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Innumericallinear algebra, theArnoldi iterationis aneigenvalue algorithmand an important example of aniterative method. Arnoldi finds an approximation to theeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsof general (possibly non-Hermitian)matricesby constructing an orthonormal basis of theKrylov subspace, which makes it particularly usefu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldi_iteration |
RankBrainis amachine learning-basedsearch enginealgorithm, the use of which was confirmed byGoogleon 26 October 2015.[1]It helps Google to process search results and provide more relevant search results for users.[2]In a 2015 interview, Google commented that RankBrain was the third most important factor in the ranking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankBrain |
Mobilegeddonis a name forGoogle's search enginealgorithmupdate of April 21, 2015.[1]The term was coined by Chuck Price in a post written forSearch Engine Watchon March 9, 2015. The term was then adopted by webmasters and web-developers.
The main effect of this update was to give priority to websites that display well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilegeddon |
Thedomain authority(also referred to asthought leadership) of a website describes its relevance for a specific subject area or industry. Domain Authority is asearch engine rankingscore developed by Moz.[1]This relevance has a direct impact on its ranking by search engines, trying to assess domain authority through auto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Authority |
In the context of theWorld Wide Web,deep linkingis the use of ahyperlinkthat links to a specific, generally searchable or indexed, piece ofweb contenton awebsite(e.g. "https://example.com/path/page"), rather than the website's home page (e.g., "https://example.com"). TheURLcontains all the information needed to point t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linking |
Inline linking(also known ashotlinking,piggy-backing,directlinking,offsiteimagegrabs,bandwidththeft,[1]orleeching) is the practice of using orembeddinga linked object—often an image—from onewebsiteonto awebpageof another website. In this process, the second site does nothostthe object itself but instead loads it direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_linking |
Aninternal linkis a type ofhyperlinkon aweb pageto another page or resource, such as an image or document, on the samewebsiteordomain.[1][2]It is the opposite of anexternal link, a link that directs a user to content that is outside its domain.
Hyperlinks are considered either "external" or "internal" depending on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_link |
Overlinkingin awebpageor otherhyperlinkedtext is having too many hyperlinks (links).[1][2]
It is characterized by:
The opposites of overlinking are "null linking" and "underlinking", which are phenomena in which hyperlinks are reduced to such a degree as to remove all pointers to a likely-needed context of an unusual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlinking |
Competitor backlinkingis asearch engine optimizationstrategy that involves analyzing thebacklinksof competing websites within avertical search. The outcome of this activity is designed to increaseorganic searchengine rankings and to gain an understanding of thelink buildingstrategies used by business competitors.[1]
C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitor_backlinking |
Search engines, includingweb search engines,selection-based searchengines,metasearch engines,desktop searchtools, andweb portalsandvertical marketwebsites have a search facility foronline databases.
† Main website is a portal
General:
Academic materials only:
Search engines dedicated to a specific kind of informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines |
Search engine marketing(SEM) is a form ofInternet marketingthat involves the promotion ofwebsitesby increasing their visibility insearch engine results pages(SERPs) primarily through paid advertising.[1]SEM may incorporatesearch engine optimization(SEO), which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_marketing |
Search neutralityis aprinciplethatsearch enginesshould have no editorial policies other than that their results be comprehensive,impartialand based solely onrelevance.[1]This means that when a user types in a search engine query, the engine should return the most relevant results found in the provider's domain (those s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutrality |
User intent, also known asquery intentorsearch intent, is the identification and categorization of what a user online intended or wanted to find when they typed theirsearch termsinto an onlineweb search enginefor the purpose ofsearch engine optimisationorconversion rate optimisation.[1]Examples of user intent arefact-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_intent |
Website promotionis a process used bywebmasterstoimprove contentand increase exposure of awebsiteto bring more visitors.[1]: 210Many techniques such assearch engine optimizationandsearch engine submissionare used to increase a site's traffic once content is developed.[1]: 314
With the rise in popularity of social medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_promotion |
Asearch engine results page(SERP) is awebpagethat is displayed by asearch enginein response to a query by a user. The main component of a SERP is the listing of results that are returned by the search engine in response to akeywordquery.[1]
The results are of two general types:
The results are normally ranked byrelev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page |
Search engine scrapingis the process of harvestingURLs, descriptions, or other information fromsearch engines. This is a specific form ofscreen scrapingorweb scrapingdedicated to search engines only.
