text stringlengths 16 172k | source stringlengths 32 122 |
|---|---|
Marketing buzzor simplybuzz—a term used inviral marketing—is the interaction of consumers and users with a product or service which amplifies or alters the original marketing message.[1]This emotion, energy, excitement, or anticipation about a product or service can be positive or negative. Buzz can be generated by int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_buzz |
Memeticsis a theory of the evolution of culture based on Darwinian principles with thememeas the unit of culture. The term "meme" was coined by biologistRichard Dawkinsin his 1976 bookThe Selfish Gene,[1]to illustrate the principle that he later called "Universal Darwinism". All evolutionary processes depend oninformat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics |
Psychobabble(aportmanteauof "psychology" or "psychoanalysis" and "babble") is a derogatory name for therapy speech or writing that usespsychologicaljargon,buzzwords, andesotericlanguage to create an impression of truth orplausibility. The term implies that the speaker or writer lacks the experience and understanding ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobabble |
Inrhetoric, aweasel word, oranonymous authority, is a word or phrase aimed at creating an impression that something specific and meaningful has been said, when in fact only a vague, ambiguous, or irrelevant claim has been communicated. The terms may be consideredinformal. Examples include the phrases "some people say",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_word |
Incomputabilityandcomplexity theory,ALLis the class of alldecision problems.
ALLcontains all of the complex classes of decision problems, includingREandco-RE, and uncountably many languages that are neitherREnorco-RE. It is the largest complexity class, containing all other complexity classes.
Thistheoretical compute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALL_(complexity) |
Intheoretical computer science, acomputational problemis one that asks for a solution in terms of analgorithm. For example, the problem offactoring
is a computational problem that has a solution, as there are many knowninteger factorizationalgorithms. A computational problem can be viewed as asetofinstancesorcasestoge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_problem |
Inlogic, a true/falsedecision problemisdecidableif there exists aneffective methodfor deriving the correct answer.Zeroth-order logic(propositional logic) is decidable, whereasfirst-orderandhigher-orderlogic are not.Logical systemsare decidable if membership in their set oflogically validformulas (or theorems) can be ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidability_(logic) |
Inmathematical logic, atheory(also called aformal theory) is a set ofsentencesin aformal language. In most scenarios adeductive systemis first understood from context, giving rise to aformal systemthat combines the language with deduction rules. An elementϕ∈T{\displaystyle \phi \in T}of adeductively closedtheoryT{\disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_theory |
Incomputational complexity theoryandcomputability theory, asearch problemis acomputational problemof finding
anadmissibleanswer for a given input value, provided that such an answer exists. In fact, a search problem is specified by abinary relationRwherexRyif and only if "yis an admissible answer givenx".[note 1]Search... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_problem |
Analbur(plural:albures) is aword playinMexican Spanishthat involves adouble entendre.
