text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
For most organisms, expressed sequence tag (EST) datasets represent the largest collection of genetic sequences available. As of June 2005 more than forty organisms have more than 100,000 ESTs in GenBank dbEST [1], including barley (Hordeum vulgare) with over 395,000 ESTs. Most ESTs contain only part of the ... | 16401345 | PMC1361790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 9; 7:7 |
Results
Studying the cellular transcriptome and its dynamics using microarray technology has become a common place application in modern biomedical research [1]. Dedicated databases [i.e. [2-4]] store several hundreds of individual microarray datasets and are growing exponentially. Many different commercial and researc... | 16372901 | PMC1361791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 22; 6:307 |
Background
When the UK National Health Service began some 50 years ago, over 75% of British mothers initiated breast-feeding in their infants [1]. By 1970, a generation later, there had been a marked decline to something like half the former rate [2]. But a new phenomenon had appeared. There was now a significant socia... | 16405729 | PMC1361792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 11; 6:5 |
Background
The technologies investigated in this study involved the use of polymeric alkylpyridinium sponge toxins, (polyalkylpyridinium salts; poly-APS) [1-3]. Poly-APS is a marine toxin preparation extracted from the sponge Reniera sarai, which can form reversible pores or lesions in cell membranes [1]. This toxin pr... | 16412248 | PMC1361793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 16; 6:6 |
Background
Recently, the evaluation of medical students in clinical settings has changed from the traditional apprenticeship model with written examinations and tutor-led evaluations to a more structured set of methods that includes modular evaluations, log books and portfolios [1]. This change in the educational envir... | 16409640 | PMC1361794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:19 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 12; 6:4 |
Background
Because cognitive function decreases with age and the number of elderly is increasing worldwide, the number of older adults with cognitive dysfunction is also increasing. Since no cure for dementia is available yet, this process will put a considerable burden on the healthcare system and on society in genera... | 16375760 | PMC1361795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Dec 23; 5:18 |
Background
Acupuncture has become increasingly accepted as a form of alternative medicine in Western countries, though it has been practiced for hundreds of years by Oriental medical doctors in South Korea. As of 2002, about 13,000 Oriental medical doctors were licensed through the national examination for medical prac... | 16412228 | PMC1361796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 13; 6:6 |
Introduction
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the accumulation of genomic abnormalities. Aneuploidy is the most frequently identified genomic abnormality in cancer and has been shown to occur early in progression, often observed in premalignant lesions. Aneuploidy is also seen in histologically normal tissue adjacent ... | 16464125 | PMC1361797 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e51 |
Cell division in animals is an exquisitely exact process. Before a cell splits, it has one set of chromosomes and one centrosome, a structure just outside the nucleus that plays an important part in the process. The chromosomes replicate, the centrosome duplicates, and the resulting two centrosomes migrate to opposite ... | 20076537 | PMC1361798 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e65 |
Students of human evolution got a big boost when the draft sequence of the chimp genome was published in 2005. Now their challenge is to comb through the combined 6 billion nucleotides for clues to the evolutionary forces that made humans odd man out in the primate family tree. Chimp and human DNA nucleotides differ by... | 20076541 | PMC1361799 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e76 |
Introduction
Although humans are highly similar to chimpanzees at the genomic sequence and protein sequence levels [1–6], the two species differ dramatically in many aspects of their biology such as bipedalism, brain size, language/speech capability, and susceptibility to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian i... | 16464126 | PMC1361800 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e52 |
Background
Haemophilus influenzae is a common pathogen among children and immuno-comprised adults with clinical manifestations that are largely type specific. The encapsulated H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) usually causes invasive infections, such as meningitis and septicemia [1], whereas the much more common nonencaps... | 16430767 | PMC1361801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:19 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 23; 6:3 |
Background
By the end of 2003, an estimated 2.1 million children worldwide were living with HIV [1]. Almost all infected children acquire HIV from their mother in utero, during delivery or during breastfeeding. Nearly 90% of pediatric infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where many countries report that more than on... | 16390553 | PMC1361802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 3; 6:1 |
Background
Pleuropulmonary pneumoblastoma (PPB) is a rare and aggressive form of childhood's malignancy [1]. PPB exhibits unique histological, biological and clinical characteristics. The term PPB was first proposed by Manivel et al [2]. Histologically, it is characterized by primitive blastemal and mesenchymal element... | 16396677 | PMC1361803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 5; 6:4 |
Background
There are an estimated 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) each year, 1.7 million of which result in death[1]. In East and southern Africa in particular, the spread of HIV infection has led to a dramatic increase in TB notifications (Figure 1), and at national level up to 60% of TB patients are co-inf... | 16343345 | PMC1361804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 12; 5:130 |
Background
Tobacco smoking remains a major cause of disease and premature death in Western societies and is an increasing health problem in developing countries [1]. Despite the health-hazards, more than 1.2 billion people in the world are daily smokers [2].
