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Astyle guideis a set of standards for the writing,formatting, and design ofdocuments.[1]A book-length style guide is often called astyle manualor amanual of style(MoSorMOS). A short style guide, typically ranging from several to several dozen pages, is often called astyle sheet. The standards documented in a style guid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide |
Typographical syntax, also known asorthotypography, is the aspect oftypographythat defines the meaning and rightful usage oftypographic signs, notablypunctuation marks, and elements oflayoutsuch asflush marginsandindentation.[1][2]
Orthotypographic rules vary broadly fromlanguageto language, from country to country, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographical_syntax |
Awriting circleis a group of like-minded writers needing support for their work, either throughwritingpeer critiques,workshopsorclasses, or just encouragement.[1]There are many different types of writing circles or writing groups based on location, style of writing, or format. Normally, the goal of a writing circle is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_circle |
Paraphraseorparaphrasingincomputational linguisticsis thenatural language processingtask of detecting and generatingparaphrases. Applications of paraphrasing are varied including information retrieval,question answering,text summarization, andplagiarism detection.[1]Paraphrasing is also useful in theevaluation of machi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_paraphrasing |
Language reformis a kind oflanguage planningby widespread change to a language. The typical methods of language reform are simplification andlinguistic purism. Simplification regularises vocabulary, grammar, or spelling. Purism aligns the language with a form which is deemed 'purer'.
Language reforms are intentional c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_reform |
Lexical simplificationis a sub-task oftext simplification. It can be defined as any lexical substitution task that reduces text complexity.
Thiscomputational linguistics-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_simplification |
Lexical substitutionis the task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause. For instance, given the following text: "After thematch, replace any remaining fluid deficit to prevent chronic dehydration throughout the tournament", a substitute ofgamemight be given.
Lexical substitution is strictly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_substitution |
Innatural language processing,semantic compressionis a process of compacting a lexicon used to build
a textual document (or a set of documents) by reducing language heterogeneity, while maintaining textsemantics.
As a result, the same ideas can be represented using a smaller set of words.
In most applications, seman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_compression |
Text normalizationis the process of transformingtextinto a singlecanonical formthat it might not have had before. Normalizing text before storing or processing it allows forseparation of concerns, since input is guaranteed to be consistent before operations are performed on it. Text normalization requires being aware o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_normalization |
ASD-STE100 Simplified Technical English(STE) is acontrolled natural languagedesigned to simplify and clarify technical documentation. It was originally developed during the 1980's by the European Association of Aerospace Industries (AECMA), at the request of the European Airline industry, who wanted a standardized form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Technical_English |
Basic English(abackronymforBritish American Scientific International and Commercial English)[1]is acontrolled languagebased on standardEnglish, but with a greatly simplifiedvocabularyandgrammar. It was created by the linguist and philosopherCharles Kay Ogdenas aninternational auxiliary language, and as an aid for teach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English |
Letter caseis the distinction between the letters that are in largeruppercaseorcapitals(more formallymajuscule) and smallerlowercase(more formallyminuscule) in the written representation of certain languages. Thewriting systemsthat distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_case |
Title caseorheadline caseis a style ofcapitalizationused for rendering thetitlesof published works or works of art inEnglish. When using title case, all words are capitalized, except for minor words (typicallyarticles, shortprepositions, and someconjunctions) that are not the first or last word of the title. There are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_case |
TheBellman pseudospectral methodis apseudospectral methodforoptimal controlbased onBellman's principle of optimality. It is part of the larger theory ofpseudospectral optimal control, a term coined byRoss.[1]The method is named afterRichard E. Bellman. It was introduced byRosset al.[2][3]first as a means to solve mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_pseudospectral_method |
TheHamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB)equationis anonlinear partial differential equationthat providesnecessary and sufficient conditionsforoptimalityof acontrolwith respect to aloss function.[1]Its solution is thevalue functionof the optimal control problem which, once known, can be used to obtain the optimal control by taki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Bellman_equation |
Optimal control theoryis a branch ofcontrol theorythat deals with finding acontrolfor adynamical systemover a period of time such that anobjective functionis optimized.[1]It has numerous applications in science, engineering and operations research. For example, the dynamical system might be aspacecraftwith controls cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_control |
Incomputer science, a problem is said to haveoptimal substructureif an optimal solution can be constructed from optimal solutions of its subproblems. This property is used to determine the usefulness of greedy algorithms for a problem.[1]
Typically, agreedy algorithmis used to solve a problem with optimal substructure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_substructure |
Inmacroeconomics,recursive competitive equilibrium(RCE) is anequilibrium concept. It has been widely used in exploring a wide variety of economic issues including business-cycle fluctuations, monetary and fiscal policy, trade related phenomena, and regularities in asset price co-movements.[1]This is the equilibrium ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_competitive_equilibrium |
Originally introduced byRichard E. Bellmanin (Bellman 1957),stochastic dynamic programmingis a technique for modelling and solving problems ofdecision making under uncertainty. Closely related tostochastic programminganddynamic programming, stochastic dynamic programming represents the problem under scrutiny in the for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_dynamic_programming |
Starratingsare a type ofrating scaleusing astar glyphor similartypographical symbol. It is used by reviewers for ranking things such as films, TV shows, restaurants, and hotels. For example, a system of one to five stars is commonly used inhotel ratings, with five stars being the highest rating.