The first meaning in the Spanish language of albur refers to contingency or chance to which the result is trusted. Like in: "Leave nothing to the albur" or "it was worth the risk of an albur". The term originally referred to the hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albur |
Acoincidenceis a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances that have no apparent causal connection with one another.[2]The perception of remarkable coincidences may lead tosupernatural,occult, orparanormalclaims, or it may lead to belief infatalism, which is a doctrine that events will happen in the exact manne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence |
Dirty Mindsis aboard gamemade byTDC GamesinItasca, Illinois. Created in 1988 by Larry Balsamo andSandra Schaeffer, it was originally sold only in novelty and adult stores such asSpencer Gifts. Over its history, however, it has permeated the mainstream marketplace. The primary reason for its popularity is its use of sex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Minds |
Doublespeakis language that deliberatelyobscures, disguises, distorts, or reverses themeaningof words. Doublespeak may take the form ofeuphemisms(e.g., "downsizing" forlayoffsand "servicing the target" forbombing),[1]in which case it is primarily meant to make the truth sound more palatable. It may also refer to intent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak |
Aeuphemism(/ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/YOO-fə-miz-əm) is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemedoffensiveor suggests something unpleasant.[1]Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms may be used to mask profani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism |
Īhām(ایهام) inPersian,Urdu,KurdishandArabic poetryis a literary device in which an author uses a word, or an arrangement of words, that can be read in several ways. Each of the meanings may be logically sound, equally true and intended.[1]
In the 12th century,Rashid al-Din Vatvatdefinedīhāmas follows: "Īhāmin Persian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iham |
Ribaldryorblue comedyis humorous entertainment that ranges from bordering onindelicacytoindecency.[1]Blue comedy is also referred to as "bawdiness" or being "bawdy". Like any humour, ribaldry may be read as conventional orsubversive. Ribaldry typically depends on a shared background of sexual conventions and values, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribaldry |
Concept creepis the process by which harm-related topics experiencesemantic expansionto include topics which would not have originally been envisaged to be included under that label.[1]It was first described in aPsychological Inquiryarticle by Nick Haslam in 2016, who identified its effects on the concepts of abuse, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_creep |
Demonstratives(abbreviatedDEM) arewords, such asthisandthat, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typicallydeictic, their meaning depending on a particularframe of reference, and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative |
Insemioticsanddiscourse analysis,floating signifiers(also referred to asempty signifiers,[1]although these terms have been made distinct[2]) aresignifierswithout areferent. The termopen signifieris sometimes used as a synonym due to the empty signifier's nature to "resist the constitution of any unitary meaning", enabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_signifier |
Insemiotics,linguistics,anthropology, andphilosophy of language,indexicalityis the phenomenon of asignpointing to (orindexing) some element in thecontextin which it occurs. A sign that signifies indexically is called anindexor, in philosophy, anindexical.
The modern concept originates in thesemiotic theory of Charles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexicality |
In thephilosophy of scienceand some other branches ofphilosophy, a "natural kind" is an intellectual grouping, or categorizing of things, that is reflective of the actual world and not just human interests.[1]Some treat it as a classification identifying some structure of truth and reality that exists whether or not hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_kind |
Inlinguisticsandphilosophy, avaguepredicateis one which gives rise to borderline cases. For example, the English adjective "tall" is vague since it is not clearly true or false for someone of middling height. By contrast, the word "prime" is not vague since every number is definitively either prime or not. Vagueness is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness |
What Is Art?(Russian:Что такое искусство?Chto takoye iskusstvo?) is a book byLeo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English in 1898 due to difficulties with the Russian censors.[1]
Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists[2]as well as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F |
Afallacyis the use ofinvalidor otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies.
Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content (informal fallacies). Informal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies |
Cognitive biasesare systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.[1][2]They are often studied inpsychology,sociologyandbehavioral economics.[1]
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed byreproducibleresearch,[3][4]there are often controversies about how to classify these b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases |
Confirmation bias(alsoconfirmatory bias,myside bias[a]orcongeniality bias[2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's priorbeliefsorvalues.[3]People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias |
Einstellung(German pronunciation:[ˈaɪ̯nˌʃtɛlʊŋ]ⓘ) is the development of a mechanized state of mind. Often called aproblem solvingset,Einstellungrefers to a person's predisposition to solve a given problem in a specific manner even though better or more appropriate methods of solving the problem exist.
