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Anunorganized machineis a concept mentioned in a 1948 report byAlan Turingtitled "Intelligent Machinery", in which he suggested that the infant humancortexwas what he called an "unorganised machine".[1][2]It remained unpublished until 1969.[3]
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as largely random in their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorganized_machine |
Thevon Neumann architecture—also known as thevon Neumann modelorPrinceton architecture—is acomputer architecturebased on theFirst Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,[1]written byJohn von Neumannin 1945, describing designs discussed withJohn MauchlyandJ. Presper Eckertat the University of Pennsylvania'sMoore School of Elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture |
Acold caseis acrime, or a suspected crime, that has not yet been fully resolved and is not the subject of a currentcriminal investigation, but for which new information could emerge from new witness testimony, re-examined archives, new or retained material evidence, or fresh activities of a suspect. New technological m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_case |
Hypothetical technologiesare technologies that do not exist yet, but that could exist in the future.[1]They are distinct fromemerging technologies, which have achieved some developmental success. Emerging technologies as of 2018 include 3-D metal printing and artificial embryos.[2]Many hypothetical technologies have be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_technologies |
Incomputability theory, anundecidable problemis adecision problemfor which aneffective method(algorithm) to derive the correct answer does not exist. More formally, an undecidable problem is a problem whose language is not arecursive set; see the articleDecidable language. There areuncountablymany undecidable problems,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_undecidable_problems |
Thislist of unsolved deathsincludes notable cases where:
Cases where there are unofficial alternative theories about deaths – the most common theory being that the death was a homicide – can be found under:Death conspiracy theories.
Media related toUnsolved deathsat Wikimedia Commons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths |
Incomputability theoryandcomputational complexity theory, amany-one reduction(also calledmapping reduction[1]) is areductionthat converts instances of onedecision problem(whether an instance is inL1{\displaystyle L_{1}}) to another decision problem (whether an instance is inL2{\displaystyle L_{2}}) using acomputable fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-one_reduction |
Incomputational complexity theoryandgame complexity, aparsimonious reductionis a transformation from one problem to another (areduction) that preserves the number of solutions. Informally, it is abijectionbetween the respective sets of solutions of two problems. A general reduction from problemA{\displaystyle A}to prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsimonious_reduction |
Incomputability theory, manyreducibility relations(also calledreductions,reducibilities, andnotions of reducibility) are studied. They are motivated by the question: given setsA{\displaystyle A}andB{\displaystyle B}of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively convert a method for deciding membership inB{\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(recursion_theory) |
Incomputability theoryatruth-table reductionis a type ofreductionfrom adecision problemA{\displaystyle A}to a decision problemB{\displaystyle B}. To solve a problem inA{\displaystyle A}, the reduction describes the answer toA{\displaystyle A}as aboolean formulaortruth tableof some finite number of queries toB{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table_reduction |
Incomputer scienceandinformation theory,data differencingordifferential compressionis producing a technical description of the difference between two sets of data – a source and a target. Formally, a data differencing algorithm takes as input source data and target data, and produces difference data such that given the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_differencing |
Instatistics,probability theoryandinformation theory,pointwise mutual information(PMI),[1]orpoint mutual information, is a measure ofassociation. It compares the probability of two events occurring together to what this probability would be if the events wereindependent.[2]
PMI (especially in itspositive pointwise mut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointwise_mutual_information |
Inquantum information theory,quantum mutual information, orvon Neumann mutual information, afterJohn von Neumann, is a measure of correlation between subsystems of quantum state. It is the quantum mechanical analog ofShannonmutual information.
For simplicity, it will be assumed that all objects in the article are fini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mutual_information |
Ininformation theory,specific-informationis thegeneric namegiven to the family of state-dependent measures that in expectation converge to themutual information. There are currently three known varieties of specific information usually denotedIV{\displaystyle I_{V}},IS{\displaystyle I_{S}}, andIssi{\displaystyle I_{ssi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-information |
Ininformation theory, thelimiting density of discrete pointsis an adjustment to the formula ofClaude Shannonfordifferential entropy.
