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Background
The demand for blood transfusion services in Tanzania is high due to endemicity of infections causing anemia, malnutrition, and surgical and obstetrical emergencies associated with blood loss [1,2]. According to the latest National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) report a total of 147,271 individuals donated b... | 16445860 | PMC1373616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 30; 6:21 |
Background
Bioethics has identified the significance of the patient's opinion in health care decisions where facts known only by doctors have to be supplemented by values known only by patients. Pressures to improve the cost-effectiveness of medical care have increased interest in perceived health, health-related quali... | 16412242 | PMC1373617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 14; 6:3 |
Background
Cognitive deficits are important targets for intervention in patients with schizophrenia to favor clinical and functional success. Executive skills are relevant for dealing with novel and complex situations, crucial for occupational outcome and independent living of people with schizophrenia [1,2]. Several s... | 16438712 | PMC1373618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 26; 6:3 |
Background
The lifetime time course of mood disorders ranges from a single episode of illness to a recurrent pattern with few or no intervals [1]. This heterogeneity would suggest abundance of course predictors. To date, however, despite considerable efforts by several research groups, only a few of them have been iden... | 16438725 | PMC1373619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 26; 6:4 |
Background
It is widely agreed that a core deficit of dyslexia is reduced phonological awareness (the reduced ability to discriminate speech-sounds in spoken words [1-6]. Phonological awareness is not only assumed to be a pre-requisite for speech-perception, but also for learning the correspondence between graphemes an... | 16441886 | PMC1373620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 27; 6:5 |
Background
A major focus in breast cancer research has been the carcinogenic role of estrogens. In addition to investigating breast cancer risk factors that influence lifetime exposure to estrogen (e.g. age at menarche and age at menopause) [1,2], research is beginning to examine the environmental and genetic factors t... | 16417624 | PMC1373621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jan 17; 5:3 |
Introduction
Recent advances in our understanding of the interactions of tumor cells with the immune system has resulted in the realisation that tumor cells devise multiple mechanisms to evade recognition by immune cells. Upregulation of Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) expression may represent one such mechanism [1]. FasL func... | 16457714 | PMC1373622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Feb 2; 5:5 |
Background
During the past decade chlorophyllin (CHL) has progressed from initial in vitro anti-mutagenicity experiments to in vivo studies of anti-tumor mechanisms in trout, mice, and rats [reviewed by [1]], and into successful chemoprevention trials in humans exposed to dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) [2]. An important m... | 16460570 | PMC1373623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Feb 6; 5:6 |
Background
There has been much debate about the significance of the mortality impacts (sometimes called "acute mortality") observed in time series (TS) studies, an issue often referred to as harvesting or mortality displacement (see, for example, the articles by Zeger et al [1] and Schwartz [2]). The key question is wh... | 16451722 | PMC1373624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Feb 1; 5:1 |
Background
Surfactant dysfunction and deficiency is one of the most important mechanisms in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults and children [1,2]. ARDS is often encountered as a complication of various diseases or critical conditions, such as pneumonia, sepsis, pancreatitis... | 16403237 | PMC1373625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 11; 7(1):5 |
Introduction
The obstructive apneic event is associated with considerable breathing efforts against totally or partially occluded upper airway. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) might lead to cardiovascular complications such as heart failure, left/right ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, systemi... | 16460564 | PMC1373626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 6; 7(1):22 |
Background
Personality traits can significantly influence specialty choice in medicine [1,2] and may also play an important role in physicians' decisions to change their specialty [1]. Current Graduate Medical Education funding restrictions limit the number of years of residency training to those required within a sing... | 16405723 | PMC1373627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 11; 6:3 |
Background
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) – form Y is a brief self-rating scale for the assessment of state and trait anxiety, in adults. The concepts of state and trait anxiety were first introduced by Cattell [1-3] and have been further elaborated by Spielberger [4-7]
State anxiety (S-Anxiety) refers to th... | 16448554 | PMC1373628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 31; 5:2 |
Background
Difficulties with urination and sexual function are common complications after surgery for rectal cancer. In the medical literature male urogenital dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery is becoming increasingly more reported [1]. Assessment in the male consists of the degree of erectile and ejaculatory... | 16448559 | PMC1373629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 31; 4:6 |
Background
Intraperitoneal (IP) therapy is the direct instillation of chemotherapy into the peritoneal cavity. First proposed by Dedrick et al, [1,2] IP arm is designed to maximize drug delivery to the tumor while avoiding many of the systemic toxicities associated with intravenous (IV) administration of the drug. It h... | 16423287 | PMC1373630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 19; 4:4 |