TheEinstellungef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstellung_effect |
Functional fixednessis acognitive biasthat limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The concept of functional fixedness originated inGestalt psychology, a movement in psychology that emphasizesholisticprocessing.Karl Dunckerdefined functional fixedness as being a mental block against u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_fixedness |
Insociology, theiron cageis a concept introduced byMax Weberto describe the increasedrationalizationinherent in social life, particularly in Westerncapitalistsocieties. The "iron cage" thus traps individuals in systems based purely onteleologicalefficiency, rational calculation and control. Weber also described thebure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_cage |
Apanacea(/pænəˈsiːə/) is any supposedremedythat is claimed (for example) to cure alldiseasesandprolong life indefinitely. Named after the Greek goddess of universal remedyPanacea, it was in the past sought byalchemistsin connection with theelixir of lifeand thephilosopher's stone, a mythical substance that would enable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea_(medicine) |
Elegant variationis the use ofsynonymsto avoid repetition or add variety. The term was introduced in 1906 byH. W. FowlerandF. G. FowlerinThe King's English. In their meaning of the term, they focus particularly on instances when the word being avoided is anounor itspronoun. Pronouns are themselves variations intended t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_variation |
Afigure of speechorrhetorical figureis a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from straightforward language use orliteral meaningto produce arhetoricalor intensified effect (emotionally, aesthetically, intellectually, etc.).[1][2]In the distinction betweenliteral and figurative language, figures of speech constit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech |
Owing to its origin inancient GreeceandRome, English rhetorical theory frequently employsGreekandLatinwords asterms of art. This page explains commonly used rhetorical terms in alphabetical order. The brief definitions here are intended to serve as a quick reference rather than an in-depth discussion. For more informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms |
Graphomania(fromAncient Greek:γρᾰ́φειν,gráphein,lit.'to write';[1]andμᾰνῐ́ᾱ,maníā,lit.'madness, frenzy'),[2]also known asscribomania, is anobsessiveimpulsetowrite.[3][4]When used in a specific psychiatric context, it labels a morbid mental condition which results in writing rambling and confused statements, often degen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphomania |
Hypergraphiais a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write or draw. Forms of hypergraphia can vary in writing style and content. It is a symptom associated withtemporal lobechanges inepilepsyand inGeschwind syndrome.[1]Structures that may have an effect on hypergraphia when damaged due to tempo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphia |
AnIrish bullis a ludicrous, incongruent orlogicallyabsurd statement, generally unrecognized as such by its author. The inclusion of the epithetIrishis a late addition.[1]
John Pentland Mahaffy, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, observed, "an Irish bull is always pregnant", i.e. with truthful meaning.[2]The "father" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_bull |
Aplace nameistautologicalif two differently sounding parts of it are synonymous. This often occurs when a name from one language is imported into another and a standard descriptor is added on from the second language. Thus, for example, New Zealand'sMount Maunganuiis tautological since "maunganui"isMāorifor "great moun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tautological_place_names |
Inpsychology,logorrheaorlogorrhoea(fromAncient Greekλόγοςlogos"word" and ῥέωrheo"to flow") is acommunication disorderthat causes excessivewordinessand repetitiveness, which can cause incoherency. Logorrhea is sometimes classified as amental illness, though it is more commonly classified as a symptom of mental illness o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logorrhea_(psychology) |
Inliterary criticism,purple proseis overly ornateprosetext that may disrupt anarrativeflow by drawing undesirable attention to its own extravagant style of writing, thereby diminishing the appreciation of the prose overall.[1]Purple prose is characterized by the excessive use of adjectives, adverbs, andmetaphors. When ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_prose |
Verbosity, orverboseness, is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary.[1]The opposite of verbosity issuccinctness.[dubious–discuss]
Some teachers, including the author ofThe Elements of Style, warn against verbosity. SimilarlyMark TwainandErnest Hemingway, among others, famously avoided it.
Synonyms of "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbosity |
The termautopoiesis(fromGreekαὐτo-(auto)'self'andποίησις(poiesis)'creation, production'), one of several current theories of life, refers to asystemcapable of producing and maintaining itself by creating its own parts.[1]The term was introduced in the 1972 publicationAutopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoesis |
Acircular reference(orreference cycle[1]) is a series ofreferenceswhere the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop.
A newcomer asks a local where the town library is. "Just in front of the post office," says the local. The newcomer nods, and follows up: "But where is the post office?"
