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Introduction
The evolution of modern human populations has been accompanied by dramatic changes in environment and lifestyle. In the last 100,000 years, behaviorally modern humans have spread from Africa to colonize most of the globe. In that time, humans have been forced to adapt to a wide range of new habitats and cl... | 16494531 | PMC1382018 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e72 |
Flies are jumpy, prone to buzzing away at the slightest moving shadow or breeze. This reflexive “jump response” is a lifesaver for the tiny insects, whose only defense against predators is a quick escape. In flies, as in many animals, evolution has forged efficient reflex circuits that transmit nerve impulses from sens... | 20076546 | PMC1382019 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e93 |
Introduction
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of an unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch [1,2]. The expansion of a translated CAG repeat causes eight other progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including ... | 16494529 | PMC1382020 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 4(3):e67 |
To the Editor:
The authors of the abstract "Reducing Dental Sealant Disparities in School-aged Children Through Better Targeting of Informational Campaigns" (1) state:
The lack of an association between sealant prevalence and knowledge among low-income families may reflect higher levels of public provision of sealant... | 0 | PMC1382188 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:43:28 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A18 |
To the Editor:
While I appreciate the effort of Blades et al in conducting the valuable research for "Rural Community Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs and Risk Factors" (1), I believe that respondents to the survey do not necessarily represent rural communities. The authors cite county population densities as justifi... | 15963321 | PMC1382189 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:25 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Jun 15; 2(3):A19 |
Introduction
The Caatinga ecosystem covers approximately 800,000 km2 of northeastern Brazil. This region is marked by a severe climate with accentuated dryness (rainfall is usually less than 600 mm/yr) [1]. This ecosystem has suffered from the effects of increasing anthropogenic alteration for many decades, resulting i... | 16420708 | PMC1382198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jan 18; 2:6 |
Background
Home based care of people living with AIDS is an established component of the continuum of care and support advocated by WHO and UNAIDS [1] and planned by many African countries including Malawi [2]. The pattern of health problems as the disease progresses will vary from one population to another [3]. An und... | 16472392 | PMC1382199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 Feb 10; 5:1 |
Background
The two ubiquitous Ca2+-dependent, cysteine proteases known as μ-calpain (calpain-1) and m-calpain (capain-2), are the founding members of a gene family comprising 13 genes in mammals [1-3]. Both are heterodimeric enzymes consisting of distinct 80 kDa catalytic subunits, encoded by the Capn1 (μ-80 k) and Cap... | 16433929 | PMC1382200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 24; 6:3 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factors are peptide growth factors and have been found to be powerful mitogens for intestinal epithelial cells with modulation by six specific IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) [1,2]. The IGFBP species have been shown to inhibit or potentiate the proliferative response to IGFs, depending on t... | 16441878 | PMC1382201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 27; 6:4 |
Background
Non-communicable diseases are an important threat to the health of adults in Africa [1]. Worldwide, stroke is second only to ischaemic heart disease as a cause of death (over 4 million in 1990), and most of these deaths are in developing countries [2,3]. In sub-Saharan Africa, hypertension is common [4-7] an... | 16433927 | PMC1382202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 24; 6:13 |
Background
Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) is a major cause of serious liver disease[1,2]. Effective viral eradication therapy using combinations of anti-viral agents is available [3,4] and guidance for their use in the UK has been issued [5,6]. Since the screening of blood donors for hepatitis C (HCV) was introduced, the ma... | 16403218 | PMC1382203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 10; 6:3 |
Background
Obesity is a globally spreading health problem. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers are associated with obesity [1,2]. Those co-morbidities have considerable health care and social cost [3,4]. The World Health Organisation report on obesity states that sedentary li... | 16478535 | PMC1382204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 14; 6:30 |
Background
Immunization registries are defined as confidential, population-based computerized systems that contain information regarding children's vaccinations [1]. The success of immunization registries is dependent on broad participation of immunization providers and comprehensive enrollment of persons vaccinated. P... | 16480494 | PMC1382205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 15; 6:33 |
Background
The study of opiate abuse has a long history in the humanities and the social sciences, but a limited one in terms of clinical science and drug development studies [1-5]. Epidemiologic data (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Monitoring ... | 16457713 | PMC1382206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Feb 2; 3:5 |
Background
