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Background
Environmental factors that impose water-deficit stress, such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures, place major limits on plant productivity [1]. It is a problem that deserves global attention. In particular, increasing soil salinization has necessitated the identification of crop traits/genes that c... | 16504061 | PMC1388217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 22; 6:4 |
Background
Members of the genus Rickettsia are obligate intracellular, Gram-negative, bacteria. These bacteria are surrounded by a crystalline proteic layer [1], also referred to as S-layer, which represents 10 to 15 % of their total protein mass [2] and is made of immunodominant surface protein antigens (SPA) [3-5]. P... | 16504018 | PMC1388218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 20; 6:12 |
Background
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of cereal crops, which has a severe impact on wheat and barley production worldwide. The infection of heads of small grain cereals and maize plants with Fusarium spp. impairs grain yield and quality [1]. Apart from adversely effecting grain size, weight, protein conten... | 16430784 | PMC1388219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:14 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 23; 6:4 |
Background
History of a fragility fracture (defined as a fracture sustained following a fall from a standing height) is one of the recognised risk factors of osteoporosis and subsequent fractures [1]. The most common fractures associated with osteoporosis are fractures of hip, vertebrae and distal radius. It has been s... | 16464250 | PMC1388220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Feb 7; 7:7 |
Background
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder associated with enormous personal and societal cost [1] The global burden of mental illness is expected to rise sharply over the coming decades. The WHO Global Burden of Disease Study estimates that by 2020, major depression will rank as the second cause of disabilit... | 16445855 | PMC1388221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 30; 7:5 |
Background
Immunisations are among the most successful and cost effective disease prevention interventions available [1]. The great challenge of the Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI) is to reach and to keep high levels of vaccine coverage, which contributes first to disease control and later to disease elimination... | 16504049 | PMC1388222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 21; 6:29 |
Background
Human papillomavirus virus (HPV) is the main causal factor of cervical cancer [1]. This virus is sexually transmitted and the male is the carrier. More than 100 HPV genotypes have been described and 20 of them have been associated with cervical cancer. In an international study performed in 1995 and using mo... | 16504014 | PMC1388223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 20; 6:27 |
Background
All four human malaria species are found in Papua New Guinea (PNG), with a predominace of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax [1]. The outcomes of insecticide-treated bednet (ITN) interventions for malaria control in PNG tend to suggest a differential protective effect against P. falciparum and P. viv... | 16504027 | PMC1388224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 21; 5:15 |
Background
After the use of any antimicrobial, treatment failure or resistance occurs in a percentage of cases, due to the variants or genetic mutants. In Plasmodium, mutations appear with a frequency of 9.5-71.2 × 10-10 mutations/site/year in coding regions [1] and with a frequency of 1.5910 × 10-4 mutations/site/year... | 16504002 | PMC1388225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 20; 5:14 |
Background
In mammals, the neural structure responsible for most circadian behaviours can be localized to a bilaterally paired structure in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These SCN neurons must be synchronized to each other as well as to the environment in order to function adaptively. The daily c... | 16483357 | PMC1388226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 16; 7:15 |
Background
The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has dramatically increased during the last 2 decades [1-3] and so has the incidence of Barrett's esophagus (BE), one of the most important risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma [4,5]. Despite the fact that BE is a predisposing factor, only 0.5% of the pat... | 16483364 | PMC1388227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:7 |
Background
The Mixed Lineage Leukaemia (MLL) gene (also called HRX, HTRX or ALL-1) on chromosome band 11q23 is a recurrent target of reciprocal translocation in human acute leukaemias. The 11q23 translocation occurs in 5–6% of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) and 7–10% of patients with acute lymphoblasti... | 16433901 | PMC1388228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 24; 6:20 |
Background
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is composed of a 16.6 kb, double stranded, circular DNA molecule that encodes 13 polypeptides of the respiratory chain, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs [1]. Mitochondrial DNA alterations have been suspected to play an important role in the development and progression of ... | 16433919 | PMC1388229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 24; 6:21 |
Background
Nutritional assessment by diet analysis is a two-stepped process. The first step is the evaluation of food consumption, and the second the conversion of food into nutrient intake. To do this we need a food composition database, which lists the mean nutritional values for a given food portion. We then multipl... | 16423289 | PMC1388230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Jan 19; 5:2 |
Background