Background
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) seeks to image electrical conductivity distribution of an object by measuring the impedance data between electrodes attached to the outer surface of the body [1]. In this paper we are developing an EIT imaging technique combined with a priori ultrasound data. Our propose... | 16460573 | PMC1373631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 6; 5:8 |
Background
Steroids may exert their action by two distinct ways 1- a direct control of gene transcription involving classic nuclear receptors [1]; 2- a rapid non-nuclear action, independent of direct regulation of gene transcription [2,3]. This second type of steroid action has been proposed to be involved in steroid-i... | 16457725 | PMC1373632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:6 |
Background
Captive breeding and genetic resource banking [1,2] are necessary to maintain the viability of the approximately 32% of the worlds amphibian species that are endangered or threatened [3]. The efficient use of captive breeding and genetic resource banks requires the reliable production of oocytes, usually thr... | 16451718 | PMC1373633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 1; 4:3 |
Background
Stem cells constitute a population of cells that are present in all stages of development from preimplantation embryos through adulthood. Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self-renew for indefinite periods in culture and to differentiate, e.g., give rise to all of the specialized cells in an animal.... | 16460563 | PMC1373634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 6; 4:8 |
Background
I would like to compliment Noakes et al. on their well-controlled study comparing effects of different diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk [1]. The authors suggested that a very-low-carbohydrate diet (VLCARB) may not be associated with protein-sparing, because their dual-energy X-ray absorptiom... | 16448570 | PMC1373635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 31; 3:9 |
Background
The heart of mammals is innervated by nerve fibers from the vagus and the sympathetic chain. In addition, a group of neurons situated at the dorsal surface of the atria contribute to the innervation of the heart. These neurons play an important role in the regulation of cardiac output during rest, exercise a... | 16451738 | PMC1373636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 2; 7:10 |
Background
SNAP-25 along with syntaxin and synaptobrevin are the SNARE proteins known to be involved in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in neurons and of large dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells [1,2]. The role of SNAP-25 in exocytosis has been studied in a variety of different experimental preparations [3-7].... | 16445859 | PMC1373637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 30; 7:9 |
Background
There is increasing evidence that deviations of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems are involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1]. Several biogenic amines of these systems are degraded by oxidative deamination via the intracellular enzyme group monoamine oxidases (... | 16441883 | PMC1373638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 27; 2:5 |
Introduction
TropNetEurop is an electronic network which links surveillance data on imported infectious diseases throughout Europe. The network is designed to identify emerging trends in regional or global destinations as they affect European travellers. Sentinel surveillance is carried out by participating clinical si... | 16451728 | PMC1373639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 1; 5:7 |
Background
Malaria, a preventable disease, is still one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially in sub Saharan Africa [1]. For decades, a number of initiatives have been undertaken to control the disease and reduce it related burden. Unfortunately, the success of thes... | 16451729 | PMC1373640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 1; 5:8 |
Background
Monitoring of sterile to wild insect ratios can be useful to follow the progress in genetic control programmes integrating the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). SIT campaigns are initiated with conventional pre-release population suppression methods and then followed by sequential mass release of factory-reare... | 16445865 | PMC1373641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 30; 5:6 |
Background
Family history of dementia and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype are significant risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The APOE gene, found on chromosome 19, has three allele variants (i.e., ε2, ε3 and ε4) and six possible genotypes, with the ε3/3 genotype being most prevalent in t... | 16412236 | PMC1373642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Jan 13; 4:1 |
Background
We present a patient who developed abulia following unilateral penetrating brain injury incurred during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Major complications resulting from ESS are uncommon and include intraorbital soft tissue and ocular damage and intracranial infection, hemorrhage and CSF leak. Of 2108 ESS p... | 16430769 | PMC1373643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jan 23; 6:4 |
Background
Transient ischemic attacks typically present with neurological deficits such as loss of muscle power, reduced sensation, or loss of vision. Symptoms such as involuntary movements are not generally regarded to be a feature of cerebral ischemic episodes. Often confused with focal motor seizures, limb shaking T... | 16438706 | PMC1373644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jan 26; 6:5 |
Background
Metabolic engineering can be defined as the directed improvement of product formation or cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions or introduction of new ones with the use of recombinant DNA technology. Aimed to produce single compounds, metabolic engineering necessarily ... | 16441897 | PMC1373645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jan 30; 5:4 |
Background
