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Microdatais aWHATWGHTMLspecification used to nestmetadatawithin existing content on web pages.[1]Search engines,web crawlers, andbrowserscan extract and process Microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience for users. Search engines benefit greatly from direct access to Microdata because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_(HTML) |
Microformats(μF)[note 1]are predefinedHTMLmarkup (likeHTML classes) created to serve as descriptive and consistentmetadataaboutelements, designating them as representing a certain type of data (such ascontact information,geographic coordinates, events, products, recipes, etc.).[1]They allowsoftwareto process the inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microformat |
TheFacebook Platformis the set of services, tools, and products provided by thesocial networking serviceFacebookforthird-partydevelopers to create their ownapplicationsand services that access data in Facebook.[1]
The current Facebook Platform was launched in2010.[2]The platform offers a set ofprogramming interfacesan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Graph_protocol |
Hypertext Application Language(HAL) is a convention for defininghypermediasuch as links to externalresourceswithinJSONorXMLcode. It is documented in anInternet Draft(a "work in progress"), with the latest version 11 published the 10th of October 2023. The standard was initially proposed in June 2012, specifically for u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Application_Language |
N-Triplesis a format for storing and transmitting data. It is a line-based, plain textserialisationformat forRDF(Resource Description Framework) graphs, and a subset of theTurtle(Terse RDF Triple Language) format.[1][2][3]N-Triples should not be confused withNotation3which is a superset of Turtle. N-Triples was primari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Triples |
Incomputing,Terse RDF Triple Language(Turtle) is asyntaxandfile formatfor expressing data in theResource Description Framework(RDF) data model. Turtle syntax is similar to that ofSPARQL, anRDF query language. It is a common data format for storing RDF data, along withN-Triples,JSON-LDandRDF/XML.
RDF represents informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax) |
Arelational database(RDB[1]) is adatabasebased on therelational modelof data, as proposed byE. F. Coddin 1970.[2]
A RelationalDatabase Management System(RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structuredformatusingrowsandcolumns.
Many relational database systems are equipped with the opti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system |
This is acomparison of object–relational database management systems(ORDBMSs). Each system has at least some features of anobject–relational database; they vary widely in their completeness and the approaches taken.
The following tables compare general and technical information; please see the individual products' ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_object%E2%80%93relational_database_management_systems |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of availabledatabase administrationtools. Please see individual product articles for further information. This article is neither all-inclusive nor necessarily up to date.
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_database_administration_tools |
Business System 12, or simplyBS12, was one of the first fullyrelational database management systems, designed and implemented byIBM'sBureau Servicesubsidiary at the company's international development centre inUithoorn,Netherlands. Programming started in 1978 and the first version was delivered in 1982. It was never w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Business_System_12 |
Arelational database(RDB[1]) is adatabasebased on therelational modelof data, as proposed byE. F. Coddin 1970.[2]
A RelationalDatabase Management System(RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structuredformatusingrowsandcolumns.
Many relational database systems are equipped with the opti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDBMS |
Inmetadata, the termdata elementis an atomic unit of data that has precise meaning or precise semantics. A data element has:
Data elements usage can be discovered by inspection ofsoftware applicationsor applicationdata filesthrough a process of manual or automatedApplication Discovery and Understanding. Once data elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_element |
Incomputinganddata management,data mappingis the process of creatingdata elementmappingsbetween two distinctdata models. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety ofdata integrationtasks, including:[1]
For example, a company that would like to transmit and receive purchases and invoices with other compan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mapping |
Adata modelis anabstract modelthat organizes elements ofdataandstandardizeshow they relate to one another and to the properties of real-worldentities.[2][3]For instance, a data model may specify that the data element representing a car be composed of a number of other elements which, in turn, represent the color and si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model |
Database designis the organization of data according to adatabase model. The designer determines what data must be stored and how the data elements interrelate. With this information, they can begin to fit the data to the database model.[1]A database management system manages the data accordingly.
Database design is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_design |
Anentity–relationship model(orER model) describes interrelated things of interest in a specific domain of knowledge. A basic ER model is composed of entity types (which classify the things of interest) and specifies relationships that can exist betweenentities(instances of those entity types).
Insoftware engineering, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model |
Object–role modeling(ORM) is used to model thesemanticsof auniverse of discourse. ORM is often used fordata modelingandsoftware engineering.