It was formulated byEdwin Thompson Jaynesto address defects in the initial definition of differential entropy.
Shannon originally wrote down the following formula for theentropyof a con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_density_of_discrete_points |
Ininformation theory, theinformation content,self-information,surprisal, orShannon informationis a basic quantity derived from theprobabilityof a particulareventoccurring from arandom variable. It can be thought of as an alternative way of expressing probability, much likeoddsorlog-odds, but which has particular mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-information |
In various science/engineering applications, such asindependent component analysis,[1]image analysis,[2]genetic analysis,[3]speech recognition,[4]manifold learning,[5]and time delay estimation[6]it is useful to estimate thedifferential entropyof a system or process, given some observations.
The simplest and most commo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_estimation |
TheBayes factoris a ratio of two competingstatistical modelsrepresented by theirevidence, and is used to quantify the support for one model over the other.[1]The models in question can have a common set of parameters, such as anull hypothesisand an alternative, but this is not necessary; for instance, it could also be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_factor |
Instatistics, thelikelihood principleis the proposition that, given astatistical model, all the evidence in asamplerelevant to model parameters is contained in thelikelihood function.
A likelihood function arises from aprobability density functionconsidered as a function of its distributional parameterization argument... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_principle |
Instatistics, thelikelihood-ratio testis ahypothesis testthat involves comparing thegoodness of fitof two competingstatistical models, typically one found bymaximizationover the entireparameter spaceand another found after imposing someconstraint, based on the ratio of theirlikelihoods. If the more constrained model (i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test |
Likelihoodist statisticsorlikelihoodismis an approach tostatisticsthat exclusively or primarily uses thelikelihood function. Likelihoodist statistics is a more minor school than the main approaches ofBayesian statisticsandfrequentist statistics, but has some adherents and applications. The central idea of likelihoodism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihoodist_statistics |
Theprinciple of maximum entropystates that theprobability distributionwhich best represents the current state of knowledge about a system is the one with largestentropy, in the context of precisely stated prior data (such as apropositionthat expressestestable information).
Another way of stating this: Take precisely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_maximum_entropy |
Instatistical theory, apseudolikelihoodis anapproximationto thejoint probability distributionof a collection ofrandom variables. The practical use of this is that it can provide an approximation to thelikelihood functionof a set of observed data which may either provide a computationally simpler problem forestimation, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolikelihood |
Instatistics, thescore(orinformant[1]) is thegradientof thelog-likelihood functionwith respect to theparameter vector. Evaluated at a particular value of the parameter vector, the score indicates thesteepnessof the log-likelihood function and thereby the sensitivity toinfinitesimalchanges to the parameter values. If th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(statistics) |
In common usage,randomnessis the apparent or actual lack of definitepatternorpredictabilityin information.[1][2]A random sequence of events,symbolsor steps often has noorderand does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are, by definition, unpredictable, but if there is a knownprob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness |
A numericsequenceis said to bestatistically randomwhen it contains no recognizablepatternsor regularities; sequences such as the results of an idealdice rollor the digits ofπexhibit statistical randomness.[1]
Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply "true"randomness, i.e., objectiveunpredictability.Pseudorand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_randomness |
Intuitively, analgorithmically random sequence(orrandom sequence) is asequenceof binary digits that appears random to any algorithm running on a (prefix-free or not)universal Turing machine. The notion can be applied analogously to sequences on any finite alphabet (e.g. decimal digits). Random sequences are key object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmically_random_sequence |
Theseven states of randomnessinprobability theory,fractalsandrisk analysisare extensions of the concept ofrandomnessas modeled by thenormal distribution. These seven states were first introduced byBenoît Mandelbrotin his 1997 bookFractals and Scaling in Finance, which appliedfractal analysisto the study of risk and ran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_states_of_randomness |
TheWald–Wolfowitz runs test(or simplyruns test), named after statisticiansAbraham WaldandJacob Wolfowitzis anon-parametricstatistical test that checks a randomness hypothesis for a two-valueddata sequence. More precisely, it can be used totest the hypothesisthat the elements of the sequence are mutuallyindependent.
Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald%E2%80%93Wolfowitz_runs_test |
Incryptography, aproduct ciphercombines two or more transformations in a manner intending that the resulting cipher is more secure than the individual components to make it resistant tocryptanalysis.[1]The product cipher combines a sequence of simple transformations such assubstitution(S-box),permutation(P-box), andmod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_cipher |
Incryptography, aFeistel cipher(also known asLuby–Rackoff block cipher) is asymmetric structureused in the construction ofblock ciphers, named after theGerman-bornphysicistand cryptographerHorst Feistel, who did pioneering research while working forIBM; it is also commonly known as aFeistel network. A large number ofbl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistel_scheme |
Incomputer science, anonline algorithmmeasures itscompetitivenessagainst differentadversary models. For deterministic algorithms, the adversary is the same as the adaptive offline adversary. For randomized online algorithms competitiveness can depend upon theadversary modelused.
The three common adversaries are the ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversary_(online_algorithm) |
Incomputer science,amortized analysisis a method foranalyzinga given algorithm'scomplexity, or how much of a resource, especially time or memory, it takes toexecute. The motivation for amortized analysis is that looking at the worst-case run time can be too pessimistic. Instead, amortized analysis averages the runnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortized_analysis |
TheList Updateor theList Accessproblem is a simple model used in the study ofcompetitive analysisofonline algorithms. Given a set of items in a list where the cost of accessing an item is proportional to its distance from the head of the list, e.g. alinked List, and a request sequence of accesses, the problem is to com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_update_problem |
Dynamic problemsincomputational complexity theoryare problems stated in terms of changing input data. In its most general form, a problem in this category is usually stated as follows:
Problems in this class have the following measures of complexity:
The overall set of computations for a dynamic problem is called ady... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_algorithm |
In the theory ofonline algorithmsandoptimal stopping, aprophet inequalityis a bound on theexpected valueof a decision-making process that handles a sequence of random inputs from knownprobability distributions, relative to the expected value that could be achieved by a "prophet" who knows all the inputs (and not just t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_inequality |
Incomputer science,streaming algorithmsare algorithms for processingdata streamsin which the input is presented as asequenceof items and can be examined in only a few passes, typicallyjust one. These algorithms are designed to operate with limited memory, generallylogarithmicin the size of the stream and/or in the max... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_algorithm |
Incomputer science, asequential algorithmorserial algorithmis analgorithmthat is executed sequentially – once through, from start to finish, without other processing executing – as opposed toconcurrentlyor inparallel. The term is primarily used to contrast withconcurrent algorithmorparallel algorithm;most standard comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_algorithm |
Offline learningis amachine learningtraining approach in which amodelis trained on a fixeddatasetthat is not updated during the learning process.[1]This dataset is collected beforehand, and the learning typically occurs in a batch mode (i.e., the model is updated using batches of data, rather than a single input-output... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offline_learning |
Incomputer security,heap sprayingis a technique used inexploitsto facilitatearbitrary code execution. The part of thesource codeof an exploit that implements this technique is called aheap spray.[1]In general, code thatsprays the heapattempts to put a certain sequence of bytes at a predetermined location in thememoryof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_spraying |
Memory protectionis a way to control memory access rights on a computer, and is a part of most moderninstruction set architecturesandoperating systems. The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent aprocessfrom accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. This prevents a bug ormalwarewithin a process fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection_keys |
Intel Software Guard Extensions(SGX) is a set ofinstruction codesimplementingtrusted execution environmentthat are built into someIntelcentral processing units(CPUs). They allowuser-levelandoperating systemcode to define protected private regions of memory, calledenclaves.[1][2]SGX is designed to be useful for implemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Guard_Extensions |
Microsoft Developer Network(MSDN) was the division ofMicrosoftresponsible for managing the firm's relationship with developers and testers, such as hardware developers interested in theoperating system(OS), and software developers developing on the various OS platforms or using the API or scripting languages of Microso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDN_Library |
TheWindows Driver Kit(WDK) is a software toolset fromMicrosoftthat enables the development ofdevice driversfor theMicrosoft Windowsplatform.[2]It includes documentation, samples, build environments, and tools for driver developers.[3]A complete toolset for driver development also need the following: a compilerVisual St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Driver_Kit |
Windows App SDK(formerly known asProject Reunion)[3]is asoftware development kit(SDK) fromMicrosoftthat provides a unified set of APIs and components that can be used to developdesktop applicationsfor bothWindows 11andWindows 10version 1809 and later. The purpose of this project is to offer a decoupled implementation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_App_SDK |
Windows 10is a major release of theWindows NToperating systemdeveloped byMicrosoft. Microsoft described Windows 10 as an "operating system as a service" that would receive ongoing updates to its features and functionality, augmented with the ability for enterprise environments to receive non-critical updates at a slowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10_version_history |
Intelecommunicationsandcomputing,backward compatibility(orbackwards compatibility) is a property of anoperating system, software, real-world product, ortechnologythat allows forinteroperabilitywith an olderlegacy system, or withinputdesigned for such a system.