Similar systems have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(classification) |
Inmathematics, awavelet seriesis a representation of asquare-integrable(real- orcomplex-valued)functionby a certainorthonormalseriesgenerated by awavelet. This article provides a formal, mathematical definition of anorthonormal waveletand of theintegral wavelet transform.[1][2][3][4]
A functionψ∈L2(R){\displaystyle \p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_transform |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy(FTS) is a measurement technique wherebyspectraare collected based on measurements of thecoherenceof aradiativesource, usingtime-domainor space-domain measurements of theradiation,electromagneticor not. It can be applied to a variety of types ofspectroscopyincludingoptical spectroscopy,in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy |
Harmonic analysisis a branch ofmathematicsconcerned with investigating the connections between afunctionand its representation infrequency. The frequency representation is found by using theFourier transformfor functions on unbounded domains such as the fullreal lineor byFourier seriesfor functions on bounded domains, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis |
Inmathematics, anoperatorortransformis afunctionfrom onespace of functionsto another. Operators occur commonly inengineering,physicsand mathematics. Many areintegral operatorsanddifferential operators.
In the followingLis an operator
which takes a functiony∈F{\displaystyle y\in {\mathcal {F}}}to another functionL[y]∈... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematic_operators |
Inmathematics, in the area ofstatistical analysis, thebispectrumis a statistic used to search for nonlinear interactions.
TheFourier transformof the second-ordercumulant, i.e., theautocorrelationfunction, is the traditionalpower spectrum.
The Fourier transform ofC3(t1,t2) (third-ordercumulant-generating function) is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispectrum |
Ametamodelis a model of a model, andmetamodelingis the process of generating such metamodels. Thus metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction, and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models, and theories applicable and useful formodelinga predefined class of problems. As its name implies, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamodeling |
Theiterative rational Krylov algorithm (IRKA), is an iterative algorithm, useful formodel order reduction(MOR) ofsingle-input single-output(SISO) linear time-invariantdynamical systems.[1]At each iteration, IRKA does an Hermite type interpolation of the original system transfer function. Each interpolation requires sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_rational_Krylov_algorithm |
Inmultilinear algebra, thetensor rank decomposition[1]orrank-Rdecompositionis the decomposition of a tensor as a sum ofRrank-1 tensors, whereRis minimal. Computing this decomposition is an open problem.[clarification needed]
Canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD)is a variant of the tensor rank decomposition, in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_decomposition |
Multilinear algebrais the study offunctionswith multiplevector-valuedarguments, with the functions beinglinear mapswith respect to each argument. It involves concepts such asmatrices,tensors,multivectors,systems of linear equations,higher-dimensional spaces,determinants,innerandouterproducts, anddual spaces. It is a ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_algebra |
Multilinear principal component analysis(MPCA) is amultilinearextension ofprincipal component analysis(PCA) that is used to analyze M-way arrays, also informally referred to as "data tensors". M-way arrays may be modeled by linear tensor models, such as CANDECOMP/Parafac, or by multilinear tensor models, such as multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_PCA |
Inmathematics, atensoris analgebraic objectthat describes amultilinearrelationship between sets of algebraic objects related to avector space. Tensors may map between different objects such asvectors,scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, includingscalarsandvectors(which are the simplest tens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor |
Inmultilinear algebra, atensor decompositionis any scheme for expressing a "data tensor" (M-way array) as a sequence of elementary operations acting on other, often simpler tensors.[1][2][3]Many tensor decompositions generalize somematrix decompositions.[4]
Tensorsare generalizations of matrices to higher dimensions (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_decomposition |
Tensor softwareis a class ofmathematical softwaredesigned for manipulation and calculation withtensors.