An object–role model uses graphical symbols that are based onfirst order predicate logicand set theory to enable the modeler to create an unambiguous definition of an arbitrary u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-role_modeling |
The theory ofologsis an attempt to provide a rigorous mathematical framework for knowledge representation, construction of scientific models and data storage usingcategory theory, linguistic and graphical tools. Ologs were introduced in 2012 byDavid Spivakand Robert Kent.[1]
The term "olog" is short for "ontologylog".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olog |
Thethree-schema approach, orthree-schema concept, insoftware engineeringis an approach to buildinginformation systemsand systemsinformation managementthat originated in the 1970s. It proposes three differentviewsin systems development, withconceptual modellingbeing considered the key to achievingdata integration.[2]
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-schema_approach |
Answer set programming(ASP) is a form ofdeclarative programmingoriented towards difficult (primarilyNP-hard)search problems. It is based on thestable model(answer set) semantics oflogic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, andanswer set solvers—programs for generating stable mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_set_programming |
Indatabase theory, aconjunctive queryis a restricted form offirst-orderqueries using thelogical conjunctionoperator. Many first-order queries can be written as conjunctive queries. In particular, a large part of queries issued onrelational databasescan be expressed in this way. Conjunctive queries also have a number ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_query |
DatalogZ(stylized asDatalogℤ) is an extension ofDatalogwithintegerarithmetic and comparisons. Thedecision problemof whether or not a givenground atom(fact) is entailed by a DatalogZ program isRE-complete(hence,undecidable), which can be shown by areductiontodiophantine equations.[1]
The syntax of DatalogZ extends that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DatalogZ |
Disjunctive Datalogis an extension of thelogic programming languageDatalogthat allowsdisjunctionsin the heads of rules. This extension enables disjunctive Datalog to express severalNP-hardproblems that are not known to be expressable in plain Datalog. Disjunctive Datalog has been applied in the context of reasoning abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunctive_Datalog |
Flixis afunctional,imperative, andlogicprogramming languagedeveloped atAarhus University, with funding from theIndependent Research Fund Denmark,[2]and by a community ofopen sourcecontributors.[3]The Flix language supportsalgebraic data types,pattern matching,parametric polymorphism,currying,higher-order functions,exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flix_(programming_language) |
TheSemantic Web Rule Language(SWRL) is a proposed language for theSemantic Webthat can be used to express rules as well as logic, combiningOWL DLor OWL Lite with a subset of theRule Markup Language(itself a subset ofDatalog).[1]
The specification was submitted in May 2004 to theW3Cby theNational Research Council of Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language |
In relationaldatabase theory, atuple-generating dependency(TGD) is a certain kind of constraint on arelational database. It is a subclass of the class ofembedded dependencies(EDs).
An algorithm known asthe chasetakes as input an instance that may or may not satisfy a set of TGDs (or more generally EDs) and, if it term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple-generating_dependency |
Data integrityis the maintenance of, and the assurance of, data accuracy and consistency over its entirelife-cycle.[1]It is a critical aspect to the design, implementation, and usage of any system that stores, processes, or retrieves data. The term is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity_constraint |
Business intelligence softwareis a type ofapplication softwaredesigned to retrieve, analyze, transform and report data forbusiness intelligence(BI). The applications generally read data that has been previously stored, often - though not necessarily - in adata warehouseordata mart.
The first comprehensive business in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence_software |
Adata lakeis a system orrepository of datastored in its natural/raw format,[1]usually objectblobsor files. A data lake is usually a single store of data including raw copies of source system data, sensor data, social data etc.,[2]and transformed data used for tasks such asreporting,visualization,advanced analytics, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_lake |
Data meshis asociotechnicalapproach to building a decentralized data architecture by leveraging a domain-oriented, self-serve design (in a software development perspective), and borrows Eric Evans’ theory ofdomain-driven design[1]and Manuel Pais’ and Matthew Skelton’s theory of team topologies.[2]Data mesh mainly conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mesh |
This is acomparison of notable object database management systems, showing what fundamentalobject databasefeatures are implemented natively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems |
Component-oriented database(CODB) is a way ofdata administrationand programmingDBMS's using the paradigm of thecomponent-orientation.[citation needed]
The paradigm ofcomponent-orientation(CO) is a development of theobject-orientation(OO) inprogramminganddata modeling, leading toward the extreme the possibilities of re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-oriented_database |
AnEDA databaseis adatabasespecialized for the purpose ofelectronic design automation. These application specific databases are required because general purpose databases have historically not provided enough performance for EDA applications.