"Why, that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reference |
Certainty(also known asepistemic certaintyorobjective certainty) is theepistemicproperty ofbeliefswhich a person has no rational grounds for doubting.[1]One standard way of defining epistemic certainty is that a belief is certain if and only if the person holding that belief could not be mistaken in holding that belief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certainty |
Thetheory of belief functions, also referred to asevidence theoryorDempster–Shafer theory(DST), is a general framework for reasoning with uncertainty, with understood connections to other frameworks such asprobability,possibilityandimprecise probability theories. First introduced byArthur P. Dempster[1]in the context o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempster%E2%80%93Shafer_theory |
"Further research is needed" (FRIN), "more research is needed" and other variants of similar phrases are commonly used inresearch papers. Theclichéis so common that it has attracted research, regulation and cultural commentary.
Someresearch journalshave banned the phrase "more research is needed" on the grounds that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_research_is_needed |
Inmathematics,fuzzy sets(also known asuncertain sets) aresetswhoseelementshave degrees of membership. Fuzzy sets were introduced independently byLotfi A. Zadehin 1965 as an extension of the classical notion of set.[1][2]At the same time,Salii (1965)defined a more general kind of structure called an "L-relation", which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set_theory |
A Treatise on Probability,[1]published byJohn Maynard Keynesin 1921, provides a much more general logic ofuncertaintythan the more familiar and straightforward 'classical' theories ofprobability.[notes 1][3][notes 2]This has since become known as a "logical-relationist" approach,[5][notes 3]and become regarded as the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Probability |
Morphological analysisorgeneral morphological analysisis a method for exploring possible solutions to a multi-dimensional, non-quantified complex problem. It was developed by Swiss astronomerFritz Zwicky.[1]General morphology has found use in fields includingengineering design,technological forecasting,organizational d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving) |
Inquantum mechanics,Schrödinger's catis athought experimentconcerningquantum superposition. In the thought experiment, a hypotheticalcatin a closed box may be considered to be simultaneously both alive and dead while it is unobserved, as a result of its fate being linked to a randomsubatomicevent that may or may not oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat |
Scientific consensusis the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of themajorityor thesupermajorityofscientistsin aparticular fieldof study at any particular time.[1][2]
Consensus is achieved throughscholarly communicationatconferences, thepublicationprocess, replication ofreproducibleresults by others, schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus |
Inphysics,statistical mechanicsis a mathematical framework that appliesstatistical methodsandprobability theoryto large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes calledstatistical physicsorstatistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in a wide variety of fields such asbiology,[1]neuroscience,[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics |
Subjective logicis a type ofprobabilistic logicthat explicitly takes epistemicuncertaintyand source trust into account. In general, subjective logic is suitable for modeling and analysing situations involving uncertainty and relatively unreliable sources.[1][2][3]For example, it can be used for modeling and analysingtr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_logic |
Ambiguity tolerance–intolerancerefers to a proposed aspect of personality that influences how individuals respond toambiguousstimuli, though whether it constitutes a distinct psychological trait is disputed.[1]Ambiguity may arise from being presented information that is unfamiliar or conflicting or when there is too mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_tolerance |
Antifragilityis a property of systems in which they benefit from shocks.
AntifragileorAnti-fragilemay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifragile_(disambiguation) |
TheCynefin framework(/kəˈnɛvɪn/kuh-NEV-in)[1]is aconceptual frameworkused to aiddecision-making.[2]Created in 1999 byDave Snowdenwhen he worked forIBM Global Services, it has been described as a "sense-makingdevice".[3][4]Cynefinis aWelshword for 'habitat'.[5]
Cynefin offers five decision-making contexts or "domains"—... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynefin_framework |
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt(FUD) is a manipulativepropagandatactic used in technology sales,marketing,public relations, politics,polling, andcults. FUD is generally a strategy to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious orfalse informationand is a manifestation of theappeal to fear.