The basic principles of intestinal suture were established more than 100 years ago by Travers, Lembert and Halsted [1], and have since undergone little modification. Development of stapling instruments for intestinal anastomosis has added new dimensions to intestinal surgery. Two systematic reviews of random... | 16438733 | PMC1373646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Jan 27; 6:2 |
Background
Renovascular hypertension might account for 1–5% of all cases of hypertension [1,2]. However, it affects 15–30% of patients who have clinical criteria suggestive of renovascular hypertension as refractory hypertension to an appropiate three-drug treatment associated either with moderate impairment of renal f... | 16436206 | PMC1373647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 25; 4:4 |
Background
CF is an autosomal recessive disease primarily manifested in the lung, which leads to respiratory failure. CF is caused by mutations of the CFTR gene whose product acts as a cAMP-activated chloride channel that is permeable to organic anions, including GSH [1,2]. A wide range of disease severities has been d... | 16464259 | PMC1373648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 7; 7:7 |
Background
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an inherited syndrome predisposing to the early development of cancers of colon, rectum, endometrium, ovarium, small bowel, stomach and urinary tract [1,2].
Since there are no premonitory signs of susceptibility to HNPCC, family history has been the prim... | 16426447 | PMC1373649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 20; 7:5 |
Background
In birds and mammals, pigmentation of the feather and fur is determined mainly by the distribution of two melanin pigments, eumelanin (black-brown pigment) and phaeomelanin (yellow-red pigment). The synthesis of both pigments depends on tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin biogenesis in pigment cells, which... | 16457736 | PMC1373650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 5; 7:19 |
Background
All cancers are caused by alterations in DNA that affect the biochemical function or expression of certain genes providing expansion capabilities to the cell with the mutations. Generally this is a multi-step process, requiring mutations in several genes that ultimately result in the uncontrolled growth of a... | 16405732 | PMC1373651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 11; 7:3 |
Background
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are involved in fundamental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death, as well as in various aspects of embryonic development, morphogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and cellular responses to stress [1-11]. The mammali... | 16451733 | PMC1373652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Feb 1; 7:7 |
Background
Expressing two distinct coding sequences under the control of a unique promoter is of great interest to molecular and cellular biologists. Since both proteins are under the control of the same promoter, detection of the product encoded by the second cistron is the insurance that the first cistron is also bei... | 16409632 | PMC1373653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:18 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 12; 6:4 |
Background
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a unique gene amplification method in which DNA can be isothermally amplified using only one enzyme [1-3]. Since the advent of the LAMP method, many researchers have been engaged in basic research from a variety of perspectives. As a result, it is currently be... | 16401354 | PMC1373654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 10; 6:3 |
Background
Acute viral diseases such as infectious mononucleosis typically present clinically with a cluster of non-specific symptoms including; fever, an increased need to sleep, hyperalgesia, anorexia, loss of interest in usual activities, social interaction, body care, depressed mood, and impaired concentration [1-3... | 16448567 | PMC1373655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 31; 6:15 |
Background
Previous surveys of meningococcal disease in the United States and elsewhere found serogroup W135 was rare [1]. An outbreak of serogroup W135 meningococcal infection in Saudi Arabia following the 2000 Hajj was reported, and then spread to several countries around the world [2-4]. Significantly higher carriag... | 16420709 | PMC1373656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 19; 6:7 |
Background
DNA microarrays have made possible the expression profiling of thousands of genes in a single experiment. They have been used in a wide range of applications, e.g., disease classification and characterization [1-4], discovery of new disease subtypes [5,6], and identification of novel genes or gene regulatory... | 16381608 | PMC1373657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 28; 6:309 |
Background
The recent recall of rofecoxib (Vioxx) from the marketplace due its alleged association with increased risk for cardiovascular disease has severely compromised further testing of all selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in the chemoprevention and therapy of cancer. Despite compelling evidence that C... | 16445867 | PMC1373658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 30; 6:27 |
Background
After a colorectal cancer operation, metastatic liver cancer is the most frequently observed cancer, followed by metastatic lung cancer. However, it is occasionally difficult to determine on the basis of clinical features whether the lung tumor is a primary lung cancer or a lung metastasis of colorectal canc... | 16451736 | PMC1373659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 2; 6:31 |
Background
Since the first reported case of spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in 1928 by Bumpus [1], it has been known that renal cell carcinoma can regress spontaneously, although the frequency of the phenomenon was estimated to be less than 1%, and most cases were observed after a resection of... | 16412235 | PMC1373660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 13; 6:11 |
