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Unified Parallel C(UPC) is an extension of theC programming languagedesigned forhigh-performance computingon large-scaleparallel machines, including those with a common globaladdress space(SMPandNUMA) and those withdistributed memory(e. g.clusters). Theprogrammeris presented with a singlepartitioned global address spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C |
Thebulk synchronous parallel(BSP)abstract computeris abridging modelfor designingparallel algorithms. It is similar to theparallel random access machine(PRAM) model, but unlike PRAM, BSP does not take communication and synchronization for granted. In fact, quantifying the requisite synchronization and communication is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_synchronous_parallel |
SequenceLis a general purposefunctional programminglanguage andauto-parallelizing(Parallel computing) compiler and tool set, whose primary design objectives are performance onmulti-core processorhardware, ease of programming, platform portability/optimization, and code clarity and readability. Its main advantage is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SequenceL |
Non-uniform memory access(NUMA) is acomputer memorydesign used inmultiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its ownlocal memoryfaster than non-local memory (memory local to another processor or memory shared between processo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access |
Cache only memory architecture(COMA) is acomputer memoryorganization for use inmultiprocessorsin which the local memories (typicallyDRAM) at each node are used as cache. This is in contrast to using the local memories as actual main memory, as inNUMAorganizations.
In NUMA, each address in the global address space is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache-only_memory_architecture |
Abackground processis acomputer processthat runsbehind the scenes(i.e., in the background) and without user intervention.[1]Typical tasks for these processes include logging, system monitoring, scheduling,[2]and user notification.[3]
On aWindowssystem, a background process is either acomputer programthat does not crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_process |
Acode caveis a series of unused bytes in aprocess's memory. The code cave inside a process's memory is often a reference to a section that has capacity for injecting custom instructions.
The concept of a code cave is often employed byhackersandreverse engineersto executearbitrary codein a compiled program. It can be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_cave |
Achild process(CP) in computing is aprocesscreated by another process (theparent process). This technique pertains tomultitasking operating systems, and is sometimes called asubprocessor traditionally asubtask.
There are two major procedures for creating a child process: thefork system call(preferred inUnix-likesystem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_process |
On many computeroperating systems, acomputer processterminates itsexecutionby making anexitsystem call. More generally, an exit in amultithreadingenvironment means that athreadof execution has stopped running. Forresource management, theoperating systemreclaimsresources(memory,files, etc.) that were used by the process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(system_call) |
Incomputing, particularly in the context of theUnixoperating system andits workalikes,forkis an operation whereby aprocesscreates a copy of itself. It is an interface which is required for compliance with thePOSIXandSingle UNIX Specificationstandards. It is usually implemented as aC standard librarywrapperto the fork, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(system_call) |
In computeroperating systems, alight-weight process(LWP) is a means of achievingmultitasking. In the traditional meaning of the term, as used inUnix System VandSolaris, a LWP runs inuser spaceon top of a singlekernel threadand shares itsaddress spaceand system resources with other LWPs within the sameprocess. Multipleu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-weight_process |
Anorphan processis acomputer processwhoseparent processhas finished orterminated, though it remains running itself.
In aUnix-likeoperating systemany orphaned process will be immediately adopted by an implementation-defined system process: the kernel sets the parent to this process. This operation is calledre-parenting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_process |
In computing, aparent processis a process that has created one or morechild processes.
InUnix-likeoperating systems, every process exceptprocess 0(the swapper) is created when another process executes thefork()system call. The process that invoked fork is theparent processand the newly created process is thechild proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_process |
In aPOSIX-conformantoperating system, aprocess groupdenotes a collection of one or moreprocesses.[1]Among other things, a process group is used to control the distribution of asignal;
when a signal is directed to a process group, the signal is delivered to each process that is a member of the group.[2]
Similarly, ases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group |
Incomputeroperating systems, aprocess(ortask) maywaitfor another process to complete its execution. In most systems, aparent processcan create an independently executingchild process. The parent process may then issue awaitsystem call, which suspends the execution of the parent process while the child executes. When th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_(system_call) |
Incomputing, theworking directoryof aprocessis adirectoryof ahierarchical file system, if any,[nb 1]dynamically associated with the process. It is sometimes called thecurrent working directory (CWD), e.g. theBSDgetcwd[1]function, or justcurrent directory.[2]When a process refers to a file using apaththat is arelative p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_directory |
OnUnixandUnix-likecomputeroperating systems, azombie processordefunct processis aprocessthat has completed execution (via theexitsystem call) but still has an entry in theprocess table: it is a process in the "terminated state". This occurs for thechild processes, where the entry is still needed to allow theparent proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process |
Programming languagesare used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often acomputer). Likenatural languages, programming languages follow rules forsyntaxandsemantics.