Maxima[25]is a freeopen sourcegeneral purposecomputer algebra systemwhich includes several packages for tensor algebra calculations in its core distribution.
It is particularly useful for calculations with abstract ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_software |
In mathematics,Tucker decompositiondecomposes atensorinto a set of matrices and one small core tensor. It is named afterLedyard R. Tucker[1]although it goes back toHitchcockin 1927.[2]Initially described as a three-mode extension offactor analysisandprincipal component analysisit may actually be generalized to higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_decomposition |
Tail risk, sometimes called "fat tail risk", is thefinancial riskof anassetorportfolioof assets moving more than threestandard deviationsfrom its current price, above the risk of anormal distribution. Tail risks include low-probability events arising at both ends of a normal distribution curve, also known as tail event... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_risk |
Theblack swan theoryortheory of black swan eventsis ametaphorthat describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit ofhindsight. The term arose from Latin expression which was based on the presumption thatblack swansdid not exist. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory |
Ineconomicsandfinance, aTaleb distributionis the statistical profile of an investment which normally provides a payoff of small positive returns, while carrying a small but significant risk of catastrophic losses. The term was coined by journalistMartin Wolfand economistJohn Kayto describe investments with a "high prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleb_distribution |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,kurtosis(fromGreek:κυρτός,kyrtosorkurtos, meaning "curved, arching") refers to the degree of “tailedness” in theprobability distributionof areal-valuedrandom variable. Similar toskewness, kurtosis provides insight into specific characteristics of a distribution. Various methods exist f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptokurtic_distribution |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thegeneralized extreme value(GEV)distribution[2]is a family of continuousprobability distributionsdeveloped withinextreme value theoryto combine theGumbel,FréchetandWeibullfamilies also known as type I, II and III extreme value distributions. By theextreme value theoremthe GEV distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_extreme_value_distribution |
μ∈(−∞,∞){\displaystyle \mu \in (-\infty ,\infty )\,}location(real)σ∈(0,∞){\displaystyle \sigma \in (0,\infty )\,}scale(real)
x⩾μ(ξ⩾0){\displaystyle x\geqslant \mu \,\;(\xi \geqslant 0)}
1σ(1+ξz)−(1/ξ+1){\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma }}(1+\xi z)^{-(1/\xi +1)}}
Instatistics, thegeneralized Pareto distribution(GPD) i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Pareto_distribution |
Instatistics, anoutlieris adata pointthat differs significantly from other observations.[1][2]An outlier may be due to a variability in the measurement, an indication of novel data, or it may be the result of experimental error; the latter are sometimes excluded from thedata set.[3][4]An outlier can be an indication of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlier |
In economics and finance, aholy grail distributionis aprobability distributionwith positivemeanand rightfat tail— a returns profile of a hypothetical investment vehicle that produces small returns centered on zero and occasionally exhibits outsized positive returns.