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori was first discovered in 1982 and was subsequently found to be an important etiological agent for gastritis [1], peptic ulcers [2] and gastric malignancy [3]. It is estimated that one-half of the world's population is infected with H. pylori [4]. Numerous clinical evidences reveal that e... | 16371157 | PMC1373661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Dec 21; 4:20 |
Background
Since the first clinical report in 1991, laparoscopic nephrectomy has been embraced by urologists worldwide [1]. At many medical centers, including ours, laparoscopic nephrectomy has replaced open nephrectomy as a treatment of choice for many benign and malignant diseases with excellent results [2]. From Jan... | 16398940 | PMC1373662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Jan 8; 6:1 |
Following the publication of this paper [1], BioMed Central learned of the publication of a paper by the same authors in another journal [2] using overlapping data on the same set of patients, specifically in regards to the voice handicap index.
Dr. Kandogan regrets any possible confusion.
Pre-publication his... | 0 | PMC1373663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Jan 17; 6:1 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an increasing burden worldwide and is reported to be the sixth leading cause of death in 1990 [1] and the fourth in 2000 [2]. Discouragingly, by the year 2020, its mortality rate will rank third, only behind stroke and heart disease [1]. Although these ... | 16460562 | PMC1373664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Feb 6; 6:3 |
Background
Lung cancer is now an epidemic in women. Although the incidence of lung cancer has stabilized in men, there continues to be a dramatic increase in lung cancer cases in the female population. In 2003, an estimated 80,100 women in the United States (US) were diagnosed with lung cancer and 68,800 died from this... | 16451726 | PMC1373665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Feb 1; 6:2 |
Background
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are one of the worst characterized drug classes in terms of their quantitative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. There are a number of factors that complicate the analysis of this drug class:
1) The ACE enzyme in plasma and tissue has a very high affin... | 16398929 | PMC1373666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 6; 6:1 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus, predominantly type 2, is a serious and increasing health problem in Australia and has been designated a national health priority area [1]. AusDiab, the first Australian national diabetes and lifestyle study, showed a diabetes prevalence of 7.4% in adults aged 25 years and over in 1999–2000... | 16417641 | PMC1373687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 17; 6:8 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancer diseases in developed countries [1]. It develops through multiple molecular steps, usually through a stage of adenomatous polyp [2], and the risk of both CRC [3-5] and adenomas [6-11] is shown to be associated with lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet... | 16412216 | PMC1374667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:5 |
This piece follows an earlier Editorial, “Ten Simple Rules for Getting Published” [1], which has generated significant interest, is well read, and continues to generate a variety of positive comments. That Editorial was aimed at students in the early stages of a life of scientific paper writing. This interest has promp... | 16501664 | PMC1378105 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e12 |
The International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is the premier meeting of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB), drawing up to 2,000 attendees annually (Box 1). This year is of particular significance as the meeting will be held in Fortaleza, Brazil, August 6–10 (ht... | 16758006 | PMC1378106 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e11 |
Introduction
Genomes are constantly changing. If a genome is compared to a continental landform, then one type of change—point mutations—is analogous to gradual changes in the landscape due to erosion by wind and water. A second type of change—genome rearrangements—comprises evolutionary “earthquakes” that dramatically... | 16501665 | PMC1378107 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:37 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e14 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 1, issue 7, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010076
Two quotes and reference citations were omitted in error:
“More information needs to be in a form that the machine can ‘understand' rather than simply display” —T. Berners-Lee and J. Hendler [7]
“We invite the life science communit... | 0 | PMC1378108 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e20 |
Introduction
With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the late 1990s, opportunistic infection and mortality rates for patients with HIV/AIDS have dramatically decreased, thus transforming HIV/AIDS from a uniformly fatal condition to a more manageable chronic illness [1-5]. Improvement in care ... | 16280060 | PMC1378113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 27; 9(6):R623-R630 |
Introduction
Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) was first discovered in the early 1980s as a rather mysterious mechanism involved in the integration of certain viruses into mammalian genomes [1–3]. Initially described as “illegitimate” or “indiscriminate” recombination, it soon became clear that this process could join ... | 16518468 | PMC1378119 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e8 |
Like Muhammad Ali's 1974 “Rumble in the Jungle,” this past fall (September 13–18), the 7th European Meiosis Meeting held in San Lorenzo de El Escorial brought us “Meiosis in Madrid.” This is a sister conference to the Gordon Meiosis series held every other year in the United States, and is an international small-format... | 16738707 | PMC1378127 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e19 |
Introduction