There arethousands of programming languages[1]and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages |
Thehistory of programming languagesspans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools forsoftware development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying onmathematical notationand similarly obscuresyntax.[1]Throughout the 20th century, research incompilertheory led to the creation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_programming_languages |
This is an index to notableprogramming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects ofBASIC(which havetheir own page),esoteric programming languages, andmarkup languagesare not included. A programming language does not need to beimperativeorTuring-complete, but must beexecutableand so does not includemarkup langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages |
This is a list of notableprogramming languages, grouped by type.
The groupings are overlapping; not mutually exclusive. A language can be listed in multiple groupings.
Agent-oriented programming allows the developer to build, extend and usesoftware agents, which are abstractions of objects that can message other agen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type |
In mathematics, especially inalgebraic geometryand the theory ofcomplex manifolds,coherent sheavesare a class ofsheavesclosely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to asheaf of ringsthat codifies this geometric information.
Coherent sheav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_sheaf |
Inmathematics, agerbe(/dʒɜːrb/;French:[ʒɛʁb]) is a construct inhomological algebraandtopology. Gerbes were introduced byJean Giraud(Giraud 1971) following ideas ofAlexandre Grothendieckas a tool for non-commutativecohomologyin degree 2. They can be seen as an analogue offibre bundleswhere the fibre is theclassifying st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbe |
Inmathematicsastackor2-sheafis, roughly speaking, asheafthat takes values incategoriesrather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions ofdescent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks whenfine moduli spacesdo not exist.
Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of situations wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(mathematics) |
In algebraic topology, apresheaf of spectraon atopological spaceXis a contravariant functor from the category of open subsets ofX, where morphisms are inclusions, to thegood category of commutative ring spectra. A theorem of Jardine says that such presheaves form asimplicial model category, whereF→Gis a weak equivalenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_of_spectra |
The mathematical termperverse sheavesrefers to the objects of certainabelian categoriesassociated totopological spaces, which may be a real or complexmanifold, or more generaltopologically stratified spaces, possibly singular.
The concept was introduced in the work ofJoseph Bernstein,Alexander Beilinson, andPierre Del... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_sheaf |
Incategory theory, a branch ofmathematics, apresheafon acategoryC{\displaystyle C}is afunctorF:Cop→Set{\displaystyle F\colon C^{\mathrm {op} }\to \mathbf {Set} }. IfC{\displaystyle C}is theposetofopen setsin atopological space, interpreted as a category, then one recovers the usual notion ofpresheafon a topological spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presheaf_of_spaces |
Inmathematics, aconstructible sheafis asheafofabelian groupsover sometopological spaceX, such thatXis the union of a finite number oflocally closed subsetson each of which the sheaf is alocally constant sheaf. It has its origins inalgebraic geometry, where inétale cohomologyconstructible sheaves are defined in a simila... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_sheaf |
Inmathematics,de Rham cohomology(named afterGeorges de Rham) is a tool belonging both toalgebraic topologyand todifferential topology, capable of expressing basic topological information aboutsmooth manifoldsin a form particularly adapted to computation and the concrete representation ofcohomology classes. It is acohom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham%27s_theorem |
Chapel, theCascade High Productivity Language, is aparallel programming languagethat was developed byCray,[3]and later byHewlett Packard Enterprisewhich acquired Cray. It was being developed as part of the Cray Cascade project, a participant inDARPA'sHigh Productivity Computing Systems(HPCS) program, which had the goal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language) |
Coarray Fortran(CAF), formerly known asF--, started as an extension ofFortran95/2003 forparallel processingcreated by Robert Numrich and John Reid in the 1990s. TheFortran 2008standard (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010) now includescoarrays(spelled without hyphen), as decided at the May 2005 meeting of the ISO Fortran Committee; th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarray_Fortran |
Fortressis a discontinued experimentalprogramming languageforhigh-performance computing, created bySun Microsystemswith funding fromDARPA'sHigh Productivity Computing Systemsproject. One of the language designers wasGuy L. Steele Jr., whose previous work includesScheme,Common Lisp, andJava.
The name "Fortress" was int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language) |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis callednon-blockingif failure orsuspensionof anythreadcannot cause failure or suspension of another thread;[1]for some operations, these algorithms provide a useful alternative to traditionalblocking implementations. A non-blocking algorithm islock-freeif there is guaranteed system-wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm |
Structured programmingis aprogramming paradigmaimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of acomputer programby making specific disciplined use of the structuredcontrol flowconstructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (whileandfor),block structures, andsubroutines.
