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Mercury (Hg) is currently one of the most prevalent pollutants in the environment. It is highly bioconcentrated through the food chain and damages mainly nerves and immune systems. It is harmful both to humans and animals (Clarkson 1997).
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient with important biological and bioche... | 16451871 | PMC1367848 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 18; 114(2):297-301 |
Fish constitutes the main dietary protein source for many populations worldwide. However, the presence of methylmercury (MeHg) in fish flesh can affect the health of frequent fish consumers. Health risk assessment requires fitting the level of exposure of food-borne contaminants to a mathematical function relating expo... | 16451872 | PMC1367849 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 18; 114(2):302-306 |
Organic compounds of mercury have a variety of industrial uses, and most of the data relating to the neurotoxic effects of mercury exposure have been derived from occupational populations (Chipman et al. 1995). However, in the 1950s a potential risk to the wider community was highlighted when large numbers of people li... | 16451873 | PMC1367850 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb 18; 114(2):307-312 |
The field of environmental health science is now a recognized and respected branch of science in American and worldwide academia. One of the pioneers who had a major role in the establishment of environmental health as a true scientific discipline was Norton Nelson, the founder and first chair of the Department and the... | 16451837 | PMC1367851 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A78-A79 |
Environmental health science investigators train for many years to acquire the in-depth knowledge and expertise critical to successful research. The inherent components of hypothesis generation, study design, methodology, analysis, and interpretation of research which are central to the investigative process take years... | 16451838 | PMC1367852 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A80 |
Lanphear et al. (2005) pooled data from seven prospective studies that had been initiated to test the effect of prenatal and early childhood lead exposure. The primary investigators of these studies had planned the studies so that the sequence of data collection might shed light on the question of early causation. At t... | 16451840 | PMC1367853 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A85-A86 |
As described in our original article (Lanphear et al. 2005), we decided a priori to focus our analyses on the blood lead (BPb) variable that had the strongest association with IQ (intelligence quotient) scores. This decision was made to limit the number of analyses and to minimize problems with multiple comparisons. Th... | 0 | PMC1367854 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A86-A87 |
I read the article by Paul et al. (2005) with interest. Although the authors devoted considerable energy and resources to their study, I believe that the experimental design is fundamentally flawed and the authors’ conclusions are not supported by the facts. The flaw in this grazing experiment is that the control treat... | 16451841 | PMC1367855 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A87-A88 |
I am writing with regard to a misleading photograph and caption in the article “Children’s Centers Study Kids and Chemicals” (Phillips 2005) published in the October 2005 issue of EHP. The article includes the following caption (p. A 665):
Mothers, babies, and chemicals. Researchers are studying whether variations in ... | 16451843 | PMC1367856 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A89-A90 |
Azziz-Baumgartner et al. noticed two errors in “Case–Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak—Kenya?” [
Environ Health Perspect 113:1779–1783]. The units in Figure 2 and Table 2 should be nanograms per milligram instead of micrograms per milligram. The errors were introduced when new figures and tables were gen... | 0 | PMC1367857 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A90 |
Domoic acid, a naturally occurring marine toxin, causes acute symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, and memory loss in people sickened by eating contaminated shellfish. Now a recent study reveals that exposure to even tiny amounts of domoic acid in utero may produce subtle, long-term cognitive impairment in rats. T... | 16482663 | PMC1367858 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A94 |
More than 600 disorders affect the nervous system, and neurological disorders strike an estimated 50 million Americans annually. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is the NIH institute charged with overseeing research on these conditions. The NINDS website at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ p... | 0 | PMC1367859 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A97 |
For the last two years, scientists across the country have been working together in a highly collaborative effort to uncover the links between exposure to environmental pollutants, puberty, and development of breast cancer. On 10–11 November 2005 the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Centers (BCERCs), a joint ... | 16451845 | PMC1367860 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A98-A99 |
Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Davidson LK, Krause JA, et al. 2005. Cancer Res 65(23):11174–11184.
