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Nixis across-platformpackage managerforUnix-likesystems, and a tool to instantiate and manage those systems, invented in 2003[6]by Eelco Dolstra.
The Nix package manager employs a model in which software packages are each installed into unique directories with immutable contents. These directory names correspond tocry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_package_manager |
On March 22, 2016,software engineerAzer Koçulu took down theleft-padpackage that he had published tonpm(aJavaScriptpackage manager). Koçulu deleted the package after a dispute withKik Messenger, in which the company forcibly took control of the package namekik. As a result, thousands of software projects that usedleft-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm_left-pad_incident |
Incomputing, anabstraction layerorabstraction levelis a way of hiding the working details of a subsystem. Examples of software models that use layers of abstraction include theOSI modelfornetwork protocols,OpenGL, and othergraphics libraries, which allow theseparation of concernsto facilitateinteroperabilityandplatform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_layer |
Thearchetype patternis asoftware design patternthat separates logic from implementation. The separation is accomplished through the creation of twoabstract classes: adecorator(for logic), and a delegate (for implementation). TheFactoryhandles the mapping of decorator and delegate classes and returns the pair associated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype_pattern |
Incomputing,aspect-oriented programming(AOP) is aprogramming paradigmthat aims to increasemodularityby allowing theseparation ofcross-cutting concerns. It does so by adding behavior to existing code (anadvice)withoutmodifying the code, instead separately specifying which code is modified via a "pointcut" specification,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming |
Incomputer programming, acallbackis afunctionthat is stored as data (areference) and designed to be called by another function – oftenbackto the originalabstraction layer.
A function that accepts a callbackparametermay be designed to call back beforereturningto its caller which is known assynchronousorblocking. The fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callback_(computer_science) |
Inprogramming languages, aclosure, alsolexical closureorfunction closure, is a technique for implementinglexically scopedname bindingin a language withfirst-class functions.Operationally, a closure is arecordstoring afunction[a]together with an environment.[1]The environment is a mapping associating eachfree variableof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_science) |
Incomputer science, acontinuationis anabstract representationof thecontrol stateof acomputer program. A continuation implements (reifies) the program control state, i.e. the continuation is a data structure that represents the computational process at a given point in the process's execution; the created data structure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation |
Adelegateis a form oftype-safefunction pointerused by theCommon Language Infrastructure(CLI). Delegates specify amethodto call and optionally anobjectto call the method on. Delegates are used, among other things, to implementcallbacksandevent listeners. A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. The delega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(CLI) |
Inobject-oriented design, thedependency inversion principleis a specific methodology forloosely coupledsoftwaremodules. When following this principle, the conventionaldependencyrelationships established from high-level, policy-setting modules to low-level, dependency modules are reversed, thus rendering high-level modu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_inversion_principle |
Incomputer programming,flow-based programming(FBP) is aprogramming paradigmthat definesapplicationsas networks ofblack boxprocesses, which exchange data across predefined connections bymessage passing, where the connections are specifiedexternallyto the processes. These black box processes can be reconnected endlessly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow-based_programming |
Implicit invocationis a term used by some authors for a style ofsoftware architecturein which a system is structured aroundevent handling, using a form ofcallback. It is closely related toinversion of controland what is known informally as theHollywood principle.
The idea behind implicit invocation is that instead of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_invocation |
In computersystems programming, aninterrupt handler, also known as aninterrupt service routine(ISR), is a special block of code associated with a specificinterruptcondition. Interrupt handlers are initiated by hardware interrupts, software interrupt instructions, or softwareexceptions, and are used for implementingdevi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler |
Incomputer science,message passingis a technique for invoking behavior (i.e., running aprogram) on acomputer. The invoking program sends a message to aprocess(which may be anactororobject) and relies on that process and its supporting infrastructure to then select and run some appropriate code. Message passing differs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing |
Insoftware designandengineering, theobserver patternis asoftware design patternin which anobject, named thesubject, maintains a list of its dependents, calledobservers, and notifies them automatically of anystate changes, usually by calling one of theirmethods.
It is often used for implementing distributedevent-handli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern |
Insoftware architecture,publish–subscribeorpub/subis amessaging patternwhere publishers categorizemessagesinto classes that are received by subscribers. This is contrasted to the typical messaging pattern model where publishers send messages directly to subscribers.
