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Incomputer science, acompiler-compilerorcompiler generatoris a programming tool that creates aparser,interpreter, orcompilerfrom some form of formal description of aprogramming languageand machine.
The most common type of compiler-compiler is called aparser generator.[1]It handles onlysyntactic analysis.
A formal des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser_generator |
Parsing,syntax analysis, orsyntactic analysisis a process of analyzing astringofsymbols, either innatural language,computer languagesordata structures, conforming to the rules of aformal grammarby breaking it into parts. The termparsingcomes from Latinpars(orationis), meaningpart (of speech).[1]
The term has slightly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookahead_(parsing) |
Lexical tokenizationis conversion of a text into (semantically or syntactically) meaningfullexical tokensbelonging to categories defined by a "lexer" program. In case of a natural language, those categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives, punctuations etc. In case of a programming language, the categories includeiden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_scanner |
Aword listis a list of words in alexicon, generally sorted by frequency of occurrence (either bygraded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled bylexical frequency analysiswithin a giventext corpus, and is used incorpus linguisticsto investigate genealogies and evolution of languages and texts. A word whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_frequency_analysis |
Inlinguistics,lexicalizationis the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language'slexicon.
Whetherword formationandlexicalizationrefer to the same process is controversial within the field of linguistics. Most linguists agree that there is a distinction, but there are many ideas of what the dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicalization |
This is a list of notablelexer generatorsandparser generatorsfor various language classes.
Regular languagesare a category of languages (sometimes termedChomsky Type 3) which can be matched by a state machine (more specifically, by adeterministic finite automatonor anondeterministic finite automaton) constructed from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parser_generators |
This article lists notableprogram transformationsystemsby alphabetical order: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_program_transformation_systems |
Incomputer science,program synthesisis the task to construct aprogramthatprovablysatisfies a given high-levelformal specification. In contrast toprogram verification, the program is to be constructed rather than given; however, both fields make use of formal proof techniques, and both comprise approaches of different d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_synthesis |
Atransformation languageis acomputer languagedesigned to transform some input text in a certainformal languageinto a modified output text that meets some specific goal[clarification needed].
Program transformation systemssuch asStratego/XT,TXL,Tom,DMS, andASF+SDFall have transformation languages as a major component.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_language |
Operation Reduction for Low Poweris anASICprogram transformationtechnique used to reduce the power consumed by a specific application. A program transformation is any operation that changes the computational structure such as nature and type of computational models, their interconnections, sequencing of operations keep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_reduction_for_low_power |
Parsing,syntax analysis, orsyntactic analysisis a process of analyzing astringofsymbols, either innatural language,computer languagesordata structures, conforming to the rules of aformal grammarby breaking it into parts. The termparsingcomes from Latinpars(orationis), meaningpart (of speech).[1]
The term has slightly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser |
Innatural language processing,semantic role labeling(also calledshallow semantic parsingorslot-filling) is the process that assigns labels to words or phrases in a sentence that indicates theirsemantic rolein the sentence, such as that of anagent, goal, or result.
It serves to find the meaning of the sentence. To do t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling |
Inpsycholinguistics,language processingrefers to the way humans usewordstocommunicateideas and feelings, and how such communications areprocessedand understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the samegrammaticalunderstanding or systematicity in even human'sclo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_processing |
Neurolinguisticsis the study ofneuralmechanisms in thehuman brainthat control the comprehension, production, and acquisition oflanguage. As an interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such asneuroscience,linguistics,cognitive science,communication disordersandneuropsychology. Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics |
Linguistic predictionis a phenomenon inpsycholinguisticsoccurring whenever information about a word or other linguistic unit is activated before that unit is actually encountered. Evidence fromeyetracking,event-related potentials, and other experimental methods indicates that in addition to integrating each subsequent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_in_language_comprehension |
Psycholinguisticsorpsychology of languageis the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.[1]The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms by which language is processed and represented in the mind and brain; that is, thepsychologicalandneurobiologicalfactors that enablehu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics |
Readingis the process of taking in the sense or meaning ofsymbols, often specifically those of awrittenlanguage, by means ofsightortouch.[1][2][3][4]
For educators andresearchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition,orthography(spelling),alphabetics,phonics,phonemic awareness, vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading |
Reading comprehensionis the ability to process written text,understandits meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows.[1][2][3][4]Readingcomprehensionrelies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension.[5]Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multiface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension |
Speech perceptionis the process by which the sounds oflanguageare heard, interpreted, and understood. The study ofspeechperception is closely linked to the fields ofphonologyandphoneticsinlinguisticsandcognitive psychologyandperceptioninpsychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_perception |
Incomputer programming,feature-oriented programming(FOP) orfeature-oriented software development(FOSD) is aprogramming paradigmfor program generation insoftware product lines(SPLs) and for incremental development of programs.