The distribution of historical returns of mostasset ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_grail_distribution |
Alogistic functionorlogistic curveis a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation
f(x)=L1+e−k(x−x0){\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {L}{1+e^{-k(x-x_{0})}}}}
where
The logistic function has domain thereal numbers, the limit asx→−∞{\displaystyle x\to -\infty }is 0, and the limit asx→+∞{\displaystyle x\to +\inft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_growth |
Inmathematics, asingularityis a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point where the mathematical object ceases to bewell-behavedin some particular way, such as by lackingdifferentiabilityoranalyticity.[1][2][3]
For example, thereciprocal functionf(x)=1/x{\displaystyle f(x)=1/x}has a singula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_singularity |
Anomalous diffusionis adiffusionprocess with anon-linearrelationship between themean squared displacement(MSD),⟨r2(τ)⟩{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}(\tau )\rangle }, and time. This behavior is in stark contrast toBrownian motion, the typical diffusion process described byAlbert EinsteinandMarian Smoluchowski, where the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_diffusion |
α∈(0,2]{\displaystyle \alpha \in (0,2]}— stability parameterβ{\displaystyle \beta }∈ [−1, 1] — skewness parameter (note thatskewnessis undefined)c∈ (0, ∞) —scale parameter
x∈ [μ, +∞) ifα<1{\displaystyle \alpha <1}andβ=1{\displaystyle \beta =1}
x∈ (-∞,μ] ifα<1{\displaystyle \alpha <1}andβ=−1{\displaystyle \beta =-1}
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_alpha-stable_distribution |
Inprobability theory,Kolmogorov's zero–one law, named in honor ofAndrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, specifies that a certain type ofevent, namely atail event of independentσ-algebras, will eitheralmost surelyhappen or almost surely not happen; that is, theprobabilityof such an event occurring is zero or one.
Tail events a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%27s_zero%E2%80%93one_law |
Mass customizationmakes use of flexible computer-aided systems to produce customproducts. Such systems combine the low unit costs ofmass productionprocesses with the flexibility of individual customization.
Mass customization is the new frontier in business for both manufacturing andservice industries. At its core, is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_customization |
Inseismology, theGutenberg–Richter law[1](GR law) expresses the relationship between themagnitudeand total number ofearthquakesin any given region and time period ofat leastthat magnitude.
or
where
Since magnitude is logarithmic, this is an instance of thePareto distribution.
The Gutenberg–Richter law is also widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law |
ThePareto principle(also known as the80/20 rule, thelaw of the vital fewand theprinciple of factor sparsity[1][2]) states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").[1]
In 1941,management consultantJoseph M. Jurandeveloped the concept in the context of quality control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_analysis |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Inwelfare economics, aPareto improvementformalizes the idea of an outcome being "better in every possible way". A change is called a Pareto improvement if it leaves at least one person in society better off without leaving anyone else worse off than they were before. A situatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency |
Pareto interpolationis a method ofestimatingthemedianand other properties of a population that follows aPareto distribution. It is used ineconomicswhen analysing the distribution of incomes in a population, when one must base estimates on a relatively small random sample taken from the population.
The family of Paret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_interpolation |
Instatistics, apower lawis afunctional relationshipbetween two quantities, where arelative changein one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constantexponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law#Power-law_probability_distributions |
Sturgeon's law(orSturgeon's revelation) is anadagestating "ninety percent of everything is crap". It was coined byTheodore Sturgeon, an Americanscience fiction authorand critic, and was inspired by his observation that, whilescience fictionwas often derided for its low quality by critics, most work in other fields was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon%27s_law |
Rheology(/riːˈɒlədʒi/; fromGreekῥέω(rhéō)'flow'and-λoγία(-logia)'study of') is the study of the flow ofmatter, primarily in afluid(liquidorgas) state but also as "softsolids" or solids under conditions in which they respond withplasticflow rather than deformingelasticallyin response to an applied force.[1]Rheology is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheology |
TheNavier–Stokes equations(/nævˈjeɪstoʊks/nav-YAYSTOHKS) arepartial differential equationswhich describe the motion ofviscous fluidsubstances. They were named after French engineer and physicistClaude-Louis Navierand the Irish physicist and mathematicianGeorge Gabriel Stokes. They were developed over several decades ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations |
Inphysics, afluidis aliquid,gas, or other material that may continuouslymoveanddeform(flow) under an appliedshear stress, or external force.[1]They have zeroshear modulus, or, in simpler terms, aresubstanceswhich cannot resist anyshear forceapplied to them.