The expanding HIV/AIDS epidemic represents one of the greatest threats to human health and international development today, and strengthening the global response is imperative. Despite recent progress in expanding access to HIV/AIDS treatment [1], the world continues to severely under-invest in efforts to fi... | 16417638 | PMC1388231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Jan 17; 3:2 |
Background
The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is an important regulator of G1 to S-phase transition in numerous cell types from diverse tissues. Binding of cyclin D1 to its kinase partners, the cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4\6) results in the formation of active complexes that phosphorylate the Retinoblastoma tumor s... | 16503970 | PMC1388232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Feb 17; 5:7 |
Background
Interleukin 8 (IL8) is a member of the chemokine family and is produced by a wide range of cell types like monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and ceratinocytes. It primarily mediates the activation and migration of neutrophils from peripheral blood into tissue and is involved in the initiation and amplifica... | 16503988 | PMC1388233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Feb 17; 4:2 |
Background
A challenge inherent to many gene delivery systems is efficient expression of the vector transgene. Enhancement of transcription has been a thoroughly investigated target to improve vector gene expression. For example, introduction of a constitutive viral transcription enhancer or a tissue-specific cellular ... | 16480517 | PMC1388234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Feb 15; 3:13 |
The frail older adult subpopulation, which is growing at a rapid rate, contributes significantly to the increasing global healthcare cost [1]. Many frail older adults are immunologically compromised, and, therefore, succumb to common infections in spite of the availability of antibiotics and other therapeutic measures.... | 16423301 | PMC1388235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Jan 19; 3:1 |
Background
Cigarette smoking has since long been recognized as a strong risk factor for the development of vascular disease such as hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease [1,2]. Tobacco smoking is associated with increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid and femoral arteries, elevated levels of circula... | 16423279 | PMC1388236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jan 19; 6:3 |
Background
Autoimmune diseases include a wide spectrum of systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1,2]. The important characteristic of all autoimmune syndromes is inflammation and the damage inflicted upon self-tissues mediated by host cellular and/or humoral respons... | 16412227 | PMC1388237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
One of the remarkable characteristics of the genomic era is that the solution to the challenge of annotation posed by the rapid increase in sequences, comes in part from the data itself; i.e. the availability of a large number of fully sequenced genomes provides information that enables the development of ne... | 16503966 | PMC1388238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:80 |
Background
One goal of genetic epidemiology is to identify polymorphisms associated with common, complex multifactorial diseases. Success in achieving this goal will depend on a research strategy that recognizes and addresses the importance of interactions among multiple genetic and environmental factors in the etiolog... | 16436204 | PMC1388239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 25; 7:39 |
Background
Cellular development and its associated biochemical processes within and between various cell types are determined by the relevant cellular proteomes, which are tightly regulated by biochemical synthesis, different stage genetic interactions and various metabolic pathways. The proteome of a cell is largely (... | 16480524 | PMC1388240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 16; 7:72 |
Background
Dimeric transcription factors often bind to bipartite genomic sequence elements (TFBS) in promoters, which are composed of two adjacent degenerate motifs with four possible orientations, separated by a flexible nucleotide spacer of unspecified sequence [2,3]. For example, nuclear receptor transcription facto... | 16503993 | PMC1388241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:76 |
Background
In today's post-genomic era, the sequencing projects and the development of High Throughput (HTP) technologies such as microarray and proteomics provide great opportunities to uncover and explore the complexity of biological problems using systems biology. HTP technologies have provided a powerful approach t... | 16423281 | PMC1388242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 19; 7:30 |
Background
The development of microarray technologies has created unparalleled opportunities to study the mechanism of disease, monitor disease expression and evaluate effective therapies. Because tens of thousands of genes are investigated simultaneously with a technology that has not yet been perfected, assessing unc... | 16405735 | PMC1388243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 11; 7:15 |
Background
The presence of refractile opacities located at the level of the inner retina in patients with chronic long standing peripheral retinal detachment has been described. [1-3] The exact nature of these opacities is not known. We describe two patients who presented asymptomatically with refractile opacities in t... | 16409642 | PMC1388244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan 13; 6:3 |
The Meeting of the European Association of Echocardiography (EuroEcho9) that took place in Florence from December 6th to 10th, has just finished achieving the record of abstract submissions and participant attendance (2.842). The interest on ultrasound technologies is very high and is still increasing over time in rela... | 16480489 | PMC1388245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Feb 15; 4:11 |