FOSD arose out of layer-based designs and levels of abstraction in network protocols and exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-oriented_programming |
GitHub Copilotis acode completionandautomatic programmingtool developed byGitHubandOpenAIthat assists users ofVisual Studio Code,Visual Studio,Neovim, andJetBrainsintegrated development environments(IDEs) byautocompletingcode.[1]Currently available by subscription to individual developers and to businesses, thegenerati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub_Copilot |
Language-oriented programming(LOP)[1]is a software-development paradigm where "language" is a software building block with the same status as objects, modules and components,[2]and rather than solving problems ingeneral-purpose programming languages, the programmer creates one or moredomain-specific languages(DSLs) for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-oriented_programming |
Semantic translationis the process of usingsemanticinformation to aid in the translation of data in one representation ordata modelto another representation or data model.[1]Semantic translation takes advantage of semantics that associate meaning with individualdata elementsin onedictionaryto create an equivalent meani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_translation |
Afourth-generation programming language(4GL) is ahigh-levelcomputerprogramming languagethat belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement uponthird-generation programming languages(3GL). Each of theprogramming language generationsaims to provide a higher level ofabstractionof the internalcomputer hardwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language |
Alow-code development platform(LCDP) provides a development environment used to createapplication software, generally through agraphical user interface(as opposed to only writing code, though some coding is possible and may be required). A low-coded platform may produce entirely operational applications, or require add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-code_development_platform |
Emergent Codingis adecentralizedsoftware developmentparadigm employing a type ofsoftware componentthat cannot be copied or reused with the objective of achieving both workable developer specialization, and a practical software components market.[1][2]
Emergent Coding is adecentralizedsoftware developmentparadigm emplo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_Coding |
In amultitaskingcomputersystem,processesmay occupy a variety ofstates. These distinct states may not be recognized as such by theoperating systemkernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_state |
Incomputing, acontext switchis the process of storing the state of aprocessorthread, so that it can be restored and resumeexecutionat a later point, and then restoring a different, previously saved, state.[1]This allows multiple processes to share a singlecentral processing unit(CPU), and is an essential feature of a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch |
Inartificial intelligence,action description language(ADL) is anautomated planning and schedulingsystem in particular for robots. It is considered an advancement ofSTRIPS. Edwin Pednault (a specialist in the field of data abstraction and modelling who has been an IBM Research Staff Member in the Data Abstraction Resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_description_language |
Theactor modelincomputer scienceis amathematical modelofconcurrent computationthat treats anactoras the basic building block of concurrent computation. In response to amessageit receives, an actor can: make local decisions, create more actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model |
TheInternational Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling(ICAPS) is a leading internationalacademic conferenceinautomated planning and schedulingheld annually for researchers and practitioners in planning and scheduling.[2][3][4]ICAPS is supported by theNational Science Foundation, the journalArtificial Intellig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Automated_Planning_and_Scheduling |
Inartificial intelligence,reactive planningdenotes a group of techniques foraction selectionbyautonomous agents. These techniques differ fromclassical planningin two aspects. First, they operate in a timely fashion and hence can cope with highly dynamic and unpredictableenvironments. Second, they compute just one next ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_planning |
Ingame theory, amove,action, orplayis any one of the options which a player can choose in a setting where the optimal outcome dependsnot onlyon their own actionsbuton the actions of others.[1]The discipline mainly concerns the action of a player in a game affecting the behavior or actions of other players. Some example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory) |
Arduino(/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an Italianopen-source hardwareandsoftwarecompany, project, and user community that designs and manufacturessingle-board microcontrollersandmicrocontrollerkits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under aCC BY-SA license, while the software is licensed under theGNU L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino |
Incomputer science, theevent loop(also known asmessage dispatcher,message loop,message pump, orrun loop) is a programming construct ordesign patternthat waits for and dispatcheseventsormessagesin aprogram. The event loop works by making a request to some internal or external "event provider" (that generallyblocksthe re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_loop |
Incomputing,preemptionis the act performed by an externalscheduler— without assistance or cooperation from the task — of temporarilyinterruptinganexecutingtask, with the intention of resuming it at a later time.[1]: 153This preemptive scheduler usually runs in the most privilegedprotection ring, meaning that interrupti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing) |
Earliest deadline first(EDF) orleast time to gois a dynamic priorityscheduling algorithmused inreal-time operating systemsto place processes in apriority queue. Whenever a scheduling event occurs (task finishes, new task released, etc.) the queue will be searched for the process closest to its deadline. This process is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling |
Anoperating system(OS) issystem softwarethat managescomputer hardwareandsoftwareresources, and provides commonservicesforcomputer programs.