In Norway, the prevalence of daily smoking in men peaked bet... | 16379672 | PMC1361805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Dec 27; 5:142 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endogenous bronchodilator and is generated by a family of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms that utilize the semi-essential amino acid L-arginine, oxygen and NADPH as substrates to produce NO and L-citrulline [1]. In the airways, constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms – neuronal (nNOS) a... | 16409620 | PMC1363345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 12; 7(1):6 |
Background
The zebrafish has become a widely used vertebrate model system for which a large tool-box of genetic and cell biological methods has been established [1,2]. Research using zebrafish is further supported by the zebrafish sequencing project, which has facilitated the generation of microarrays for large scale e... | 16412219 | PMC1363346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
Uranium (U) is a heavy metal, which has a wide range of uses that invariably carry an exposure risk for industrial workers as well as for the general population. After an accidental absorption of U compounds, the soluble form of U is carried in the blood, filtered by the glomerulus and partly excreted in the... | 16405725 | PMC1363347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 11; 7:2 |
Background
The A-type receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) mediate the majority of fast inhibitory transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Many clinically important drugs including benzodiazepines, barbiturates and general anesthetics act as positive allosteric modulators of this receptor [1-3]. GABA... | 16412217 | PMC1363348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:1 |
This has been an unusually lengthy task reviewing these monumental two volumes of "The Modern Technology of Radiation Oncology" edited by Dr. Jacob Van Dyk (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI), but it was also an enjoyable one. Although I have been teaching these topics for years, I was overwhelmed by the depth an... | 0 | PMC1363349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jan 25; 5:5 |
Background
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioural disorder defined by symptoms of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. It is estimated that between 3–6% of school age children are diagnosed with ADHD, making it the most prevalent disorder of chi... | 16356184 | PMC1363350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2005 Dec 15; 1:24 |
Background
In the absence of a viable vaccine, current methods used for the control of malaria invariably rely on prevention through minimizing exposure to mosquitoes, and drug treatment of clinical disease. In areas of high transmission, where large numbers of malaria cases are presently inevitable, there is a relianc... | 16420686 | PMC1363351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 18; 5:1 |
Background
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins with O-linked oligosaccharides attached to serine or threonine residues of the apomucin protein backbone [1]. To date, 19 genes coding for apomucin have been identified [2-5]. Mucins are expressed with a cell and tissue-specific pattern in normal tissues [6,7]. ... | 16409634 | PMC1363352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 12; 6:4 |
Background
The family of Hepatoma derived growth factor (HDGF) and HDGF related proteins (HRPs) comprises six members which belong to different subgroups according to their length and isoelectric points. [1]. Little is known about the function of the different family members. So far, most studies addressed HDGF which w... | 16430771 | PMC1363353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:27 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 23; 7:6 |
Background
The American Dietetic Association (ADA) and Dietitians of Canada position paper on vegetarian diets officially recognizes that well-planned vegan diets are appropriate for infancy and childhood.[1] The American Academy of Pediatrics concurs.[2,3] However, the ADA position paper also concludes that raw foods ... | 16412249 | PMC1363354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Jan 16; 5:1 |
Background
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-dependent structurally-related extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading proteinases that regulate ECM composition and are also able to cleave non-matrix proteins including growth factors, chemoattractants and cell surface receptors [1,2] There are more than 20... | 16359550 | PMC1363355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:24 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Dec 16; 6(1):148 |
Background
The view that the central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically privileged site has been widely accepted based on classic experiments such as those of Medawar [1], who showed that rabbit skin allografted into the CNS failed rejection. This immunologic privilege is specifically related to the low levels ... | 16405726 | PMC1363356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jan 11; 7:1 |
Background
Selection of relevant genes for sample classification (e.g., to differentiate between patients with and without cancer) is a common task in most gene expression studies (e.g., [1-6]). When facing gene selection problems, biomedical researchers often show interest in one of the following objectives:
1. To id... | 16398926 | PMC1363357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 6; 7:3 |
Background
Embryonic patterning in mammalian peri-implantation development is a complex process requiring many signaling events to establish the future body plan. The multiplicity of isoforms of various components of these signaling pathways makes it difficult to use classical knock-out techniques to understand these p... | 16381610 | PMC1363358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Dec 28; 5:28 |
Introduction
In West Africa, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus are the main vectors of malaria, although Anopheles melas, a member of the An. gambiae complex, is known to be a malaria vector in some coastal areas [1-3].