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a human and development disaster [1]. Now significant donor resources are available to fund mitigation strategies [2-4]. However, the approach to HIV/AIDS in SSA has been criticised as being based on health policies from industrialised countries which trea... | 16417625 | PMC1382207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Global Health. 2006 Jan 17; 2:1 |
Background
Cancer is a major and growing clinical problem in modern societies. Although usually referred to as a single disease, cancer represents more than 200 different pathologies, which are characterized by an uncontrolled cell growth that may derive in the invasion of surrounding tissues and the subsequent generat... | 16438707 | PMC1382208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:15 |
Background
One of the major challenges in post-genomic research is to decipher and reconstruct the complete connectivity of transcriptional regulatory networks encoded by a bacterial genome sequence [1,2]. The key components in regulation of bacterial gene expression are DNA-binding transcription factors that are able ... | 16469103 | PMC1382209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:21 |
Background
The challenge of identification and characterization of susceptibility genes for complex multifactorial diseases is partly due to the limitations of parametric statistical methods for detection of gene effects that are dependent solely or partially on interactions with other genes and with environmental expo... | 16412218 | PMC1382210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 13; 7:5 |
Background
Epithelial tissues in the mammalian airways and skin are among the largest organs and form the interface between the internal milieu of the host and the outside world. They not only protect the host against invading pathogens but also provide an effective barrier to noxious external (chemical and physical) s... | 16420688 | PMC1382211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 18; 7:9 |
Background
Microorganisms continuously have to handle changing environmental conditions to maintain their functional homeostasis and to overcome stress situations with detrimental consequences for growth and survival [1]. Therefore, they evolved mechanisms to sense alterations within their environmental surroundings an... | 16478536 | PMC1382212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 14; 7:24 |
Background
Prokaryotic mobile elements such as plasmids play key roles in biological research as molecular biological vectors. More importantly, they have contributed substantially to genome evolution throughout biological history [1]. In addition, various studies have demonstrated the importance of horizontal transfer... | 16480495 | PMC1382213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 15; 7:26 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of polymorphism in the human genome. With the parallel developments of dense SNP marker maps and technologies for high-throughput SNP genotyping, SNPs have become the markers of choice for genetic association studies. The use of dense but inco... | 16480507 | PMC1382214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 15; 7:27 |
Background
Until recently the de novo arginine biosynthetic pathway (Figs. 1A and 1B) was thought to conform to a simple type of one gene-one enzyme relationship even if it had been known for a long time that the fifth step, the conversion of N-α-acetyl-L-ornithine into L-ornithine, could be catalyzed by different enzy... | 16409639 | PMC1382215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 12; 7:4 |
Background
The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.), is a typical reef coral predator, which sometimes causes population outbreaks and destroys coral reef communities. The activities of this starfish have been responsible for causing extensive coral mortality in a large number of coral reef systems through... | 16438737 | PMC1382216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 27; 7:17 |
Background
The two main components of the function of a gene are its molecular function (what does it do, e.g. is it a hydrolase, is it DNA binding) and its functional context (with what other elements of the cell does it collaborate). Though both aspects can only be decisively determined in in vivo experiments, the in... | 16423292 | PMC1382217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 19; 7:10 |
Introduction
Asthma is characterized by the presence of a variable airflow limitation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and airway inflammation [1]. Acute exposure to ozone, which is an important component of the photochemical oxidation products of substrates emitted as air pollution from automobile engines [2], decr... | 16472404 | PMC1382218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 13; 7(1):24 |
Introduction
The genetic code cannot be the sole arbiter of cell fate since each cell in a blastocyst can differentiate into the many different cell types found in multicellular organisms each with a unique function and gene expression pattern. This has led to the idea that additional information beyond that generated ... | 16460559 | PMC1382219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 6; 7(1):21 |
Background
A commonly adopted approach for the prevention of caries is the 'high-risk' strategy. For example, Messer [1] concluded that "... the need for, targeted prevention of dental caries for those at high risk has become apparent". The approach is based on three assumptions: first, those individuals with high futu... | 16448565 | PMC1382220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jan 31; 6:3 |
Background
One of the main concerns in root canal treatment is to determine how far working instruments should be advanced within the root canal, and at what point the preparation and obturation should be located [1,2].
