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Structured Englishis the use of theEnglish languagewith thesyntaxofstructured programmingto communicate the design of a computer program to non-technical users by breaking it down into logical steps using straightforward English words. Structured English gives aims to get the benefits of both the programming logic and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_English |
TheSimple English Wikipediais a modifiedEnglish-languageedition ofWikipediawritten primarily inBasic EnglishandLearning English.[3]It is one of sevenWikipediaswritten in anAnglic languageor English-basedpidginorcreole. The site has the stated aim of providing an encyclopedia for "people with different needs, such as st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia |
Combinatory categorial grammar(CCG) is an efficientlyparsable, yet linguistically expressive grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface between surface syntax and underlying semantic representation, including predicate–argument structure, quantification and information structure. The formalism generates constitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar |
Lexical functional grammar(LFG) is aconstraint-basedgrammar frameworkintheoretical linguistics. It posits two separate levels of syntactic structure, aphrase structure grammarrepresentation of word order and constituency, and a representation of grammatical functions such as subject and object, similar todependency gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_functional_grammar |
Tree-adjoining grammar(TAG) is agrammar formalismdefined byAravind Joshi. Tree-adjoining grammars are somewhat similar tocontext-free grammars, but the elementary unit of rewriting is the tree rather than the symbol. Whereas context-free grammars have rules for rewriting symbols as strings of other symbols, tree-adjoi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar |
In linguistics,co-occurrenceorcooccurrenceis an above-chance frequency of orderedoccurrenceof two adjacenttermsin atext corpus. Co-occurrence in thislinguisticsense can be interpreted as an indicator ofsemantic proximityor anidiomaticexpression. Corpus linguistics and its statistic analyses reveal patterns of co-occurr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence |
Inlinguistics,statistical semanticsapplies the methods ofstatisticsto the problem of determining the meaning of words or phrases, ideally throughunsupervised learning, to a degree of precision at least sufficient for the purpose ofinformation retrieval.
The termstatistical semanticswas first used byWarren Weaverin his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_semantics |
Anki(US:/ˈɑːŋki/,UK:/ˈæŋki/;Japanese:[aŋki]) is afree and open-sourceflashcardprogram. It uses techniques fromcognitive sciencesuch asactive recall testingandspaced repetitionto aid the user in memorization.[4][5]The name comes from theJapaneseword for "memorization" (暗記).[6]
TheSM-2algorithm, created forSuperMemoin t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anki_(software) |
Babbel GmbH,operating asBabbel,[4]is a German company operating asubscription-basedlanguage learning softwareande-learningplatform.
With 1000 employees, Babbel is headquartered in Berlin (Babbel GmbH) and has an office inNew York City, operating as Babbel Inc.[5]Babbel's app is available for web,iOSandAndroidoffering ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbel |
The Alpheios Projectis an open source initiative originally focused on developing software to facilitate readingLatinandancient Greek. Dictionaries, grammars and inflection tables were combined in a set of web-based tools to provide comprehensive reading support for scholars, students and independent readers. The tools... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alpheios_Project |
Community language learning(CLL) is alanguage-teaching approach[1]focused on group-interest learning.
It is based on thecounselling-approachin which the teacher acts as a counselor and aparaphraser, while the learner is seen as a client and collaborator.