The incidence of breast cancer is up to fives times higher in women living in industrialized nations compared to those living in developing countries, and female night shift workers have particularly high ... | 0 | PMC1367861 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A99 |
The notion that some substances in the environment can damage the nervous system has an ancient history. The neurotoxicity of lead was recognized more than 2,000 years ago by the Greek physician Dioscerides, who wrote, “Lead makes the mind give way.” In the intervening millennia many other substances have been added to... | 16451834 | PMC1367862 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A100-A107 |
The world is holding its collective breath. Governments and health organizations are feverishly preparing, stockpiling drugs and vaccines, and formulating contingency plans. Headlines are coughing out dire predictions of up to 100 million deaths worldwide and devastating economic consequences. Experts are chillingly wa... | 16451835 | PMC1367863 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A108-A111 |
The amounts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in human tissues, particularly breast milk, are rising steadily. PBDEs are flame retardants that reduce fire risks when added to electronic equipment and household products. Epidemiologic studies have yet to show conclusive evidence of PBDE toxicity in humans.... | 0 | PMC1367864 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A113-A114 |
Recent U.S. studies have linked dry cleaners’ exposure to tetra-chloroethylene, a solvent used in the industry, to an increased risk for a number of cancers, including esophageal, lung, and cervical cancer. Results of other studies on bladder and pancreatic cancer are equivocal. Still other studies have shown an increa... | 0 | PMC1367865 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A114 |
As the Gulf Coast was being overwhelmed by Hurricane Katrina on 31 August 2005, the NIEHS Worker Education and Training Program (WETP), its awardees, and its National Clearing-house for Worker Safety and Health Training developed a PowerPoint presentation that covered all of the pertinent government guidance available ... | 0 | PMC1367866 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A115 |
Genetic and Genomic Analyses of Xenopus
For the past few years, the international research community has been generating genetic and genomic data and reagents for the model systems, X. tropicalis and X. laevis. These products include: 1) cDNA libraries and EST sequences; 2) UniGene clusters; 3) full-insert cDNA clones ... | 0 | PMC1367867 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A116-A117 |
In their article McDaniel et al. (2005) presented three case studies, one involving an evaluation by Sciences International, Inc. (Pepelko et al. 2004), of which I am the president and CEO. This case study was related to the reregistration of phosphine by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). McDaniel et al. ... | 16451839 | PMC1367868 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A84a |
We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Anderson’s letter. We do thank Anderson for providing details on the review process for the article eventually published in Risk Analysis (Pepelko et al. 2004) that was based on Sciences International’s work for the Phosphine Coalition. In our article (McDaniel et al. 2005), ... | 0 | PMC1367869 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A84b-A85 |
We thank Evans for his interest in our article (Paul et al. 2005) and for his comments. He appears to have misunderstood the purpose of our study, which was to provide evidence as to whether or not the complex mixture of chemicals that are present in treated sewage sludge are able to exert any effects on the developing... | 0 | PMC1367870 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A88a |
In our article “Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure” (Swan et al. 2005), we reported results of our recent study on the relationship between anogenital distance (AGD) in boys and their mother’s urinary concentration of phthalate metabolites (Swan et al. 2005).
The primar... | 16451842 | PMC1367871 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A88b-A89 |
The airlines of the developing world are being advised by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to bank their stocks of halons—chemicals vital for extinguishing aircraft fires—as the 2010 deadline to cease production approaches. Most developed nations already have plans for halon recycling and banking systems... | 16451844 | PMC1367872 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A95a |
Back-Door Cigarette Marketing?
At a time when marketing restrictions make it harder for tobacco manufacturers to reach the youth market, a number of new candy- and liqueur-flavored tobacco products are hitting the market. A review of internal tobacco industry documents published in the November/December 2005 issue of H... | 0 | PMC1367873 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A95b-A97 |
A gene linked to familial Parkinson disease (PD) may protect neurons from oxidative damage, according to two independent studies in the fruit fly Drosophila. Flies lacking the DJ-1 gene showed selective sensitivity to widely used agricultural toxicants that kill neurons mainly through oxidative stress. The studies, pub... | 16482664 | PMC1367874 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A96a |
About 10% of the asthmatic population has a severe form of the disease that can require progressively higher doses of corticosteroid drugs to manage the symptoms. Now a new therapeutic approach, described in the December 2005 issue of Thorax, may help people whose severe asthma symptoms no longer respond to steroid tre... | 16482665 | PMC1367875 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A96b |
Conventional agriculture includes the use of pesticides to control insects in vegetable, fruit, wheat, and other crops, so it’s no surprise that foods derived from these crops can therefore contain pesticide residues. What’s in question, though, is what these exposures amount to in terms of body burden. Risk-defining d... | 0 | PMC1367876 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A112a |
Chemical flame retardants containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have attracted growing attention in recent years from toxicologists. Unlike their chemical cousins, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), environmental levels of PBDE compounds are increasing, as are concentrations found in human breast... | 0 | PMC1367877 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A112b-A113 |
By Ronald J. Trent
Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2005. 320 pp. ISBN: 0-12-699057-3, $79.95
The third edition of Molecular Medicine: An Introductory Text, like the previous editions, continues to provide a contemporary and succinct overview of DNA in medicine. Chapter topics include a history of molecular medicine, DNA, RNA, ge... | 0 | PMC1367878 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A126a |
A Field Guide for Science Writers: The Official Guide of the National Association of Science Writers, 2nd Ed.
