text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Introduction
The host response to bacterial infection of the airways is dependent on both innate (non-antibody-mediated) and adaptive (antibody-mediated) immune systems. The acquired immune system is primarily cellular in composition relying on the actions of B and T cells that are prolonged in activation and duration.... | 16503962 | PMC1386663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 17; 7(1):29 |
Background
The survival of vascular smooth muscle cells is dependent on the balance between proliferation and apoptosis and the aberrant regulation of these pathways is implicated in proliferative vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); a progressive disease characterized by remodelling of dist... | 16423283 | PMC1386664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 19; 7(1):9 |
Background
The airway epithelium lining the airways functions as a protective barrier from inhaled particulates and aerosols from the external environment. Additionally, it regulates leukocyte trafficking into the airway lumen through adhesion molecules and cytokine responses. Therefore, in the inflamed airway, epithel... | 16430772 | PMC1386665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 23; 7(1):12 |
Introduction
Patients presenting with symptoms of acute asthma are traditionally treated with short-acting β2-agonists [1,2]. Formoterol is a long-acting β2-agonist with a rapid onset of action, producing bronchodilation within 1–3 minutes of inhalation [3-5]. This effect is comparable with that of salbutamol [5], maki... | 16433920 | PMC1386666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 24; 7(1):13 |
Background
Allergic asthma is characterised by an inflammatory airway obstruction induced by specific allergen [1]. In addition, structural cells of the allergic airways are often hyperresponsive to non-specific stimuli, which synergises with the inflammatory response to aggravate disease [2]. While the pathogenesis of... | 16441896 | PMC1386667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 29; 7(1):18 |
Introduction
Human airway surface liquid (ASL) contains many antimicrobial substances, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and β defensins that are salt-sensitive. An increase in salt concentration inhibits the antibacterial activity of these substances. Conversely, they are more potent at lower salt concentrations [1-4].... | 16483382 | PMC1386668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 16; 7(1):27 |
Background
In 1991, Jensen et al. [1] published an exhaustive review of the literature on the beliefs and adaptation strategies used by individuals suffering from chronic pain as well as on the measuring instruments most frequently used in research on these individuals. Following this review, they developed a new pain-... | 16478541 | PMC1386669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 14; 7:13 |
Background
Distinguishing cutaneous signs, which are associated with hereditary cancer syndromes, are known as cancer-associated genodermatoses. The Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is an example, and is defined by the combination of at least one sebaceous adenoma, epithelioma or carcinoma and at least one visceral carcinoma ... | 16466577 | PMC1386670 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 8; 4:8 |
This book provides a review of various computer vision, image processing and artificial intelligence methods, most of them aimed at assisting diagnostic decision making. Most of the reviewed work revolves around computer-aided detection (CAD) in mammography, ranging from the description of the basic structure of a CAD ... | 0 | PMC1386671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 2; 5:6 |
Background
Partial liquid ventilation involves filling the lungs to functional residual capacity with a liquid, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are soluble, while continuing ventilation with a conventional gas ventilator.
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids seem to be physiologically ideal for liquid ventilation, yet the... | 16457722 | PMC1386672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 3; 5:7 |
Background
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in ruminant meat (about 0.4% of the total lipids) and milk products (about 1% of the total lipids) with a conjugated double bonds system [1]. Among the CLA family, rumenic acid (RA), cis-9,trans-11 18:2 is the major conjuga... | 16426454 | PMC1386673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 20; 3:8 |
Background
Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the biotin-dependent conversion of a acetyl CoA, HCO3-, and ATP to malonyl CoA [1]. Malonyl CoA serves as an activated C-2 donor compound during fatty acid (e.g. palmitic acid) synthesis. The structure, function and regulation of ACC have been studied extensively in rel... | 16483370 | PMC1386674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Feb 16; 3:15 |
Background
In the United States, people are living longer, healthier lives. Dietary requirements for the elderly must take into account the physiologic changes that occur with aging as these needs differ from those of younger adults. Nutritional support in the elderly is often a primary therapy and it has been shown th... | 16398934 | PMC1386675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 6; 3:6 |
Background
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) especially genital ulcer diseases are an epidemiologic and biologic risk factor for the transmission of HIV-1 infection [1,2]. Young people aged 15 to 24 years are at the epicentre of the HIV epidemic especially those living in sub Saharan Africa which accounts for abou... | 16472390 | PMC1386676 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 10; 6:22 |
Background
Chlamydiae, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, cause an array of medically and economically important infectious diseases. Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), the most common cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease, is also the world's leading cause of infectious blindness [1]. Chlamydophila pneumon... | 16472397 | PMC1386677 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 10; 6:23 |
Background
Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by inhalation of dimorphic fungi of the genus Coccidioides (C. immitis and C. posadasii). It is endemic in desert regions of the southwestern United States, Central America and South America. This infection has protean manifestations and is frequently misdiagnosed, e... | 16480497 | PMC1386678 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15; 6:26 |
Background
Cervical cancer remains as one of the biggest killers in women around the world. The epidemiology of cervical cancer is strongly related to the standard of living of populations, thus, underdeveloped countries present the higher mortality rates which can be as high as >70 per 100 000 inhabitants and most cas... | 16457727 | PMC1386679 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 3; 3:3 |
Background
In primary care, 10–35% of patients present physical symptoms that appear to be unrelated to organic pathology [1-3]. These may be variously referred to as "medically unexplained symptoms", functional somatic symptoms or somatisation, reflecting the degree to which such symptoms are understood as an abnormal... | 16480514 | PMC1386680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Feb 15; 7:10 |
Background
There is increasing international interest in research capacity building in primary health care.