Modifying a system in a way that does not allow backward c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility |
Retrofittingis the addition of new technology or features to older systems. Retrofits can happen for a number of reasons, for example with big capital expenditures like naval vessels, military equipment or manufacturing plants, businesses or governments may retrofit in order to reduce the need to replace a system entir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofitting |
Apatchisdatathat is intended to be used to modify an existing software resource such as aprogramor afile, often to fixbugsandsecurity vulnerabilities.[1][2]A patch may be created to improve functionality,usability, orperformance. A patch is typically provided by a vendor for updating the software that they provide. A p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing) |
Quiltis a software utility for managing a series of changes to thesource codeof anycomputer program. Such changes are often referred to as "patches" or "patch sets". Quilt can take an arbitrary number of patches as input and condense them into a single patch. In doing so, Quilt makes it easier for many programmers to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt_(software) |
rsync(remote sync) is a utility fortransferringandsynchronizingfilesbetween a computer and a storage drive and acrossnetworkedcomputersby comparing themodification timesand sizes of files.[8]It is commonly found onUnix-likeoperating systemsand is under theGPL-3.0-or-laterlicense.[4][5][9][10][11][12]
rsync is written ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync |
Xdelta[3]is a command line tool fordelta encoding, which stores or transmits the difference (deltas) between sequential data, instead of entire files. This is similar todiffandpatch, except diff computes and shows the difference between two complete files, while patch is primarily designed for human-readable text files... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xdelta |
This article discusses support programs included in or available forOS/360 and successors. IBM categorizes some of these programs as utilities[1][a]and others as service aids;[2]the boundaries are not always consistent or obvious. Many, but not all, of these programs match the types inutility software.
The following l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframe_utility_programs#IEBUPDTE |
Software portabilityis a design objective forsource codeto be easily made to run on differentplatforms. An aid to portability is the generalizedabstractionbetween the application logic andsystem interfaces. When software with the same functionality is produced for severalcomputing platforms, portability is the key issu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_portability |
Withincomputing,cross-platform software(also calledmulti-platform software,platform-agnostic software, orplatform-independent software) iscomputer softwarethat is designed to work in severalcomputing platforms.[1]Some cross-platform software requires a separate build for each platform, but some can be directly run on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_software |
Write once, compile anywhere(WOCA) is aphilosophytaken by acompilerand its associatedsoftware librariesor by a software library/software frameworkwhich refers to a capability of writing acomputer programthat can be compiled on allplatformswithout the need to modify itssource code. As opposed to Sun'swrite once, run any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_once,_compile_anywhere |
Withinsystems engineering,quality attributesare realizednon-functional requirementsused to evaluate the performance of a system. These are sometimes named architecture characteristics, or "ilities" after thesuffixmany of the words share. They are usuallyarchitecturally significant requirementsthat require architects' a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes |
Inprogrammingandsoftware design, abindingis anapplication programming interface(API) that providesglue codespecifically made to allow aprogramming languageto use a foreignlibraryoroperating systemservice (one that is not native to that language).