Similarly, subscribers express interest in one or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish/subscribe |
Theservice locator patternis adesign patternused insoftware developmentto encapsulate the processes involved in obtaining a service with a strongabstraction layer. This pattern uses a central registry known as the "service locator", which on request returns the information necessary to perform a certain task.[1]Propone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_locator_pattern |
Signalsare standardized messages sent to a runningprogramto trigger specific behavior, such as quitting or error handling. They are a limited form ofinter-process communication(IPC), typically used inUnix,Unix-like, and otherPOSIX-compliant operating systems.
A signal is anasynchronousnotification sent to aprocessor t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(computing) |
Incomputer programming, asoftware frameworkis asoftwareabstractionthat provides generic functionality which developers can extend with custom code to create applications. It establishes a standard foundation for building and deploying software, offering reusable components and design patterns that handle common program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework |
Incomputer programming, thestrategy pattern(also known as thepolicy pattern) is abehavioralsoftware design patternthat enables selecting analgorithmat runtime. Instead of implementing a single algorithm directly, code receives runtime instructions as to which in a family of algorithms to use.[1]
Strategy lets the algo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_pattern |
Auser exitis asubroutineinvoked by asoftwarepackage for a predefined event in the execution of the package. In some cases the exit is specified by the installation when configuring the package while in other cases the users of the package can substitute their own subroutines in place of the default ones provided by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_exit |
Avisitor patternis asoftware design patternthat separates thealgorithmfrom theobjectstructure. Because of this separation, new operations can be added to existing object structures without modifying the structures. It is one way to follow theopen/closed principleinobject-oriented programmingandsoftware engineering.
In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern |
XSLT(Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language originally designed fortransformingXMLdocuments into other XML documents,[1]or other formats such asHTMLforweb pages,plain text, orXSL Formatting Objects. These formats can be subsequently converted to formats such asPDF,PostScript, andPNG.[2]Support fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSLT |
Acascading failureis a failure in asystemofinterconnectedparts in which the failure of one or few parts leads to the failure of other parts, growing progressively as a result ofpositive feedback. This can occur when a single part fails, increasing the probability that other portions of the system fail.[1][2][3]Such a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_failure |
Incomputer programming,cohesionrefers to thedegree to which the elements inside amodulebelong together.[1]In one sense, it is a measure of the strength of relationship between themethodsand data of aclassand some unifying purpose or concept served by that class. In another sense, it is a measure of the strength of rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science) |
Connascenceis a software design metric introduced by Meilir Page-Jones that quantifies the degree and type of dependency between software components, evaluating their strength (difficulty of change) and locality (proximity in the codebase). It can be categorized as static (analyzable at compile-time) or dynamic (detect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connascence_(computer_programming) |
Insoftware engineering,couplingis the degree of interdependence between softwaremodules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are,[1]and the strength of the relationships between modules.[2]Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.[3]
Coupling is usually contrasted withcohesion.Low couplingof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(computer_science) |
TheLaw of Demeter(LoD) orprinciple of least knowledgeis a design guideline for developingsoftware, particularlyobject-oriented programs. In its general form, the LoD is a specific case ofloose coupling. The guideline was proposed by Ian Holland atNortheastern Universitytowards the end of 1987,[1]and the following three... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Demeter |
Incomputer science,separation of concerns(sometimes abbreviated asSoC) is a design principle for separating acomputer programinto distinct sections. Each section addresses a separateconcern, a set of information that affects the code of a computer program. A concern can be as general as "the details of the hardware for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns |
Insoftware engineering,service-oriented architecture(SOA) is an architectural style that focuses on discrete services instead of amonolithic design.[1]SOA is a good choice forsystem integration.[2]By consequence, it is also applied in the field ofsoftware designwhere services are provided to the other components byappl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture |
Aspace-based architecture(SBA) is an approach to distributed computing systems where the various components interact with each other byexchangingtuples or entries via one or more shared spaces. This is contrasted with the more commonmessage queuing serviceapproaches where the various components interact with each other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_architecture |
A softwarecode auditis a comprehensive analysis ofsource codein aprogrammingproject with the intent of discovering bugs, security breaches or violations of programming conventions. It is an integral part of thedefensive programmingparadigm, which attempts to reduce errors before the software is released.
When auditing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_audit |
Insoftware development, adocumentation generatoris anautomationtechnology that generatesdocumentation. A generator is often used to generateAPI documentationwhich is generally forprogrammersor operational documents (such as a manual) forend users. A generator often pulls content fromsource,binaryorlogfiles.[1]Some gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation_generator |
Inprogramming language theory,semanticsis the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning ofprogramming languages.[1]Semantics assignscomputationalmeaning to validstringsin aprogramming language syntax. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, thesemantics of mathematical proofs.
