNA. Nguyen et al [1] give an introduction to the technology for quantitative scientists. Briefly, an oligonucleotide array contains 11–20 probe pairs for each gene. Probe pairs consist ... | 16417622 | PMC1360686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 17; 7:23 |
Background
The maturation of microarray technology in recent years has provided researchers with large amounts of gene expression data requiring computational analysis. One approach which has proven useful in elucidating trends in this data is clustering, an algorithmic technique for partitioning genes into groups whic... | 16409635 | PMC1360687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 12; 7:17 |
Background
The concept of network in the sense of a set of mutually interacting elements whose collectivebehaviour gives rise to emergent properties is a very fruitful metaphor [17]. Thus we can readabout gene networks [23], protein interaction networks [3], metabolic networks [7], ecological networks [12] or even prot... | 16420696 | PMC1360688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 18; 7:24 |
Introduction
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus classified in the taxonomic unit Henipavirus under the family of Paramyxoviridae [1,2]. NiV emerged in peninsular Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 when cases of severe acute encephalitis occurred among agricultural and abattoir workers in close contact with ... | 16477309 | PMC1361355 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 10; 2(2):e7 |
Introduction
Telomeres in most organisms are composed of simple repetitive sequences whose length is maintained by the telomerase ribonucleoprotein, which reverse transcribes telomere repeat sequences onto chromosome ends. Two subunits of telomerase are sufficient for generating telomerase activity in vitro: the telome... | 16477310 | PMC1361356 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 2(2):e18 |
Introduction
Seriation, the task of temporal ordering of fossil occurrences by numerical methods, and correlation, the task of determining temporal equivalence, are fundamental problems in paleontology. Fossils have been used for both tasks since the very beginnings of modern paleontology [1,2]. However, the recent adv... | 16477311 | PMC1361357 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 10; 2(2):e6 |
Introduction
Centromeres are essential for the proper segregation of replicated chromosomes in eukaryotes. Recent studies have identified a plethora of conserved centromeric proteins [1,2]. Some of these proteins provide the foundation for the assembly and maintenance of a constitutive kinetochore, while others transie... | 16477312 | PMC1361766 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 2(2):e17 |
Background
Intentional release of anthrax in the United States in 2001 and the emergence of SARS have highlighted the potential social and economic costs of unanticipated public health threats, and the importance of enhanced preparedness [1-3]. In June 2003, the Centre for Epidemiology and Research (CER) in the New Sou... | 16372902 | PMC1361771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 22; 5:141 |
Background
The debate on genetically modified (GM) crop plants has been focused on two main uncertainties: 1) whether a GM plant differs from its non-GM progenitors only in the introduced trait of interest, 2) whether a GM plant is safe in the environment with respect to gene flow and seed dispersal. To address these q... | 16371162 | PMC1361772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Dec 21; 5:32 |
Background
A bleeding pseudoaneurysm in patients with chronic pancreatitis is a rare yet lethal complication. Mortality rates can reach as high as 40% depending on patient clinical status, site and characteristics of the bleeding lesion, and the surgical procedure employed [1]. Optimal treatment of bleeding pancreatic ... | 16405731 | PMC1361773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 11; 6:3 |
Background
Peripheral nerve injury typically leads to multiple physiological alterations of the peripheral and central nervous system that includes changes in neuronal phenotype, increased excitability of spinal cord neurons, i.e., central sensitization, glial activation and disinhibition [1]. Collectively, these pheno... | 16409637 | PMC1361774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 12; 7:4 |
Background
The combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is considered worldwide the standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer [1-3]. This chemotherapy is highly effective, and about half of the patients show a clinical complete remission after six cycles [1]. Unfortunately, most of the... | 16398939 | PMC1361775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 7; 6:5 |
Background
Panda (s) is an autosomal recessive mutation, which causes overall white with spots of wild-type plumage in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) (Figure 1) [1]. When they hatched, they have several brown spots in head, back and tail. After grew up, the spots become wild-type plumage color. Numbers and patt... | 16405738 | PMC1361776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 12; 7:2 |
Background