Most commonly largersearch engine optimization(SEO) providers depend on regularly scraping keywords from search engines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_scraping |
Collocation extractionis the task of using a computer to extractcollocationsautomatically from acorpus.
The traditional method of performing collocation extraction is to find a formula based on the statistical quantities of those words to calculate a score associated to every word pairs. Proposed formulas aremutual in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation_extraction |
Process miningis a family of techniques for analyzing event data to understand and improve operational processes. Part of the fields ofdata scienceandprocess management, process mining is generally built onlogsthat contain case id, a unique identifier for a particular process instance; an activity, a description of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_mining |
In social sciences,sequence analysis (SA)is concerned with the analysis of sets of categorical sequences that typically describelongitudinal data. Analyzed sequences are encoded representations of, for example, individual life trajectories such as family formation, school to work transitions, working careers, but they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_analysis_in_social_sciences |
Inmachine learning,sequence labelingis a type ofpattern recognitiontask that involves the algorithmic assignment of acategoricallabel to each member of a sequence of observed values. A common example of a sequence labeling task ispart of speech tagging, which seeks to assign apart of speechto each word in an input sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_labeling |
Action selectionis a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. Inartificial intelligenceand computationalcognitive science, "the action selection problem" is typically associated withintelligent agentsandanimats—artificial systems that exhibit complex behavior in anagent envi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_selection_mechanism |
Inartificial intelligence(AI), anexpert systemis a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a humanexpert.[1]Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems byreasoningthrough bodies of knowledge, represented mainly asif–then rulesrather than through conventionalprocedural programmingcode.[2]Exper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system |
In the field ofartificial intelligence, aninference engineis asoftware componentof an intelligent system that applies logical rules to theknowledge baseto deduce new information. The first inference engines were components ofexpert systems. The typical expert system consisted of a knowledge base and an inference engine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference_engine |
OPS5is arule-basedorproduction systemcomputer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successfulexpert system, theR1/XCONsystem used to configureVAXcomputers.
The OPS (said to be short for "Official Production System") family was developed in the late 1970s byCharles Forgywhile atCarnegie Mellon U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS5 |
TheProduction Rule Representation(PRR) is a proposed standard of theObject Management Group(OMG) that aims to define a vendor-neutral model for representing production rules within the Unified Modeling Language (UML), specifically for use in forward-chaining rule engines.
The OMG set up a Business Rules Working Group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_Rule_Representation |
TheRete algorithm(/ˈriːtiː/REE-tee,/ˈreɪtiː/RAY-tee, rarely/ˈriːt/REET,/rɛˈteɪ/reh-TAY) is apattern matchingalgorithmfor implementingrule-based systems. The algorithm was developed to efficiently apply manyrulesor patterns to many objects, orfacts, in aknowledge base. It is used to determine which of the system's rules... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_algorithm |
Inmathematics,computer science, andlogic,rewritingcovers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of aformulawith other terms. Such methods may be achieved byrewriting systems(also known asrewrite systems,rewrite engines,[1][2]orreduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plusre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_rewriting |
Artificial immune systems(AIS) are a class ofrule-based machine learningsystems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrateimmune system. The algorithms are typically modeled after the immune system's characteristics oflearningandmemoryforproblem-solving, specifically for the computational techniques cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_immune_system |
Anassociative classifier(AC) is a kind ofsupervised learningmodel that usesassociation rulesto assign a target value. The term associative classification was coined byBing Liuet al.,[1]in which the authors defined a model made of rules "whose right-hand side are restricted to the classification class attribute".
The m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_classifier |
Rule inductionis an area ofmachine learningin which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations. The rules extracted may represent a fullscientific modelof the data, or merely represent localpatternsin the data.
Data miningin general and rule induction in detail are trying to create algorithms without human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_induction |
Rule-based machine translation(RBMT) is a classical approach ofmachine translationsystems based onlinguisticinformation about source and target languages. Such information is retrieved from (unilingual, bilingual or multilingual) dictionaries and grammars covering the main semantic, morphological, and syntactic regular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation |
Incomputer science, arule-based systemis a computer system in which domain-specificknowledgeis represented in the form of rules and general-purposereasoningis used to solve problems in the domain.