The CLL approach was developed byCharles Arthur Curran, a Jesui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_language_learning |
Duolingo, Inc.[b]is an Americaneducational technologycompany that produces learningappsand provideslanguage certification. Duolingo offers courses on 43 languages,[5]ranging fromEnglish,French, andSpanishto less commonly studied languages such asWelsh,Irish, andNavajo, and even constructed languages such asKlingon.[6]I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo |
Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL), orIntelligent Computer Assisted Language Instruction (ICALI), involves the application of computing technologies to the teaching and learning of second or foreign languages.[1][2]ICALL combinesArtificial intelligencewithComputer Assisted Language Learning(CALL) s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_computer-assisted_language_instruction |
Language teaching, like other educational activities, may employ specializedvocabularyandword use. This list is aglossaryforEnglish language learning and teachingusing thecommunicative approach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_language_teaching_terms_and_ideas |
Language educationrefers to the processes and practices of teaching asecondorforeign language. Its study reflectsinterdisciplinaryapproaches, usually including someapplied linguistics.[1][2]There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies,cross-cultural experienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education |
ALanguage exchangeis a relationship between two or more people who have interactions around the exchange of language.[1]People typically join into a language exchange to gain practice in a target language. Other reasons for joining might include cultural exchange or companionship.[2]Partners of a language exchange are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_exchange |
Language immersion, or simplyimmersion, is a technique used inbilingual language educationin which two languages are used for instruction in a variety of topics, including maths, science, or social studies. The languages used for instruction are referred to as the L1 and the L2 for each student, with L1 being the stude... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersion |
Language MOOCs(Language Massive Open Online Courses, orLMOOCs) are web-basedonline coursesfreely accessible for a limited period of time, created for those interested in developing their skills in aforeign language. As Sokolik (2014)[1]states, enrolment is large, free and not restricted to students by age or geographic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_MOOC |
Self-studylanguage acquisitionprograms allow learning without having a teacher present,[1][2]and the courses can supplement or replace classroom instruction.[3]Universities use self-study programs for less-commonly taught languages, where having professors is not feasible.[4][5]Self-study programs are available on pape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_self-study_programs |
This article contains a list of notableflashcardsoftware. Flashcards are widely used as alearningdrill to aidmemorizationby way ofspaced repetition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flashcard_software |
Anonline learning communityis a public or private destination on theInternetthat addresses its members' learning needs by facilitating peer-to-peer learning. Throughsocial networkingandcomputer-mediated communication, or the use of datagogies while people work as a community to achieve a shared learning objective. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_learning_community |
Promova(in English: /prɔˈmɔvʌ/) is alanguage learning platformthat includes amobile app, website, personal and group lessons with tutors, and a conversation club.[1][2][3]Starting in 2024, language courses includeAI learningtools for conversational practice and pronunciation recognition.[4]
Promova was launched in 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promova |
Second-language acquisition(SLA), sometimes calledsecond-language learning—otherwise referred to asL2(language 2)acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge ofsecond language, focusing on concepts likeinterlanguage,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-language_acquisition |
Smiginis aconversation-basedlanguage learning platformavailableonlineand as amobile applicationforiOSandAndroid. As of March 2016, Smigin has two products: Smigin,[1]a language-learning website and Smigin Travel,[2]a mobile translation app. Smigin's language learning site offers 4 different destination languages across... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smigin |
SuperMemo(from "Super Memory") is alearningmethod andsoftwarepackage developed by SuperMemo World and SuperMemo R&D withPiotr WoźniakinPolandfrom 1985 to the present.[2]It is based on research intolong-term memory, and is a practical application of thespaced repetitionlearning method that has been proposed for efficien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperMemo |
Tandem language learningis an approach tolanguage acquisitionthat involves reciprocallanguage exchangebetween tandem partners. In this method, each learner ideally serves as a native speaker of the language the other person intends to learn. Tandem language learning deviates from traditional pedagogical practices by el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_language_learning |
Virtual exchange(also referred to asonline intercultural exchangeamong other names) is an instructional approach or practice for language learning. It broadly refers to the "notion of 'connecting' language learners in pedagogically structured interaction and collaboration"[1]throughcomputer-mediated communicationfor th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecollaboration |
Virtual exchange(also referred to asonline intercultural exchangeamong other names) is an instructional approach or practice for language learning. It broadly refers to the "notion of 'connecting' language learners in pedagogically structured interaction and collaboration"[1]throughcomputer-mediated communicationfor th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_exchange |
Virtual worldsare playing an increasingly important role in education, especially inlanguage learning. By March 2007 it was estimated that over 200 universities or academic institutions were involved inSecond Life(Cooke-Plagwitz, p. 548).[1]Joe Miller, Linden Lab Vice President of Platform and Technology Development, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world_language_learning |
Social media language learningis a method of language acquisition that uses socially constructedWeb 2.0platforms such as wikis, blogs, and social networks to facilitate learning of the target language. Social media is used by language educators and individual learners that wish to communicate in the target language in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Media_Language_Learning |
Computer-assisted language learning(CALL), known ascomputer-aided instruction(CAI) in British English andcomputer-aided language instruction(CALI) in American English,[1]Levy (1997: p. 1) briefly defines it as "the exploration and study of computer applications in language teaching and learning."[2]CALL embraces a wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning |
Computer-assisted language learning(CALL), known ascomputer-aided instruction(CAI) in British English andcomputer-aided language instruction(CALI) in American English,[1]Levy (1997: p. 1) briefly defines it as "the exploration and study of computer applications in language teaching and learning."[2]CALL embraces a wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-language_reading_aid |
Asecond language(L2) is a language spoken in addition to one'sfirst language(L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or aforeign language.