In public policy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt |
Simplicityis the state or quality of beingsimple. Something easy to understand or explain seems simple, in contrast to something complicated. Alternatively, asHerbert A. Simonsuggests, something is simple orcomplexdepending on the way we choose to describe it.[1]In some uses, the label "simplicity" can implybeauty, pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Simplicity_Index |
TheGoldilocks principleis named by analogy to the children's story "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", in which a young girl named Goldilocks tastes three different bowls ofporridgeand finds she prefers porridge that is neither too hot nor too cold but has just the right temperature.[1]The concept of "just the right amou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks_process |
Theinnovation butterflyis ametaphorthat describes how seemingly minor perturbations (disturbances or changes) to project plans in a system connecting markets, demand, product features, and a firm's capabilities can steer the project, or an entire portfolio of projects, down an irreversible path in terms of technology a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_butterfly |
Aregular expression(shortened asregexorregexp),[1]sometimes referred to asrational expression,[2][3]is a sequence ofcharactersthat specifies amatch patternintext. Usually such patterns are used bystring-searching algorithmsfor "find" or "find and replace" operations onstrings, or forinput validation. Regular expression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#Implementations_and_running_times |
Phrase structure rulesare a type ofrewrite ruleused to describe a given language'ssyntaxand are closely associated with the early stages oftransformational grammar, proposed byNoam Chomskyin 1957.[1]They are used to break down a naturallanguagesentence into its constituent parts, also known assyntactic categories, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules |
TheSpirit Parser Frameworkis anobject orientedrecursive descentparser generatorframework implemented using templatemetaprogrammingtechniques.Expression templatesallow users to approximate the syntax ofextended Backus–Naur form(EBNF) completely inC++.[1]Parser objects are composed throughoperator overloadingand the resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Parser_Framework |
Pattern calculusbases all computation onpattern matchingof a very general kind. Likelambda calculus, it supports a
uniform treatment offunction evaluation. Also, it allows functions to be
passed as arguments and returned as results. In addition, pattern calculus supports
uniform access to the internal structure of arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_calculus |
glob()(/ɡlɒb/) is alibcfunction forglobbing, which is the archetypal use of pattern matching against thenames in a filesystem directorysuch that a name pattern is expanded into a list of names matching that pattern. Althoughglobbingmay now refer to glob()-style pattern matching of any string, not just expansion into a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
Insoftware, awildcard characteris a kind ofplaceholderrepresented by a singlecharacter, such as anasterisk(*), which can be interpreted as a number of literal characters or anempty string. It is often used in file searches so the full name need not be typed.[1]
Intelecommunications, a wildcard is a character that may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_character |
Analgorithmis fundamentally a set of rules or defined procedures that is typically designed and used to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems.
Broadly, algorithms define process(es), sets of rules, or methodologies that are to be followed in calculations, data processing, data mining, pattern recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical computer science, aset constraintis an equation or an inequation between sets ofterms.
Similar to systems of (in)equationsbetween numbers, methods are studied for solving systems of set constraints.
Different approaches admit different operators (like "∪", "∩", "\", and function application... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_constraint |
In thetheory of computation, a branch oftheoretical computer science, adeterministic finite automaton(DFA)—also known asdeterministic finite acceptor(DFA),deterministic finite-state machine(DFSM), ordeterministic finite-state automaton(DFSA)—is afinite-state machinethat accepts or rejects a givenstringof symbols, by ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton |
Incomputer science, in particular inautomata theory, atwo-way finite automatonis afinite automatonthat is allowed to re-read its input.
Atwo-way deterministic finite automaton(2DFA) is anabstract machine, a generalized version of thedeterministic finite automaton(DFA) which can revisit characters already processed. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_nondeterministic_finite_automaton |
Intheoretical computer science, anondeterministic Turing machine(NTM) is a theoretical model of computation whose governing rules specify more than one possible action when in some given situations. That is, an NTM's next state isnotcompletely determined by its action and the current symbol it sees, unlike adeterminist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine |
Automationdescribes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, mainly by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines.[1][2]Automation has been achieved by various means includingmechanical,hydrau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation |
Autonomous agency theory(AAT) is aviable system theory(VST) which models autonomous socialcomplex adaptive systems. It can be used to model the relationship between an agency and its environment(s), and these may include other interactive agencies. The nature of that interaction is determined by both the agency's exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_agency_theory |
TheGaia hypothesis(/ˈɡaɪ.ə/), also known as theGaia theory,Gaia paradigm, or theGaia principle, proposes that livingorganismsinteract with theirinorganicsurroundings onEarthto form asynergisticandself-regulatingcomplex systemthat helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions forlifeon the planet.