The significance of the apical constriction in the root canal treatment is well recognized. It is g... | 16472401 | PMC1382221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Feb 11; 6:4 |
Background
The Republic of Namibia is a large country of 824268 km2 situated on the south Atlantic (West) coast of Africa. It shares borders with South Africa in the south, Botswana and Zimbabwe in the east, and Angola and Zambia in the north (Figure 1 – refer to additional file 1). Namibia is sparsely populated, with ... | 16412222 | PMC1382222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 13; 2:2 |
Background
About 10% of men and 18% of women 60 year and older suffer from symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Among people aged 75 or older it is the third most common reason to visit a primary care physician [2]. Due to an increasing life-expectancy as well as a constant increase in the Body-Mass-Index (BMI), which ... | 16438717 | PMC1382223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 26; 7:6 |
Background
Chronic non-specific low back pain (CLBP) and the resulting functional limitations have become an epidemic health and socioeconomic problem [1,2]. Many models and therapies have been postulated and applied in order to reduce the burden placed on the individuals with CLBP and society [3-8]. In the literature,... | 16426449 | PMC1382224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 20; 7:5 |
Background
Previous studies about pediatric pain have consistently found that the lower limb is the most commonly reported musculoskeletal location with pain and has been ranked among the leading general pain symptoms in childhood and adolescence [1-3]. The lower limb is also the most commonly injured site in sports [4... | 16420704 | PMC1382225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 18; 7:3 |
Background
The shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) [1] is a self-report questionnaire developed to measure the pain and disability associated with shoulder pathology. The SPADI consists of 13 items in two subscales: pain (5 items) and disability (8 items); originally items were presented in a visual analogue for... | 16472394 | PMC1382226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 10; 7:12 |
Background
Herbs and dietary supplements (HDS) are the most commonly used complementary or alternative medical (CAM) commodities in the US [1]. Substantial numbers of people report using HDS. However, fewer than half of patients who use HDS typically discuss it with their clinician [2], in part because clinicians do no... | 16405734 | PMC1382227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 11; 6:2 |
Background
Cytokinins regulate various plant growth and developmental processes, including cell division, apical dominance, chloroplast biogenesis, leaf senescence, vascular differentiation, photomorphogenic development, shoot differentiation in tissue cultures and anthocyanin production, primarily by altering the expr... | 16472405 | PMC1382228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 13; 6:1 |
Background
The Merkel cell
The Merkel cell (MC) was first described by the German histopathologist Friedrich Sigmund Merkel in his classic article published in 1875: Merkel F: "Tastzellen und Tastkörperchen bei den Haustieren und beim Menschen" [1]. He demonstrated the existence of touch cells in the snout skin of pigs... | 16466578 | PMC1382229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 8; 4:7 |
Background
Less than 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) serotypes, among more than 90, have been included in the S. pneumoniae conjugate vaccine formulation. Since these serotypes account for a large part of carriage (almost 80% of all carriage in the United States [1]) and the vaccine protects against coloniz... | 16445857 | PMC1382230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 30; 6:14 |
Background
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), etiologically related to a newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [1], caused an epidemic in 2003 with reported cases in 29 countries around the world [2]. A factor that is important in the effective control of an epidemic involves the early identification and isol... | 16466582 | PMC1382231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 9; 6:20 |
Background
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of many infections [1]. It ranks among the top ten pathogens that cause bloodstream infection (BSI) in the United States and Canada [2]. In Latin America, it is the third most prevalent pathogen isolated in the respiratory tract of hospitalized patients with pneumo... | 16478537 | PMC1382232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 14; 6:24 |
Background
Cancer is a disease of the elderly with 60 % of cancers occurring in those over the age of 65 years [1]. As our population ages it will become increasingly critical to optimise treatment in older patients to ensure both good quality of life for this group and the best allocation of medical resources. The tre... | 16466574 | PMC1382233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 8; 6:34 |
Introduction
Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) are neutral lipids consisting of a glycerol backbone and three long-chain fatty acids. In addition to representing a major form of stored energy in the adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, triglycerides are an integral component of lipoprotein particles synthesized by the li... | 16448557 | PMC1382234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 31; 3:10 |
Introduction
Thyroid abnormalities (hyperthyroid and hypothyroid) are accompanied by changes in intermediary metabolism including alterations in body weight, insulin resistance and lipid profile (review [1,2]. Specifically, hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased body weight, increased insulin and glucose indicat... | 16472384 | PMC1382235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Feb 10; 3:13 |
Introduction