Semanticsdescribes the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
FX-87is a polymorphic typed functional language based on a system forstatic program analysisin which every expression has two static properties: a type and an effect.[1]In a study done by MIT, FX-87 yields similar performance results as functional languages on programs that do not containside effects(Fibonacci,Factoria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX-87 |
ISO 26262, titled "Road vehicles – Functional safety", is an international standard forfunctional safetyof electrical and/or electronic systems that are installed in serial production road vehicles (excluding mopeds), defined by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) in 2011, and revised in 2018.
Func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_26262 |
ISO/IEC 9126Software engineering — Product qualitywas aninternational standardfor theevaluationofsoftware quality. It has been replaced byISO/IEC 25010:2011.[1]
The fundamental objective of the ISO/IEC 9126 standard is to address some of the well-known human biases that can adversely affect the delivery and perception... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126 |
Lintis thecomputer scienceterm for astatic code analysistool used to flag programming errors,bugs, stylistic errors and suspicious constructs.[4]The term originates from aUnixutilitythat examinedC languagesource code.[1]A program which performs this function is also known as a "linter".
Stephen C. Johnson, a computer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_(software) |
This is a list of notable tools forstatic program analysis(program analysis is a synonym for code analysis).
(7.9)
(6.3.5)
Tools that usesound, i.e. over-approximating a rigorous model,formal methodsapproach to static analysis (e.g., using staticprogram assertions). Sound methods contain no false negatives for bug-f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis |
Inprogram analysis,shape analysisis astatic code analysistechnique that discovers and verifies properties oflinked,dynamically allocateddata structures in (usuallyimperative) computer programs. It is typically used at compile time to find software bugs or to verify high-level correctness properties of programs. InJavap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_analysis_(program_analysis) |
Software quality assurance(SQA) is a means and practice of monitoring allsoftware engineeringprocesses, methods, and work products to ensure compliance against defined standards.[1]It may include ensuring conformance to standards or models, such asISO/IEC 9126(now superseded by ISO 25010),SPICEorCMMI.[2]
It includes s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_assurance |
SonarQube(formerlySonar)[3]is anopen-sourceplatform developed bySonarSourcefor continuous inspection ofcode qualityto perform automatic reviews with staticanalysis of codeto detectbugsandcode smellson 29programming languages. SonarQube offers reports onduplicated code,coding standards,unit tests,code coverage,code comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonarQube |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_insecurity |
Acomputer virus[1]is a type ofmalwarethat, when executed, replicates itself by modifying othercomputer programsandinsertingits owncodeinto those programs.[2][3]If this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus, a metaphor derived from biologicalviruses.[4]
Computer v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus |
Fault tree analysis(FTA) is a type offailure analysisin which an undesired state of a system is examined. This analysis method is mainly used insafety engineeringandreliability engineeringto understand how systems can fail, to identify the best ways to reduce risk and to determine (or get a feeling for) event rates of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis |
Bot preventionrefers to the methods used by web services to prevent access byautomated processes.
Studies suggest that over half of the traffic on the internet is bot activity, of which over half is further classified as 'bad bots'.[1]
Bots are used for various purposes online. Some bots are used passively forweb scr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot_prevention |
Proof of personhood (PoP)is a means of resisting malicious attacks on peer to peer networks, particularly, attacks that utilize multiple fake identities, otherwise known as aSybil attack. Decentralized online platforms are particularly vulnerable to such attacks by their very nature, as notionally democratic and respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_personhood |
Proof of work(also written asproof-of-work, an abbreviatedPoW) is a form ofcryptographicproofin which one party (theprover) proves to others (theverifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.[1]Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work |
reCAPTCHAInc.[1]is aCAPTCHAsystem owned byGoogle. It enables web hosts to distinguish between human and automated access to websites. The original version asked users to decipher hard-to-read text or match images. Version 2 also asked users to decipher text or match images if the analysis of cookies and canvas renderin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA |
Antivirus software(abbreviated toAV software), also known asanti-malware, is acomputer programused to prevent, detect, and removemalware.
Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and removecomputer viruses, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of othermalware, antivirus software started to prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software |
This is acomparison of firewalls.
Based on theLinuxkernel
Based on theLinuxkernel
Based on theLinuxkernel.