Time-sharingoperating systemsschedule tasksfor efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation ofprocessor time,mass storage, peripherals,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system |
niceis a program found onUnixandUnix-likeoperating systemssuch asLinux. It directly maps to akernelcallof the same name.niceis used to invoke autilityorshell scriptwith a particularCPU priority, thus giving theprocessmore or less CPU time than other processes. A niceness of -20 is the lowest niceness, or highest priori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_(Unix) |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis callednon-blockingif failure orsuspensionof anythreadcannot cause failure or suspension of another thread;[1]for some operations, these algorithms provide a useful alternative to traditionalblocking implementations. A non-blocking algorithm islock-freeif there is guaranteed system-wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-blocking_synchronization |
Incomputing,preemptionis the act performed by an externalscheduler— without assistance or cooperation from the task — of temporarilyinterruptinganexecutingtask, with the intention of resuming it at a later time.[1]: 153This preemptive scheduler usually runs in the most privilegedprotection ring, meaning that interrupti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking |
In mostUnixandUnix-like operating systems, theps(process status) program displays the currently-runningprocesses. The related Unix utilitytopprovides a real-time view of the running processes.
KolibriOSincludes an implementation of thepscommand.[1]Thepscommand has also been ported to theIBM ioperating system.[2]InWin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps_(Unix) |
TheEhrenfest model(ordog–flea model) ofdiffusionwas proposed byTatianaandPaul Ehrenfestto explain thesecond law of thermodynamics.[1][2]The model considersNparticles in two containers. Particles independently change container at a rateλ. IfX(t) =iis defined to be the number of particles in one container at timet, then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest_model |
Theerlang(symbolE[1]) is adimensionless unitthat is used intelephonyas a measure ofoffered loador carried load on service-providing elements such as telephone circuits or telephone switching equipment. A singlecord circuithas the capacity to be used for 60 minutes in one hour. Full utilization of that capacity, 60 minu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_unit |
Line managementrefers to themanagementofemployeeswho are directly involved in the production or delivery ofproducts,goodsand/orservices. As the interface between anorganisationand its front-lineworkforce, line management represents the lowest level of management within an organisationalhierarchy(as distinct fromtop/exe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_management |
Project production management(PPM)[1][2]is the application ofoperations management[2][3]to the delivery of capital projects. The PPM framework is based on aprojectas aproduction systemview,[1][2][3]in which a project transforms inputs (raw materials, information, labor, plant & machinery) into outputs (goods and servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_production_management |
Queue areasare places in which people queue (first-come, first-served) for goods or services. Such a group of people is known as aqueue(Britishusage) orline(Americanusage), and the people are said to be waiting or standingin a queueorin line, respectively. (In theNew York Cityarea, the phraseon lineis often used in pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_area |
Intelecommunicationsandcomputer engineering, thequeuing delayis the time a job waits in aqueueuntil it can be executed. It is a key component ofnetwork delay. In a switched network, queuing delay is the time between the completion of signaling by the call originator and the arrival of a ringing signal at the call recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queueing_delay |
Queue areasare places in which people queue (first-come, first-served) for goods or services. Such a group of people is known as aqueue(Britishusage) orline(Americanusage), and the people are said to be waiting or standingin a queueorin line, respectively. (In theNew York Cityarea, the phraseon lineis often used in pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_management_system |
TheQueuing Rule of Thumb (QROT)is a mathematical formula known as the queuing constraint equation when it is used to find an approximation of servers required to service aqueue. The formula is written as aninequalityrelating the number of servers (s), total number of service requestors (N), service time (r), and the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queuing_Rule_of_Thumb |
Random early detection(RED), also known asrandom early discardorrandom early drop, is aqueuing disciplinefor anetwork schedulersuited forcongestion avoidance.[1]
In the conventionaltail dropalgorithm, arouteror othernetwork componentbuffers as many packets as it can, and simply drops the ones it cannot buffer. If buff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_early_detection |
Traffic congestionis a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicularqueueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s, resulting in many of the roads becoming obsolete.[2]When traffic demand is great enough that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_jam |
Ingraph theory, aflow network(also known as atransportation network) is adirected graphwhere each edge has acapacityand each edge receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge. Often inoperations research, a directed graph is called anetwork, the vertices are callednodesand the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_network |
Deadline-monotonic priority assignmentis a priority assignment policy used withfixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling.