Background
The distinction between a sliding hiatal hernia and a paraesophageal hernia is based on whether the esophagogastric junction (cardia) is above (sliding hernia or type I hiatal hernia) or below (paraesophageal hernia) the diaphragm. Paraesophageal hernias are true hernias with a covering peritoneal sac. Alter... | 16438731 | PMC1388246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Jan 26; 6:1 |
Because uncontrolled cell division is so dangerous for an organism, the well-behaved cell must know not only when to divide, but also—crucially—when not to. Shutting down cell division prevents tumors and maintains the proper form of tissues such as muscle. Many cells, though, including fibroblasts, must also retain th... | 20076544 | PMC1389700 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e85 |
Introduction
Malaria remains the most important parasitic infection with 300–500 million people affected yearly and 1.5–2.7 million deaths each year. World over, malaria control has focused on pharmacological intervention, vector control, curtailing irrational and indiscriminate use of antimalarials, and the developmen... | 16448575 | PMC1389708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1; 6:16 |
Background
REM sleep (REMS) is characterised by rapid eye movements, a mixed frequency, low amplitude EEG, and a low submental muscle tone with phasic twitches. At the transition from non-REM sleep (NREMS) to REMS these three features do not appear synchronously. The EMG level may decrease prior to the occurrence of th... | 16401347 | PMC1389709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 9; 7:2 |
Background
Highly heterogeneous finite element method (FEM) models of the head have recently become increasingly popular for EEG (electroencephalography) simulations and inverse reconstructions of the electrical sources in the cortex. How does the complexity of these models influence the forward and inverse simulations... | 16466570 | PMC1389789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 8; 5:10 |
Introduction
Free fatty acids (FFA) are a major energy source for most tissues in mammals. Circulating FFA in plasma are primarily derived from adipose tissue, which is the main repository for the storage of triacylglycerol. All treatments for obesity, including dietary restriction of carbohydrates, have a goal of redu... | 16472389 | PMC1391915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Feb 10; 3:12 |
Introduction
The current annotation of human genes is likely to be incomplete, particularly for genes not coding for proteins. Wong et al. [1] have argued that the vast majority of the human genome is transcribed. Indeed, there is mounting experimental evidence showing that the human transcriptome is more complex and e... | 16543943 | PMC1391917 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e18 |
Introduction
The circadian, or daily, rhythm is one of the most obvious and well-studied periodic processes in living organisms. Studies of transcriptional output in different tissues report that expression of approximately 5%–15% of all mammalian genes show a circadian oscillation [1,2]. This circadian oscillation is ... | 16532060 | PMC1391918 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 10; 2(3):e16 |
Introduction
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, causing diseases that range in severity from meningitis, septicaemia, and pneumonia to sinusitis and acute otitis media [1,2]. Factor (typing) sera are used to divide pneumococci into serotypes and serogroup... | 16532061 | PMC1391919 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 10; 2(3):e31 |
Introduction
The main objective of the HapMap project is to provide the research community with a description of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of the human genome in order to enable the optimization of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selection process for association studies [1]. Many algorithms ha... | 16532062 | PMC1391920 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 10; 2(3):e27 |
Introduction
The class of Hemiascomycete comprises several hundreds of simple fungi, the vast majority of which are yeasts. Among them, there are few opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans that are responsible for the majority of all forms of candidiasis [1]. Debaryomyces hansenii, a cryotolerant species that... | 16532063 | PMC1391921 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 10; 2(3):e32 |
The global burden of influenza on morbidity and mortality is considerable, with an estimated 1 million annual deaths worldwide [
1]. In temperate regions, there are clear seasonal variations in the occurrence of influenza, with a marked peak in cold winter months [
2]. In contrast, seasonality is less defined in tropic... | 16509764 | PMC1391975 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e89 |
By the year 2020, global deaths from noncommunicable diseases are expected to increase by 77%. The projected rise is mainly due to the aging of the population and to an increase in the numbers of people exposed to tobacco. While antismoking campaigns have met with some success in developed countries, the tobacco epidem... | 0 | PMC1391976 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e174 |
Introduction
Basement membranes (BMs) are dynamic structures which provide structural support and contribute to the acquisition of cellular phenotype and functional behavior [
1,
2]. Major constituents of all BMs are predominantly laminins, nidogen/entactin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and type IV collagens—and the ... | 16509766 | PMC1391977 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e100 |
Introduction
Influenza is a major cause of acute respiratory diseases. Although the symptoms of influenza infection may be relatively mild and self-limiting, its complications can lead to hospitalization or death, especially in the older population or in those with chronic health problems [
1].