Based on theLinuxkernel
Based on theLinuxkernel
These are not strictly firewall features, but are sometimes bundled with firewall software or appliance. Features are also marked "yes" if an external module c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_firewalls |
ICSA Labs(International Computer Security Association) began as NCSA (National Computer Security Association). Its mission was to increase awareness of the need for computer security and to provide education about various security products and technologies.
In its early days, NCSA focused almost solely on the certifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computer_Security_Association |
Creating a unified list of computer viruses is challenging due to inconsistent naming conventions. To combat computer viruses and other malicious software, many security advisory organizations and anti-virus software developers compile and publish virus lists. When a new virus appears, the rush begins to identify and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_viruses |
Virus Bulletinis a magazine about the prevention, detection and removal ofmalwareandspam. It regularly features analyses of the latestvirusthreats, articles exploring new developments in the fight against viruses, interviews with anti-virus experts, and evaluations of currentanti-malwareproducts.
Virus Bulletinwas fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Bulletin |
Anadvanced persistent threat(APT) is a stealthythreat actor, typically astateor state-sponsored group, which gains unauthorized access to acomputer networkand remains undetected for an extended period.[1][2]In recent times, the term may also refer to non-state-sponsored groups conducting large-scale targeted intrusions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat |
Deep content inspection(DCI) is a form of network filtering that examines an entire file orMIMEobject as it passes an inspection point, searching forviruses, spam, data loss, key words or other content level criteria. Deep Content Inspection is considered the evolution ofdeep packet inspectionwith the ability to look a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_content_inspection |
Content Threat Removal(CTR) is acybersecuritytechnology intended to defeat the threat posed by handling digital content in the cyberspace.[1]Unlike other defenses, includingantivirus softwareandsandboxed execution, CTR does not rely on being able to detect threats. Similar toContent Disarm and Reconstruction, CTR is de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Threat_Removal |
In computing, thesame-origin policy(SOP) is a concept in the web-app application security model. Under the policy, a web browser permits scripts contained in a first web page to access data in a second web page, but only if both web pages have the sameorigin. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme, host na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-origin_policy |
NoScript(orNoScript Security Suite) is afree and open-sourceextensionforFirefox- andChromium-based web browsers,[4]written and maintained by Giorgio Maone,[5]a software developer and member of the Mozilla Security Group.[6]
By default, NoScript blocks active (executable) web content, which can be wholly or partially u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoScript |
Mozilla Firefox, or simplyFirefox, is afree and open-source[12]web browserdeveloped by theMozilla Foundationand its subsidiary, theMozilla Corporation. It uses theGeckorendering engineto display web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards.[13]Firefox is available forWindows 10or later versions ofW... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox |
uBlock Origin(/ˈjuːblɒk/YOO-blok[5]) is a free andopen-sourcebrowser extensionforcontent filtering, includingad blocking. The extension is available forFirefoxandChromium-based browsers (such asChrome,Edge,Brave, andOpera).[6]
uBlock Origin is actively developed and maintained by its creator and lead developer Raymond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Switchboard |
Google Chromeis aweb browserdeveloped byGoogle. It was first released in 2008 forMicrosoft Windows, built withfree softwarecomponents fromApple WebKitandMozilla Firefox.[15]Versions were later released forLinux,macOS,iOS,iPadOS, and also forAndroid, where it is the default browser.[16]The browser is also the main compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome |
107.0.5045.11 (February 1, 2024; 15 months ago(2024-02-01)[2][3][4])
Operais a multi-platformweb browserdeveloped by its namesake companyOpera.[11][12][13]The current edition of the browser is based onChromium. Opera is available onWindows,macOS,Linux,Android, andiOS(SafariWebKitengine).[14][15]Opera offers two mobile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser) |
HTTP Public Key Pinning(HPKP) is an obsoleteInternet securitymechanism delivered via anHTTPheaderwhich allowsHTTPSwebsites to resistimpersonationby attackers using misissued or otherwise fraudulentdigital certificates.[1]A server uses it to deliver to theclient(e.g. aweb browser) a set of hashes ofpublic keysthat must ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning |
Acountermeasureis a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one. As a general concept, it implies precision and is any technological or tactical solution or system designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process. The first known use of the term according to theMerriam-Websterdictionary was in 192... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasure |
TheCommon Vulnerability Scoring System(CVSS) is atechnical standardfor assessing the severity ofvulnerabilitiesin computing systems. Scores are calculated based on a formula with severalmetricsthat approximate ease and impact of an exploit. Scores range from 0 to 10, with 10 being the most severe. While many use only t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerability_Scoring_System |
In the field ofcomputer security, independent researchers often discover flaws in software that can be abused to cause unintended behaviour; these flaws are calledvulnerabilities. The process by which the analysis of these vulnerabilities is shared with third parties is the subject of much debate, and is referred to as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security) |
TheMetasploit Projectis acomputer securityproject that provides information aboutsecurity vulnerabilitiesand aids inpenetration testingandIDS signaturedevelopment. It is owned byBoston, Massachusetts-based security company,Rapid7.