Although the termfluidgenerally includes both the liquid and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid |
Influid dynamics, aCross fluidis a type ofgeneralized Newtonian fluidwhoseviscositydepends upon shear rate according to the Cross Power Law equation:
whereμeff(γ˙){\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {eff} }({\dot {\gamma }})}isviscosityas a function ofshear rate,μ∞{\displaystyle \mu _{\infty }}is the infinite-shear-rate visc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_fluid |
Influid dynamics,a Carreau fluidis a type ofgeneralized Newtonian fluid(named afterPierre Carreau) where viscosity,μeff{\displaystyle \mu _{\operatorname {eff} }}, depends upon theshear rate,γ˙{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}, by the following equation:
Where:μ0{\displaystyle \mu _{0}},μinf{\displaystyle \mu _{\operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreau_fluid |
Ageneralized Newtonian fluidis an idealizedfluidfor which theshear stressis a function ofshear rateat the particular time, but not dependent upon the history of deformation. Although this type of fluid isnon-Newtonian(i.e. non-linear) in nature, itsconstitutive equationis a generalised form of theNewtonian fluid. Gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Newtonian_fluid |
TheHerschel–Bulkley fluidis a generalized model of anon-Newtonian fluid, in which thestrainexperienced by the fluid is related to thestressin a complicated, non-linear way. Three parameters characterize this relationship: the consistencyk, the flow indexn, and the yield shear stressτ0{\displaystyle \tau _{0}}. The co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel%E2%80%93Bulkley_fluid |
Price's model(named after the physicistDerek J. de Solla Price) is a mathematical model for the growth ofcitation networks.[1][2]It was the first model which generalized theSimon model[3]to be used for networks, especially for growing networks. Price's model belongs to the broader class of network growing models (toget... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_model |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thezeta distributionis a discreteprobability distribution. IfXis a zeta-distributedrandom variablewith parameters, then the probability thatXtakes the positive integer valuekis given by theprobability mass function
whereζ(s) is theRiemann zeta function(which is undefined fors= 1).
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_distribution |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, theZipf–Mandelbrot lawis adiscrete probability distribution. Also known as thePareto–Zipf law, it is apower-lawdistribution onranked data, named after thelinguistGeorge Kingsley Zipf, who suggested a simpler distribution calledZipf's law, and the mathematicianBenoit Mandelbrot, who su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%E2%80%93Mandelbrot_law |
Financial models with long-tailed distributions and volatility clusteringhave been introduced to overcome problems with the realism of classical financial models. These classical models of financialtime seriestypically assumehomoskedasticityandnormalityand as such cannot explain stylized phenomena such asskewness,heavy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_models_with_long-tailed_distributions_and_volatility_clustering |
Themultivariate stable distributionis a multivariateprobability distributionthat is a multivariate generalisation of the univariatestable distribution. The multivariate stable distribution defines linear relations betweenstable distributionmarginals.[clarification needed]In the same way as for the univariate case, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_stable_distribution |
Discrete-stable distributions[1]are a class ofprobability distributionswith the property that the sum of several random variables from such a distribution under appropriate scaling is distributed according to the same family. They are the discrete analogue ofcontinuous-stable distributions.
Discrete-stable distributio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-stable_distribution |
Perception(fromLatinperceptio'gathering, receiving') is the organization, identification, and interpretation ofsensoryinformation in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.[2]All perception involves signals that go through thenervous system, which in turn result from physical or chem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception |
Thesone(/ˈsoʊn/) is aunitofloudness, thesubjectiveperception ofsound pressure. The study of perceived loudness is included in the topic ofpsychoacousticsand employs methods ofpsychophysics. Doubling the perceived loudness doubles the sone value. Proposed byStanley Smith Stevensin 1936, it is not anSI unit.
According t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone |
Inmathematics,iterated function systems(IFSs) are a method of constructingfractals; the resulting fractals are oftenself-similar. IFS fractals are more related toset theorythan fractal geometry.[1]They were introduced in 1981.
IFSfractals, as they are normally called, can be of any number of dimensions, but are common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_function_system |
Reaction–diffusion systemsare mathematical models that correspond to several physical phenomena. The most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: localchemical reactionsin which the substances are transformed into each other, anddiffusionwhich causes the substance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion_system |
The Algorithmic Beauty of Plantsis a book byPrzemyslaw PrusinkiewiczandAristid Lindenmayer. It is notable as it is the first comprehensive volume on the computer simulation of certainpatterns in naturefound in plant development (L-systems).