Deborah Blum, Mary Knudson, Robin Marantz Henig, eds.
New York:Oxford University Press, 2005. 368 pp. ISBN: 0-19-517498-4, $54.50
Bioterrorism Preparedness: Medicine, Public Health, Policy
Nancy Khardori
H... | 0 | PMC1367879 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb; 114(2):A126b |
Background
Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), a genetically heterogeneous condition with at least three subtypes, is considered to be a monogenic model of the common "metabolic syndrome" [1]. FPLD subtype 2 (FPLD2, MIM 151660) results from mutations in nuclear lamin A/C encoded by LMNA (MIM 151330), a... | 16412238 | PMC1368963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 14; 7:3 |
Background
Measures of oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) provide essential information when assessing the treatment needs of individuals and populations, making clinical decisions and evaluating interventions, services and programs. The only measures of this kind currently available for children are the Chil... | 16423298 | PMC1368964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 19; 4:4 |
Background
On 13 November 2002, the single-hulled petrol tanker, Prestige, carrying 77,033 tonnes of heavy fuel, suffered serious damage requiring the evacuation of the crew. Six days later, the ship broke in two off the south-west coast of Finisterre, Galicia (Spain), and sank to a depth of 3,500 metres (approximately... | 16390547 | PMC1368965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 3; 6:1 |
Introduction
The Land of Israel has absorbed millions of immigrants at the last several centuries. Bedouins and the Druze arrived on account of internal Middle Eastern politics in the early Ottoman period (16th–17th centuries). Other different ethnic groups such as Bosnians and Circassians were deported from their home... | 16401348 | PMC1368966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:29 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 9; 2:4 |
Background
Lupus anticoagulants (LAs) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies directed against phospholipidbinding (PL-binding) proteins or complexes of PLs and proteins [1]. By definition, LAs prolong clotting times in one or several PL-dependent coagulation assays (APTT, RVVT, PT) [2,3].
The lupus ratio (LR) test is... | 16436199 | PMC1368967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Jan 25; 4:3 |
Background
Wheat is an important staple food because of its characteristics of high nutritional value, technical properties and the long shelf life of the kernels. The wheat endosperm contains 8–15% protein, of which 80% is gliadins and glutenins. Hexaploid Triticum aestivum or bread wheat originated around 8,000 years... | 16403227 | PMC1368968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Background
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome (birth incidence of 1 per 350000), first described in 1927 as a progressive lethal anaemia associated with brown pigmentation of skin [1,2]. Subsequently, this term was extended to a syndrome that includes pancytopenia with hypoplastic bone marrow, s... | 16412234 | PMC1368969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jan 13; 2:1 |
Background
Muscular fatigue is a complex process that is most often defined as an exercise induced reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force [1,2], and has been studied over numerous exercises for decades in an attempt to understand and identify the mechanisms that lead to the loss of force production [1].... | 16412256 | PMC1368970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Jan 16; 5:2 |
Introduction
Aboriginal peoples have resided in British Columbia since the end of the last ice age 12,000 years ago [1]. Archaeological evidence suggests that these first peoples arrived here through successive migrations across a land bridge spanning the Bering Strait and then arrived here either along the coast [2] o... | 16375771 | PMC1368971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2005 Dec 24; 2:26 |
Background
Pim-1, 2 and 3 make up a group of closely related mammalian serine/threonine kinases that form part of the calmodulin dependent protein kinase family [1,2]. Pim-1 was first identified as an oncogenic gene in murine T-cell lymphomas, which became activated after pro-viral insertion in the 3'UTR of the Pim-1 g... | 16403219 | PMC1368972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Introduction
Vancouver's Downtown Eastside (DTES) has been the site of an explosive HIV and HCV epidemic associated with a large open illicit drug use scene[1,2]. The health related concerns of injection drug use, particularly blood borne transmission, have been documented extensively [3,4]. In response to these health... | 16403229 | PMC1368973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Background
Increased pharyngeal collapsibility is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). It results from the combination of anatomical abnormalities of the upper airway with changes in neural activation mechanisms [1,2]. Several structural changes in facial morphology have been implied in OSA pathogenesis, s... | 16417639 | PMC1368974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 17; 7(1):8 |
Background
Training in Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Skills has been widely implemented throughout medical school and residency curricula. The quality of training that medical students receive in the US has not been consistent, while residents who attended medical school outside the US may not have received adequate EB... | 16403214 | PMC1368975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 10; 6:1 |
Background
In old age, muscle weakness due to sarcopenia is responsible for the development of frailty and important disability [1-3]. Especially in institutionalised elderly persons, muscle strength can deteriorate to a point where it becomes critical for independence of transfers and walking.