Excess mortality and h... | 16515368 | PMC1391978 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e121 |
In 1927, Cecil Alport described a family in which affected individuals developed progressive kidney failure, deafness, and sometimes eye problems. Alport syndrome, although it affects only one in 50,000 live births in the United States, is the second most commonly inherited reason for kidney failure. It is caused by mu... | 0 | PMC1391979 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e154 |
Influenza is estimated to be responsible for a million deaths worldwide every year. In developed countries, epidemics of influenza have long been known to increase hospital admissions and mortality. This impact has been measured quantitatively in many studies dating back over a century. The statistical methods used in ... | 0 | PMC1391980 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e163 |
Introduction
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, Enzyme Commission 2.5.1.18) are a large family of cytosolic enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of reactive electrophilic compounds, including many environmental carcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) [
1,
2]. Inter-individual va... | 16509765 | PMC1391981 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 7; 3(4):e91 |
Since 1990, the Human Genome Project and subsequent technologic advances have made generating genetic information cheaper, easier, and more reliable, thus changing the face of science (Decaprio 1997). Recently developed technologies have enabled scientists to identify mutations that define human variability, determine ... | 16507451 | PMC1392222 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 26; 114(3):313-319 |
The health implications of exposure to nitrates in drinking water were first reported in the scientific literature by Comly in 1945 after observing cyanosis in infants in Iowa, where well water was used in formula preparation (Comly 1987). Since then, most studies on the health effects of nitrates in drinking water hav... | 16507452 | PMC1392223 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 3; 114(3):320-327 |
Numerous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between elevated levels of ambient particles and morbidity or mortality. High levels of particulate matter (PM) seem to be especially harmful to susceptible sub-populations such as the elderly, patients with preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, and diabet... | 16507453 | PMC1392224 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 22; 114(3):328-333 |
From an international perspective, arsenic exposure is one of the most serious environmental health hazards (Gebel 2000). Inorganic arsenic, particularly the trivalent methylated species, is more toxic to human health than the organic form (Chiou et al. 1997; Kitchin 2001). Chronic inorganic arsenic exposure is mainly ... | 16507454 | PMC1392225 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 29; 114(3):334-340 |
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture containing primary particles derived from geological, biological, and combustion sources and the secondary aerosol formed by gas-to-particle conversion. The mass-based ambient air standards in the United States for particles < 10 μm (PM10) and < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were j... | 16507455 | PMC1392226 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 29; 114(3):341-349 |
Lead and cadmium are ubiquitous environmental toxicants that are related to a broad range of physiologic, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions (Goyer 1990; Satarug and Moore 2004). Lead and cadmium potentially induce oxidative stress; evidence is accumulating to support the role of oxidative stress in the pathophys... | 16507456 | PMC1392227 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 15; 114(3):350-354 |
Chronic arsenic exposure is associated with many human health conditions, including skin lesions and cancers of the liver, lung, bladder, and skin (Ahsan et al. 2000; Guha Mazumder et al. 1998; Haque et al. 2003; Smith et al. 1998), as well as other noncancer health effects, such as adverse reproductive outcomes, neuro... | 16507457 | PMC1392228 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 26; 114(3):355-359 |
Approximately 2.1 million married couples in the United States have reported difficulty in achieving a pregnancy (Abma et al. 1997; Ventura et al. 1999). Male factor infertility accounts for 40–50% of these cases, for which the etiology is often idiopathic (Baker et al. 1995; MacLeod 1951; Sokol 1997; Ventura et al. 19... | 16507458 | PMC1392229 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 5; 114(3):360-365 |
West Nile virus (WNV) has become a major public health concern in North America since 1999, when the first outbreak in the Western Hemisphere occurred in New York City, causing 62 cases of human encephalitis and 7 deaths [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1999]. The initial outbreak in New York City is t... | 16507459 | PMC1392230 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 28; 114(3):366-372 |
In September 2000, the largestever gathering of heads of state at the United Nations in New York committed themselves in the Millennium Development Declaration (United Nations 2000) to making the right to development a reality for everyone by the year 2015. The objective of this declaration is to promote a comprehensiv... | 16507460 | PMC1392231 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:35 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 26; 114(3):373-378 |
Consumers are increasingly concerned about the quality and safety of many products present in the diet of industrialized countries, in particular, the use of artificial sweeteners, flavorings, colorings, preservatives, and dietary supplements. General apprehension also exists regarding the possible long-term health eff... | 16507461 | PMC1392232 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 17; 114(3):379-385 |