Its best-known sub-project is theopen-source[3]Metasploit Framework, a tool for developi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasploit |
Amonth of bugsis a strategy used by security researchers to draw attention to the lax security procedures of commercial software corporations.
Researchers have started such a project for software products where they believe corporations have shown themselves to be unresponsive and uncooperative to security alerts.Resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month_of_Bugs |
Vulnerability managementis the "cyclical practice of identifying, classifying, prioritizing, remediating, and mitigating"software vulnerabilities.[1]Vulnerability management is integral tocomputer securityandnetwork security, and must not be confused withvulnerability assessment.[2]
Vulnerabilities can be discovered w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_management |
w3af(Web Application Attack and Audit Framework) is anopen-sourceweb application security scanner. The project provides avulnerability scannerand exploitation tool for Web applications.[2]It provides information aboutsecurity vulnerabilitiesfor use inpenetration testingengagements. The scanner offers agraphical user in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3af |
Thecute cat theory of digital activismis atheoryconcerningInternet activism,Web censorship, and "cute cats" (a term used for any low-value, but popular online activity) developed byEthan Zuckermanin 2008.[1][2]It posits that most people are not interested in activism; instead, they want to use thewebfor mundane activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_cat_theory_of_digital_activism |
Copy protection, also known ascontent protection,copy preventionandcopy restriction, is any measure to enforcecopyrightby preventing the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media.[1]
Copy protection is most commonly found onvideotapes,DVDs,Blu-ray discs,HD-DVDs,computer softwarediscs,video gamediscs and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection |
Acybersecurity regulationcomprises directives that safeguardinformation technologyandcomputer systemswith the purpose of forcing companies and organizations to protect their systems and information fromcyberattackslikeviruses,worms,Trojan horses,phishing,denial of service (DOS) attacks,unauthorized access (stealing int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-security_regulation |
Data erasure(sometimes referred to asdata clearing,data wiping, ordata destruction) is a software-based method ofdata sanitizationthat aims to completely destroy allelectronic data residingon ahard disk driveor otherdigital mediaby overwriting data onto all sectors of the device in anirreversible process. By overwritin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_erasure |
Incomputing,data recoveryis a process of retrieving deleted, inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, overwritten or formatted data fromsecondary storage,removable mediaorfiles, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a usual way.[1]The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or extern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_recovery |
Digital inheritanceis the passing down ofdigital assetsto designated (or undesignated)beneficiariesafter a person’s death as part of the estate of the deceased. The process includes understanding what digital assets exist and navigating the rights for heirs to access and use those digital assets after a person has died... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_inheritance |
IT network assurancequantifiesriskfrom anITnetwork perspective, based on analysis ofnetworkfacts.[1]Examples could be identifying configuration errors innetwork equipment, which may result in loss of connectivity between devices, degradation of performance or network outages. Relevant facts about the network that could... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_network_assurance |
Pre-boot authentication(PBA) orpower-on authentication(POA)[1]serves as an extension of theBIOS,UEFIor boot firmware and guarantees a secure, tamper-proof environment external to theoperating systemas a trusted authentication layer. The PBA prevents anything being read from the hard disk such as the operating system un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-boot_authentication |
Security breach notification lawsordata breach notification lawsarelawsthat require individuals or entities affected by adata breach, unauthorized access to data,[1]to notify their customers and other parties about the breach, as well as take specific steps to remedy the situation based on state legislature. Data breac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_breach_notification_laws |
Transparent data encryption(often abbreviated toTDE) is a technology employed byMicrosoft,IBMandOracletoencryptdatabasefiles. TDE offers encryption at file level. TDE enables the encryption ofdata at rest, encrypting databases both on the hard drive and consequently onbackupmedia. It does not protectdata in transitnord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_data_encryption |
Secure USB flash drivesprotect the data stored on them from access by unauthorized users.USB flash driveproducts have been on the market since 2000, and their use is increasing exponentially.[1][2]As businesses have increased demand for these drives, manufacturers are producing faster devices with greaterdata storageca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive_security |
AByzantine faultis a condition of a system, particularly adistributed computingsystem, where a fault occurs such that different symptoms are presented to different observers, including imperfect information on whether a system component has failed. The term takes its name from anallegory, the "Byzantine generals proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance |
Control reconfigurationis an active approach incontrol theoryto achievefault-tolerant controlfordynamic systems.[1]It is used when severefaults, such as actuator or sensor outages, cause a break-up of thecontrol loop, which must be restructured to preventfailureat the system level. In addition to loop restructuring, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_reconfiguration |
Inengineering,damage toleranceis a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach toengineering designto account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_tolerance |
In computermain memory,auxiliary storageandcomputer buses,data redundancyis the existence of data that is additional to the actual data and permits correction of errors in stored or transmitted data. The additional data can simply be a complete copy of the actual data (a type ofrepetition code), or only select pieces o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_redundancy |
Defence in depth(also known asdeep defenceorelastic defence) is amilitary strategythat seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additionalcasualtiesby yielding space. Rather than defeating an attacker with a single, strong defensive line, defence in depth relies on the tend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth |
Inecology,resilienceis the capacity of anecosystemto respond to a perturbation ordisturbanceby resisting damage and subsequently recovering. Such perturbations and disturbances can includestochasticevents such asfires,flooding,windstorms, insect population explosions, and human activities such asdeforestation, fracking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_resilience |
Elegant degradationis a term used in engineering to describe what occurs to machines which are subject to constant, repetitive stress.
Externally, such a machine maintains the same appearance to the user, appearing to function properly. Internally, the machine slowly weakens over time. Unable to withstand the stress, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_degradation |
Anerror-tolerant design(orhuman-error-tolerant design[1]) is one that does not unduly penalize user orhuman errors. It is the human equivalent offault tolerant designthat allows equipment to continue functioning in the presence of hardware faults, such as a "limp-in" mode for anautomobileelectronics unit that would be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-tolerant_design |
Human erroris an action that has been done but that was "not intended by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an external observer; or that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits".[1]Human error has been cited as a primary cause and contributing factor in disasters and accidents in industries as di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_error |
Inengineering, afail-safeis a design feature or practice that, in the event of afailureof the design feature, inherently responds in a way that will cause minimal or no harm to other equipment, to the environment or to people. Unlikeinherent safetyto a particular hazard, a system being "fail-safe" does not mean that fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safe |
Indistributed computing,failure semanticsis used to describe and classifyerrorsthat distributed systems can experience.[1][2]
A list of types of errors that can occur: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_semantics |
Fall backis a feature of amodem protocolindata communicationwhereby two communicatingmodemswhich experiencedata corruption(due to linenoise, for example) can renegotiate with each other to use a lower-speed connection.Fall forwardis a corresponding feature whereby two modems which have "fallen back" to a lower speed ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_back_and_forward |
Agraceful exit[1](orgraceful handling) is a simpleprogramming idiom[citation needed]wherein aprogramdetects a seriouserrorcondition and "exits gracefully" in a controlled manner as a result. Often the program prints a descriptiveerror messageto aterminalorlogas part of the graceful exit.
Usually, code for a graceful e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceful_exit |
Intrusion toleranceis afault-tolerant designapproach to defending information systems against malicious attacks. In that sense, it is also acomputer securityapproach. Abandoning the conventional aim of preventing all intrusions, intrusion tolerance instead calls for triggering mechanisms that prevent intrusions from le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_tolerance |
Progressive enhancementis a strategy inweb designthat puts emphasis onweb contentfirst, allowingeveryone to accessthe basic content and functionality of a web page, whileuserswith additional browser features or faster Internet access receive the enhanced version instead. This strategy speeds up loading and facilitates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement |
High availability(HA) is a characteristic of a system that aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance, usuallyuptime, for a higher than normal period.[1]
There is now more dependence on these systems as a result of modernization. For instance, in order to carry out their regular daily tasks, hospitals a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_(network) |
Collective intelligenceCollective actionSelf-organized criticalityHerd mentalityPhase transitionAgent-based modellingSynchronizationAnt colony optimizationParticle swarm optimizationSwarm behaviour
Social network analysisSmall-world networksCentralityMotifsGraph theoryScalingRobustnessSystems biologyDynamic networks
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science) |
Indatabasetechnologies, arollbackis an operation which returns the database to some previous state. Rollbacks are important for databaseintegrity, because they mean that the database can be restored to a clean copy even after erroneous operations are performed.[1]They are crucial for recovering from database server cra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollback_(data_management) |
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