Two different kinds of rule-based systems emerged within the field ofartificial intelligencein the 1970s:
The differences... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_system |
Incomputer science, arule-based systemis a computer system in which domain-specificknowledgeis represented in the form of rules and general-purposereasoningis used to solve problems in the domain.
Two different kinds of rule-based systems emerged within the field ofartificial intelligencein the 1970s:
The differences... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_programming |
RuleMLis a global initiative, led by a non-profit organization RuleML Inc., that is devoted to advancing research and industry standards design activities in the technical area of rules that are semantic and highly inter-operable. The standards design takes the form primarily of amarkup language, also known as RuleML. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuleML |
Abusiness rules engineis asoftware systemthat executes one or morebusiness rulesin a runtimeproduction environment. The rules might come from legalregulation("An employee can be fired for any reason or no reason but not for an illegal reason"), company policy ("All customers that spend more than $100 at one time will r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rule_engine |
ABRMSorbusiness rule management systemis asoftwaresystem used to define, deploy, execute, monitor and maintain the variety and complexity of decision logic that is used by operational systems within an organization or enterprise. This logic, also referred to asbusiness rules, includes policies, requirements, and condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rule_management_system |
Inmachine learning(ML),boostingis anensemblemetaheuristicfor primarily reducingbias (as opposed to variance).[1]It can also improve thestabilityand accuracy of MLclassificationandregressionalgorithms. Hence, it is prevalent insupervised learningfor converting weak learners to strong learners.[2]
The concept of boostin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosting_(meta-algorithm) |
Inpredictive analytics,data science,machine learningand related fields,concept driftordriftis an evolution of data that invalidates thedata model. It happens when the statistical properties of the target variable, which the model is trying to predict, change over time in unforeseen ways. This causes problems because th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_drift |
Inmachine learning, a common task is the study and construction ofalgorithmsthat can learn from and make predictions ondata.[1]Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions,[2]through building amathematical modelfrom input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_sets |
Concurrent validityis a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and otherpsychometricor behavioral sciences. Concurrent validity is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously beenv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_validity |
Face validityis the extent to which a test issubjectivelyviewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. It refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to test participants.[1][2]In other words, a test can be said to have face validity if it "looks like" it is going to measure what it is supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_validity |
Internal validityis the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim aboutcause and effect, within the context of a particular study. It is one of the most important properties of scientific studies and is an important concept in reasoning aboutevidencemore generally. Internal validity is determined by how well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_validity |
Inpsychometrics,predictive validityis the extent to which ascoreon ascaleortestpredicts scores on some criterion measure.[1][2]
For example, thevalidityof acognitive testfor job performance is the correlation between test scores and, for example, supervisor performance ratings. Such a cognitive test would havepredicti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_validity |
Avalidity scale, inpsychological testing, is a scale used in an attempt to measure reliability of responses, for example with the goal of detectingdefensiveness,malingering, or careless or random responding.
For example, theMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventoryhasvalidity scalesto measure questions not answered;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_scale |
Validationmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_(disambiguation) |
Apache OFBizis anopen sourceenterprise resource planning(ERP) system. It provides a suite of enterprise applications that integrate and automate many of thebusiness processesof an enterprise.[citation needed]
OFBiz is anApache Software Foundationtop level project.
Apache OFBiz is a framework that provides acommon dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_OFBiz |
Acanonical modelis adesign patternused to communicate between different data formats. Essentially: create a data model which is a superset of all the others ("canonical"), and create a "translator" module or layer to/from which all existing modules exchange data with other modules. The canonical model acts as a middl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_model |
TheData Reference Model(DRM) is one of the five reference models of theFederal Enterprise Architecture.
The DRM is a framework whose primary purpose is to enable information sharing and reuse across theUnited States federal governmentvia the standard description and discovery of common data and the promotion of unifor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Reference_Model |
Afederal enterprise architecture framework(FEAF) is the U.S. referenceenterprise architectureof afederal government. It provides a common approach for the integration of strategic, business and technology management as part of organization design and performance improvement.[1]
The most familiar federal enterprise ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_enterprise_architecture |
Adata platformusually refers to a software platform used for collecting and managing data, and acting as a data delivery point for application and reporting software.
Data platformcan also refer to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_platform_(disambiguation) |
.reqif
RIF/ReqIF(Requirements Interchange Format) is anXMLfile format that can be used to exchange requirements, along with its associated metadata, between software tools from different vendors. The requirements exchange format also defines a workflow for transmitting the status of requirements between partners. Alth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_Interchange_Format |
Generic data modelsare generalizations of conventionaldata models. They define standardised general relation types, together with the kinds of things that may be related by such a relation type.