With deadline-monotonicpriorityassignment,tasksare assigned priorities according to theirdeadlines. The task with the shortest deadline is assigned the highest priority.[1]This priority assignment poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline-monotonic_scheduling |
DDC-I, Inc.is aprivately held companyproviding software development ofreal-time operating systems,software development tools, and software services forsafety-criticalembedded applications, headquartered inPhoenix, Arizona. It was first created in 1985 as the Danish firmDDC International A/S(also known asDDC-I A/S), a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deos |
Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems(RTEMS), formerlyReal-Time Executive for Missile Systems, and thenReal-Time Executive for Military Systems, is areal-time operating system(RTOS) designed forembedded systems. It isfree and open-source software.
Development began in the late 1980s with early versions availa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTEMS |
Inqueueing theory, a discipline within the mathematicaltheory of probability,Kingman's formula, also known as the VUT equation, is an approximation for the mean waiting time in aG/G/1 queue.[1]The formula is the product of three terms which depend on utilization (U), variability (V) and service time (T). It was first p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman%27s_formula |
Advanced planning and scheduling(APS, also known asadvanced manufacturing) refers to amanufacturing management processby whichraw materialsand production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand.[1]APS is especially well-suited to environments where simpler planning methods cannot adequately address complex trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_planning_and_scheduling |
AGantt chartis abar chartthat illustrates aproject schedule.[1]It was designed and popularized byHenry Ganttaround the years 1910–1915.[2][3]Modern Gantt charts also show thedependencyrelationships between activities and the current schedule status.
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart[4][5]that illustrates a project ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart |
Kanban(Japanese:かんばん[kambaɴ]meaningsignboard) is aschedulingsystem forlean manufacturing(also called just-in-time manufacturing, abbreviated JIT).[2]Taiichi Ohno, anindustrial engineeratToyota, developed kanban to improve manufacturing efficiency.[3]The system takes its name from the cards that track production within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban |
Manufacturing process management(MPM) is a collection of technologies and methods used to define how products are to be manufactured. MPM differs fromERP/MRPwhich is used to plan the ordering of materials and other resources, set manufacturing schedules, and compile cost data.[1]
A cornerstone of MPM is the central re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management |
Single-machine schedulingorsingle-resource schedulingis anoptimization problemincomputer scienceandoperations research. We are givennjobsJ1,J2, ...,Jnof varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as thethroughput.
Single-machine schedulin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine_scheduling |
Inproject management, ascheduleis a listing of aproject'smilestones,activities, anddeliverables. Usuallydependenciesand resources are defined for each task, then start and finish dates areestimatedfrom theresource allocation,budget, task duration, and scheduled events. A schedule is commonly used in theproject plann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_(project_management) |
Binary Modular Dataflow Machine(BMDFM) is a software package that enables running an application in parallel on shared memorysymmetric multiprocessing(SMP) computers using the multiple processors to speed up the execution of single applications. BMDFM automatically identifies and exploits parallelism due to the static ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_Modular_Dataflow_Machine |
Cellular multiprocessingis amultiprocessingcomputing architecturedesigned initially forIntelcentral processing unitsfromUnisys, a worldwide information technology consulting company.
It consists of the partitioning of processors into separate computing environments running different operating systems. Providing up to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_multiprocessing |
Incomputer architecturealocaleis an abstraction of the concept of a localized set of hardware resources which are close enough to enjoy uniform memory access.[1]
For instance, on acomputer clustereach node may be considered a locale given that there is one instance of the operating system and uniform access to memory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale_(computer_hardware) |
Massively parallelis the term for using a large number ofcomputer processors(or separate computers) to simultaneously perform a set of coordinated computationsin parallel.GPUsare massively parallel architecture with tens of thousands of threads.
One approach isgrid computing, where theprocessing powerof many computers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_parallel |
Simultaneous multithreading(SMT) is a technique for improving the overall efficiency ofsuperscalarCPUswithhardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independentthreadsof execution to better use the resources provided by modernprocessor architectures.