Malaria has major and multifaceted linkages with agriculture, both in a rural and peri-urban context [1,2]. Agricultural environments provide conditions well suited for anopheline breeding, with clear, temporary water bodies coinciding with the time of crop cultivation, and human and animal hosts at flying... | 16423295 | PMC1382236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jan 19; 5:3 |
Background
Chromium is a transition metal most commonly found in the environment in its trivalent (Cr3+) and hexavalent (Cr6+) forms [1]. Naturally occurring Cr is almost exclusively in the trivalent state, as the energy required for its oxidation is high. Hence, the hexavalent form is usually considered to be a man-ma... | 16436214 | PMC1382237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 25; 6:5 |
Background
Johne's disease (JD) is caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Several molecular techniques have been applied to differentiate and characterize MAP isolates from diverse hosts and geographic locations [1-3]. A recent study applied highly discriminatory molecu... | 16478544 | PMC1382238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 14; 6:10 |
Introduction
The deficiency in auditory P50 gating reported in numerous studies of schizophrenic patients has been one of the experimental findings that have supported the theory of defect sensory gating in schizophrenia [1]. P50 gating is the relative amplitude reduction of auditory evoked potential (AEP) P50 from the... | 16441895 | PMC1382239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 28; 2:6 |
Background
The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are involved in functionally relevant cross-talk, which functions to maintain homeostasis [1]. Recent studies have indicated that the CNS has an anti-inflammatory role in preventing the development of lethal systemic inflammation [2-4]. For example, pro-... | 16480493 | PMC1382240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Feb 15; 6:3 |
Background
Gene amplification and over-expression of the HER-2/neu gene, also known as c-erbB-2 or ERBB2, is frequently observed (approximately 25–30%) in human breast cancer [1]. The HER-2/neu gene, which is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, is located on chromosome 17q11.2-12 [2] and enco... | 16420697 | PMC1382241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Jan 18; 6:2 |
Background
Distinguishing endocervical adenocarcinoma from its endometrial counterpart is clinically significant in view of their differences in management and prognosis. While the treatment of endometrial carcinoma starts with surgical staging and intraoperative assessment of the grade and extent of tumor in the uteru... | 16409624 | PMC1382242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
Complementary strands of the DNA double helix must be unwound during the course of transcription, replication, recombination, and repair. Therefore, nucleic acid unwinding enzymes (or helicases) have vital functions in almost all DNA metabolic pathways. Helicases of the RecQ family play important roles in ma... | 16412221 | PMC1382243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 13; 7:1 |
Background
The LAT gene encodes a 36–38 kD transmembrane protein that connects various cell surface receptors to downstream signaling events. Following receptor engagement, LAT becomes heavily tyrosine phosphorylated and subsequently binds a number of proteins containing SH2 domains, including members of the Grb2 famil... | 16464244 | PMC1382244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 7; 7:4 |
Background
One of the key reasons for using sequential methods, instead of single-stage design (SSD), in planning clinical trials is that the expected number of patients is decreased while maintaining the pre-specified significance level and power. Sequential designs have become common practice in interim monitoring of... | 16412232 | PMC1382245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
The mismatch repair genes are genomic caretakers that function most visibly in the repair of simple nucleotide repeats. Neoplastic cells with defects in this pathway have a particular type of genetic instability resulting in elevated rates of sequence mutations and very high rates of mutations in microsatell... | 16417627 | PMC1382246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 17; 7:3 |
Background
Methodology
Despite technological advances, not all loci in the human genome can readily be fully genotyped using current conventional methods. Incomplete sequence information, unknown splice junction, unknown size of the deletion, and a large amount of homology with nearby sequence can all contribute to suc... | 16472391 | PMC1382247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 7:8 |
Background
The lower urinary tract is subject to a number of functional disorders in which a cross-communication between urothelium and detrusor muscle is a factor. Bladder overactivity has been attributed to detrusor muscle dysfunction, and several in vitro and in vivo methodologies have been developed to better under... | 16420690 | PMC1382248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Jan 18; 6:1 |
Background
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) belong to a cascade that is part of a phosphorelay system composed of three sequentially activated kinases regulated by phosphorylation. Initiation of this cascade occurs via multiple mechanisms which ultimately activate raf kinases. Activated raf phosphorylates ... | 16412244 | PMC1382249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jan 16; 2:2 |
Background
In submerged culture the morphology of filamentous microorganisms varies between two extreme forms, pellets and free filaments, depending on culture conditions and the genotype of the applied strain. A close link between mycelial morphology and productivity has early been identified in important industrial p... | 16472407 | PMC1382250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Feb 13; 5:5 |
Background
Differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung (DAL-1)/4.1B is a tumor suppressor gene belonging to the Protein 4.1 superfamily [1]. Like other members of this family, DAL-1/4.1B localizes to the cell membrane and contains an N-terminal 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) domain [2] and spectrin/actin bi... | 16420693 | PMC1382251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jan 18; 5:4 |
The XVIth International Conference on AIDS will take place in Toronto, Canada between Aug. 13–18, 2006. It is vital that this meeting be attended by basic retrovirologists working in the field of HIV as well as by clinicians, epidemiologists and social scientists concerned with preventive and other aspects of HIV resea... | 16457720 | PMC1382252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Feb 3; 3:9 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness have developed a global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness by the year 2020; "Vision 2020: the right to sight" [1]. "Vision 2020" includes three major components as target activities: specific ... | 16423308 | PMC1382253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan 20; 6:4 |
Background
Paclitaxel (figure 1a) was discovered in the early 1970's as being the active cytotoxic constituent in extracts of the bark of the yew Taxus Brevifolia. Paclitaxel had a unique mechanism of action, but the supply was limited and formulation of the compound for clinical use was difficult as paclitaxel is prac... | 16412237 | PMC1382254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:2 |
Background
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a variation in a DNA sequence that occurs in an appreciable portion of the population. High density SNP microarrays provide information on the copy number of individual SNPs, based on measurement of the intensity of hybridized genomic DNA fragments to the microarray.... | 16420694 | PMC1382255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 18; 7:25 |
Background
Escherichia coli is a reference organism because of the rich knowledge of its biology. The group of Collado-Vides has been curating regulation of transcription initiation and operon organization during the last ten years [1-3]. This effort feeds two databases, RegulonDB and EcoCyc [4,5]. This information is ... | 16398937 | PMC1382256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 6; 7:5 |
Background
The development of genomic and post-genomic technologies is producing a large amount of heterogeneous data for investigating the functions of the genes and their products. Biological data are spreaded across an increasing number of databases that differ widely in terms of quality, consistency, diversity and ... | 16417636 | PMC1382257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 17; 7:21 |
Background
DNA microarray technology allows researchers to estimate the relative expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously over different time points, different experimental conditions, or different tissue samples. It is the relevant abundance of the mRNA genetic product that provides surrogate information... | 16466568 | PMC1382258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 8; 7:59 |
Background
Type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1), one of the major cellular serine/threonine phosphatases, is abundantly expressed in virtually all cell compartments [1]. PP1 plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle progression and is also involved in other processes, including gene expression, muscle contraction, g... | 16466572 | PMC1382259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Feb 8; 6:3 |
Introduction
Carcinogenesis has long been thought to be a multi-step process [1]; however, it has only recently become possible to identify a large number of the molecular events underlying the initiation and progression of different human tumors [2]. After a quarter century of rapid advances, cancer research has gener... | 16480511 | PMC1382260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Feb 15; 6:4 |
Background
Daylight saving time (DST) is currently used in approximately 70 countries worldwide. The rationale for DST is to improve the match between the daylight hours and activity peaks of a population. Studies of traffic accidents have indicated that the increased availability of daylight hours in the evening under... | 16423282 | PMC1382261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Jan 19; 4:1 |
Background
The biodiversity crisis calls for a better understanding not only of the reasons for loss of diversity, but also for the processes that generate diversity. Plant-feeding insects are remarkably species-rich, making up at least one-quarter of all described species, so explaining the mechanisms behind the diver... | 16420707 | PMC1382262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 18; 6:4 |
Background
It is widely acknowledged that gene losses occurred in various different lineages of the tree of life and contributed in modeling modern genomes. Reports of gene losses including losses of ancestral genes in the human genome, predate the genomic era [1,2] and generally described one to a few genes. The avail... | 16420703 | PMC1382263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 18; 6:5 |
Background
The integron/gene cassette system is now known to be widely distributed amongst the Bacteria and is a major contributor to the dispersal of genes by Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT). The system can facilitate LGT by virtue of the fact that the integron encodes a site-specific recombination (SSR) system [1,2]. The... | 16417647 | PMC1382264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 18; 6:3 |
Background
Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) represents 70 - 90% of all treated brain injuries. It is by far most common in teenagers and young adults, and typically caused by falls and motor-vehicle collisions. The estimated population-based incident rate ranges above 600/100000 [1].