A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language |
Theagent-based modeling(ABM) community has developed several practical agent based modeling toolkits that enable individuals to develop agent-based applications. More and more such toolkits are coming into existence, and each toolkit has a variety of characteristics. Several individuals have made attempts to compare to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_agent-based_modeling_software |
Agent-based computational economics(ACE) is the area ofcomputational economicsthat studies economic processes, including wholeeconomies, asdynamic systemsof interactingagents. As such, it falls in theparadigmofcomplex adaptive systems.[1]In correspondingagent-based models, the "agents" are "computational objects modele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics |
Anartificial brain(orartificial mind) issoftwareandhardwarewith cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal orhuman brain.[1]
Research investigating "artificial brains" andbrain emulationplays three important roles in science:
An example of the first objective is the project reported by Aston University in Bir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_brain |
Artificial life(ALifeorA-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examinesystemsrelated to naturallife, its processes, and its evolution, through the use ofsimulationswithcomputer models,robotics, andbiochemistry.[1]The discipline was named byChristopher Langton, an Americancomputer scientist, in 1986.[2]In 1987, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_life |
Government by algorithm[1](also known asalgorithmic regulation,[2]regulation by algorithms,algorithmic governance,[3][4]algocratic governance,algorithmic legal orderoralgocracy[5]) is an alternative form ofgovernmentorsocial orderingwhere the usage of computeralgorithmsis applied to regulations, law enforcement, and ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_mayor |
In science, computing, and engineering, ablack boxis a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (ortransfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings.[1][2]Its implementation is "opaque" (black). The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of atransist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box |
Ablackboard systemis anartificial intelligenceapproach based on theblackboard architectural model,[1][2][3][4]where a commonknowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification and ending with a solution. Each knowledge sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_system |
Collective intelligenceCollective actionSelf-organized criticalityHerd mentalityPhase transitionAgent-based modellingSynchronizationAnt colony optimizationParticle swarm optimizationSwarm behaviour
Social network analysisSmall-world networksCentralityMotifsGraph theoryScalingRobustnessSystems biologyDynamic networks
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems |
Adiscrete-event simulation(DES) models the operation of asystemas a (discrete)sequence of eventsin time. Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a change ofstatein the system.[1]Between consecutive events, no change in the system is assumed to occur; thus the simulation time can directly jump to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_event_simulation |
Distributed artificial intelligence(DAI) also called Decentralized Artificial Intelligence[1]is a subfield ofartificial intelligenceresearch dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for problems. DAI is closely related to and a predecessor of the field ofmulti-agent systems.
Multi-agent systems and distri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence |
Evolutionary computationfromcomputer scienceis a family ofalgorithmsforglobal optimizationinspired bybiological evolution, and the subfield ofartificial intelligenceandsoft computingstudying these algorithms. In technical terms, they are a family of population-basedtrial and errorproblem solvers with ametaheuristicorst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation |
Friendly artificial intelligence(friendly AIorFAI) is hypotheticalartificial general intelligence(AGI) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity or at leastalignwith human interests such as fostering the improvement of the human species. It is a part of theethics of artificial intelligenceand is closely re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Game theoryis the study ofmathematical modelsof strategic interactions.[1]It has applications in many fields ofsocial science, and is used extensively ineconomics,logic,systems scienceandcomputer science.[2]Initially, game theory addressed two-personzero-sum games, in which a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory |
Inevolutionary computation, ahuman-based genetic algorithm(HBGA) is agenetic algorithmthat allows humans to contribute solution suggestions to the evolutionary process. For this purpose, a HBGA has human interfaces for initialization, mutation, and recombinant crossover. As well, it may have interfaces for selective ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-based_genetic_algorithm |
Hybrid intelligent systemdenotes a software system which employs, in parallel, a combination of methods and techniques from artificial intelligence subfields, such as:
From thecognitive scienceperspective, every natural intelligent system is hybrid because it performs mental operations on both the symbolic and subsymb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system |
TheKnowledge Query and Manipulation Language, orKQML, is a language
and protocol for communication among software agents andknowledge-based systems.[1]It was
developed in the early 1990s as part of theDARPAknowledge Sharing Effort, which was aimed at developing techniques for building large-scale knowledge bases which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Query_and_Manipulation_Language |
Microbial intelligence(known asbacterial intelligence) is theintelligenceshown bymicroorganisms. This includes complex adaptive behavior shown bysingle cells, andaltruisticorcooperative behaviorin populations of like or unlike cells. It is often mediated by chemical signalling that induces physiological or behavioral c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_intelligence |
Incomputer sciencemulti-agent planninginvolves coordinating the resources and activities of multipleagents.