How faithfully a given stretch of nucleotides is replicated and expressed depends not only on the machinery for DNA and RNA processing in the cell, but also on the sequence of the nucleotide stretch itself. Certain sequences are inherently prone to errors during replication and expression, whereas other se... | 16518467 | PMC1378130 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e22 |
Background
Campylobacter infection is a leading cause of foodborne illness in western countries [1]. The disease, which results in acute enteritis of variable severity, is characterized by diarrhea, which is often bloody, as well as abdominal pain, malaise, nausea, and occasionally vomiting [1]. Risk factors associated... | 16412246 | PMC1379632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jan 16; 5:2 |
Introduction
Worldwide, malaria causes more than 1.5–3 million deaths each year of which more than 90% occur in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. The majority of those are among the children who have not developed adequate immunity to the parasite and also in pregnant women. However, malaria is on the incr... | 16403225 | PMC1379633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 10; 2:5 |
Background
The identification of chromosomal breakpoints in association with variations in human phenotypes often leads to the discovery of novel genes or the characterization of the clinical importance of known genes. Patients who present with a known Mendelian disorder, but who also exhibit developmental delay or oth... | 16412230 | PMC1379634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 13; 7:2 |
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries and rates are expected to rise further over the next few decades [1-4]. In particular, it has been estimated that high blood pressure (HBP) accounts for as much as 5.0% of the total mortality in middl... | 16423280 | PMC1379635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 19; 6:9 |
Background
The Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model, a recent model of occupational stress, focuses on a negative trade-off between experienced 'costs' and 'gains' at work. In this model, high ratio of occupational effort spent relative to rewards received in turn in terms of money, esteem, job security, and career oppo... | 16464262 | PMC1379636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 7; 6:24 |
Background
caCORE is a framework for creating syntactically and semantically interoperable biomedical information services [1]. Systems developed using the caCORE methodology use the same approach to defining, registering, and adopting data and representation standards. Clients of those systems can therefore draw upon ... | 16398930 | PMC1379637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jan 6; 6:2 |
Background
Alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing involves the differential use of splice sites, a process that represents a powerful and versatile way to control protein function. It is estimated that greater than 70% of the human genes may be alternatively spliced [1]. Striking examples highlighting the importance of... | 16412215 | PMC1379639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:5 |
Background
Surgical training in the UK has undergone numerous reforms, from the Calman report to the implementation of the European Working Time Directive, which have combined to reduce length of training, normal working hours and exposure to out-of-hours emergency procedures [1,2] placing "serious challenges" on gaini... | 16420692 | PMC1379640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 18; 6:6 |
Background
The cervical column is in close functional and morphological relationship to structures of the masticatory system [1,2]. It is typical that patients revealing a short face morphology show a backward inclination and patients with long face morphology are characterised by a forward inclination of the cervical ... | 16448563 | PMC1379641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 31; 7:8 |
Background
The metabolic syndrome is a condition in which several abnormalities (hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired fibrinolysis) are clustered together with elevated abdominal visceral fat as the central feature. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome, estimated to be approximately 24% of US... | 16448573 | PMC1379642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jan 31; 5:3 |
Background
A generally accepted definition of governance stipulates the responsibility and accountability for the overall organisation of the operation of an organisation. More specifically, hospital governance has been conceived of as a shared process of top-level organisational leadership, policy making and decision ... | 16460571 | PMC1379643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Feb 6; 4:2 |
Background
MAPKs catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to serine (S) or threonine (T) residues that precede proline (P) [1,2]; thus, these enzymes are termed proline-directed serine/threonine kinases. Although the sequences ST and TP are sufficient for phosphorylation to occur, the op... | 16445858 | PMC1379644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 Jan 30; 4:2 |
Background
The demand for long-term care in facilities is increasing in response to changing demographics and social values. As of 2000, an estimated 46 percent of Americans 65 years old will spend time in a nursing home before they die. By 2020, the total number of older adults using nursing home care in the United St... | 16430782 | PMC1379645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Jan 23; 6:2 |
Background
Ageing is associated with a deterioration of various physiological capacities, such as muscle strength, aerobic capacity, neuro-motor coordination, and flexibility. These age-related declines result in a host of negative outcomes, including functional limitations [1] and therefore loss of independence. Due t... | 16464255 | PMC1379646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Feb 7; 6:4 |
Background
Inappropriate medication prescription for elderly is a major concern because it increases the risk of adverse events and health care costs [1]. Criteria defining inappropriate medication for the elderly have been developed in order to decrease its occurrence [2-5].