In examining EDA design databases, it is useful to look at EDA tool architec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDA_database |
TheEnterprise Objects Framework, or simplyEOF, was introduced byNeXTin 1994 as a pioneeringobject-relational mappingproduct for itsNeXTSTEPandOpenStepdevelopment platforms. EOF abstracts the process of interacting with arelational databaseby mapping database rows toJavaorObjective-Cobjects. This largely relieves develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Objects_Framework |
TheObject Data Management Group(ODMG) was conceived in the summer of 1991 at a breakfast withobject databasevendors that was organized by Rick Cattell ofSun Microsystems. In 1998, the ODMG changed its name from the Object Database Management Group to reflect the expansion of its efforts to include specifications for bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Data_Management_Group |
Anobject–relational database(ORD), orobject–relational database management system(ORDBMS), is adatabase management system(DBMS) similar to arelational database, but with anobject-oriented databasemodel:objects,classesandinheritanceare directly supported indatabase schemasand in thequery language. Also, as with pure rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_database |
Incomputer science,persistencerefers to the characteristic ofstateof a system that outlives (persists for longer than) theprocessthat created it. This is achieved in practice by storing the state as data incomputer data storage. Programs have to transfer data to and from storage devices and have to provide mappings fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science) |
Therelational model(RM) is an approach to managingdatausing astructureand language consistent withfirst-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientistEdgar F. Codd,[1][2]where all data are represented in terms oftuples, grouped intorelations. A database organized in terms of the relational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number ofonline analytical processing(OLAP) servers. Please see the individual products articles for further information.
APIs and query languages OLAP servers support.
A list of OLAP features that are not supported by all vendors. All vendors suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_OLAP_servers |
Thefunctional database modelis used to support analytics applications such asfinancial planningandperformance management. The functional database model, or the functional model for short, is different from but complementary to therelational model. The functional model is also distinct from other similarly named concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_database_model |
This list includesSQLreserved words– akaSQL reserved keywords,[1][2]as theSQL:2023specifies and someRDBMSshave added.
A dash (-) means that the keyword is not reserved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words |
Thesyntaxof theSQLprogramming languageis defined and maintained byISO/IEC SC 32as part ofISO/IEC 9075. This standard is not freely available. Despite the existence of the standard, SQL code is not completely portable among differentdatabase systemswithout adjustments.
The SQL language is subdivided into several langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax |
PL/SQL(Procedural Language for SQL) isOracle Corporation'sproceduralextensionforSQLand theOracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 6 - stored PL/SQL procedures/functions/packages/triggers since version 7),TimesTen in-memory database(since version 11.2.1), andIBM Db2(since versi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL |
Transact-SQL(T-SQL) isMicrosoft's andSybase's proprietary extension to theSQL(Structured Query Language) used to interact withrelational databases. T-SQL expands on the SQL standard to includeprocedural programming,local variables, various support functions for string processing, date processing, mathematics, etc. and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transact-SQL |
Online transaction processing(OLTP) is a type ofdatabasesystem used in transaction-oriented applications, such as many operational systems. "Online" refers to the fact that such systems are expected to respond to user requests and process them in real-time (process transactions). The term is contrasted withonline analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing |
Arelational data stream management system (RDSMS)is a distributed, in-memorydata stream management system(DSMS) that is designed to use standards-compliantSQLqueries to process unstructured and structured data streams in real-time. Unlike SQL queries executed in a traditionalRDBMS, which return a result and exit, SQL q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_data_stream_management_system |
MUMPS("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System"), orM, is an imperative, high-levelprogramming languagewith an integrated transaction processingkey–value database. It was originally developed atMassachusetts General Hospitalfor managing patient medical records and hospital laboratory informatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS |
Afact constellation schema, also referred to as agalaxy schema, is a model using multiplefact tablesand multipledimension tables.[1]These schemas are implemented for complex data warehouses.[1]
The fact constellation is a measure ofonline analytical processingand can be seen as an extension of thestar schema.
A fact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_constellation |
Thereverse star schemais aschemaoptimized for fastretrievalof large quantities of descriptivedata. The design was derived from a warehousestar schema,[1]and its adaptation for descriptive data required that certain key characteristics of the classic star schema be "reversed".