The book is no longer in print but is available free online.[1]
The book has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Algorithmic_Beauty_of_Plants |
The following is a partiallist of linguistic example sentencesillustrating variouslinguisticphenomena.
Different types of ambiguity which are possible in language.
Demonstrations of words which have multiple meanings dependent oncontext.
Demonstrations of ambiguity between alternative syntactic structures underlying... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguistic_example_sentences |
"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is agrammatically correctsentenceinEnglishthat is often presented as an example of howhomonymsandhomophonescan be used to create complicated linguistic constructs throughlexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo |
"James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher" is an Englishsentenceused to demonstratelexical ambiguityand the necessity ofpunctuation,[1]which serves as a substitute for theintonation,[2]stress, andpausesfound inspeech.[3]In human information processing research, the sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_a_better_effect_on_the_teacher |
Apseudowordis a unit of speech or text that appears to be an actual word in a certainlanguage, while in fact it has no meaning. It is a specific type ofnonce word, or even more narrowly a nonsense word, composed of a combination ofphonemeswhich nevertheless conform to the language'sphonotacticrules.[1]It is thus a kind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoword |
Inlinguistics, thesyntax–semantics interfaceis the interaction betweensyntaxandsemantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics, with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning.[1]Specific topics includescope,[2][3]binding,[2]andlexical semanticproperties such asver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%90semantics_interface |
Inlinguistics, acomparative illusion(CI) orEscher sentence[a]is acomparativesentence which initially seems to beacceptablebut upon closer reflection has no well-formed, sensical meaning. The typicalexample sentenceused to typify this phenomenon isMore people have been to Russia than I have.[4][b]The effect has also bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_illusion |
TheAI effectis the discounting of the behavior of anartificial intelligenceprogram as not "real" intelligence.[1]
The authorPamela McCorduckwrites: "It's part of thehistory of the field of artificial intelligencethat every time somebody figured out how to make a computer do something—play good checkers, solve simple b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect |
ALPAC(Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) was a committee of seven scientists led byJohn R. Pierce, established in 1964 by theUnited States governmentin order to evaluate the progress incomputational linguisticsin general andmachine translationin particular. Its report, issued in 1966, gained notoriety fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALPAC |
Speech Application Language Tags(SALT) is anXML-basedmarkup languagethat is used inHTMLandXHTMLpages to addvoice recognitioncapabilities toweb-based applications.
Speech Application Language Tags enables multimodal and telephony-enabled access to information, applications, and Web services from PCs, telephones, tablet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Application_Language_Tags |
Articulatory speech recognitionmeans the recovery of speech (in forms of phonemes, syllables or words) from acoustic signals with the help of articulatory modeling or an extra input of articulatory movement data.[1]Speech recognition(or automatic speech recognition, acoustic speech recognition) means the recovery of sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulatory_speech_recognition |
Audio miningis a technique by which the content of an audio signal can be automatically analyzed and searched. It is most commonly used in the field ofautomatic speech recognition, where the analysis tries to identify any speech within the audio. The term ‘audio mining’ is sometimes used interchangeably with audio inde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mining |
Audio visual speech recognition(AVSR) is a technique that usesimage processingcapabilities inlip readingto aidspeech recognitionsystems in recognizing undeterministicphonesor giving preponderance among near probability decisions.
Each system oflip readingandspeech recognitionworks separately, then their results are mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-visual_speech_recognition |
IBM'sAutomatic Language Translatorwas amachine translationsystem that convertedRussiandocuments intoEnglish. It used anoptical discthat stored 170,000 word-for-word and statement-for-statement translations and a custom computer to look them up at high speed. Built for the US Air Force's Foreign Technology Division, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Language_Translator |
Anautomotive head unit, sometimes called theinfotainment system,[1]is avehicle audiocomponent providing a unified hardware interface for the system, including screens, buttons and system controls for numerous integrated information and entertainment functions.