Beers criteria [6-8] have been most widely... | 16403236 | PMC1379647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Jan 11; 6:1 |
Background
Candida is an increasing cause of bloodstream infection (BSI), causing significant mortality and morbidity, especially in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Its overall incidence raised fivefold in the past ten years and Candida spp. is currently between the fourth and the sixth most common nosocomial ... | 16472387 | PMC1379648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 10; 6:21 |
Background
In Australia, as in other developed countries, demands for healthcare services are increasing. This is fuelled by longer life expectancies, technological advances and high consumer expectations, and constrained by limited budgets and increasing health care costs. The burden of disease consists increasingly o... | 16412243 | PMC1379649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Jan 15; 3:1 |
Background
Differences in the incidence of colorectal cancer throughout the world suggest that diet has a role in colorectal carcinogenesis [1]. Mediterranean diets, rich in vitamin E isoforms, are associated with a lower incidence of colon cancer [2,3]. Vitamin E refers to any of four tocopherols or tocotrienols (α, β... | 16417629 | PMC1379650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 17; 6:13 |
Background
The anticancer drug Ukrain has been specified by Nowicky Pharma (Vienna, Austria) as semi-synthetic derivative of thiotepa and the alkaloid chelidonine, a main component of the plant greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L., Papaveraceae) [1-3]. In the postulated molecular structure one central thiophosphortr... | 16417634 | PMC1379651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 17; 6:14 |
Background
The disappointing results of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head caused investigators to test new treatment strategies. Based on retrospective clinical data and radiobiological considerations hyperfractionated and accelerated radiation regimens as wel... | 16448551 | PMC1379652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 31; 6:28 |
Background
Although the number of women who survive breast cancer is increasing, survivors often encounter physiological and psychological problems related to their diagnosis and treatment that can influence long-term prognosis. A gain in body weight [1-6] and psychosocial distress [7-12] are two commonly encountered a... | 16469108 | PMC1379653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 9; 6:35 |
Background
Intermediary filaments, like cytokeratins are essential intracellular components, underlying or reflecting distinct cellular properties and differentiation stages in epithelial organs. The proteins of the cytokeratin family are epithelium specific expressed [1] as low and high-molecular weight, resp. acid an... | 16412231 | PMC1379654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 13; 6:10 |
Introduction
Microbial cell factories operate as a collection of efficient molecular machines. The success of these factories depends on the efficiency of a particular class of biomolecules – protein enzymes. Enzymes are responsible for catalyzing reactions in a variety of biological processes in all living cells. It i... | 16409630 | PMC1379655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jan 12; 5:2 |
According to the 'close review' policy of CytoJournal, the peer-reviewers are not identified in the individual manuscripts and articles. But the 'academic editors', who conduct and complete the peer-review process by appointing reviewers are acknowledged in the articles [1,1-9]. However, all the submitted manuscripts a... | 0 | PMC1379656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Feb 3; 3:2 |
Introduction
The major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication is the establishment of a latent infection. In infected individuals, viral production is a dynamic process involving continuous rounds of infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes with rapid turnover of both free virus and virus-producing cells that have a half-life of 1–2 day... | 16412247 | PMC1379657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jan 16; 3:7 |
Background
Cataract surgery represents one of the most common forms of elective surgery worldwide in persons over age 65, and one of the leading causes of hospital admissions in the province of Ontario [1,2]. In North America, cataracts afflict nearly one in six North Americans over the age of 40, approaching one in tw... | 16409622 | PMC1379658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan 12; 6:2 |
Backround
The necessity for a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) to undergo a pars plana vitrectomy(PPV) either as a result of vitreous haemorrhage(VH)[1] or tractional retinal detachment (TRD) can be seen as a clinical end point of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This group of patients wil... | 16438726 | PMC1379659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan 26; 6:5 |