NASAsays, "multiagent planning is concerned withplanningby (and for) multiple agents. It can involve agents planning for a common goal, an agent coordinating the plans (plan merging) or planning of others, or ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_planning |
Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL)is a sub-field ofreinforcement learning. It focuses on studying the behavior of multiple learning agents that coexist in a shared environment.[1]Each agent is motivated by its own rewards, and does actions to advance its own interests; in some environments these interests are op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning |
Pattern-oriented modeling(POM) is an approach to bottom-upcomplex systemsanalysisthat was developed tomodelcomplex ecological andagent-basedsystems. A goal of POM is to make ecological modeling more rigorous and comprehensive.[1]
A traditional ecosystem model attempts to approximate the real system as closely as possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern-oriented_modeling |
PlatBox Project, formally known asBoxed Economy Project, is amulti-agentbasedcomputer simulationsoftware developmentproject founded by Iba Laboratory atKeio University, Japan. The main work of PlatBox Project is to develop PlatBox Simulator and Component Builder, which are claimed to be the first multi-agent computer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlatBox_Project |
Reinforcement learning(RL) is an interdisciplinary area ofmachine learningandoptimal controlconcerned with how anintelligent agentshouldtake actionsin a dynamic environment in order tomaximize a rewardsignal. Reinforcement learning is one of thethree basic machine learning paradigms, alongsidesupervised learningandunsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning |
Incomputer science, thescientific community metaphoris ametaphorused to aid understandingscientific communities. The first publications on the scientific community metaphor in 1981 and 1982[1]involved the development of aprogramming languagenamedEtherthat invoked procedural plans to process goals and assertions concur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community_metaphor |
Modular self-reconfiguring robotic systemsorself-reconfigurable modular robotsare autonomous kinematicmachineswith variable morphology. Beyond conventional actuation, sensing and control typically found in fixed-morphology robots, self-reconfiguringrobotsare also able to deliberately change their own shape by rearrangi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot |
Social simulationis a research field that appliescomputationalmethods to study issues in thesocial sciences. The issues explored include problems incomputational law,psychology,[1]organizational behavior,[2]sociology, political science,economics, anthropology, geography,engineering,[2]archaeology andlinguistics(Takahas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_simulation |
Swarm intelligence(SI) is thecollective behaviorofdecentralized,self-organizedsystems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work onartificial intelligence. The expression was introduced byGerardo Beniand Jing Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems.[1][2]
Swarm intelligence systems consis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence |
Swarm roboticsis the study of how to design independent systems of robots without centralized control. The emergingswarming behaviorof robotic swarms is created through the interactions between individual robots and the environment.[1]This idea emerged on the field ofartificial swarm intelligence, as well as the studie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_robotics |
Crosslinguistic influence(CLI) refers to the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker. It typically involves two languages that can affect one another in a bilingual speaker.[1]An example of CLI is the influence of Korean on a Korean native speaker who is learning Japanese or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinguistic_influence |
Informal language theory, acontext-free language(CFL), also called aChomskytype-2 language, is alanguagegenerated by acontext-free grammar(CFG).
Context-free languages have many applications inprogramming languages, in particular, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context-free grammars.
Different context-f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_language |
Adomain-specific language(DSL) is acomputer languagespecialized to a particular applicationdomain. This is in contrast to ageneral-purpose language(GPL), which is broadly applicable across domains. There are a wide variety of DSLs, ranging from widely used languages for common domains, such asHTMLfor web pages, down to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language |
End-user development(EUD) orend-user programming(EUP) refers to activities and tools that allowend-users– people who are not professional software developers – toprogram computers. People who are not professional developers can use EUD tools to create or modifysoftware artifacts(descriptions of automated behavior) and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-user_programming |
Incomputer science,automatic programming[1]is a type ofcomputer programmingin which some mechanism generates acomputer program, to allow humanprogrammersto write the code at a higher abstraction level.
There has been little agreement on the precise definition of automatic programming, mostly because its meaning has ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_programming#Source-code_generation |
Avery high-level programming language(VHLL) is aprogramming languagewith a very high level ofabstraction, used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool.[citation needed]
VHLLs are usuallydomain-specific languages, limited to a very specific application, purpose, or type of task, and they are oftenscrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high-level_programming_language |
Thehistory of natural language processingdescribes the advances ofnatural language processing. There is some overlap with thehistory of machine translation, thehistory of speech recognition, and thehistory of artificial intelligence.