It has been shown that An. gambiae comprises two molecular forms, M an... | 16420701 | PMC1363361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 18; 5:2 |
Background
Because there is a gap between sequence and structure, the prediction of protein structural classes is still a hot research field today. One protein usually can be classified into one of the four structural classes: all-α, all-β, α/β and α+β. Many different algorithms and efforts have been made to address th... | 16412240 | PMC1363362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:06:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 14; 7:20 |
Background
Microarray experiments provide information about gene expression within the cells under study.
Expression patterns can be uncovered from large-scale microarray data by systematically grouping genes with the help of clustering methods. Co-clustering of genes can indicate that the genes in question have a sim... | 16398927 | PMC1363365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 6; 7:2 |
The legendary chef Alice Waters, owner of the 34-year-old restaurant Chez Panisse in Berkeley, California, and the “godmother” of the organic-food movement, once famously served her customers a single peach on a plate for dessert. There was no accompanying cream or syrup. It wasn't even peeled or sliced. It was just a ... | 0 | PMC1363707 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 14; 4(2):e47 |
It's easy to say we are what we eat, but this simple statement belies the complexity of metabolic signalling that goes into balancing food intake with energy expenditure. One hormone in particular—insulin—is a critically important regulator of whole body energy metabolism. It is secreted from the pancreas when blood gl... | 16464129 | PMC1363709 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 14; 4(2):e49 |
At about midnight on 7 September 2004, a mother arrived at her 11-year-old daughter's bedside in a provincial hospital in Thailand. She sat down, hugged and kissed her child, and wiped secretions from her mouth. Little did she know that her daughter's breathing difficulties were caused by the deadly H5N1 avian influenz... | 16464130 | PMC1363710 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 14; 4(2):e50 |
An article in
PLoS Biology was downloaded more than 40,000 times in the span of a single November week. It was not a cure for cancer, it was not the discovery of a new link in human evolution. It was a paper entitled “Ultrasonic Songs of Male Mice” by Tim Holy and Zhongsheng Guo, and, as the title aptly indicates, it d... | 17523265 | PMC1363712 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Feb 14; 4(2):e55 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease is the most common serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Coronary atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy occur as a result of the metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes [1]. These physical changes require years to develop in humans following the onset of chronic hyperglycemi... | 16423284 | PMC1363717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Jan 19; 5:2 |
Introduction
GIS
The use of information technologies such as the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has great potential for the management of chronic disease and the analysis of clinical and administrative health care data.