Background
Injuries are a growing global public health problem. Injuries killed over 5 million people in 2000 with many more being disabled, resulting in a heavy disease burden for people in all age categories [1]. For example, road traffic injuries drain developing economies of 1–2% of gross domestic product (about $1... | 16423285 | PMC1379660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Jan 19; 4:2 |
Research with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has been controversial, but in the seven years since their isolation by James Thomson [1], governments have largely answered, at least for now, the first-level questions about this research. We now know in most jurisdictions whether derivation of hESC lines will not be p... | 16492089 | PMC1382005 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 28; 3(5):e143 |
In November 2004, California voters approved a ten-year, US$3 billion stem cell research program to pursue cures for diabetes, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injuries, and other chronic conditions. Campaign organizers also claimed the state would receive royalties from new therapies, economic development in the form of... | 16492088 | PMC1382006 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 28; 3(5):e126 |
Within the past 100,000 years, Homo sapiens left Africa in search of new opportunities, likely crossing paths with H. erectus in Asia and H. neanderthalensis in Europe. These early pioneers encountered unfamiliar climates, habitats, and food sources (not to mention alien human species). Then, after adjusting to a major... | 20076547 | PMC1382009 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e94 |
In the field of neurodegenerative disease, the so-called polyglutamine diseases hold a unique place. These nine different diseases, which include Huntington disease and several forms of spinocerebellar ataxia, involve nine different genes. But each gene carries the same mutation—an increase in the number of CAG nucleot... | 20076538 | PMC1382010 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e70 |
Introduction
Approximately three quarters of human emerging infectious diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens [
1]. For many of these diseases, nonhuman animals are the primary host and human infections are incidental and often dead-end in nature [
1]. Nonetheless, these pathogens can have severe consequences for hu... | 16494532 | PMC1382011 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e82 |
Introduction
Life is full of decisions. Perceptual decisions are usually studied in the laboratory by requiring observers to discriminate in a forced choice between two simple alternatives, judging whether a target was presented on a particular trial, or making a binary decision about some attribute of the target, such... | 16494527 | PMC1382012 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e56 |
Infectious diseases were wreaking widespread havoc long before scientists had any idea what caused them. But knowing the pathogenic agents behind today's scourges is just the first step in protecting against deadly outbreaks. Roughly 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic—humans contract them either directly ... | 20076549 | PMC1382013 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e101 |
Did you ever arrange to meet a friend at a busy street corner, then rush up to a total stranger thinking it was your friend? Neuroscientists have a theory to explain why such potentially embarrassing mistakes occur. We're trying to detect a target (our friend) amid a noisy background filled with distracters (a street f... | 20076542 | PMC1382014 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e77 |
Introduction
Despite much general interest in studying the neural correlates of phenomenal perception, somatosensory perception has received relative little attention relative to other sensory modalities, such as vision. A major issue in the visual domain has been whether primary visual cortex activity is associated wi... | 16494530 | PMC1382015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e69 |
Introduction
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast signaling at most central synapses in theDrosophila central nervous system. TheDrosophila genome contains ten nAChRs, of which three (Dα5, Dα6, and Dα7) are more homologous to vertebrate α7 receptors than to other insect nicotinic receptors [1]. These... | 16494528 | PMC1382016 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e63 |
Imagine a race of people with tiny torsos, arms, and legs, but gigantic fingers, lips, and tongues. That's what we would look like if each of our body parts were sized proportionally to the brain area that processes their sensory inputs. Each of our body parts is represented in the somatosensory cortex on a map (called... | 20076548 | PMC1382017 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e96 |
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