Binding generally refers to a mapping of one thing to another. In the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding |
Asource-to-source translator,source-to-source compiler(S2S compiler),transcompiler, ortranspiler[1][2][3]is a type oftranslatorthat takes thesource codeof a program written in aprogramming languageas its input and produces an equivalent source code in the same or a different programming language, usually as anintermedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler |
Avideo game console emulatoris a type ofemulatorthat allows a computing device[fn 1]to emulate avideo game console's hardware and play its games on the emulating platform. More often than not, emulators carry additional features that surpass limitations of the original hardware, such as broader controller compatibility... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_emulator |
Asource portis a software project based on thesource codeof agame enginethat allows the game to be played onoperating systemsorcomputing platformswith which the game was not originally compatible.
Source ports are oftencreated by fansafter the original developer hands over the maintenance support for a game by releasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_port |
Poshis asoftwareframeworkused incross-platformsoftwaredevelopment. It was created by Brian Hook.[1]It isBSD licensedand as of 17 March 2014[update], atversion1.3.002.
The Posh software framework provides aheader fileand an optionalCsource file.
Posh does not provide alternatives where a hostplatformdoes not offer a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poshlib |
Japan Vulnerability Notes(JVN) isJapan's nationalvulnerability database. It is maintained by theJapan Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centerand the Japanese government'sInformation-Technology Promotion Agency.[1][2]
This article related to government in Japan is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Vulnerability_Notes |
TheNational Vulnerability Database(NVD) is the U.S. government repository of standards-based vulnerability management data represented using theSecurity Content Automation Protocol(SCAP). This data enables automation of vulnerability management, security measurement, and compliance. NVD includes databases of security c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vulnerability_Database |
TheOpen Sourced Vulnerability Database(OSVDB) was an independent and open-sourcedvulnerability database. The goal of the project was to provide accurate, detailed, current, and unbiased technical information onsecurityvulnerabilities.[1]The project promoted greater and more open collaboration between companies and indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Vulnerability_Database |
Interleaved deltas, orSCCS weaveis a method used by theSource Code Control Systemto store all revisions of a file. All lines from all revisions are "woven" together in a single block of data, with interspersed control instructions indicating which lines are included in which revisions of the file. Interleaved deltas ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved_deltas |
Source Code Control System(SCCS) is aversion control systemdesigned to track changes insource codeand other text files during the development of a piece of software. This allows the user to retrieve any of the previous versions of the original source code and the changes which are stored. It was originally developed at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System |
In IBM terminology, aProgram temporary fixorProduct temporary fix(PTF), sometimes depending on date,[1][2]is a singlebug fix, or group of fixes, distributed in a form ready to install for customers.
A PTF normally follows an APAR (Authorized Program Analysis Report[3]), and where an "APAR fix" was issued, the PTF "is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Program_temporary_fix |
Abug bounty programis a deal offered by many websites, organizations, and software developers by which individuals can receive recognition and compensation[1]for reportingbugs, especially those pertaining tosecurityvulnerabilities.[2]If no financial reward is offered, it is called avulnerability disclosure program.[3][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_bounty_program |
Locksmithingis the work of creating and bypassing locks. Locksmithing is a traditional trade and in many countries requires completion of anapprenticeship. The level of formal education legally required varies by country, ranging from no formal education to a training certificate awarded by an employer, or a fulldiplom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith |
MalwareMustDie(MMD), NPO[1][2]is awhite hat hackingresearch workgroup that was launched in August 2012. MalwareMustDie is a registerednonprofit organizationas a medium for IT professionals and security researchers gathered to form a work flow to reducemalwareinfection in theinternet. The group is known for their malwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MalwareMustDie |
Wireless identity theft, also known ascontactless identity theftorRFIDidentity theft, is a form of identity theft described as "the act of compromising an individual’s personal identifying information using wireless (radio frequency) mechanics."[1]Numerous articles have been written about wireless identity theft and b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_identity_theft |
AnAdaptation kit upgrade(AKU or Adaptation kit update) updates Microsoft'sWindows Mobileoperating systemsfor devices (excludingWindows 10 Mobile).