In 2000, the Australian Government announced a $50 m research capacity building initiative, known as the Primary Health Care Research Evaluation and Development (PHCRED) program. The aim of the program is to dev... | 16466583 | PMC1386681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Feb 9; 7:8 |
Background
Estimates of life expectancy assist physicians and patients in medical decision-making [1]. The time-delayed benefits for many medical treatments, such as cancer screening, make an older adult's life expectancy estimate particularly important. To address this, the American Geriatrics Society and others recom... | 16472399 | PMC1386682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Feb 11; 7:9 |
Background
It has been recently reported that major pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exploit acceleration of syndecan (Synd) ectodomain shedding as a mechanism of host damage and thus increase their virulence [1-3]. Approximately 1% of cell surface proteins are thought to be shed into the extr... | 16464252 | PMC1386683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 7; 6:8 |
Background
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) abundantly exist in the ECM and on the cell surface of most cells [1,2]. They are composed of a restricted set of core proteins to which one or more glycosaminoglycan chains (GAG) are covalently attached. It is established that HSPGs are involved in a wide range of biolo... | 16417632 | PMC1386684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Jan 17; 7:2 |
Background
Mg2+ is the most abundant divalent cation in cells and is important for many metabolic processes. Free Mg2+ in cells is quite low (0.3 – 3%) as compared to the total amount of Mg2+ due to buffering by polyphosphates, nucleic acids, and free nucleotides [1,2]. In mammalian cells the free concentration is usua... | 16460565 | PMC1386685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Feb 6; 7:4 |
Background
Transcription factors and cofactors orchestrate complex yet precise programs of gene expression that are critical for cell proliferation and differentiation during development. The myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors regulates diverse cellular processes in a wide range of cell ty... | 16478538 | PMC1386686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Feb 14; 7:5 |
Introduction
Malnutrition constitutes a public health problem throughout the world and particularly in developing countries [1]. In Africa, more than 30% of the deaths of less than five year old children result directly or indirectly from malnutrition [2]. Since 1999, Burkina Faso has been confronted by protein-energy ... | 16430775 | PMC1386687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Jan 23; 5:3 |
Background
Angiogenesis is essential in the development and vascular spread of cancer, by providing nutrients, oxygen, and passages for the departing cancer cells [1-3]. The angiogenic process is regulated by a carefully maintained balance between angiogenic factors and angiogenic inhibitors (angiogenic factors). In ca... | 16430777 | PMC1386688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 23; 6:16 |
Background
Brain and other nervous system (NS) tumours are a group of neoplasms that vary in terms of their site of origin, morphological features, genetic alterations, growth potential, invasiveness, tendency to progression and recurrence, and response to treatments [1-4]. Their still highly unfavourable prognosis und... | 16438728 | PMC1386689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 26; 6:23 |
Background
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most malignant tumors and typically presents at an advanced and rapidly fatal stage. To better understand the role of genetics in the etiology and prevention of ESCC and to identify potential susceptibility genes as well as early detection markers, we p... | 0 | PMC1386690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 2; 6:33 |
Background
Tacrolimus is the generic name for the macrolide immunosuppressant previously known by its experimental name FK506 [1]. Tacrolimus was first discovered while screening for antibacterial activity of a multitude of compounds. This macrolide is produced by Streptomyces tsukabaensis, a bacterium found in the soi... | 16405733 | PMC1386691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 11; 6:7 |
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of conditions characterized histologically by excessive accumulation of hepatic fat in the absence of alcohol consumption. Two main histological patterns of NAFLD are described: fatty liver alone and steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is an increasin... | 16503961 | PMC1386692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 14; 6:6 |
Background
Sexual differences that arise in the brain during embryonic development underlie sex-specific reproductive behavior in adults of vertebrate species. Better knowledge of the mechanisms behind sexual differentiation of the nervous system can contribute to the understanding of the brain's functions and its susc... | 16480516 | PMC1386693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 15; 7:12 |
Background
The use of illicit drugs such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) has increased among young people in Europe and North America [1,2] over the past years.