MTBI typically induces a range o... | 16460567 | PMC1382265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:08:22 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 6; 6:7 |
Introduction
Approximately 10–15% of couples are affected by infertility. A male factor can be diagnosed in approximately 50% of them and about 30–40% of male infertility is due to unknown origin [1]. Little is known about the genetic disorders that cause disruption of spermatogenesis. Early cytogenetic studies showed ... | 16445861 | PMC1382266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Jan 30; 3:1 |
Background
Skeletal muscles consist of two main types of fiber with different metabolic and functional profiles. Slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers have a high capacity for oxidative energy metabolism, whereas fast-twitch (type II) fibers have a high capacity for glycolytic energy production [1]. The percentage of slow... | 16403232 | PMC1382267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jan 10; 6:2 |
Background
Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) of long duration frequently suffer from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a great majority of them also have coexistent coronary artery disease (CAD) [1,2]. Patients with primary ESRD are at risk of having a coronary event as well and often die of cardiac causes [... | 16457710 | PMC1382277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Feb 2; 4:9 |
Background
The presence of left superior vena cava (SVC) occurs in approximately 0.3% to 0.5% of the general population [1,2]. In most of patients with left SVC right SVC is present. However very rarely right SVC may be absent and in these cases a persistent left SVC drains the venous blood of both upper extremities an... | 16438718 | PMC1382278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 26; 4:6 |
Introduction
Metazoans have developed a variety of reactive mechanisms to control invading pathogens. On the other hand, microbial invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and intracellular parasites have co-evolved with their hosts to counteract the innate and adaptive responses mounted by the host. Of the many host pathwa... | 16518473 | PMC1383482 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e4 |
Tomorrow, the world could face a pandemic. It could be due to H5N1 avian influenza—experts warn that it is just a matter of time—or a different influenza strain, an unknown pathogen, or a bioterrorist attack. In all cases, biological scientists face the challenge of characterizing the pathogen and determining how to co... | 16738708 | PMC1383484 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e9 |
Introduction
Bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella are capable of infecting a broad range of hosts, including humans, mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects [1]. There are more than 2,400 Salmonella serovars that are distinguished serologically based on surface exposed antigens. Serovars belonging to subspecies 1 o... | 16518469 | PMC1383486 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e11 |
Introduction
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals, caused by unconventional infectious agents known as prions. They are characterized by the accumulation of a disease-associated isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (... | 16518470 | PMC1383487 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e12 |
Introduction
Toxoplasma gondii is one of ~5,000 species of obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa, many members of which are human or animal pathogens [1]. T. gondii is the most common cause of congenital neurological defects in humans, and a devastating opportunistic infection in immunoc... | 16518471 | PMC1383488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e13 |
Introduction
The antimicrobial host defense of Drosophila involves rapid synthesis of small-sized cationic peptides by the fat body [1,2]. These antimicrobial peptides are released into the open circulatory system where they attack invading microorganisms. The transcription of the genes encoding these peptides is under... | 16518472 | PMC1383489 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e14 |
In PLoS Pathogens, vol 1, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010039
In the Results section, under the heading “Identification of Mutations Responsible for the ts Mutant Phenotype”:
The reversion of nucleotide 19288 in the Alb17Rs virus results in the substitution of Tyr with Ser, and not with Arg as originally stat... | 0 | PMC1383490 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Feb 24; 2(2):e17 |
Introduction
Last summer we officially launched the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (JEE) [1], which is published by BioMedCentral, with the aim of establishing a serious, peer-reviewed, open-access online journal that focuses on the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary fields of ethnob... | 16460576 | PMC1383503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:29 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Feb 7; 2:10 |
Background
Spatial analyses of health events can provide helpful information that informs our understanding of the determinants and control of diseases within populations. Geographic studies have discerned the non-random nature of health hazards [1], at-risk populations [2], disease occurrence [3,4], progression [5], s... | 16480512 | PMC1386648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Feb 15; 5:8 |
Background
This research into a particular field of ethno-botanical traditions – the use of household dyeing plants – was motivated by the wish to preserve the memory of customs that in centuries past expressed the close relationship farmers and shepherds had with nature.