The termmultithreadingis ambiguous, because not only can multiple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading |
Xeon Phi[3]is a discontinued series ofx86manycore processorsdesigned and made byIntel. It was intended for use in supercomputers, servers, and high-end workstations. Its architecture allowed use of standard programming languages andapplication programming interfaces(APIs) such asOpenMP.[4][5]
Xeon Phi launched in 2010... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon_Phi |
The3B series computers[1][2]are a line of minicomputers[3]made between the late 1970s and 1993 byAT&T Computer Systems'Western Electricsubsidiary, for use with the company'sUNIXoperating system. The line primarily consists of the models 3B20, 3B5, 3B15, 3B2, and 3B4000. The series is notable for controlling a series of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3B20C |
Inoperating systems, agiant lock, also known as abig-lockorkernel-lock, is alockthat may be used in thekernelto provideconcurrency controlrequired bysymmetric multiprocessing(SMP) systems.
A giant lock is a solitary global lock that is held whenever athreadenterskernel spaceand released when the thread returns touser ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_lock |
Heterogeneous computingrefers to systems that use more than one kind of processor orcore. These systems gain performance orenergy efficiencynot just by adding the same type of processors, but by adding dissimilarcoprocessors, usually incorporating specialized processing capabilities to handle particular tasks.[1]
Usua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing |
Amulti-core processor(MCP) is amicroprocessoron a singleintegrated circuit(IC) with two or more separatecentral processing units(CPUs), calledcoresto emphasize their multiplicity (for example,dual-coreorquad-core). Each core reads and executesprogram instructions,[1]specifically ordinaryCPU instructions(such as add, mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_(computing) |
CPU shieldingis a practice where on a multiprocessor system or on a CPU with multiple cores,real-timetasks can run on one CPU or core while non-real-time tasks run on another.
Theoperating systemmust be able to set aCPU affinityfor bothprocessesandinterrupts.
InLinuxin order to shieldCPUsfrom individual interrupts be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_shielding |
Incomputing,CUDA(ComputeUnifiedDeviceArchitecture) is a proprietary[2]parallel computingplatform andapplication programming interface(API) that allows software to use certain types ofgraphics processing units(GPUs) for accelerated general-purpose processing, an approach called general-purpose computing on GPUs. CUDA wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA |
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units(GPGPU, or less oftenGPGP) is the use of agraphics processing unit(GPU), which typically handles computation only forcomputer graphics, to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by thecentral processing unit(CPU).[1][2][3][4]The use of multiplevid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPGPU |
Hyper-threading(officially calledHyper-Threading TechnologyorHT Technologyand abbreviated asHTTorHT) isIntel'sproprietarysimultaneous multithreading(SMT) implementation used to improveparallelization of computations(doing multiple tasks at once) performed onx86microprocessors. It was introduced onXeonserverprocessorsin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-threading |
TheMulticore Associationwas founded in 2005. Multicore Association is a member-funded,non-profit,industryconsortiumfocused on the creation ofopen standardAPIs,specifications, and guidelines that allow system developers andprogrammersto more readily adopt multicore technology into theirapplications.
Theconsortiumprovid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicore_Association |
OpenCL C 3.0 revision V3.0.11[6]
C++ for OpenCL 1.0 and 2021[7]
OpenCL(Open Computing Language) is aframeworkfor writing programs that execute acrossheterogeneousplatforms consisting ofcentral processing units(CPUs),graphics processing units(GPUs),digital signal processors(DSPs),field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL |
Incomputer science, aparallel random-access machine(parallel RAMorPRAM) is ashared-memoryabstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended as the parallel-computing analogy to therandom-access machine(RAM) (not to be confused withrandom-access memory).[1]In the same way that the RAM is used by sequential-al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_random_access_machine |
Arace conditionorrace hazardis the condition of anelectronics,software, or othersystemwhere the system's substantive behavior isdependenton the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events, leading to unexpected or inconsistent results. It becomes abugwhen one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition |
Incomputer science, athreadofexecutionis the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by ascheduler, which is typically a part of theoperating system.[1]In many cases, a thread is a component of aprocess.
The multiple threads of a given process may be executedconcurrently(via mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science) |
Incomputing,dataflowis a broad concept, which has various meanings depending on the application and context. In the context ofsoftware architecture, data flow relates tostream processingorreactive programming.