The relation of the central table to those... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_star_schema |
DOAP(Description Of A Project) is anRDF SchemaandXMLvocabulary to describe software projects, in particularfree and open source software.
It was created and initially developed by Edd Wilder-James (Edd Dumbill) to convey semantic information associated with open source software projects.[1][2]
There are currently ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAP |
Semantically Interlinked Online Communities Project(SIOC (/ʃɒk/SHOK[1])) is aSemantic Webtechnology. SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such asblogs, forums and mailing lists to each other. It consists of the SIOContology, an open-standard machine-readable format for expressing the information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantically-Interlinked_Online_Communities |
hCardis amicroformatfor publishing the contact details (which might be no more than the name) of people, companies, organizations, and places, inHTML,Atom,RSS, or arbitraryXML.[1]The hCard microformat does this using a 1:1 representation ofvCard(RFC 2426) properties and values, identified using HTML classes andrelattri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCard |
vCard, also known asVCF("Virtual Contact File"), is afile formatstandard for electronicbusiness cards. vCards can be attached toe-mailmessages, sent viaMultimedia Messaging Service(MMS), on theWorld Wide Web,instant messaging,NFCor throughQR code. They can containnameandaddressinformation,phone numbers,e-mailaddresses,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCard |
XHTML Friends Network(XFN) is anHTMLmicroformatdeveloped byGlobal Multimedia Protocols Groupthat provides a simple way to represent human relationships using links. XFN enables web authors to indicate relationships to the people in theirblogrollsby adding one or more keywords as therelattributeto their links.[1][2][3]X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML_Friends_Network |
Circumscriptionis anon-monotonic logiccreated byJohn McCarthyto formalize thecommon senseassumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified.[1][2]Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve theframe problem. To implement circumscription in its initial formulation, McCarthy augmented... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(logic) |
Default logicis anon-monotonic logicproposed byRaymond Reiterto formalize reasoning with default assumptions.
Default logic can express facts like “by default, something is true”; by contrast, standard logic can only express that something is true or that something is false. This is a problem because reasoning often i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_logic |
Negation as failure(NAF, for short) is anon-monotonicinference rule inlogic programming, used to derivenotp{\displaystyle \mathrm {not} ~p}(i.e. thatp{\displaystyle p}is assumed not to hold) from failure to derivep{\displaystyle p}. Note thatnotp{\displaystyle \mathrm {not} ~p}can be different from the statement¬p{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_as_failure |
Operational design domain(ODD) is a term for a particular operating context for an automated system, often used in the field ofautonomous vehicles. The context is defined by a set of conditions, including environmental, geographical, time of day, and other conditions. For vehicles, traffic and roadway characteristics a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_design_domain |
The concept of astable model, oranswer set, is used to define a declarativesemanticsforlogic programswithnegation as failure. This is one of several standard approaches to the meaning ofnegationin logic programming, along withprogram completionand thewell-founded semantics. The stable model semantics is the basis ofans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_model_semantics |
Theunique name assumptionis a simplifying assumption made in someontologylanguages anddescription logics. In logics with the unique name assumption, different names always refer to different entities in the world.[1]It was included inRay Reiter's discussion of theclosed-world assumptionoften tacitly included in Databas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_name_assumption |
AnXML schemais a description of a type ofXMLdocument, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself. These constraints are generally expressed using some combination of grammatical rules govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_Language_Comparison |
AnXML transformation languageis aprogramming languagedesigned specifically to transform aninputXMLdocument into anoutputdocument which satisfies some specific goal.
There are two special cases of transformation:
AsXML to XMLtransformation outputs an XML document,XML to XMLtransformation chains formXML pipelines.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_transformation_language |
Insoftware, anXML pipelineis formed whenXML(ExtensibleMarkup Language) processes, especiallyXML transformationsandXML validations, are connected.
For instance, given two transformations T1and T2, the two can be connected so that an input XML document is transformed by T1and then the output of T1is fed as input documen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_pipeline |
XML logorXMLlogging is used by manycomputerprogramsto log the program's operations. An XMLlogfilerecords a description of the operations done by a program during its session. The log normally includes:timestamp, the programs settings during the operation, what was completed during the session, the files or directories ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_log |
Christophe de Dinechinis a Frenchcomputer scientist, with contributions invideo games,programming languagesandoperating systems.