It is well known that dye substances of plant ... | 16457717 | PMC1386649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Feb 2; 2:9 |
Background
Zebrafish is a small tropical ornamental fish whose attributes such as optical transparency of embryos, short generation time and availability of mutants make it a favorable model for vertebrate developmental biology [1]. In addition, the embryonic development of zebrafish is relatively well-characterized an... | 16478534 | PMC1386650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 14; 6:5 |
Background
Tobacco use by North American Indians was documented by the first European explorers to the continent who described it as being consumed by smoking, chewing or in salves [1,2]. Early Indian tobacco usage appeared to be primarily for ceremonial purposes, and it has been suggested that older forms of tobacco w... | 16472381 | PMC1386651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 7:9 |
Background
Referrals of patients from primary care to medical specialist care and back to primary care, comprise an important activity in any healthcare system [1]. Optimal referring processes are crucial for the effectiveness, safety and efficiency of medical care [2]. Across Europe delivering and financing care in th... | 16423299 | PMC1386652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 19; 6:5 |
Background
Lack of compliance with antihypertensive drug regimens is assumed to be a major cause of failure to achieve adequate blood pressure control [1-3]. It is estimated that that at least 50% of the patients in a general hypertensive population do not take their antihypertensive medication as prescribed [4]. Impro... | 16472388 | PMC1386653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 10; 6:8 |
Background
The close anatomic relationship between the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and the roots of an impacted mandibular third molar tooth is well known. Therefore, the possibility of injury to the IAN resulting in paresthesia in the course of the surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molars has been wi... | 16480503 | PMC1386654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Feb 15; 2:3 |
Introduction
Odontogenic cysts of the jaws include various pathological entities. By definition, these are cysts (i.e. pathological cavities with fluid or semi-fluid contents but excluding pus) with an epithelial lining that derives from the tooth-forming organ epithelia: the so-called glands of Serres (rests of the de... | 16503983 | PMC1386655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Feb 17; 2:4 |
Background
SNP genotyping is essential for association studies in personalized medicine. Although many high-throughput SNP genotyping methods have been reported, lots of researchers still report their SNP genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). NEBcutter [1] can provide the RFLP information for a... | 16503968 | PMC1386656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:30 |
Background
Porcine circovirus type 2 is a member of the Circoviridae family. This family contains small viruses with a circular single stranded DNA genome, including a number of avian and mammal viruses that are known to cause persistent infections in their host. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and chicken anaemia virus ar... | 16445856 | PMC1386657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 30; 2:6 |
Background
The APC protein plays a pivotal role in WNT signal transduction, has been suggested to have important functions in cell migration and mitosis, and APC mutation is a crucial early event in the development of most colorectal cancers [1]. The intracellular localization of APC has long been the subject of close ... | 16423286 | PMC1386658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 19; 7:3 |
Background
Although a family history of schizophrenia is the best established risk factor for the disease [1] it may account for a limited proportion of the population occurrence of schizophrenia [2,3]. Many studies have identified urban-rural differences in the incidence of schizophrenia (E.g. [2-9]), and a previous s... | 16423297 | PMC1386659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 19; 6:2 |
Background
Huntington's disease is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric disorder first described in 1872 by George Huntington. Its prevalence in Caucasian populations is about 1 per 10 000 individuals [1,2]. The genetic mutation underlying this disorder has been localized to the short arm of chrom... | 16480508 | PMC1386660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Feb 15; 2:1 |
Background
Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in skin and internal organs such as the lungs is one of the features of SSc [1]. A similar process occurs in patients with mild asthma where the fibrosis is limited to the peribronchial areas of the lung [2]. Due to the ability of fibroblasts to regulate the no... | 16430780 | PMC1386661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 23; 7(1):11 |
Background
Lung morphogenesis requires coordinated input from a multitude of diverse molecules ranging from transcription factors to growth factors to cytokines and extracellular matrix. Basement membranes are specialized extracellular matrices that have vital roles in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, as well... | 16483354 | PMC1386662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 16; 7(1):28 |
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