Dataflow computingis a software paradigm based on the idea of representing computations as adirected graph, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow |
Incomputer architecture,Amdahl's law(orAmdahl's argument[1]) is a formula that shows how much faster a task can be completed when more resources are added to the system.
The law can be stated as:
"the overall performance improvement gained by optimizing a single part of a system is limited by the fraction of time tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law |
Asuperscalar processor(ormultiple-issue processor[1]) is aCPUthat implements a form ofparallelismcalledinstruction-level parallelismwithin a single processor.[2]In contrast to ascalar processor, which can execute at most one single instruction per clock cycle, a superscalar processor can execute or start executing more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar |
Ininformation technologyandcomputer science, especially in the fields ofcomputer programming,operating systems,multiprocessors, anddatabases,concurrency controlensures that correct results forconcurrentoperations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible.
Computer systems, bothsoftwareandhardw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_control#Concurrency_control_mechanisms |
In the fields ofdatabasesandtransaction processing(transaction management), aschedule(orhistory) of a system is an abstract model to describe the order ofexecutionsin a set of transactions running in the system. Often it is alistof operations (actions) ordered by time, performed by a set oftransactionsthat are executed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction_schedule#Serializable |
OpenACC(foropen accelerators) is a programming standard forparallel computingdeveloped byCray, CAPS,NvidiaandPGI. The standard is designed to simplify parallel programming ofheterogeneousCPU/GPUsystems.[1]
As inOpenMP, the programmer can annotateC,C++andFortransource codeto identify the areas that should be accelerate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenACC |
Input/output completion port(IOCP) is anAPIfor performing multiple simultaneousasynchronous input/outputoperations inWindows NTversions 3.5 and later,[1]AIX[2]and onSolaris10 and later.[3]An input/output completion port object is created and associated with a number ofsocketsorfile handles. When I/O services are reques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output_completion_port |
TheC10k problemis the problem of optimizingnetwork socketsto handle a large number of clients at the same time.[1]The name C10k is anumeronymforconcurrentlyhandling ten thousand connections.[2]Handling many concurrent connections is a different problem from handling manyrequests per second: the latter requires high thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10k_problem |
Incomputer science, atask,joborprocessis said to beCPU-bound(orcompute-bound) when the time it takes for it to complete is determined principally by the speed of thecentral processor. The term can also refer to the condition acomputerrunning such a workload is in, in which its processor utilization is high, perhaps at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU-bound |
Memory boundrefers to a situation in which the time to complete a givencomputational problemis decided primarily by the amount of freememoryrequired to hold the workingdata. This is in contrast to algorithms that arecompute-bound, where the number of elementary computation steps is the deciding factor.
Memory and comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-bound_function |
Adisplay deviceis anoutput devicefor presentation ofinformationinvisual[1]ortactileform (the latter used for example intactile electronic displaysfor blind people).[2]When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal the display is called anelectronic display.
Common applications forelectronic visua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_device |
Aperipheral device, or simplyperipheral, is an auxiliaryhardwaredevice that acomputeruses to transfer information externally.[1]A peripheral is a hardware component that is accessible to and controlled by a computer but is not a core component of the computer.
A peripheral can be categorized based on the direction in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral |
Lists of record labelscoverrecord labels, brands or trademarks associated with marketing of music recordings and music videos. The lists are organized alphabetically, by genre, by company and by location.
Record production portal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels |
Network,networkingandnetworkedmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_(disambiguation) |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number offile archivers. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. They are neither all-inclusive nor are some entries necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in the footnotes section, comparisons are based on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_archivers |
This is a list of file formats used byarchiversandcompressorsused to createarchive files.
Archive formats are used for backups, mobility, andarchiving. Many archive formatscompressthe data to consume less storage space and result in quicker transfer times as the same data is represented by fewer bytes. Another benefit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archive_formats |
This is a list of file formats used byarchiversandcompressorsused to createarchive files.
Archive formats are used for backups, mobility, andarchiving. Many archive formatscompressthe data to consume less storage space and result in quicker transfer times as the same data is represented by fewer bytes. Another benefit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_archive_formats |
Incomputing, anapertureis a portion ofphysical addressspace (i.e.physical memory) that is associated with a particularperipheral deviceor amemoryunit. Apertures may reach external devices such asROMorRAMchips, or internal memory on theCPUitself.
Typically, a memory device attached to a computer accepts addresses start... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(computer_memory) |
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