The definition of generic data model is similar to the definition of a natural language. For example, a generic data model m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_data_model |
With the application of probabilitysamplingin the 1930s, surveys became a standard tool forempirical researchinsocial sciences,marketing, and official statistics.[1]The methods involved insurvey data collectionare any of a number of ways in which data can becollectedfor astatistical survey. These are methods that are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_data_collection |
Acase report form(orCRF) is a paper or electronic questionnaire specifically used in clinical trial research.[1]The case report form is the tool used by the sponsor of theclinical trialto collect data from each participating patient. All data on each patient participating in a clinical trial are held and/or documented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_report_form |
Asafety data sheet(SDS),[1]material safety data sheet(MSDS), orproduct safety data sheet(PSDS) is a document that lists information relating tooccupational safety and healthfor the use of varioussubstancesandproducts. SDSs are a widely used type offact sheetused to catalogue information onchemical speciesincludingchem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_data_sheet |
Data hierarchyrefers to the systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical form. Data organization involves characters, fields, records, files and so on.[1][2]This concept is a starting point when trying to see what makes up data and whether data has a structure. For example, how does a person make sense of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_hierarchy |
Adatabase catalogof adatabaseinstance consists ofmetadatain which definitions ofdatabase objectssuch asbase tables,views(virtualtables),synonyms,value ranges,indexes,users, and user groups are stored.[1][2]It is anarchitectureproduct that documents the database's content anddata quality.[3]
TheSQLstandard specifies a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_catalog |
Ametadata registryis a central location in an organization wheremetadatadefinitions are stored and maintained in a controlled method.
Ametadata repositoryis thedatabasewhere metadata is stored. The registry also adds relationships with related metadata types. Ametadata enginecollects, stores and analyzes information a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata_registry |
OneSourceis an evolving[when?]data analysis tool used internally by theAir Combat Command(ACC) Vocabulary Services Team, and made available to general data management community. It is used by the greaterUS Department of Defense(DoD) andNATOcommunity forcontrolled vocabularymanagement and exploration. It provides its us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary_OneSource |
Ametadata repositoryis a database created to storemetadata. Metadata is information about the structures that contain the actual data. Metadata is often said to be "data about data", but this is misleading. Data profiles are an example of actual "data about data". Metadata adds one layer of abstraction to this definiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata_repository |
TheOpen Grid Forum(OGF) is a community of users, developers, and vendors for standardization ofgrid computing. It was formed in 2006 in a merger of theGlobal Grid Forumand the Enterprise Grid Alliance.
The OGF models its process on theInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF), and produces documents with many acronyms su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Grid_Forum |
1.0, Part 2 Datatypes (Recommendation),1.1, Part 1 Structures (Recommendation),
XSD(XML Schema Definition), a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), specifies how to formally describe the elements in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document. It can be used by programmers to verify each piece of ite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_XML_Schema |
Thescientific methodis anempiricalmethod for acquiringknowledgethat has been referred to while doingsciencesince at least the 17th century. Historically, it was developed through the centuries from the ancient and medieval world. The scientific method involves carefulobservationcoupled with rigorousskepticism, becausec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(science) |
Process architectureis the structural design of general process systems. It applies to fields such as computers (software, hardware, networks, etc.),business processes(enterprise architecture, policy and procedures, logistics, project management, etc.), and any other process system of varying degrees ofcomplexity.[1]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_architecture |
Incomputer science, theprocess calculi(orprocess algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches for formally modellingconcurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high-level description of interactions, communications, and synchronizations between a collection of independent agents or processes. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_calculus |
Aprocess flow diagram(PFD) is a diagram commonly used inchemicalandprocess engineeringto indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship betweenmajorequipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_flow_diagram |
Inphilosophy, aprocess ontologyrefers to a universal model of the structure of the world as an ordered wholeness.[1][2]Such ontologies arefundamental ontologies, in contrast to the so-calledapplied ontologies. Fundamental ontologies do not claim to be accessible to anyempiricalproof in itself but to be a structural des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_ontology |