Other names for automotive head units include car stereo, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_head_unit |
Brainais avirtual assistant[1][2]and speech-to-text dictation[3]application forMicrosoft Windowsdeveloped by Brainasoft.[4]Braina usesnatural language interface,[5]speech synthesis, andspeech recognitiontechnology[6]to interact with its users and allows them to use natural language sentences to perform various tasks on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braina |
Dragon NaturallySpeaking(also known asDragon for PC,orDNS)[1]is aspeech recognitionsoftware package developed by Dragon Systems ofNewton, Massachusetts, which was acquired in turn byLernout & HauspieSpeech Products,Nuance Communications, andMicrosoft. It runs onWindowspersonal computers. Version 15 (Professional Indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_NaturallySpeaking |
Fluency Voice Technologywas a company that developed and sold packagedspeech recognitionsolutions for use incall centers. Fluency's Speech Recognition solutions are used by call centers worldwide to improve customer service and significantly reduce costs and are available on-premises and hosted.
1998– Fluency was crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluency_Voice_Technology |
Google Voice SearchorSearch by Voiceis aGoogleproduct that allows users to useGoogle Searchbyspeakingon amobile phoneor computer, i.e. have the device search for data upon entering information on what to search into the device by speaking.
Initially named asVoice Actionwhich allowed one to give speech commands to anAn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Search |
IBM ViaVoicewas a range of language-specific continuousspeech recognitionsoftwareproducts offered byIBM. The current version is designed primarily for use in embedded devices. The latest stable version of IBM Via Voice was 9.0 and was able to transfer text directly intoMicrosoft Word.
The most important process for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_ViaVoice |
Keyword spotting(or more simply,word spotting) is a problem that was historically first defined in the context ofspeech processing.[1][2]In speech processing, keyword spotting deals with the identification ofkeywordsinutterances.
Keyword spotting is also defined as a separate, but related, problem in the context of do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_spotting |
Kinectis a discontinued line ofmotion sensinginput devicesproduced byMicrosoftand first released in 2010. The devices generally containRGBcameras, andinfraredprojectors and detectors that map depth through eitherstructured lightortime of flightcalculations, which can in turn be used to perform real-timegesture recognit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect |
Amondegreen(/ˈmɒndɪˌɡriːn/ⓘ) is a mishearing or misinterpretation of a phrase in a way that gives it a new meaning.[1]Mondegreens are most often created by a person listening to a poem or a song; the listener, being unable to hear a lyric clearly, substitutes words that sound similar and make some kind of sense.[2][3]T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondegreen |
Phonetic Search Technology(PST) is a method ofspeech recognition.[1]An audio signal of speech is broken down into series ofphonemes, which can be used to identify words.
A string of six phonemes for example, “_B _IY _T _UW _B _IY,” represent the acronym “B2B”.[citation needed]
This technology-related article is astub.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_search_technology |
Speaker diarisation(ordiarization) is the process of partitioning an audio stream containing human speech into homogeneous segments according to the identity of each speaker.[1]It can enhance the readability of anautomatic speech transcriptionby structuring the audio stream into speaker turns and, when used together wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_diarisation |
Speaker recognitionis the identification of a person from characteristics of voices.[1]It is used to answer the question "Who is speaking?" The termvoice recognition[2][3][4][5][6]can refer tospeaker recognitionorspeech recognition.Speaker verification(also calledspeaker authentication) contrasts with identification, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_recognition |
Speech analyticsis the process of analyzing recorded calls to gather customer information to improve communication and future interaction. The process is primarily used by customer contact centers to extract information buried in client interactions with an enterprise.[1]Although speech analytics includes elements ofau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_analytics |
Speech interface guidelineis a guideline with the aim for guiding decisions and criteria regarding designinginterfacesoperated by human voice.Speech interfacesystem has many advantages such as consistent service and saving cost. However, for users, listening is a difficult task. It can become impossible when too many o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_interface_guideline |
As of the early 2000s, severalspeech recognition(SR) software packages exist forLinux. Some of them arefree and open-source softwareand others areproprietary software. Speech recognition usually refers to software that attempts to distinguish thousands of words in a human language.Voice controlmay refer to software use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition_software_for_Linux |
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