The history of machine translation dates back to the seventeenth century, when philos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_natural_language_processing |
Wolfram Mathematicais a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allowsmachine learning,statistics,symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis,NLP,optimization, plottingfunctionsand various types of data, implementation ofalgorithms, creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica |
Siri(/ˈsɪri/ⓘSEER-ee,backronym: Speech Interpretation and Recognition Interface) is a digital assistant purchased, developed, and popularized byApple Inc., which is included in theiOS,iPadOS,watchOS,macOS,Apple TV,audioOS, andvisionOSoperating systems.[1][2]It uses voice queries, gesture based control, focus-tracking a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_(software) |
WolframAlpha(/ˈwʊlf.rəm-/WUULf-rəm-) is ananswer enginedeveloped byWolfram Research.[1]It is offered as anonline servicethat answers factual queries by computing answers from externally sourced data.[2][3]
Launch preparations for WolframAlpha began on May 15, 2009, at 7:00 pmCDTwith a live broadcast onJustin.tv. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha |
Aconversational user interface(CUI) is auser interfacefor computers that emulates a conversation with a real human.[1]Historically, computers have relied ontext-based user interfacesandgraphical user interfaces(GUIs) (such as the user pressing a "back" button) to translate the user's desired action into commands the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational_user_interface |
Incomputing, anatural user interface(NUI) ornatural interfaceis auser interfacethat is effectively invisible, and remains invisible as the user continuously learns increasingly complex interactions. The word "natural" is used because most computer interfaces use artificial control devices whose operation has to be lear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_user_interface |
Avoice-user interface(VUI) enables spoken human interaction with computers, usingspeech recognitionto understandspoken commandsandanswer questions, and typicallytext to speechto play a reply. Avoice command deviceis a device controlled with a voice user interface.
Voice user interfaces have been added toautomobiles,ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_user_interface |
Noisy textis text with differences between the surface form of a coded representation of thetextand the intended, correct, or original text.[1]Thenoisemay be due totypographic errorsorcolloquialismsalways present innatural languageand usually lowers thedata qualityin a way that makes the text less accessible to automat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_text |
Semantic searchdenotes search with meaning, as distinguished from lexical search where the search engine looks for literal matches of the query words or variants of them, without understanding the overall meaning of the query.[1]Semantic search seeks to improvesearchaccuracy by understandingthe searcher's intentand the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_search |
Semantic queriesallow for queries and analytics of associative andcontextualnature. Semantic queries enable the retrieval of both explicitly and implicitly derived information based onsyntactic,semanticandstructural informationcontained in data. They are designed to deliver precise results (possibly the distinctive sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_query |
IBM Watsonis a computer system capable ofanswering questionsposed innatural language.[1]It was developed as a part ofIBM's DeepQA project by a research team, led byprincipal investigatorDavid Ferrucci.[2]Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialistThomas J. Watson.[3][4]
The computer system was in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer) |
Compound-term processing,ininformation-retrieval, is search result matching on the basis ofcompound terms. Compound terms are built by combining two or more simple terms; for example, "triple" is a single word term, but "triple heart bypass" is a compound term.
Compound-term processing is a new approach to an old prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound-term_processing |
Aforeign language writing aidis acomputer programor any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language. Assistive operations can be classified into two categories: on-the-fly prompts and post-writing checks. Assisted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-language_writing_aid |
The following is a list of current and past, non-classified notableartificial intelligenceprojects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_language_processing_projects |
TheLRE Map(Language Resources and Evaluation) is a freely accessible large database on resources dedicated toNatural language processing. The original feature of LRE Map is that the records are collected during the submission of different majorNatural language processingconferences. The records are then cleaned and gat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRE_Map |
Aspoken dialog system(SDS) is a computer system able to converse with a human with voice. It has two essential components that do not exist in a written textdialog system: aspeech recognizerand atext-to-speechmodule (written text dialog systems usually use other input systems provided by an OS). It can be further disti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_dialogue_system |
Transderivational search(often abbreviated toTDS) is apsychologicalandcyberneticsterm, meaning when a search is being conducted for afuzzymatch across a broad field. Incomputingthe equivalent function can be performed usingcontent-addressable memory.