Concern has been expressed about the increasing popularity of this stimulant drug and its association with certain youth subcultures, in ... | 16480519 | PMC1386694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 16; 7:13 |
Background
Neurons are highly polarized cells with extensive processes and thousands of synapses sharing one nuclear genome. The ability to supply specific gene products to a distant synapse is crucial for neuronal functions. Although proteins can be made in the cell body and transported to synapses, local synthesis of... | 16503994 | PMC1386695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 17; 7:17 |
Background
Circadian rhythms are endogenous self-sustained oscillations with approximately 24-hr rhythmicity that are manifested in various physiological and metabolic processes [1,2] In mammals the circadian orchestration of these processes is governed by pacemaker cells located within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)... | 16483373 | PMC1386696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 16; 7:5 |
Background
Obesity rates in the United States continue to climb, such that two-thirds of adults are classified as either overweight [body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m2] or obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) [1]. Recent prevalence estimates from a large-scale national telephone survey (N = 184,450) indicate that many U.S. adults are tryi... | 16503980 | PMC1386697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Feb 17; 3:3 |
Background
Conventional chemotherapy for treating cancer is non-selective and therefore associated with toxic side effects, limiting a drug's therapeutic index [1-4]. Targeted delivery of drugs is ideal in order to enhance therapeutic benefit as well as reduce systemic toxicity. Recently the development of novel method... | 16476163 | PMC1386698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Feb 13; 4:2 |
Introduction
Understanding the pathomechanism of cancer is of primary interest in medical research. In the past century, several mechanisms were proposed: It was hypothesized that cancer arises out from a single cell that loses its differentiated state through sequential mutations [1]. This initiation-promotion-progres... | 16478542 | PMC1386699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:40 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Feb 14; 5:6 |
Background
In submerged culture the morphology of filamentous microorganisms varies between two extreme forms, pellets and free filaments, depending on culture conditions and the genotype of the strain. According to many reports, mycelial morphology is crucial to the process of fermentation, not only in relation to the... | 16433930 | PMC1386700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jan 25; 5:3 |
Background
Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the most heavily studied measures of obesity (MIM #601665). In a previous article [1] we reported substantial evidence for linkage of BMI to chromosomes 6q and 11q across six exams, covering 28 years, of the Framingham Heart Study. In that article, we found no obvious evidence... | 16438729 | PMC1386701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 26; 7:7 |
Background
Ankle injuries are one of the most common reasons for presenting to orthopedics emergency department. However, although only a few of these patients – approximately 15% – have a significant clinical fracture, radiography is performed on almost all patients, without having any positive diagnostic result in 85... | 16480520 | PMC1386702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Feb 16; 6:3 |
Background
Misdiagnosis of a fracture is a very common occurrence in Emergency Departments (ED) and can have serious consequences because of delays in treatment and resulting long-term disability [1]. Analysis of the circumstances where errors in medical practice takes place may suggest ways to prevent them.
Studies a... | 16483365 | PMC1386703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:10 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Feb 16; 6:4 |
Background
Clearance of inhaled technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTc-DTPA) is an index of lung epithelial permeability [1,2]. The technique is non invasive, relatively inexpensive with a low radiation, and easy to perform using standard equipment in clinical nuclear medicine department [3].