It is a collection of updates, fixes and enhancements to the tools delivered to hardware device manufacturers to create or update devices based on a specific platform.
Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_kit_upgrade |
Advanced Package Tool(APT) is afree-softwareuser interfacethat works withcore librariesto handle the installation and removal of software onDebianand Debian-basedLinux distributions.[4]APT simplifies the process of managing software onUnix-likecomputer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool |
The generically namedMacintosh Processor Upgrade Card[1](code namedSTP[2]) is acentral processing unitupgrade card sold byApple Computer, designed for manyMotorola 68040-poweredMacintosh LC,QuadraandPerformamodels. The card contains aPowerPC 601CPU and plugs into the 68040 CPU socket of the upgraded machine.[3]The Proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Processor_Upgrade_Card |
In the jargon ofcomputer programming, asource upgradeis a modification of acomputer program'ssource code, which adds new features and options to it, improves performance and stability, or fixesbugsand errors from the previousversion. There are two popular types of source upgrades, which are listed here:
Thiscomputer-p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_upgrade |
Windows Anytime Upgrade(Add Features to Windows) was a service byMicrosoftintroduced inWindows Vistathat facilitated upgrades across successiveeditions of Windows Vista.[1]Prices for upgrades purchased through Windows Anytime Upgrade were lower than prices for upgrades purchased at retail.[2][3]Windows Anytime Upgrade ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade |
TheYellowdog Updater Modified(YUM) is afree and open-sourcecommand-linepackage-managementutility for computers running theLinuxoperating systemusing theRPM Package Manager.[4]Though YUM has a command-line interface, several other tools providegraphical user interfacesto YUM functionality.
YUM allows for automatic upda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_dog_Updater,_Modified |
Incomputer programming,redundant codeissource codeor compiled code in acomputer programthat is unnecessary, such as:
ANOPinstruction might be considered to be redundant code that has been explicitly inserted to pad out theinstructionstream or introduce a time delay, for example to create atiming loopby "wasting time".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_code |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science,[1]computer algebra, also calledsymbolic computationoralgebraic computation, is a scientific area that refers to the study and development ofalgorithmsandsoftwarefor manipulatingmathematical expressionsand othermathematical objects. Although computer algebra could be considered a subfie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplification_(symbolic_computation) |
Incompiler theory,partial redundancy elimination(PRE) is acompiler optimizationthat eliminatesexpressionsthat are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form ofcommon subexpression elimination.
An expression is called partially redundant if thevaluecomputed by the expression is alr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial-redundancy_elimination |
Inpropositional logic,conjunction elimination(also calledandelimination,∧ elimination,[1]orsimplification)[2][3][4]is avalidimmediate inference,argument formandrule of inferencewhich makes theinferencethat, if theconjunctionA and Bis true, thenAis true, andBis true. The rule makes it possible to shorten longerproofsby ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_elimination |
Incomputer science,dynamic software updating(DSU) is a field of research pertaining toupgradingprograms while they are running. DSU is not currently widely used in industry. However, researchers have developed a wide variety of systems and techniques for implementing DSU. These systems are commonly tested on real-world... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_software_updating |
Insoftware engineering,couplingis the degree of interdependence between softwaremodules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are,[1]and the strength of the relationships between modules.[2]Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.[3]
Coupling is usually contrasted withcohesion.Low couplingof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_coupling_(computing) |
Incomputer programming, aself-relocatingprogram is a program thatrelocatesits own address-dependent instructions and data when run, and is therefore capable of being loaded into memory at any address.[1][2]In many cases, self-relocating code is also a form ofself-modifying code.
Self-relocation is similar to thereloca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-relocation |
Cruftis ajargonword for anything that is left over, redundant and getting in the way. It is used particularly for defective, superseded, useless, superfluous, or dysfunctional elements incomputer software.