Unlike usual searches, which look for literal (i.e. exact,logical, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transderivational_search |
Asearch engineis asoftware systemthat provideshyperlinkstoweb pagesand other relevant information onthe Webin response to a user'squery. The userinputsa query within aweb browseror amobile app, and thesearch resultsare often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine |
Inlinguistic morphologyand information retrieval,stemmingis the process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to theirword stem, base orrootform—generally a written word form. The stem need not be identical to themorphological rootof the word; it is usually sufficient that related words map to the same ste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemming |
Thedrinker paradox(also known as thedrinker's theorem, thedrinker's principle, or thedrinking principle) is atheoremofclassicalpredicate logicthat can be stated as "There is someone in the pub such that, if he or she is drinking, then everyone in the pub is drinking." It was popularised by themathematical logicianRaymo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinker_paradox |
Informal logic,nonfirstorderizabilityis the inability of a natural-language statement to be adequately captured by a formula offirst-order logic. Specifically, a statement isnonfirstorderizableif there is no formula of first-order logic which is true in amodelif and only if the statement holds in that model. Nonfirsto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfirstorderizability |
Reification(also known asconcretism,hypostatization, orthe fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is afallacyofambiguity, when anabstraction(abstractbeliefor hypotheticalconstruct) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity.[1][2]In other words, it is the error of treating something that is not concr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy) |
Reificationinknowledge representationis the process of turning apredicate[1]or statement[2]into an addressable object. Reification allows the representation of assertions so that they can be referred to or qualified byotherassertions, i.e., meta-knowledge.[3]
The message "John is six feet tall" is an assertion involvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(knowledge_representation) |
Computational audiologyis a branch ofaudiologythat employs techniques from mathematics and computer science to improve clinical treatments and scientific understanding of the auditory system. Computational audiology is closely related to computational medicine, which uses quantitative models to develop improved methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_audiology |
Neurocomputational speech processingis computer-simulation ofspeech productionandspeech perceptionby referring to the natural neuronal processes ofspeech productionandspeech perception, as they occur in the humannervous system(central nervous systemandperipheral nervous system). This topic is based onneuroscienceandcom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocomputational_speech_processing |
Speech codingis an application ofdata compressiontodigital audiosignals containingspeech. Speech coding uses speech-specificparameter estimationusingaudio signal processingtechniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_coding |
Speech technologyrelates to the technologies designed to duplicate and respond to thehuman voice. They have many uses. These include aid to the voice-disabled, the hearing-disabled, and the blind, along with communication with computers without a keyboard. They enhance game software and aid in marketing goods or servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_technology |
Camera-readyis a common term used in the commercial printing industry meaning that a document is, from a technical standpoint, ready to "go to press", or be printed.
The term camera-ready was first used in the photooffset printingprocess, where the final layout of a document was attached to a "mechanical" or "paste up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera-ready |
Etaoin shrdlu(/ˈɛti.ɔɪnˈʃɜːrdluː/,[1]/ˈeɪtɑːnʃrədˈluː/)[2]is a nonsense phrase that sometimes appeared by accident in print in the days ofhot typepublishing, resulting from a custom oftype-casting machineoperators filling out and discarding lines of type when an error was made. It appeared often enough to become part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu |
Inprintingandpublishing,proofsare the preliminary versions of publications meant for review by authors, editors, and proofreaders, often with extra-wide margins.Galley proofsmay be uncut andunbound, or in some caseselectronically transmitted. They are created forproofreadingandcopyeditingpurposes, but may also be used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_proof |
ISO 5776, published by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO), is an international standard that specifies symbols forproofreadingsuch as of manuscripts,typescriptsandprinter's proofs.[1]The total number of symbols specified is 16, each in English, French and Russian.
The standard is partially derived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_5776 |
This article is alist of standard proofreader's marksused to indicate and correct problems in a text. Marks come in two varieties, abbreviations and abstract symbols. These are usually handwritten on the paper containing the text. Symbols are interleaved in the text, while abbreviations may be placed in a margin with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks |
Obelismis the practice of annotatingmanuscriptswith marks set in the margins. Modern obelisms are used by editors whenproofreadinga manuscript or typescript. Examples are "stet" (which is Latin for "Let it stand", used in this context to mean "disregard the previous mark") and "dele" (for "Delete").
Theobelossymbol (s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelism |
Theprinting press checkis a step in theprintingprocess. It takes place after aprinting pressis set up but before the print run is underway.
While errors should be corrected during theColor Proofingandproofreadingstages, the main purpose of a press check is to make sure that the color on press comes as close as possibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_check_(printing) |
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