Abnorm... | 16483363 | PMC1386704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Feb 16; 6:4 |
Background
IS can be determined by myocardial contrast echocardiography after a period of coronary ischemia and reperfusion, by exploiting the "no-reflow" state of necrotic tissue [1-4]. In this setting, fewer microbubbles enter the necrotic zone because of functional and/or structural damage to the coronary capillarie... | 16466579 | PMC1386705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Feb 8; 4:10 |
After the publication of this work [1] it was brought to our attention that the GenBank numbers of the 23 M haplogroup sequences had not been provided. The GenBank accession numbers for these sequences are as follows (See Table 1)
Table 1 S. No. Sample I.D GenBank accession number
1 Gow96 DQ246811
2 I.IB306 DQ246812... | 0 | PMC1386706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 7; 6:9 |
Background
Bezoars are rare causes of gastrointestinal obstruction. They mostly originate in the stomach, and occur mainly in patients with psychiatric ailments who chew and swallow their hair (trichobezoar), vegetable fibres (phytobezoar), persimmon fibres (diospyrobezoar), or tablets/semi liquid masses of drugs (phar... | 16483375 | PMC1386707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Feb 16; 6:4 |
Background
One way to organize the billions of cells within an individual is through genealogy, because all cells are related. Each cell has its own genealogy, which starts from the zygote and ends with the current phenotype. Conceptually, the genealogy of a differentiated epithelial cell can be divided into three dist... | 16457718 | PMC1386708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:2 |
Background
Less than 1% of environmental microbes are readily culturable using standard methods [1]. Studies of total microbial diversity must therefore use culture-independent approaches. The breakthrough to these types of studies occurred when Woese et al. [2] proposed the Domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya ba... | 16464253 | PMC1386709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 7; 7:57 |
Background
Conformational resemblance between proteins, whether remote or close, is often used to infer functional properties of proteins and to reveal distant evolutionary relationships between two proteins exhibiting no similarity in their amino acid sequences. Traditionally, high-resolution structure determination s... | 16436213 | PMC1386710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 25; 7:40 |
Background
Experimental techniques such as DNA microarray, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and mass spectrometry proteomics, among others, have opened new ways to study biological systems from a global perspective. These new methodologies are generating large amounts of data related to genes and proteins at d... | 16438716 | PMC1386711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:41 |
Background
DNA microarray technology is a powerful method for exploring biological processes on a genomic scale. This high-throughput technique allows researchers to simultaneously monitor the expression level of thousands of genes, or even whole genomes, in a single experiment. It has been successfully used in many co... | 16464256 | PMC1386712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 7; 7:54 |
Background
Bioinformatics applications now routinely analyze large amounts of data. Development of programs thus often involves repeated loading and testing of megabytes or more of data to check program correctness or to optimize algorithms and parameter settings. Compiled languages such as C generally offer a much qui... | 16469097 | PMC1386713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:64 |
Background
Protein structures can be characterized by regular folding patterns. Descriptions at the level of local folding pattern (e.g., alpha helix or beta sheet) are known as the protein's secondary structure, as opposed to its full tertiary (3-dimensional) structure. It is common practise to describe each residue a... | 16478545 | PMC1386714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 14; 7:68 |
Background
Phylogenetic trees based upon multiple sequence alignments of proteins from many species are commonly used to determine the evolutionary relationships between homologous sequences, which can give insights into the evolution of a protein family and the functional specificity of the members of the family [1].
... | 16503967 | PMC1386715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:79 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions play important roles in many biological processes. Structural models of the complexes resulting from these interactions are necessary to understand those processes at the molecular level. Among the different techniques which can be employed to determine the structures of protein ... | 16423290 | PMC1386716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 19; 7:27 |
Background
The rapidly growing amount of genomic sequence information necessitates tools for its annotation. Although predicting bacterial genes is in many ways simpler than predicting eukaryotic genes, it is clear that there remains room for improvement in the bacterial case. Several groups have undertaken efforts to ... | 16423288 | PMC1386717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 19; 7:31 |
Background
With the completion of sequencing entire human genomes, the focus of modern biology has gradually shifted to functional genomics [1]. Many important biological processes (e.g., cellular differentiation during development, aging, disease aetiology etc.) are very unlikely controlled by a single gene instead by... | 16420705 | PMC1386718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 18; 7:26 |
Introduction
The microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs, like the spleen, facilitates effective communication between antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes to mount protective immunity to pathogens. The white pulp of the spleen is organized around a central arteriole and is demarcated from the surrounding ... | 16518465 | PMC1386719 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 3; 2(3):e16 |
Introduction
Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite responsible for the deadliest form of human malaria, causing more than one million deaths a year [1]. The most prominent virulent surface antigen expressed by P. falciparum is the protein PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocytic membrane protein 1) encoded by the ... | 16518466 | PMC1386720 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 3; 2(3):e22 |
Introduction
DNA methylation is a frequent biochemical modification of eukaryotic DNA [1–6]. In humans, it affects the C5 position of cytosines that belong to CpG dinucleotides (i.e., a cytosine directly followed by a guanine).