There is strong evidenc... | 16372905 | PMC1368976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Dec 22; 5:17 |
Background
Partial breast irradiation for breast cancer is being tested in randomised trials[1]. In the TARGIT trial [2] patients can receive the TARGeted Intraoperative radioTherapy either during the primary operation or as a second procedure. Over 300 patients have been randomised in this multi-centre trial to date.
... | 16417631 | PMC1368977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 17; 4:2 |
Background
The bacterial DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme has the remarkable ability to polymerize long stretches of DNA at great speeds (~750 bases per second for the E. coli enzyme) without dissociating from its template [1-3]. The β subunit of the holoenzyme is required for efficient processivity in bacteria. This prot... | 16403212 | PMC1368978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jan 10; 6:2 |
Background
Following the common cold, otitis media (OM), or inflammation of the middle ear, is the most frequent illness resulting in visits to physicians and the most common cause of hearing impairment in children [1]. The majority of the cases of OM are caused by three pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable... | 16433908 | PMC1368979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 24; 6:12 |
Background
Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, contributes substantially and directly to cardiovascular risk as well as exacerbating associated risk factors such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes [1,2]. Although weight loss has been shown to reverse many of these associated risk factors[3] defining optim... | 16403234 | PMC1368980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 11; 3:7 |
Introduction
Chicken nephroblastomas induced by MAV1-N represent a unique animal model of the Wilms tumor, a kidney cancer occurring in young children at a frequency of about 1:6000 births. Early cytogenetic studies have identified multiple chromosomal alterations in Wilms tumors, raising the possibility that several s... | 16403231 | PMC1368981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 Jan 10; 4:1 |
Background
The overall prognosis of malignant gliomas remains dismal despite recent improvements in their surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy [1-3]. Relapse usually occurs within 9 month after presentation, median survival barely reaches 1.6 years and less than 3% of the patients survive more than 3 years [4]. ... | 16448552 | PMC1368982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 31; 6:29 |
Background
Depression will rank second to cardiovascular disease as a global cause of disability by 2020 [1]. It occurs in up to a quarter of general practice attendees [2,3], relapse is frequent up to 10 years from first presentation [4-6] and residual disability is common [7]. Prevalence is determined by exposure to ... | 16409633 | PMC1368984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 12; 6:6 |
Background
Using Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae, Gonzalez and Satre [1] investigated the effect of protein synthesis inhibition on fluid phase uptake. They found that cycloheximide, which acts specifically on the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes [2], was the most potent inhibitor. Treatment of amoebae with cyclohe... | 16433909 | PMC1368985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:40 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 24; 7:5 |
Background
The special situation in the lung, that exposes an epithelial surface of about 200 m2 to the environment, requires effective defense mechanisms to safe the organism from the entry of foreign substances including pathogenic microorganisms. Indeed, the mammalian lung is equipped with a variety of defense syste... | 16398938 | PMC1368986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 6; 7(1):4 |
Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the most under-recognized health problems worldwide. While extremely common, STIs are difficult to track. Many people with these infections do not have symptoms and remain undiagnosed. Further, diseases that are diagnosed are frequently not reported and count... | 16403220 | PMC1368987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 10; 6:3 |
Background
BACH1 (BRCA1-associated C-terminal helicase 1, also known as BRCA1-interacting protein 1, BRIP1; GenBank: NM_032043) belongs to a DEAH helicase family and interacts in vivo with BRCA1, the protein product of one of the two major genes for hereditary breast cancer susceptibility [1,2]. Interaction is mediated... | 16430786 | PMC1368988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 24; 6:19 |
Introduction
Cutaneous metastases in the facial region occur in less than 0.5% of patients with metastatic cancer and they usually originate from malignant melanoma [1]. Colon adenocarcinoma metastasises to the facial skin very rarely and only 4 cases have been reported in the English language literature to date [1-3].... | 16457715 | PMC1368989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 2; 3:2 |
Background
Choosing the appropriate health status measurement instrument for a specific purpose is a difficult and time-consuming task. The choice depends on the proposed use of the instrument, the concept to be measured, the readability of the questions, the requirements and costs associated with the use of the instru... | 16433905 | PMC1368990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jan 24; 6:2 |
Background
Primary olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) line the nasal epithelium and respond to the presence of odors that diffuse through the nasal mucus layer and bind to olfactory receptors expressed on OSN cilia. Each OSN expresses only one or a few species of olfactory receptor, which define the molecular receptive r... | 16433921 | PMC1368991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 24; 7:7 |