Geographic mapping of health phenomena has been well-known since the dot maps created by Snow... | 16417626 | PMC1363718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 17; 5:3 |
Background
As an ex-British colony in China, Hong Kong sees a thriving practice in both Western and Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Chinese often adopt the jargons of TCM to describe the symptoms. It is the authors' observation that the Chinese term "Hot Qi" is often used by parents to describe symptoms in their ch... | 16393344 | PMC1363719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 5; 2:2 |
Introduction
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is an integral part of lung defense mechanisms, enabling efficient clearance of inhaled particles, including microorganisms, from the respiratory tract [1,2]. Airway infections and ciliary dysfunctions can lead to impaired mucus transport [3,4] and can thereby enhance the fracti... | 16423294 | PMC1363720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 19; 7(1):10 |
Background
Developing countries currently bear fifty-percent of the global cancer burden and, are projected to bear sixty-percent by the year 2020 [1]. The rise in the cancer case-incidence is for the most part ascribed to social, lifestyle and environmental changes concurrent with economic development and globalizatio... | 16390555 | PMC1363721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Jan 3; 4:1 |
Background
Inductively coupled radio frequency (rf) probes have long been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies (please see a review on this area in [1], and the references therein). These probes principally consist of two coils (a primary coil (PC) and a secondary coil (SC)) with no physical connection in b... | 16401343 | PMC1363722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jan 9; 5:3 |
Introduction
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) have been shown to provide significant protection against early childhood mortality under a range of malaria settings in Africa [1], reduce the incidence of clinical malaria and anaemia in young children [1,2] and are regarded as a cost-effective public health interventio... | 16436216 | PMC1363723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:41 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 26; 5:5 |
Background and rationale
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioural disorders in childhood and may persist into adulthood. According to conservative estimates, its prevalence is around 3–5% [1]. Including subclinical cases with less stringent criteria used the percentage may r... | 16403217 | PMC1363724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 10; 2:2 |
Background
Idiopathic scoliosis is estimated to affect about 2–3% of adolescent females age 10–16 years [1-3]. Scoliosis is a postural deformity characterized as a lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10°, measured by the Cobb method on standing upright spine radiographs [4]. While most cases of scoliosis are cl... | 16409627 | PMC1363725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jan 12; 14:1 |
New inhibitors
To date, the only commercially available anti-retroviral drugs target three viral proteins, HIV reverse transcriptase, protease, and gp41. In view of the emergence of drug resistance and toxicities associated with the use of current retroviral inhibitors, the need remains for new drugs whose resistance p... | 16405737 | PMC1363726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Jan 11; 3:1 |
Background
Posttranscriptional events determine the fate of cellular and viral mRNAs through concerted actions promoting nuclear trafficking and cytoplasmic transport, stabilization and translation. Simian type D (SRV/D) retroviruses and intracisternal A-particle retroelements (IAP) have provided us with unique mRNA tr... | 16412225 | PMC1363727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 13; 3:6 |
Background
In chronic hepatitis B, prolonged antiviral therapy with nucleoside analogues, such as lamivudine, is often necessary but may result in the emergence of escape mutants which can be detected in as many as 70% of patients, after 4 years of therapy [1]. Adefovir dipivoxil has potent antiviral activity on lamivu... | 16405720 | PMC1363728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Jan 11; 5:1 |
Background
The interstitial compartment of the lung is kept at a subatmospheric pressure in physiological conditions, a feature shared by other compartments where extravascular water is kept at a least amount. In the lung, a relatively "dry" interstitial space allows a minimum thickness of the air-blood barrier to opti... | 16412226 | PMC1363731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 13; 7(1):7 |
Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of an aggressive leukemia known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), as well as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and HTLV-1 uveitis (HU). These diseases develop usually after more than 40 years of clinical latenc... | 16409643 | PMC1363732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 13; 3:5 |
Introduction
RNA silencing is often considered as a potent nucleic acid-based immune system. In fact, invading nucleic acids can be recognised by some cells as undesirable, by a mechanism that is not yet totally unravelled, and are silenced by a process based on 21–25 nt long small RNAs. A now classical example of this... | 16409629 | PMC1363733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 12; 3:3 |
Introduction
Although considerable progress has been made in developing successful anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drugs and drug therapies, there are serious problems with drug toxicity and the development of drug-resistant viral strains. HIV-1 can develop resistance to all 21 of the currently approve... | 16485036 | PMC1364504 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e10 |
Introduction
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins embedded in the cell surface that transmit signals to cells in response to stimuli such as light, Ca2+, odorants, amino acids, nucleotides, peptides, or proteins and mediate many physiological functions through their interaction with hetero... | 16485037 | PMC1364505 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e13 |
Introduction