Nearly 80% of the approximately 280 million people living in the United States reside in metropolitan areas (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2004). Environmental health researchers and public health practitioners have recently begun to focus on the links between the urban built environment, social inequality, and community h... | 16507462 | PMC1392233 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 19; 114(3):386-393 |
Arsenic intoxication is a worldwide problem. Billions of people in India, Bangladesh, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan, and North and South America have drunk arsenic-contaminated water for many years (National Research Council 1999) and suffer from a variety of arsenic-induced diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, a... | 16507463 | PMC1392234 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 17; 114(3):394-403 |
Inorganic arsenic is an environmental pollutant. Arsenic exposure in humans comes mainly from consumption of drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic [National Research Council (NRC) 1999], but elevated exposure can occur from burning of coal containing high levels of inorganic arsenic (Liu et al. 2002). Epid... | 16507464 | PMC1392235 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 6; 114(3):404-411 |
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that exposure to particulate air pollution may result in as many as 100,000 premature deaths per year in the United States (Schwartz et al. 2002). Multiple studies over a broad range of geographical locations indicate that for each 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient particulate matter (PM... | 16507465 | PMC1392236 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 13; 114(3):412-419 |
Toxicogenomics, an emerging field in molecular toxicology, offers the promise of new approaches to identify and characterize such factors as the biologic activity of new and existing chemicals and drugs and could play an important role in hazard assessment for human health. This revolutionary field can potentially affe... | 16507466 | PMC1392237 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 17; 114(3):420-429 |
Of the > 150 potentially waterborne pathogens [World Health Organization (WHO) 2004], Cryptosporidium is the most notorious in developed countries, having been the suspected etiologic agent of large waterborne disease outbreaks (Rose et al. 1997; Thompson et al. 2003). The most striking evidence of the significance of ... | 16507467 | PMC1392238 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 26; 114(3):430-434 |
Data from the past decade underscore the public health relevance of studying workplace reproductive hazards. In 2003, Census data indicated that nearly 55% of children were born to working mothers (U.S. Census Bureau 2003a), and 62% of working men and women were of reproductive age (U.S. Census Bureau 2003b). The goal ... | 16507468 | PMC1392239 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 26; 114(3):435-441 |
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) established the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) in 1996 with input from more than 500 organizations and individuals. The indoor environment was included in the 21 NORA priority areas, and the NORA indoor environment team was established. Its... | 16507469 | PMC1392240 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 3; 114(3):442-446 |
The significance of environmental factors to the health and well-being of human populations is increasingly apparent [Pew Environmental Health Commission 2000; Rosenstock 2003; World Health Organization (WHO) 1997]. Environmental factors are known or suspected to contribute to important chronic diseases for which incid... | 16507470 | PMC1392241 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 21; 114(3):447-452 |
It is well established that children are potentially at higher risk than adults for adverse health effects from exposure to many environmental chemicals (Adgate and Sexton 2001; Aprea et al. 2000; Bearer 1995; Brent and Weitzman 2004; Carlson 1998; Galson 1998; Guzelian et al. 1992; Landrigan et al. 2000; Needham and S... | 16507471 | PMC1392242 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 13; 114(3):453-459 |
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been widely used for > 60 years as a wood preservative to extend the lifetime of wood as a building material (Bull 2001; Nico et al. 2004). The wood is treated by impregnation with CCA under high pressure, resulting in deposition of copper, chromium, and arsenic oxides in the wood (L... | 16507472 | PMC1392243 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 6; 114(3):460-465 |
Environmental lead exposure occurs from burning of fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing and from drinking water where lead pipes are used. Exposure at home may occur through ingestion of old leaded paint, and pigments and glazes used in pottery [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000]. Some he... | 16507473 | PMC1392244 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar 20; 114(3):466-470 |
The age for the onset of puberty is reported to have declined in many human populations over the last 50 years (Lee et al. 2001). Precocious puberty, in the United States, is now suggested to be initial breast and pubic hair development before 7 years of age for Caucasian-American girls and before 6 years of age for Af... | 16507474 | PMC1392245 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):471-475 |