Background
Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is described of being associated with a delay in gastric emptying, which may affect toleration of enteral feeding [1,2]. In rats, increased ICP reduced gastric emptying, which seemed to be mediated by the vagus nerve [3]. In patients with a significant brain trauma associat... | 16433933 | PMC1368992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Jan 25; 6:1 |
Background
In experimental biology, including retrovirology and molecular biology, replicating a series of measurements under presumably identical circumstances often leads to results that show the same proportional differences between experimental conditions, but very different absolute values within each of the condi... | 16398936 | PMC1368993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 6; 3:2 |
Background
In recent years progress has been made in protein structure prediction by incorporating information on local protein structure. David Baker's group has successfully used local fragment predictions [1-4] in conjunction with a fragment assembly procedure to substantially improve new fold predictions [5-7]. Als... | 16405736 | PMC1368994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 11; 7:14 |
Background
Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and most industrialized nations [1]. It is reasonable to expect that improved mechanistic understanding of BC will lead to reduced death rate through more effective prevention and treatment regimens.
In an effort t... | 16403226 | PMC1368995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jan 10; 5:1 |
Introduction
Müllerian and Wolffian ducts are the primordia for the internal reproductive systems of females and males respectively and co-exist in the undifferentiated embryo until genetic sex triggers differentiation of either ovaries or testes. Müllerian ducts differentiate into Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and u... | 16441882 | PMC1368996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Jan 27; 5:1 |
Introduction
Each year over 50,000 people in the United States die from colorectal cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer death [1]. Although the mortality rate associated with colorectal cancer has been declining, in part due to early diagnosis and the introduction of new drugs, present therapy is often i... | 16375766 | PMC1368997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Dec 23; 3:44 |
Background
The low solubility product constants of calcium phosphate salts provide a chemical rationale for the evolution of Ca2+ as a universal second messenger. The necessity to decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations to submicromolar levels by exporting the cation into extracellular spaces or intracellular compartmen... | 16368012 | PMC1368998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Dec 20; 5:72 |
Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by the selective destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells causing impaired insulin secretion. Beta-cell dysfunction and death in T1DM is the result of direct contact with activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes, and/or exposure to soluble mediat... | 16384535 | PMC1368999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 29; 6:311 |
Background
Understanding the causes of rate variation in protein evolution is central for many fields including molecular evolution, comparative genomics and structural biology. A widely accepted principle is that more important proteins evolve more slowly [1]. However, evolutionary rate variation not only exists betwe... | 16436210 | PMC1369000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 25; 6:7 |
Background
Asynchronous myocardial contraction in heart failure is associated with poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown an acute and sustained hemodynamic improvement after biventricular pacing (BVP), reversal of LV-remodelling, an increased quality of life, a reduction of symptoms of heart failure, and an improve... | 16436217 | PMC1369001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 26; 4:5 |
Introduction
The worldwide burden of diabetes is significant and growing so rapidly that it is classified as a global epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 177 million individuals live with diabetes, and approximately 4 million deaths each year are related to complications from the disease.[... | 16412255 | PMC1369002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Jan 16; 4:1 |
Background
A longstanding controversy in the anesthesia literature concerns whether general anesthetics exert their actions primarily by depression of synaptic transmission or by blocking nerve conduction like local anesthetics. Thesleff [1] first proposed that general and local anesthetics share a common mechanism to ... | 16409641 | PMC1369004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 12; 7:5 |
Background
Multiple protein sequence comparison can provide a valuable protein signature and, thus, contribute to the fields of structural biology and molecular evolution [1,2]. In general, sequence similarity identified by multiple sequence alignment (MSA) among a set of query sequences suggests similar function among... | 16433931 | PMC1369005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 25; 7:38 |
Background
Hypoxia, a frequent effect of solid tumor growth in head and neck cancer and other cancers, serves to generate a cascade of molecular pathways which include angiogenesis, glycolysis, and various cell-cycle control proteins. These cell-salvaging mechanisms can be carried out rapidly by a transcription factor ... | 16412252 | PMC1369006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jan 16; 5:3 |
Background