Around 1958, the term was used in the sense of "garbage" by students frequenting theTech Model Railroad Club(TMRC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cruft |
Incomputing,tree shakingis adead code eliminationtechnique that is applied when optimizing code.[1]Often contrasted with traditional single-library dead code elimination techniques common to minifiers, tree shaking eliminates unused functions from across the bundle by starting at the entry point and only including func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_shaking |
Anobject code optimizer, sometimes also known as apost pass optimizeror, for small sections of code,peephole optimizer, forms part of a softwarecompiler. It takes the output from the source language compile step - the object code orbinary file- and tries to replace identifiable sections of the code with replacement co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-pass_optimization |
Incomputer programming,profile-guided optimization(PGO, sometimes pronounced aspogo[1]), also known asprofile-directed feedback(PDF)[2]orfeedback-directed optimization(FDO),[3]is thecompiler optimizationtechnique of using prior analyses of software artifacts or behaviors ("profiling") to improve the expectedruntime per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile-guided_optimization |
Superoptimizationis the process where acompilerautomatically finds the optimal sequence for a loop-free sequence of instructions. Real-world compilers generally cannot produce genuinelyoptimalcode, and while most standardcompiler optimizationsonly improve code partly, a superoptimizer's goal is to find the optimal sequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoptimizer |
Afat binary(ormultiarchitecture binary) is a computerexecutable programorlibrarywhich has been expanded (or "fattened") with code native to multipleinstruction setswhich can consequently be run on multiple processor types.[1]This results in a file larger than a normal one-architecture binary file, thus the name.
The u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_multi-versioning |
Acatch-22is aparadoxicalsituation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules or limitations.[1]The term was first used byJoseph Hellerin his 1961 novelCatch-22.
Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to, but has no control over, because to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22_(logic) |
Configuration management(CM) is a management process for establishing and maintaining consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.[1][2]The CM process is widely used by military engineering organizations to ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_management |
Insoftware engineering,couplingis the degree of interdependence between softwaremodules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are,[1]and the strength of the relationships between modules.[2]Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.[3]
Coupling is usually contrasted withcohesion.Low couplingof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming) |
Incompiler theory,dead-code elimination(DCE,dead-code removal,dead-code stripping, ordead-code strip) is acompiler optimizationto removedead code(code that does not affect the program results). Removing such code has several benefits: it shrinksprogramsize, an important consideration in some contexts, it reduces resour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_dead_code_elimination |
Apackage managerorpackage management systemis a collection ofsoftware toolsthat automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removingcomputer programsfor acomputerin a consistent manner.[1]
A package manager deals withpackages, distributions of software and data inarchive files. Packages containmet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager |
TrueOS(formerlyPC-BSDorPCBSD) is a discontinued[3]Unix-like, server-orientedoperating systembuilt upon the most recent releases ofFreeBSD-CURRENT.[4]
Up to 2018 it aimed to be easy to install by using a graphical installation program, and easy and ready-to-use immediately by providingKDE SC,Lumina,LXDE,MATE, orXfce[5]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueOS#History |
Asoftware applianceis asoftware applicationcombined withjust enough operating system (JeOS)to run optimally on industry-standard hardware (typically aserver) or in avirtual machine.[1]It is asoftware distributionorfirmwarethat implements acomputer appliance.[2][3]
Virtual appliancesare a subset of software appliances.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_appliance |
Astatic libraryorstatically linked librarycontainsfunctionsand data that can be included in a consumingcomputer programatbuild-timesuch that the library does not need to be accessible in a separate file at run-time.[1]If all libraries are statically linked, then the resulting executable will bestand-alone, a.k.a. astat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_library |
Asupply chain attackis acyber-attackthat seeks to damage an organization by targeting less secure elements in thesupply chain.[1]A supply chain attack can occur in any industry, from the financial sector, oil industry, to a government sector.[2]A supply chain attack can happen in software or hardware.[3]Cybercriminals ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_attack |
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