CpG dinucleotides are distributed unevenly across the human genome. In non-coding DNA, CpG ... | 16520826 | PMC1386721 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 3; 2(3):e26 |
Introduction
There are two opposing theories regarding when spliceosomal introns originated. The introns-early theory proposes that primordial spliceosomal introns already existed at the beginning of life [1–3]. The earliest version of the introns-early theory postulated that, during the course of evolution, introns we... | 16518464 | PMC1386722 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 3; 2(3):e25 |
Introduction
Sequence alignment and comparison have revealed much about evolution at the nucleotide and amino acid level, but much less is known about the structural evolution of genes—how their intron–exon structures, intron lengths, alternative splicing, and untranslated regions change over time. Genome annotations c... | 16518452 | PMC1386723 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 3; 2(3):e15 |
Background
The prevalence of mental health problems in adolescent populations is found to be between 16% and 22% across several studies [1-7]. Within the EU and US, the finding that a minority (between 13% and 36%) of adolescents with mental health problems seeks professional help seems robust [4,6,8]. These estimates ... | 16480522 | PMC1386725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 16; 6:34 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a major and growing public health problem, particularly in women[1], with an estimated 10 million people already having osteoporosis in the US and 18 million more having low bone mass[2]. In the United States, the direct financial costs alone of osteoporosis are estimated at $10 to $15 billio... | 16430773 | PMC1386726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 23; 6:12 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A young nurse, undertaking a working holiday in Australia, sees a 5-year-old Aboriginal girl while doing a locum in a remote coastal community of the Northern Territory. The young girl has been brought in by her grandmother because she has discharge coming from her eyes. From the notes, the nurse se... | 16492074 | PMC1388047 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e41 |
In 2004, about 3 million people died of AIDS [
1]. Because sexual intercourse accounts for the vast majority of HIV transmissions worldwide, it is important to understand the events that occur in the genital or rectal mucosa during transmission. Here we dissect a number of factors in the transmitter and recipient that ... | 16492075 | PMC1388058 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e79 |
Brown correctly points out that the rates of prophylactic aspirin use from our study [
1] were much lower than the rates reported in some other United States studies, particularly those of Brown et al. [
2] and O'Connor et al [
3]. The latter studies represent practices in two large, integrated health maintenance organ... | 0 | PMC1388061 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e109 |
The importance of prophylactic aspirin use in both developed and developing countries can hardly be overemphasized. I am troubled, however, by Stafford and colleagues' failure to cite and discuss United States studies that show much higher rates of antithrombotic use than they report [
1]. Using a cross-sectional posta... | 16492077 | PMC1388062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e110 |
From their study on the genetic prediction of future type 2 diabetes (T2D), Lyssenko and colleagues conclude that “genetic testing might become a future approach to identify individuals at risk of developing T2D” [
1]. One of their most striking findings is an impressive 21.2-fold increased risk for T2D in obese carrie... | 16492078 | PMC1388063 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e114 |
We read with interest the Editorial “Improving Health by Investing in Medical Education” [
1]. The emphasis on problem-based, community-oriented, integrated teaching was of special interest. In Nepal, though community-based learning (CBL) has been carried out for many years, the majority of teaching still occurs in acu... | 16492079 | PMC1388064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e115 |
We are pleased to see that our Essay [
1] has sparked this discussion regarding consumer advertising of psychiatric medications.