One of the most promising tools available today to researchers in the life sciences is high-density oligonucleotide array technology [1]. Denoted as GeneChips®, high-density oligonucleotide arrays allow one to monitor the relative expression of tens of thousands of genes in a single assay. Upon its introduct... | 16403228 | PMC1361777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 10; 7:12 |
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are two of the most important examples of emerging and resurging pathogens. Currently, there are no effective drugs available to treat these infections. Moreover, infections by diverse neurotropic flaviviruses are clinically... | 0 | PMC1361778 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e139 |
The Registrar General of India's Sample Registration System (SRS), a large routine demographic survey, is the country's primary system for the collection of fertility and mortality data (
Box 1). It is widely regarded as an innovative way of capturing essential information on mortality patterns that may influence publi... | 16464134 | PMC1361779 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 14; 3(2):e103 |
Development efforts in rural Africa over the last few decades have achieved improvements in living conditions and in health. It has been argued that when such changes occur, there will be a subsequent reduction in birth rates, and experience in other parts of the developing world has tended to bear out this prediction.... | 0 | PMC1361780 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e133 |
Introduction
Despite improving living conditions and reduced infant mortality, rural Africa has not experienced the rapid demographic transition to low birth rates that characterize populations in the developed world [
1,
2]. With the aid of new development initiatives, living and health conditions have been improving ... | 16464132 | PMC1361781 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e87 |
Introduction
Flaviviruses are small (40–60 nm) enveloped viruses with a single-stranded positive–sense RNA genome that is approximately 11 kb long. The genomic RNA encodes a single polyprotein that is processed into three structural and seven nonstructural proteins [
1]. The mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as the Japa... | 16464133 | PMC1361782 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e96 |
Background
The gap between the growth rate of biological sequence databases and the capability to characterise experimentally the roles and functions associated with these new sequences is constantly increasing [1]. This results in an accumulation of raw data that can lead to an increase in our biological knowledge onl... | 16354297 | PMC1361783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:49:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 14; 6:302 |
Background
Tissue damage induces an inflammatory response including the production of prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE2, which activate the EP1 receptor expressed by sensory fibres. PGs produced in the spinal cord may also play an important role in the development of hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury [... | 16393343 | PMC1361784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jan 4; 6:1 |
Background
Hypertension is a leading non-communicable disease in Nigeria. It has for long been globally recognised as the most prevalent cardiovascular disease. Increased left ventricular (LV) mass is a recognised complication of systemic hypertension and has been shown to be an important predictor of cardiovascular mo... | 16426452 | PMC1361785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jan 20; 6:4 |
Background
The incidence of natural cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases is related to age: scrapie incidence in sheep typically peaks between 2 and 3 years of age [1], bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) incidence in cattle peaks at around 5 to 7 years of age [2] and variant C... | 16405727 | PMC1361786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 11; 6:5 |
Background
The importance of nutrition during pregnancy has long been appreciated. Overall nutritional adequacy, i.e., a sufficient supply of calories and protein, is a major determinant of weight gain during pregnancy [1,2]. Maternal intake of carbohydrates and protein [3], fatty acids [4], and micronutrients such as ... | 16356183 | PMC1361787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 15; 5:135 |
Background
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and 5) are phospholipase C linked G protein coupled receptors widely expressed in the mammalian nervous system [1]. Both mGluR1 and mGluR5 are often expressed near the post-synaptic density where they regulate synaptic strength by mediating several forms of sy... | 16393337 | PMC1361788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 4; 7:1 |
Background
Treatment of human malignant gliomas often includes surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation; however, it is common for such tumors to recur despite adjuvant therapy [1]. The recurrent tumor is often resistant to further therapy with the same agent, suggesting that cells which survive treatm... | 16393339 | PMC1361789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 4; 6:2 |
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