Ribosomes are large ribonucleoprotein assemblies that conduct the process of translation of the genetic code. They are composed of two asymmetric subunits, small and large, which associate through a network of intermolecular interactions. Many antibiotics, which are widely used in the treatment of bacteria... | 16485038 | PMC1364506 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:37 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e10 |
Individuals in the United States paradoxically long for and dread old age. The alternative to growing old is an outcome few of us would prefer. But aging seems inevitably associated with decline. Independent choices, a hallmark of adulthood, can be lost between one day and the next with a heart attack, a stroke, or a f... | 0 | PMC1364510 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:14 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A01 |
Introduction
As the population of older adults in the United States increases, state public health agencies are confronted with new opportunities and challenges (1). These agencies recognize the need to form new partnerships and develop effective and innovative approaches for addressing the needs of older adults (2). ... | 15963304 | PMC1364511 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:58 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A02 |
The world's population as a whole is living longer. Population aging is a trend that will bring new social, political, and economic demands to countries throughout the world (1). Without proactive steps to create individual and environmental changes that promote aging well, the escalating costs of health and social sup... | 15963305 | PMC1364512 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:21:01 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A03 |
Introduction
Healthy People 2010 is a national initiative that has set specific health and health care objectives (1). These performance targets include the delivery of adult clinical preventive services such as cancer screening and vaccinations. Studies of the effectiveness of these services have been reviewed by the... | 15963306 | PMC1364513 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:21:02 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A04 |
Introduction
Clinical trials provide strong support for using 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) (1-7). Statins are a relatively safe and well-tolerated class of agents that have proven to be effective in treating lipid dis... | 15963307 | PMC1364514 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A05 |
Introduction
The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) is a national probability survey designed to provide information on characteristics of inpatients discharged from nonfederal short-stay hospitals in the United States (1). The NHDS is a major data source for many health studies (2,3). Conducted annually by the... | 15963308 | PMC1364515 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:00 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A06 |
Introduction
As the number of older adults continues to rise and mortality rates decrease, health providers must treat a growing population of individuals with chronic illness. An important determinant of chronic illness is social context, and new studies are being designed to examine how a person's social environment... | 15963309 | PMC1364516 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:24 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A07 |
Introduction
The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the health coalitions and communities in Wisconsin that were successful in enacting smoke-free restaurant ordinances had characteristics that were different from health coalitions and communities that failed to enact these ordinances.
Since the earl... | 15963310 | PMC1364517 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A08 |
Introduction
Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that Latinos may not be as protected from mortality events associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as postulated in earlier studies (1). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Mexican Americans, who represent the largest percentage of the U.S. Hispanic pop... | 15963311 | PMC1364518 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A09 |
Introduction
Cancer incidence data
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimated that in 2003, the annual direct and indirect costs of cancer were approximately $189.5 billion (1). Despite the recent reports of a decrease in age-adjusted cancer death rates (2-5), costs are likely to increase. Because of the growt... | 15963312 | PMC1364519 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A10 |
Introduction
Regular physical activity has emerged as an important component of a healthy lifestyle. People who exercise regularly live longer and are healthier than those who are sedentary (1-5). Arthritis often leads to decreased physical activity, which over time reduces joint mobility, strength, fitness, and exerc... | 15963313 | PMC1364520 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:48 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A11 |
Introduction
Historically, state-based chronic disease prevention and control programs have focused on the most prevalent chronic conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Because these programs have decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with these major conditions, health profession... | 15963314 | PMC1364521 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:10 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A12 |
Introduction
Reports related to sex differences in functional outcomes after stroke are limited. In one study, women with stroke fared worse than men with stroke on the Camden test, a scale of 16 questions used to assess mental ability relating to orientation and awareness of current affairs (1). Sheikh et al (2) have... | 15963315 | PMC1364522 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:15:26 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A13 |
Introduction
Diabetes is a complex, chronic disease consisting of a group of conditions resulting from the impaired production or effectiveness of insulin (1). It is increasingly important to conduct surveillance to accurately assess the prevalence of diabetes and its complications. The global prevalence of diabetes i... | 15963316 | PMC1364523 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:18:18 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A14 |
Chronic Disease Surveillance Indicators