The Gaia hypothesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis |
The Human Use of Human Beingsis a book byNorbert Wiener, the founding thinker ofcyberneticstheory and an influential advocate ofautomation; it was first published in 1950 and revised in 1954. The text argues for the benefits of automation to society; it analyzes the meaning of productive communication and discusses way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings |
Industrial ecology(IE) is the study ofmaterialandenergy flowsthrough industrial systems. Theglobalindustrial economycan be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from theEarthand transform those resources intoby-products,productsandserviceswhich can be bought and sold to meet the needs of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology |
Principia Cyberneticais an international cooperation of scientists in the field ofcyberneticsandsystems science, especially known for their website, Principia Cybernetica. They have dedicated their organization to what they call "a computer-supported evolutionary-systemic philosophy, in the context of the transdiscipli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica |
Asuperorganism, orsupraorganism,[1]is a group ofsynergeticallyinteracting organisms of the samespecies. Acommunityof synergetically interacting organisms of different species is called aholobiont.
The term superorganism is used most often to describe a social unit ofeusocialanimals in whichdivision of labouris highly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganism |
Synergeticsis an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation andself-organizationofpatternsand structures inopen systemsfar fromthermodynamic equilibrium. It is founded byHermann Haken, inspired by thelasertheory. Haken's interpretation of the laser principles as self-organization ofnon-equilibrium systemspaved ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken) |
Tektology(sometimes transliterated astectology) is a term used byAlexander Bogdanovto describe a new universal science that consisted of unifying all social, biological and physical sciences by considering them as systems of relationships and by seeking the organizational principles that underlie all systems. Tektology... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektology |
Viable system theory(VST) concernscyberneticprocesses in relation to the development/evolution ofdynamical systems: it can be used to explainliving systems, which are considered to be complex andadaptive, can learn, and are capable of maintaining an autonomous existence, at least within the confines of their constraint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_system_theory |
Tactile technologyis the integration of multi-sensory triggers within physical objects, allowing "real world" interactions with technology. It is similar tohaptic technology, as both focus on touch interactions with technology, but whereas haptic is simulated touch, tactile is physical touch. Rather than using a digita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_technology |
Pressure measurementis the measurement of an appliedforceby afluid(liquidorgas) on a surface.Pressureis typically measured inunitsof force per unit ofsurface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure andvacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure mechanically are calledpress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement |
Thesensitivityof anelectronic device, such as acommunications systemreceiver, or detection device, such as aPIN diode, is the minimummagnitudeof inputsignalrequired to produce a specified output signal having a specifiedsignal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria. In general, it is the signal level required for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics) |
Atouch switchis a type ofswitchthat only has to be touched by an object to operate. It is used in manylampsand wall switches that have a metal exterior as well as on public computer terminals. Atouchscreenincludes an array of touch switches on a display.
A touch switch is the simplest kind oftactile sensor.