There seems to be no disagreement with our main theses—antidepressant advertisements do not accurately represent the evidence base from psychopharmacology, experimental psychiatry, and neur... | 0 | PMC1388065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e116 |
I would like to thank
PLoS Medicine for publishing Lacasse and Leo's important and methodical Essay that debunks the “chemical imbalance” advertisements for psychiatric drugs [
1]. Why would the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve such ads? Our human rights group, MindFreedom International, has bee... | 16492081 | PMC1388066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e117 |
Lacasse and Leo make an important contribution in the debate over prescription drug advertising [
1]. Their demonstration of the ubiquity of the scientifically unsupported claim that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) “correct a chemical imbalance” points out the need for better regulation of direct-to-consumer (DTC... | 16492082 | PMC1388067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e118 |
The Essay by Lacasse and Leo [
1] demonstrates clearly how consumer advertising—in all fields of medicine, not only psychiatry—can at the least be misleading, making patients choose treatments that may not be the best choice in each particular circumstance. I agree with the authors that the “serotonin” hypothesis does ... | 16492083 | PMC1388068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e119 |
I read with interest the Essay written by Jeffrey R. Lacasse and Jonathan Leo [
1]. They have found that pharmaceutical companies marketing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the United States commonly declare that SSRIs correct chemical imbalance in depression caused by a lack of serotonin. The authors... | 16492084 | PMC1388069 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e120 |
In their correspondence to our paper, “Genetic Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes” [
1], Janssens et al. question whether genetic testing really will improve prediction of future type 2 diabetes (T2D) [
2].
Their criticism is well taken and important for the discussion on the causes of T2D. It is assumed, although not yet... | 0 | PMC1388071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Feb 28; 3(2):e127 |
Background
Cancer mortality maps are used by public health officials to identify areas of excess and to guide surveillance and control activities. Quality of decision-making thus relies on an accurate quantification of risks from observed rates which can be very unreliable when computed from sparsely populated geograph... | 16469095 | PMC1388192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Feb 9; 5:7 |
Introduction
Introduced over a century ago, nasal cytology has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in the rhinology laboratory to differentiate various forms of rhino-pathologies, to follow the course of the disease and to monitor response to medical treatment [1-5].
In rhino-pathologies of viral origin, the micro... | 16451721 | PMC1388193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Feb 1; 3:6 |
Background
Mathematical models of cancer growth have been the subject of research activity for many years. The Gompertzian model [1,2], logistic and power functions have been extensively used to describe tumor growth dynamics (see for example [3] and [4]). These simple formalisms have been also used to investigate diff... | 16472396 | PMC1388194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 10; 3:7 |
Background
Chlamydia is a very common, curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. Chlamydia prevalence in young women attending general practice in Britain was estimated to be 8.1% in those under 20 and 5.2% in those aged 20–24 [1], and is similar in other developed count... | 16426453 | PMC1388195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jan 20; 3:3 |
Background
The formation and placement of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in animal embryos is of interest in developmental biology, evolutionary biology and biotechnology. In Diptera, including the well studied Drosophila melanogaster, PGCs form as morphologically and molecularly distinct pole cells, in the posterior of ... | 16503992 | PMC1388196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 6:6 |
Introduction
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects approximately 1 million people in North America [1,2]. It is characterized clinically by a loss of motor control as evidenced by muscular rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, and gait dysfunction with postural insta... | 16426448 | PMC1388197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jan 20; 3:1 |
Background
Studying genetics and ecology of the evolutionarily diversified insects at molecular level is the most exciting area of entomology research today [1]. Acquisitions of sequencing data and their comparative analyses build a foundation for understanding biological pathways, molecular processes, and gene express... | 16426458 | PMC1388198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 21; 7:11 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can be found in both multi-cellular animals and plants. In both kingdoms they act as negative regulators of translation. They are transcribed as longer primary transcripts from which approximately 70nt precursors (pre-miRNAs) with a characteristic stem-loop s... | 16480513 | PMC1388199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 15; 7:25 |
Background
Cellular DNA is packaged as chromatin, a condensed fiber composed of nucleosome core particles. Each core particle comprises 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped nearly twice around an octomer of histone proteins, which is canonically defined by an H3/H4 tetramer flanked by two H2A/H2B heterodimers [1].