In comparative DNA microarray experiments compared test and control samples are labeled with different fluorescent dyes (typically the red-fluorescent Cy5 and the green-fluorescent Cy3), mixed up and co-hybridized with the DNA clones regularly spotted on the microarray. The array is scanned at a high spatial... | 16336688 | PMC1369007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 9; 6:293 |
Background
Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are endogenous ones that exhibit complementary sequences to transcripts of a known function, or sense transcripts. NATs were first described in prokaryotes [1], and they were found to down-regulate the expression of sense transcripts involved in diverse biological functio... | 16409644 | PMC1369008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 13; 7:18 |
Background
An expressed sequence tag (EST) set surveys a cDNA library for two important types of information: the transcript sequence and transcript abundance [1]. Both of these can be obtained through EST clustering, a process that identifies and assembles sibling ESTs (ESTs from the same gene) [2-8]. The assembly of ... | 16351717 | PMC1369009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 13; 6:300 |
pmcUpregulation of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin endoperoxide G/H synthase/cyclooxygenase enzyme, PTGS2 or cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), occurs in various cancers (Prescott and Fitzpatrick, 2000). Cyclooxygenase 2 generates multifunctional lipid metabolites, prostaglandins, which are implicated in various cellular... | 16205694 | PMC1369968 | CC BY | 2022-02-04 23:23:06 | no | Br J Cancer. 2005 Oct 17; 93(8):953-959 |
Introduction
Diatoms are major components of phytoplankton blooms in aquatic ecosystems and are central in the biogeochemical cycling of important nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and silicon [1,2]. Unraveling the factors that regulate the fate of blooms is therefore of great importance. During a bloom succession, p... | 16475869 | PMC1370914 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 21; 4(3):e60 |
When you're a single-celled organism at the bottom of the food chain, it pays to be resourceful. Diatoms, highly successful photosynthetic plankton responsible for 40% of the net primary production in the oceans, undergo seasonal population explosions called phytoplankton blooms that attract billions of krill, copepods... | 20076545 | PMC1370915 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 21; 4(3):e89 |
Over the last decade, landmark clinical trials (summarized in
Tables 1 and
2) have shown that statin therapy reduces coronary events in patients with or without prior cardiovascular disease [
1–
12]. More recent studies, summarized in
Table 3, show that the larger the statin dosage, the greater the reduction in cardiov... | 16478294 | PMC1370919 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 21; 3(3):e50 |
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component, characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fragility fractures. A large number of studies have been conducted on potential associations between candidate gene polymorphisms and various osteoporosis-related p... | 16475872 | PMC1370920 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 21; 3(4):e90 |
One out of every two women and one in eight men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, and often progresses without overt symptoms or pain until a bone breaks. Fractures occur typically in the hip,... | 0 | PMC1370921 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 21; 3(4):e152 |
With almost 5 million new HIV infections and 3 million deaths from AIDS occurring every year worldwide, the development of a safe, effective, and accessible HIV vaccine has become one of the most urgent global public health needs. The United Nations estimates that 17.5 million women between the ages of 15 and 49 years ... | 16478295 | PMC1370922 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 21; 3(3):e94 |
The most common cause of nongenetic mental retardation in the Western world is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). About one in 1,000 United States children is born with FAS, which is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Children with FAS typically have abnormal facial features and reduced growth. They also have central n... | 0 | PMC1370923 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 21; 3(4):e147 |
The World Health Organization recently stated the following: “Since 2003, the world has moved closer to a[n] [influenza] pandemic than at any time since 1968” [
1]. Influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached high prevalence in both domesticated and wild birds in several parts of Asia [
2]; the virus has spread over an are... | 17214503 | PMC1370924 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 21; 3(6):e135 |
Introduction
Ethanol exposure during brain development can provoke neurodevelopmental defects referred to as fetal alcohol effects (FAE) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), depending on their severity [
1], with an array of neurological disorders including hyperactivity, learning and memory deficits, mental retardation, p... | 16478293 | PMC1370925 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 21; 3(4):e101 |
Background
Bioinformatics tools often attempt to automatically predict the unknown properties of a given dataset. Manually curated data is therefore important both for training and for benchmarking new approaches to prediction. One database providing such a manual curation of data is SCOP (the Structural Classification... | 16403221 | PMC1373603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 10; 7:10 |
Background
Recent technological advances have made the application of high throughput assays, such as microarrays, common practice. The ability to simultaneously measure the expression level of a large number of genes, makes it possible to take a system-wide view of the cell.