Understanding how the environments we are exposed to influence the diseases we contract and the severity of those diseases is a major goal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Although much effort has focused on the gene–environment axis, there is a growing body of information that sugges... | 16507439 | PMC1392246 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A140-A141 |
Although it may seem counterintuitive, the more we learn about science, the more complex it becomes. This is particularly true in the field of environmental health science. As the field has evolved, we’ve come to realize that the environment permeates nearly every question of human disease and that various forms of env... | 16507440 | PMC1392247 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A142 |
“Genetically Modified Foods: Breeding Uncertainty” (Schmidt 2005) overlooked many serious concerns about the environmental and health risks of this new technology. Potential problems from antibiotic-resistant genes used in gene-altered crops, risks from unintended effects of the genetic engineering process, the increas... | 16507441 | PMC1392248 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A146-A147 |
We appreciate Goozner’s compliment that our commentary (Barrow and Conrad 2006) demonstrates “a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of the Federal Advisory Committee Act.” We wish we could take credit for “accurately point[ing] out that the act draws a distinction between conflicts of interest … and bias,” excep... | 0 | PMC1392249 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A148 |
Zanardo et al. (2005) raise an interesting issue in their article, namely, the influence of smoking on immunologic parameters and especially on the composition of human breast milk. The findings deserve notice and further investigation.
Because of the importance of the findings, the errors and inconsistencies in the a... | 16507444 | PMC1392250 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A150 |
In April 2005, Afghan president Hamid Karzai established the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), the country’s first such entity. The event was strictly ceremonial, since Afghanistan still had no legal tool for environmental management. Eight months later, however, on 18 December 2005, the Afghan cabinet a... | 16507445 | PMC1392251 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A152 |
The Cambridge, United Kingdom–based Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) was founded in 1993 to provide a center for research on the genomes of humans and other organisms. The institute has been a leading contributor to the Human Genome Project and now focuses much of its work on studying human DNA sequence variation... | 0 | PMC1392252 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A155 |
War and unrest mark the history of Vietnam. For hundreds of years, Vietnam has fought a number of foreign invaders including the French, Japanese, and Chinese. The U.S.–Vietnam War was just one of several chapters in this history, ending in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The American War, as it is referred to in Vi... | 16507446 | PMC1392253 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A156-A158 |
Who doesn’t love a good mystery? Add in detailed, interactive information on the latest environmental health research, and you’ve got the basic concept behind Unsolved Mysteries of Human Health: How Scientists Study Toxic Chemicals, a project developed by the Community Outreach and Education Core (COEC) of the Environm... | 16528836 | PMC1392254 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A158-A159 |
Rohlman DS, Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Lasarev M, Rothlein J, Travers R, et al. 2005. Neuro-behavioral performance in preschool children from agricultural and non-agricultural communities in Oregon and North Carolina. Neurotoxicology 26:589–598.
Most research on the neurobehavioral effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticide... | 0 | PMC1392255 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A159 |
For nearly a century after the term “epigenetics” first surfaced on the printed page, researchers, physicians, and others poked around in the dark crevices of the gene, trying to untangle the clues that suggested gene function could be altered by more than just changes in sequence. Today, a wide variety of illnesses, b... | 16507447 | PMC1392256 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A160-A167 |
Home is where the heart is, but for children, home all too often can be where the danger is—danger of exposure to lead, asthma triggers, pesticides, safety hazards, and other potential sources of harm. Those risks are disproportionately common among poor and minority children, whose families more often lack access to d... | 16507448 | PMC1392257 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A168-A170 |
The field generally known as cell-based analysis started in the 1970s with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, which tracked levels of proteins in cells. Next came DNA microarrays that measured thousands of genes simultaneously. Today researchers are exploring the potential of a new tool, the Phenotype MicroArray™ (PM... | 16507449 | PMC1392258 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A172-A175 |
Some recent studies examining the effect of environmental hazards on fertility claim that sperm counts are declining in certain industrialized countries. Although the validity of these findings is uncertain, most researchers agree that if there is in fact a decline in semen quality, it’s probably linked to geographic l... | 16528839 | PMC1392259 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A177 |
Many people in industrialized nations give little thought to central heating, electric lighting, and flick-of-a-switch cooking. But more than half of the people in the world rely on solid fuels to heat and light their homes and cook their food. After assessing global solid fuel use, researchers estimate that 52% of the... | 16528840 | PMC1392260 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A178 |