Dinechin contributed toC++, notably a high-performanceexception handlingimplementation[1]that became a de-facto standard in the industry.[2]de Dinechin was one of the proponents of a portabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_programming |
Aprogramming languageis a system of notation for writingcomputer programs.[1]Programming languages are described in terms of theirsyntax(form) andsemantics(meaning), usually defined by aformal language. Languages usually provide features such as atype system,variables, and mechanisms forerror handling. Animplementation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecting |
Grammar-orientedprogramming(GOP) andGrammar-oriented Object Design(GOOD) are good for designing and creating adomain-specific programming language(DSL) for a specific business domain.
GOOD can be used to drive the execution of the application or it can be used to embed the declarative processing logic of a context-awa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar-oriented_programming |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number ofdocument markup languages. Please see the individual markup languages' articles for further information.
Basic general information about the markup languages: creator, version, etc.
Note: WhileRich Text Format (RTF)is human readable, it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages |
BSON(/ˈbiːsən/;Binary JSON)[2]is acomputerdata interchange format extendingJSON. It is abinaryform for representing simple or complexdata structuresincludingassociative arrays(also known asname-value pairs),integer indexed arrays, and a suite of fundamentalscalar types.
BSON originated in 2009 atMongoDB. Several scala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSON |
MessagePackis acomputerdata interchange format. It is a binary form for representing simpledata structureslikearraysandassociative arrays. MessagePack aims to be as compact and simple as possible. The official implementation is available in a variety of languages, some official libraries and others community created, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MessagePack |
Concise Binary Object Representation(CBOR) is a binary dataserializationformat loosely based onJSONauthored by Carsten Bormann and Paul Hoffman.[a]Like JSON it allows the transmission of data objects that containname–value pairs, but in a more concise manner. This increases processing and transfer speeds at the cost of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBOR |
ACanonical S-expression(orcsexp) is a binary encoding form of a subset of generalS-expression(or sexp). It was designed for use inSPKIto retain the power of S-expressions and ensurecanonical formfor applications such asdigital signatureswhile achieving the compactness of a binary form and maximizing the speed of parsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_S-expressions |
Matroska(styledMatroška) is a project to create acontainer formatthat can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file.[4]TheMatroska Multimedia Containeris similar in concept to other containers likeAVI,MP4, orAdvanced Systems Format(ASF), but is anopen standard.
Matroska file ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroska |
WebMis an audiovisual media file format.[5]It is primarily intended to offer aroyalty-freealternative to use in theHTML videoand theHTML audioelements. It has a sister project,WebP, for images. The development of the format is sponsored byGoogle, and the corresponding software is distributed under aBSD license.
The We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebM |
Interchange File Format(IFF) is a genericdigital container file formatoriginally introduced byElectronic Arts(in cooperation withCommodore) in 1985 to facilitate transfer of data between software produced by different companies.
IFF files do not have any standardfilename extension. On many systems that generate IFF fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_File_Format |
Extensible Binary Meta Language(EBML) is a generalizedfile formatfor any kind of data, aiming to be a binary equivalent toXML. It provides a basic framework for storing data in XML-like tags. It was originally designed as the framework language for theMatroskaaudio/video container format.[1][2][3]
EBML is not extensib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Binary_Meta_Language |
In networking formobile devices,WMLCis a format for the efficient transmission ofWMLweb pages overWireless Application Protocol(WAP). Its primary purpose is to compress (or rather tokenise) a WML page for transport over low-bandwidth internet connections such asGPRS/2G.
WMLC is apparently synonymous with Wireless App... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiled_Wireless_Markup_Language |
Efficient XML Interchange(EXI) is abinary XMLformat for exchange of data on a computer network.
It was developed by the W3C'sEfficient Extensible Interchange Working Groupand is one of the most prominent efforts to encodeXMLdocuments in abinary data format, rather than plain text.