TheProcess Specification Language(PSL) is a set oflogicterms used to describeprocesses. The logic terms arespecifiedin anontologythat provides aformal descriptionof the components and their relationships that make up a process. The ontology was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_Specification_Language |
Computer-aided detection(CADe), also calledcomputer-aided diagnosis(CADx), are systems that assist doctors in the interpretation ofmedical images. Imaging techniques inX-ray,MRI,endoscopy, andultrasounddiagnostics yield a great deal of information that theradiologistor other medical professional has to analyze and eval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_diagnosis |
Perceptual learningislearningbetterperceptionskills such as differentiating twomusical tonesfrom one another or categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise. Examples of this may includereading, seeing relations amongchesspieces, and knowing whether or not anX-rayimage shows a tumor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_learning |
Pattern recognitionis a very active field of research intimately bound tomachine learning. Also known as classification orstatistical classification, pattern recognition aims at building aclassifierthat can determine the class of an input pattern. This procedure, known as training, corresponds to learning an unknown de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_knowledge_for_pattern_recognition |
Template matching[1]is a technique indigital image processingfor finding small parts of an image which match a template image. It can be used forquality controlin manufacturing,[2]navigation of mobile robots,[3]oredge detectionin images.[4]
The main challenges in a template matching task are detection of occlusion, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_matching |
Contextual image classification, a topic ofpattern recognitionincomputer vision, is an approach ofclassificationbased on contextual information in images. "Contextual" means this approach is focusing on the relationship of the nearby pixels, which is also called neighbourhood. The goal of this approach is to classify t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_image_classification |
Semi-structured data[1]is a form ofstructured datathat does not obey the tabular structure of data models associated withrelational databasesor other forms ofdata tables, but nonetheless containstagsor other markers to separate semantic elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data. Therefore, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-structured_model |
NoSQL(originally meaning "NotonlySQL" or "non-relational")[1]refers to a type ofdatabasedesign that stores and retrieves data differently from the traditional table-based structure ofrelational databases. Unlike relational databases, which organize data into rows and columns like a spreadsheet, NoSQL databases use a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL |
Inlinguistics,anaphora(/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (itsantecedent). In a narrower sense, anaphora is the use of an expression that depends specifically upon an antecedent expression and thus is contrasted withcataphora, which is the use of an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) |
Ingrammar, anantecedentis one or more words that establish the meaning of apronounor otherpro-form.[1]For example, in the sentence "John arrived late because traffic held him up," the word "John" is the antecedent of the pronoun "him." Pro-forms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes precede them. In the latte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar) |
Inlinguistics,cataphora(/kəˈtæfərə/; fromGreek,καταφορά,kataphora, "a downward motion" fromκατά,kata, "downwards" andφέρω,pherō, "I carry") is the use of an expression or word thatco-referswith a later, more specific expression in the discourse.[1]The preceding expression, whose meaning is determined or specified by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphora |
Thenearest referentis a grammatical term sometimes used when two or more possible referents of a pronoun, or other part of speech, cause ambiguity in a text. However "nearness", proximity, may not be the most meaningful criterion for a decision, particularly whereword order,inflectionand other aspects ofsyntaxare more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_referent |
Inlinguistics,switch-reference(SR) describes any clause-levelmorphemethat signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent'clausesarecoreferential. In most cases, it marks whether thesubjectof the verb in one clause is coreferent with that of the previous clause, or of a subordinate clause to the matrix (main)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch-reference |
Ingeographic information systems,toponym resolutionis therelationship processbetween atoponym, i.e. the mention of a place, and an unambiguous spatial footprint of the same place.[1]
The places mentioned in digitized text collections constitute a rich data source for researchers in many disciplines. However, toponyms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoparsing |
Ininformation extraction, anamed entityis areal-world object, such as a person, location, organization, product, etc., that can be denoted with aproper name. It can be abstract or have a physical existence. Examples of named entities includeBarack Obama,New York City,Volkswagen Golf, or anything else that can be named.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_entity |
Author name disambiguationis the process ofdisambiguationandrecord linkageapplied to the names of individual people. The process could, for example, distinguish individuals with the name "John Smith".