In 1999, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) released Indicators for Chronic Disease Surveillance (1), a publication that provided standard definitions for 73 indicators developed by epidemiologists and chronic disease program directors at the state and f... | 15963317 | PMC1364524 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A15 |
Introduction
The physical and mental health status of older adults can range from very healthy to very unhealthy (1). Because improvements in life-saving disease treatments now allow many older adults to live longer with a wide range of chronic health conditions, traditional measures of morbidity and mortality used to... | 15963318 | PMC1364525 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A16 |
Introduction
Age-related eye diseases (AREDs) that lead to low vision and blindness are a growing challenge for public health professionals (1). New estimates for the prevalence of AREDs and vision loss became available in 2004 from The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group and showed that 1 in 28 Americans aged older... | 15963319 | PMC1364526 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A17 |
Introduction
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Neorickettsia sennetsu are small (approximately 0.4–1.5 μm), pleomorphic α-Proteobacteria. These bacteria are human pathogens that replicate in membrane-bound compartments inside host granulocytes (A. phagocytophilum) or monocytes/macrophages (E. chaff... | 16482227 | PMC1366493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e21 |
Introduction
How much do different classes of sequence polymorphisms contribute to human phenotypic variation and disease susceptibility? Traditionally, because they are abundant and easily detectable, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been expected to contribute most. Larger-scale polymorphisms, such as dupl... | 16482228 | PMC1366494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e20 |
Introduction
Transcriptional regulation plays a central role in metazoan development by establishing cell-specific patterns of gene expression that represent coordinate responses to extrinsic signals and intrinsic programming [1,2]. Thus, detailed knowledge of the genes that are spatially and temporally coexpressed at ... | 16482229 | PMC1366495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 17; 2(2):e16 |
Elemental mercury (Hg0), the silvery liquid most people associate with thermometers, is a liquid metal at room temperature. More than 13 times heavier than water, 1 tablespoon of Hg0 has a mass of about 150 g, and 1 L of Hg0 has a mass of about 13.5 kg. Hg0 evaporates slowly to produce vapors, the primary health concer... | 16451846 | PMC1367823 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 29; 114(2):147-152 |
The business of chemistry takes very seriously its responsibility to protect people and the environment throughout the entire life cycle of its products. This commitment is embodied in the product stewardship aspects of Responsible Care [American Chemistry Council (ACC) 2005a], the ACC’s initiative to continuously impr... | 16451847 | PMC1367824 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 6; 114(2):153-155 |
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an idiopathic disease of the nervous system characterized clinically by parkinsonism: chronic progressive tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The major pathologic feature of PD is the profound loss of pigmented neurons, mainly in the pars compacta of the substantia nigr... | 16451848 | PMC1367825 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 7; 114(2):156-164 |
In 1959 Richard Feynman’s seminal talk on nanotechnology, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” presented what was theoretically possible by manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scales. Today, nanotechnology is an applied science, a rapidly growing industry generating a diverse array of nanoscale materials... | 16451849 | PMC1367826 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 20; 114(2):165-172 |
There is growing public awareness of risk of methylmercury exposure associated with fish consumption (Hightower and Moore 2003; Knobeloch et al. 2005). Although omega-3 fatty acids in fish have been associated with healthful benefits, there is increasing evidence that the methylmercury content in some fish, if consumed... | 16451850 | PMC1367827 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 21; 114(2):173-175 |
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have for decades been applied as additive flame retardants in polymers in electronics and electric goods, and in rubber, plastics, and textiles (Alaee et al. 2003). The technical mixture of decabromodiphenyl ether, in which BDE-209 is the major congener, now dominates the market a... | 16451851 | PMC1367828 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 21; 114(2):176-181 |
Jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) has been recognized as a major source of chemical exposure for fuel-cell maintenance workers [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1998; National Research Council 2003]. Despite the increasing number of studies conducted on JP-8 (Carlton and Smith 2000; Egeghy et al. 200... | 16451852 | PMC1367829 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 29; 114(2):182-185 |
A series of International Agency for Research on Cancer multinational studies of workers involved in the production of chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols indicated excess mortality from cancer, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and possibly diabetes in association with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exp... | 16451853 | PMC1367830 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 6; 114(2):186-193 |
Several groups of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, including dioxins and poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are known to induce developmental toxicity (e.g., Peterson et al. 1993; Schantz 1996). These compounds also exert endocrine-modulating effects that are likely to underlie some of their developmental actions... | 16451854 | PMC1367831 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 6; 114(2):194-201 |
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of structurally related chemicals that persist in the environment and may bio-accumulate in animal sources of food and in human tissues. These compounds have been shown to exert a ... | 16451855 | PMC1367832 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 13; 114(2):202-208 |