Using EXI format reduces the verbosity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange |
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
TheInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF) is astandards organizationfor theInternetand is responsible for thetechnical standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force |
Thehead–body patternis a common XMLdesign pattern, used for example in theSOAPprotocol. This pattern is useful when a message, or parcel of data, requires considerablemetadata. While mixing the meta-data with the data could be done it makes the whole confusing. In this pattern the meta-data or meta-information are stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%E2%80%93body_pattern |
Areverse dictionaryis adictionaryalphabetized by the reversal of each entry:
Before computers, reverse dictionaries were tedious to produce. The first computer-produced was Stahl and Scavnicky'sA Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language, in 1974.[1]The first computer-produced reverse dictionary for a single text was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_dictionary |
Digital footprintordigital shadowrefers to one's unique set oftraceabledigital activities, actions, contributions, and communications manifested on theInternetordigital devices.[1][2][3][4]Digital footprints can be classified as either passive or active. Passive footprints consist of a user's web-browsing activity and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_traces |
Incomputing,rebootingis the process by which a runningcomputer systemis restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either acold reboot(alternatively known as ahard reboot) in which the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again (causing aninitial bootof the machine); or awar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot#Cold |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Discourseis a generalization of the notion of aconversationto any form ofcommunication.[1]Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such associology,anthropol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse |
Grounding in communicationis a concept proposed byHerbert H. Clarkand Susan E. Brennan. It comprises the collection of "mutual knowledge, mutual beliefs, and mutual assumptions" that is essential forcommunicationbetween two people.[1]Successful grounding in communication requires parties "to coordinate both the content... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_in_communication |
Active usersis a softwareperformance metricthat is commonly used to measure the level of engagement for a particularsoftwareproduct or object, by quantifying the number of active interactions fromusersor visitors within a relevant range of time (daily, weekly and monthly).
The metric has many uses insoftware managemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_users |
Marketingis the act of satisfying and retainingcustomers.[3]It is one of the primary components ofbusiness managementandcommerce.[4]
Marketing is usually conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Products can be marketed to other businesses (B2B) or directly to consumers (B2C).[5]Sometimes tasks a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing |
Decidimdescribes itself as a "technopolitical network for participatory democracy".[2]It combines afree and open-source software(FOSS) software package together with aparticipatorypolitical project and an organising community, "Metadecidim".[3]Decidim participants describe the software, political and organising compone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidim |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Proxy votingis a form ofvotingwhereby a member of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_voting#Delegated_voting |
Thedelegate model of representationis a model of arepresentative democracy. In this model,constituentselect their representatives as delegates for theirconstituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency/state and have noautonomyfrom the constituency only the autonomy to vote for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_model_of_representation |
Thetrustee model of representationis a model of arepresentative democracy, frequently contrasted with thedelegate model of representation.[1]In this model,constituentselect their representatives as 'trustees' for theirconstituency. These 'trustees' haveautonomyto deliberate and act as they see fit, in their own conscie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee_model_of_representation |
Electronic governanceore-governanceis the use ofinformation technologyto providegovernment services,information exchange, communication transactions, and integration of different stand-alone systems between government to citizen (G2C), government to business (G2B), government to government (G2G), government to employee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance |
Anindirect electionorhierarchical voting,[1]is anelectionin which voters do not choose directly amongcandidatesor parties for an office (direct voting system), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is used by many countries forheads of state(such aspre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election |
Social bookmarkingis an online service which allows users to add, annotate, edit, and sharebookmarksofweb documents.[1][2]Many online bookmark management services have launched since 1996;Delicious, founded in 2003, popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging". Tagging is a significant feature of social boo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bookmarking |
Knowledge management(KM) is the set of procedures for producing, disseminating, utilizing, and overseeing an organization's knowledge and data. It alludes to a multidisciplinary strategy that maximizes knowledge utilization to accomplish organizational goals. Courses in business administration, information systems, man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management |
The following tables compareenterprise bookmarkingplatforms.
The table provides an overview of Enterprise Bookmarking platforms. The platforms listed refer to an application that is installed on a web server (usually requiringMySQLor another database andPHP,perl,Python, or some other language for web apps).
This tabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_enterprise_bookmarking_platforms |
Abookmark manageris any software program or feature designed to store, organize, and displayweb bookmarks. Thebookmarks feature included in each major web browseris a rudimentary bookmark manager. More capable bookmark managers are available online as web apps, mobile apps, or browser extensions, and may display bookma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmark_manager |
Asocial bookmarking websiteis a centralized online service that allows users to store and shareInternet bookmarks. Such a website typically offers a blend of social and organizational tools, such as annotation, categorization,folksonomy-basedtagging,social catalogingand commenting. The website may also interface with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_bookmarking_websites |
This is a list of notablesocial software: selected examples ofsocial softwareproducts and services that facilitate a variety of forms of social human contact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_software |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Asocial networkis asocial structureconsisting of a set ofsocialactors (such asindividualsor organizations), networks ofdyadicties, and othersocial interactionsbetween actors. The social n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking |
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