There are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_sensor |
Elastographyis any of a class ofmedical imagingdiagnostic methods that map theelastic propertiesandstiffnessofsoft tissue.[1][2]The main idea is that whether the tissue is hard or soft will give diagnostic information about the presence or status ofdisease. For example,canceroustumours will often be harder than the sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_imaging |
Ariadne's thread, named for the legend ofAriadne, is solving a problem which has multiple apparent ways to proceed—such as a physicalmaze, alogic puzzle, or anethical dilemma—through an exhaustive application of logic to all available routes. It is the particular method used that is able to follow completely through to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne%27s_thread_(logic) |
Inconstraint programmingandSAT solving,backjumping(also known asnon-chronological backtracking[1]orintelligent backtracking[2]) is an enhancement forbacktrackingalgorithmswhich reduces thesearch space. While backtracking always goes up one level in thesearch treewhen all values for a variable have been tested, backjump... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backjumping |
Backward chaining(orbackward reasoning) is aninferencemethod described colloquially as working backward from the goal. It is used inautomated theorem provers,inference engines,proof assistants, and otherartificial intelligenceapplications.[1]
Ingame theory, researchers apply it to (simpler)subgamesto find a solution t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_chaining |
Incomputer science, anenumeration algorithmis analgorithmthatenumeratesthe answers to acomputational problem. Formally, such an algorithm applies to problems that take an input and produce a list of solutions, similarly tofunction problems. For each input, the enumeration algorithm must produce the list of all solution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration_algorithm |
A standardSudokucontains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku_solving_algorithms |
Incomputer science, anLL parser(left-to-right,leftmost derivation) is atop-down parserfor a restrictedcontext-free language. It parses the input fromLeft to right, performingLeftmost derivationof the sentence.
An LL parser is called an LL(k) parser if it usesktokensoflookaheadwhen parsing a sentence. A grammar is call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser |
Incomputer science,LR parsersare a type ofbottom-up parserthat analysedeterministic context-free languagesin linear time.[1]There are several variants of LR parsers:SLR parsers,LALR parsers,canonical LR(1) parsers,minimal LR(1) parsers, andgeneralized LR parsers(GLR parsers). LR parsers can be generated by aparser gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser |
Incomputer science, aSimple LRorSLR parseris a type ofLR parserwith smallparse tablesand a relatively simple parser generator algorithm. As with other types of LR(1) parser, an SLR parser is quite efficient at finding the single correctbottom-up parsein a single left-to-right scan over the input stream, without guessw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_LR_parser |
Insoftware engineering,domain analysis, orproduct line analysis, is the process of analyzing relatedsoftwaresystems in adomainto find their common and variable parts. It is a model of wider business context for the system. The term was coined in the early 1980s by James Neighbors.[1][2]Domain analysis is the first pha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_analysis |
Incomputing, acompileris acomputer programthat transformssource codewritten in aprogramming languageor computer language (thesource language), into another computer language (thetarget language, often having a binary form known asobject codeormachine code). The most common reason for transforming source code is to crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_compiler_construction |
Incomputing, acompileris acomputer programthat transformssource codewritten in aprogramming languageor computer language (thesource language), into another computer language (thetarget language, often having a binary form known asobject codeormachine code). The most common reason for transforming source code is to crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_compiler_construction#Self-hosting_compilers |
Metacompilationis acomputationwhich involvesmetasystemtransitions (MST) from a computing machineMto a metamachineM'which controls, analyzes and imitates the work ofM.Semantics-based program transformation, such aspartial evaluationand supercompilation (SCP), is metacomputation. Metasystem transitions may be repeated, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacompilation |
Informal grammartheory, thedeterministic context-free grammars(DCFGs) are aproper subsetof thecontext-free grammars. They are the subset of context-free grammars that can be derived fromdeterministic pushdown automata, and they generate thedeterministic context-free languages. DCFGs are alwaysunambiguous, and are an im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_context-free_grammar |
Insoftware, aspell checker(orspelling checkerorspell check) is asoftware featurethat checks for misspellings in atext. Spell-checking features are often embedded insoftwareor services, such as aword processor,email client, electronicdictionary, orsearch engine.
Eye have a spelling chequer,It came with my Pea Sea.It pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spell_checker |
Link grammar(LG) is a theory ofsyntaxby Davy Temperley andDaniel Sleatorwhich builds relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in aphrase structurehierarchy. Link grammar is similar todependency grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, whereas link grammar m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_grammar |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.