The amino-... | 16412250 | PMC1388200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 16; 7:6 |
Background
Cocaine abuse is one of the most serious and socially damaging illegal drug problems. The 2003 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health [1] found that 14.7% of the population of the United States aged 12 and older had tried cocaine at least once in their lifetimes. In Europe, the highest rate with a lifetim... | 16426451 | PMC1388201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 20; 6:10 |
Background
Infancy and early childhood are both critical periods of rapid physical growth, cognitive and emotional development [1]. Food intake and lifestyle parameters have a central role in this process since they could ensure optimum growth and development on the one hand but also set the basis for a healthy transit... | 16480515 | PMC1388202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 15; 6:32 |
Background
Many countries are currently experiencing declining sexual health amongst young populations. In the UK, diagnoses of Chlamydia in 16–24 year olds have tripled since 1995[1], with increases also seen in a range of other countries (e.g. USA[2], Switzerland, Sweden[3]). The advent of widely affordable internati... | 16504040 | PMC1388203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 21; 6:39 |
Background
Although immunization rates for preschool children in the United States are high by historical standards, pockets of need exist and racial disparity occurs [1,2]. The Healthy People 2010 vaccination coverage goal for universally recommended vaccinations among children aged 19–35 months is 90% [3]. Economic b... | 16409623 | PMC1388204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 12; 6:7 |
Background
Body Surface Potential Mapping refers to the process of acquisition and display of temporal and spatial distributions of electrocardiographic potentials recorded from multiple sites on the torso [1]. In contrast to more conventional recording techniques, such as the 12 lead ECG, where scalar traces allow for... | 16503972 | PMC1388205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Feb 17; 6:9 |
Background
Anesthesia can be given in a wide variety of different ways. Many operations can either be performed under general anesthesia, regional anesthesia (targeted blockade with local anesthetic of the nerves supplying the area to be operated on) or local anesthesia. Even within these broad classifications, a numbe... | 16480502 | PMC1388206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Feb 15; 6:8 |
Background
Attachment and migration of airway epithelial cells is an important aspect of repair of injury induced by allergens and other agents in asthma. Cytoskeletal reorganization, mediated through actin filament remodeling, is required to facilitate attachment and migration of epithelial cells into damaged areas. T... | 16480498 | PMC1388207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 15; 7(1):25 |
Background
Overwhelming innate immune responses to systemic inflammation contribute to the clinical manifestation of sepsis and septic shock. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure are frequent complications of severe sepsis that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of this critical illn... | 16503998 | PMC1388208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 18; 7(1):30 |
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most important respiratory causes of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. COPD is characterized by the presence of persistent airflow obstruction that is typically progressive and include different clinical conditions as chronic bronchit... | 16476167 | PMC1388209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Feb 14; 5:2 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive common tumors, the five-year survival rate being less than 20% despite surgery and/or chemotherapy [1]. This very poor prognosis is mainly due to the propensity of this tumor to invade the adjacent structures and metastasize to distant organs early in the cours... | 16504015 | PMC1388210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Feb 20; 7:8 |
Background
Mammalian skin serves a number of vital physiological functions to maintain homeostasis. Skin provides a moisture barrier, regulates body temperature via hair follicles, sweat glands, and dermal capillaries, and provides lubrication via sebaceous glands. The functional properties of skin are often underappre... | 16426441 | PMC1388211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 20; 7:4 |
Background
In Japan, all citizens are covered by the national insurance system in which universal free access to healthcare services is promised to every people. There are no general physicians or ''gatekeepers'' in the Japanese healthcare system. Patients in Japan can freely choose between going to a physician's offic... | 16503979 | PMC1388212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 17; 6:11 |
Background
In Tanzania, it is estimated that over 85% of dental patients seek dental care due to painful tooth conditions, and that over 90% of the treatment rendered is tooth extraction [1]. A total of 159,660 extractions were conducted in 1993 and 99,636 extractions in 1995 in the 20 regions of Tanzania, the majority... | 16426455 | PMC1388213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jan 21; 6:1 |
Background
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria are prevalent among the bacterial populations of the human body, particularly on mucous membrane surfaces. In the oral cavity these bacteria are found on the tooth surface (above all in subgingival plaque), in the saliva, on the tongue surface and in the tonsillar c... | 16426457 | PMC1388214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jan 21; 6:2 |
Background
Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness, is caused by the filarial nematode, Onchocerca volvulus [1]. It is an important cause of visual impairment and dermatitis, affecting about 18 million residents in Africa and Latin America [2]. The infection is known to be endemic in 37 countries [2]. In 1995... | 16457735 | PMC1388215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Feb 5; 5:1 |
Background
Both Type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes and obesity represent dysregulated glucometabolic syndrome conditions in humans and experimental models [1-8]. The consequences of uncontrolled (non-corrected) hyperglycemic and hypertriglyceridemic systemic conditions have severe consequences on osteodevelopment and maturation i... | 16451732 | PMC1388216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 1; 7:10 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.