Disorders of the nervous system affect one in three Americans and present an extraordinary challenge for health science research. As part of its broad mission to understand the interplay between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility in human health and disease, the NIEHS has an active extramural research pro... | 0 | PMC1392261 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A179 |
Parenting Capacities and Health Outcomes in Youths and Adolescents (R21)
This program announcement solicits research aimed at increasing parenting capacities while simultaneously focusing on the reduction, elimination, or prevention of one or more high-risk health behaviors or poor health habits in youth and adolescent... | 0 | PMC1392262 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A180-A181 |
In their article “Assessing the Reliability and Credibility of Industry Science and Scientists,” Barrow and Conrad (2006) demonstrated a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (1972). They accurately pointed out that the act draws a distinction between conflicts of interest, wh... | 16507442 | PMC1392263 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A147a |
In their commentary, Barrow and Conrad (2006), both employed by the chemical industry, argued that industry-funded science and scientists are high quality and unbiased, and this is enforced through policies and practices such as disclosure of funding sources in scientific journals, guidelines for Good Laboratory Practi... | 16526116 | PMC1392264 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A147b-A148 |
In their excellent article, Björnberg et al. (2005) stated that exposure to methyl-mercury in humans occurs primarily through fish consumption. We would like to make one observation about the sources of potential exposure to methylmercury in the general population.
We were surprised that Björnberg et al. (2005) failed... | 16507443 | PMC1392265 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A149a |
We acknowledge the points raised by Guzzi et al. regarding our recent publication on the transport of methylmercury and inorganic mercury to the fetus and breast-fed infant (Björnberg et al. 2005). The issue is whether the methylation of inorganic mercury from dental amalgam is of sufficient size to significantly contr... | 0 | PMC1392266 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A149b-A150 |
A common substance in house dust is a major risk factor for asthma, according to work reported in the 1 December 2005 issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The study charted room-by-room distribution of endotoxin, a lipid-like material that comes from the surface of bacteria, in the f... | 0 | PMC1392267 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A153a |
Supersized Sun Power
At the end of 2004, the United States had 397 megawatts of solar energy capacity. Now two Southern California utility companies plan to harness the state’s abundant sunshine for two solar-powered plants that will produce more electricity than all of those solar energy projects combined. The new pla... | 0 | PMC1392268 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A153b-A155 |
Regulations addressing environmental problems such as air pollution might be dismissed as a luxury for rich countries that can afford it, but members of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) insist that such measures actually represent the most effective means of lifting countries out of poverty. At a major gathering of ... | 16528834 | PMC1392269 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A154a |
Could moving to Pueblo, Colorado, be a new way to reduce the risk of suffering a heart attack? A study reported at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2005 Conference in Dallas last November suggests that the city’s ban on smoking in all public buildings helped reduce the local heart attack rate by 27%... | 16528835 | PMC1392270 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A154b |
More than 20 years have elapsed since aspartame was approved by regulatory agencies as an artificial sweetener. But scientists draw conclusions on carcinogenicity based on the evidence available at the time, and new research out of the European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences bolsters recent... | 16528837 | PMC1392271 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A176a |
Nearly 80% of the U.S. population lives in metropolitan areas. With continued growth of urban centers has come increased study of the connection between the built environment, social inequality, and the health and well-being of inhabitants of these large cities. A number of factors related to neighborhood location and ... | 16528838 | PMC1392272 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A176b-A177 |
Edited by Dennis Pirages and Ken Cousins
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2005. 268 pp. ISBN: 0-262-16231-8, $60
In the face of declining resource availability coupled with increasing consumer demand, the publication of From Resource Scarcity to Ecological Security: Exploring New Limits to Growth is a welcome addition to the... | 0 | PMC1392273 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:37 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A190a |
A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy
Frank Wijen, Jan Pieters, eds.
Northampton, MA:Edward Elgar, 2005. 768 pp. ISBN: 1-84376-913-1, $229.50
Biological and Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials
Challa S.S.R. Kumar, ed.
Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons, 2006. 427 pp. ISBN: 3-527-31382-6, $195
Cancer Bioinforma... | 0 | PMC1392274 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:41:36 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3):A190b |
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