Developing reliable data analysis methods ... | 16438721 | PMC1373604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:43 |
Background
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses over 110 Ser/Thr protein kinases that have been classified into 7 groups [1] (Table 1, Additional file 1). Most human protein kinases have orthologues in yeast, including protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), Akt (PKB), calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase type II ... | 16445868 | PMC1373605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 31; 7:47 |
Background
Gene expression microarrays are a powerful tool used in molecular biology and genetics for understanding gene expression change in biological processes under normal and pathological conditions [1]. Intensity measurements of gene expression are associated with significant variations as a result of the complex... | 16430768 | PMC1373606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 23; 7:35 |
Background
The spinal cord (SC) is an important center of nociceptive signal processing and a notable anatomic target for analgesic therapy development. Delivery of drugs to the SC by common systemic routes, i.e. pills taken by mouth, patches applied to the skin, and injections given intravenously has two potential pit... | 16445862 | PMC1373607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jan 30; 2:4 |
Introduction
Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is an effective haemostatic agent in approximately 90% of patients with hemophilia and inhibiting antibodies, and in other types of complex coagulation disorders [1,2]. It has also been used in patients with a normal coagulation system, who experience serious bleed... | 16420687 | PMC1373608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Jan 18; 4:1 |
Background
The OECD Waiting Times project [1] on waiting time variations for elective surgery across OECD country showed waiting times to be "a significant health policy concern" in almost half of all OECD countries. Finland and the United Kingdom were the countries with the highest waiting times.
In Finland, major jo... | 16423293 | PMC1373609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 19; 4:3 |
Background
A severe and progressive disease such as cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by limited life expectancy and physical impairment. Furthermore, it imposes considerable emotional stress on the individual and requires intensive and time-consuming daily therapy, which may have adverse effects on quality of life... | 16457728 | PMC1373610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Feb 3; 4:8 |
Background
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a prevalent and disabling condition [1], is characterized by psychological and physical manifestations. Patients with MDD may present with somatic symptoms, including aches and pain. Pain due to an underlying medical condition may induce or exacerbate depressive symptoms [2-8... | 16420706 | PMC1373611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 18; 4:2 |
Introduction
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection, now endemic in most tropical countries, and a major public health concern [1]. The reasons for the global resurgence of epidemic dengue fever are not fully understood but are related to demographic and societal changes, including increased population movements. I... | 16420702 | PMC1373612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 18; 5:5 |
Background
For the past thirty years, cancer research has elucidated a family of genes that are integrally involved in the cancer process. These genes comprise two subsets. One subset, termed oncogenes, gives rise to proteins that modulate such processes as cell cycle progression, signaling, cellular growth and apoptos... | 16448558 | PMC1373613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jan 31; 3:5 |
Introduction
It is now almost 50 years since the first convincing demonstration that implantation of most MCA (3-methylcholanthrene)-induced mouse sarcomas into animals of the same inbred strain as the animal of origin could induce a tumor-specific, growth-inhibiting immunity [1]. The phenomenon proved general; tumors ... | 16457723 | PMC1373614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 3; 3:6 |
Background
An U.S. Institute of Medicine report estimates 44,000 to 98,000 hospitalized patient deaths are due to medical errors [1]. This has provided an impetus to standardize measures of performance. In fact, a recent U.S. National Academy of Sciences report suggests that government programs should reward high-quali... | 16438709 | PMC1373615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jan 26; 6:5 |
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