Ozone is an oxidant gas that is an important component of urban air pollution. It is generated from oxygen by photochemical reactions involving oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons produced by combustion. Environmental O3 standards and guidelines include those of the World Health Organization (WHO 2000) and European Uni... | 16451856 | PMC1367833 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 29; 114(2):209-212 |
Previous studies of dry cleaners, primarily from the United States, indicated that exposure to tetrachloroethylene may cause an increased risk of cancer of the esophagus and cervix uteri and of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1995]. We investigated the incidence of selecte... | 16451857 | PMC1367834 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 13; 114(2):213-219 |
The adverse health effects of exposure to high arsenic levels, including a deterioration of skin on the hands (Dibner 1958), were recognized as early as 1556. The effects of exposure to As were reported four centuries later by Hutchison, who described skin carcinoma in patients treated with arsenical-based compounds (H... | 16451858 | PMC1367835 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 13; 114(2):220-227 |
Recreational waters are monitored worldwide to protect the health of bathers from infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogens that are associated with the pollution of natural recreational waters by human and animal feces, and the results of monitoring are the basis for corrective action where necessary. Water q... | 16451859 | PMC1367836 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 29; 114(2):228-236 |
In 1990–1991, an outbreak of neural tube defects (NTDs) occurred in Cameron County, Texas (USA), a south Texas county bordering Mexico wherein six anencephalic births occurred in 6 weeks at one hospital. NTDs are embryonic defects of the brain and spinal cord resulting from failure of the neural tube to close. Spina bi... | 16451860 | PMC1367837 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 29; 114(2):237-241 |
Several epidemiologic study designs are used to investigate air pollution and health, applying different methods for estimating health risks associated with variations in exposure across spatial and temporal gradients. Studies are often classified according to the type of data: individual- or aggregate-level data on ex... | 16451861 | PMC1367838 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 3; 114(2):242-247 |
Public exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields from sources such as radio and television (TV) broadcasting is common in industrialized countries. As of 1999, an estimated 14,000 radio and TV stations were on the air in the United States [Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 1999]. Public concerns about the potential... | 16451862 | PMC1367839 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 20; 114(2):248-253 |
The importance of pre- and postnatal development for the onset of diseases later in life is recognized but not well understood. Thus, assessing fetal and infant exposure to environmental neurotoxicants and the developmental implications may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.... | 16451863 | PMC1367840 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 6; 114(2):254-259 |
The National Research Council (NRC) report Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (NRC 1993) concluded that dietary intake represents the major source of pesticide exposure for infants and children, and this exposure may account for the increased pesticide-related health risks in children compared with adults.... | 16451864 | PMC1367841 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 1; 114(2):260-263 |
The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires that children’s risks to pesticide exposures from all sources be considered during the tolerance-setting process. An initial assessment of critical exposure pathways for children indicates that dermal contact may result in high residential exposures to pesticides (Cohen ... | 16451865 | PMC1367842 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 20; 114(2):264-269 |
Phthalates are chemicals with known endocrine-disrupting effects in rodents. Animal studies suggest that prenatal exposure to certain phthalates, specifically di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), induces adverse effects on the male fetus that are distinct from effects seen in adult animals. DB... | 16451866 | PMC1367843 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 7; 114(2):270-276 |
Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States, and its hospitalization rates have more than doubled in the last two decades (Leader and Kohlhase 2002; Shay et al. 1999). It has been reported that 40–50% of children diagnosed with bronchiolitis suffer from subsequent wheezing and airw... | 16451867 | PMC1367844 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 25; 114(2):277-281 |
Before the reunification of Germany in 1989, outdoor mass concentration of total suspended particles (TSPs) was higher in East Germany than in West Germany because of emissions from industry and domestic sources, but traffic-related air pollution was higher in West Germany than in East Germany. During the first years a... | 16451868 | PMC1367845 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 20; 114(2):282-288 |
The four articles in this mini-monograph represent a cross-section of results from human studies on mercury exposure and health outcomes presented at the most recent International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant (ICMGP) held 28 June to 2 July 2004 in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
The ICGMP provides a needed global ... | 16451869 | PMC1367846 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 18; 114(2):289 |
The central nervous system is the critical organ for elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) exposure [World Health Organization (WHO) 1976]. Postmortem studies (Byrne et al. 1995; Falnoga et al. 2000; Kosta et al. 1975) have shown that the accumulation of Hg in the brains of ex-mercury miners was very high even several years af... | 16451870 | PMC1367847 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 18; 114(2):290-296 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.