An editor may apply the process to scholarly documents where the goal is to find all mentions of the same author and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_Name_Disambiguation |
Inlinguistics,coreference, sometimes writtenco-reference, occurs when two or more expressions refer to the same person or thing; they have the samereferent. For example, inBill said Alice would arrive soon, and she did, the wordsAliceandsherefer to the same person.[1]
Co-reference is often non-trivial to determine. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreference |
Anannotationis extra information associated with a particular point in adocumentor other piece of information. It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation.[1]Annotations are sometimes presentedin the margin of book pages. For annotations of different digital media, seeweb annotationandtext annotation.
Anno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotation |
There are two conceptualisations of data archaeology, the technical definition and the social science definition.
Data archaeology(alsodata archeology) in the technical sense refers to the art and science of recoveringcomputerdataencodedand/orencryptedin now obsoletemediaorformats. Data archaeology can also refer to r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_archaeology |
The study ofancient Greek personal namesis a branch ofonomastics, the study of names,[1]and more specifically ofanthroponomastics, the study of names of persons. There are hundreds of thousands and even millions of individuals whoseGreek nameare on record; they are thus an important resource for any general study of n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names |
TheGalton–Watson process, also called theBienaymé-Galton-Watson processor theGalton-Watson branching process, is abranchingstochastic processarising fromFrancis Galton's statistical investigation of the extinction offamily names.[1][2]The process models family names aspatrilineal(passed from father to son), while offsp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_of_surnames |
Ahydronym(fromGreek:ὕδρω,hydrō, "water" andὄνομα,onoma, "name") is a type oftoponymthat designates aproper nameof abody of water. Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. As a subset oftoponymy, a distinctive discipline ofhydronymy(orhydronomastics)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronym |
Amononymis a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is amononymous person.
A mononym may be the person's only name, given to them at birth. This was routine in most ancient societies, and remains common in modern societies such as inAfghanistan,[1]Bhutan, some parts ofInd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononymous_persons |
Anaming conventionis aconvention(generally agreed scheme) for naming things. Conventions differ in their intents, which may include to:
Well-chosen naming conventions aid the casual user in navigating and searching larger structures. Several areas where naming conventions are commonly used include:
Examples of naming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_convention |
Capacity optimizationis a general term for technologies used to improve storage use by shrinking stored data. Primary technologies used for capacity optimization aredata deduplicationanddata compression. These are delivered as software or hardware, integrated with storage systems or delivered as standalone products. De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_optimization |
Content-addressable storage(CAS), also referred to ascontent-addressed storageorfixed-content storage, is a way to store information so it can be retrieved based on its content, not its name or location. It has been used for high-speed storage andretrievalof fixed content, such as documents stored for compliance with g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-addressable_storage |
Incomputing,data deduplicationis a technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data. Successful implementation of the technique can improve storage utilization, which may in turn lowercapital expenditureby reducing the overall amount of storage media required to meet storage capacity needs. It can also be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_deduplication |
Anentity–attribute–value model(EAV) is adata modeloptimized for the space-efficient storage of sparse—orad-hoc—property or data values, intended for situations where runtime usage patterns are arbitrary, subject to user variation, or otherwise unforeseeable using a fixed design. The use-case targets applications which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-attribute-value_model |
Record linkage(also known asdata matching,data linkage,entity resolution, and many other terms) is the task of findingrecordsin a data set that refer to the sameentityacross different data sources (e.g., data files, books, websites, and databases). Record linkage is necessary whenjoiningdifferent data sets based on ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_resolution |
The termsschema matchingandmappingare often used interchangeably for adatabaseprocess. For this article, we differentiate the two as follows:schemamatching is the process of identifying that two objects aresemanticallyrelated (scope of this article) while mapping refers to thetransformationsbetween the objects. For exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_matching |
Single-instance storage(SIS) is a system's ability to take multiple copies of content and replace them by a single shared copy. It is a means to eliminate data duplication and to increase efficiency. SIS is frequently implemented infile systems,e-mail serversoftware,databackup, and other storage-related computer softw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-instance_storage |
Acceleratorswere a form ofselection-based searchwhich allowed a user to invoke an online service from any other page using only the mouse; they were introduced byMicrosoftinInternet Explorer 8.[1]Actions such as selecting the text or other objects gave users access to the Accelerator services (such as blogging with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_(Internet_Explorer) |
GRDDL(pronounced "griddle") is a markup format forGleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages. It is aW3C Recommendation, and enables users to obtainRDFtriplesout ofXMLdocuments, includingXHTML. The GRDDL specification shows examples usingXSLT, however it was intended to be abstract enough to allow for ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRDDL |
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