It emerged in the late 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming |
Data parallelismis parallelization across multiple processors inparallel computingenvironments. It focuses on distributing the data across different nodes, which operate on the data in parallel. It can be applied on regular data structures like arrays and matrices by working on each element in parallel. It contrasts to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_parallelism |
DOACROSSparallelismis aparallelizationtechnique used to performLoop-level parallelismby utilizingsynchronisationprimitives between statements in a loop. This technique is used when a loop cannot be fully parallelized byDOALL parallelismdue to data dependencies between loop iterations, typically loop-carried dependenci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOACROSS_parallelism |
Task parallelism(also known asfunction parallelismandcontrol parallelism) is a form ofparallelizationofcomputer codeacross multipleprocessorsinparallel computingenvironments. Task parallelism focuses on distributingtasks—concurrently performed byprocessesorthreads—across different processors. In contrast todata parall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_parallelism |
Incomputer science,distributed memoryrefers to amultiprocessor computer systemin which eachprocessorhas its own privatememory.[1]Computational tasks can only operate on local data, and if remote data are required, the computational task must communicate with one or more remote processors. In contrast, ashared memorymul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_memory |
TheMessage Passing Interface(MPI) is a portablemessage-passingstandard designed to function onparallel computingarchitectures.[1]The MPI standard defines thesyntaxandsemanticsoflibrary routinesthat are useful to a wide range of users writingportablemessage-passing programs inC,C++, andFortran. There are severalopen-sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface |
SISAL(Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language) is ageneral-purposesingle assignmentfunctionalprogramming languagewithstrict semantics,implicit parallelism, and efficientarrayhandling.
SISAL outputs adataflowgraph in Intermediary Form 1 (IF1). It was derived from the Value-oriented Algorithmic Language (V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISAL |
Inparallelcomputer architectures, asystolic arrayis a homogeneousnetworkof tightly coupleddata processing units(DPUs) called cells ornodes. Each node or DPU independently computes a partial result as a function of the data received from its upstream neighbours, stores the result within itself and passes it downstream. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_array |
Incomputer architecture, atransport triggered architecture(TTA) is a kind ofprocessordesign in which programs directly control the internal transportbusesof a processor. Computation happens as a side effect of data transports: writing data into atriggering portof afunctional unittriggers the functional unit to start a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture |
Asystem on a chip(SoC) is anintegrated circuitthat combines most or all key components of acomputerorelectronic systemonto a single microchip.[1]Typically, an SoC includes acentral processing unit(CPU) withmemory,input/output, anddata storagecontrol functions, along with optional features like agraphics processing unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip |
The term is used for two different things:
Extremely large datasets may be divided between co-operating systems as in-memorydata grids.
PIM could be implemented by:[4]
In-memory processing techniques are frequently used by modern smartphones and tablets to improve application performance. This can result in speedie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-memory_computing |
Incomputing, avector processororarray processoris acentral processing unit(CPU) that implements aninstruction setwhere itsinstructionsare designed to operate efficiently and effectively on largeone-dimensional arraysof data calledvectors. This is in contrast toscalar processors, whose instructions operate on single dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor |
Single instruction, multiple data(SIMD) is a type ofparallel processinginFlynn's taxonomy. SIMD describes computers withmultiple processing elementsthat perform the same operation on multiple data points simultaneously. SIMD can be internal (part of the hardware design) and it can be directly accessible through aninstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data |
Acomputer clusteris a set ofcomputersthat work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlikegrid computers, computer clusters have eachnodeset to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The newest manifestation of cluster computing iscloud computing.
The components of a cluster ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster |
Asystem on a chip(SoC) is anintegrated circuitthat combines most or all key components of acomputerorelectronic systemonto a single microchip.[1]Typically, an SoC includes acentral processing unit(CPU) withmemory,input/output, anddata storagecontrol functions, along with optional features like agraphics processing unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip |
Incomputer architecture,cache coherenceis the uniformity of shared resource data that is stored in multiplelocal caches. In a cache coherent system, if multiple clients have a cached copy of the same region of a shared memory resource, all copies are the same. Without cache coherence, a change made to the region by one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherency |
Inparallel computing, anembarrassingly parallelworkload or problem (also calledembarrassingly parallelizable,perfectly parallel,delightfully parallelorpleasingly parallel) is one where little or no effort is needed to split the problem into a number of parallel tasks.[1]This is due to minimal or no dependency upon comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel |
Automatic parallelization, alsoauto parallelization, orautoparallelizationrefers to converting sequentialcodeintomulti-threadedand/orvectorizedcode in order to use multiple processors simultaneously in a shared-memorymultiprocessor(SMP) machine.[1]Fully automatic parallelization of sequential programs is a challenge be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_parallelization |
Incomputer science, abridging modelis an abstract model of acomputerwhich provides aconceptual bridgebetween the physical implementation of the machine and the abstraction available to aprogrammerof that machine; in other words, it is intended to provide a common level of understanding betweenhardwareandsoftwareenginee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_model |
Thedegree of parallelism(DOP) is a metric which indicates how manyoperationscan be or are being simultaneously executed by a computer. It is used as an indicator of the complexity ofalgorithms, and is especially useful for describing the performance ofparallel programsandmulti-processorsystems.[1]
A program running on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_parallelism |
Incomputer programming,explicit parallelismis the representation of concurrent computations using primitives in the form of operators, function calls or special-purpose directives.[1]Most parallel primitives are related to process synchronization, communication and process partitioning.[2]As they seldom contribute to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_parallelism |
This article lists concurrent andparallel programming languages, categorizing them by a definingparadigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages providesynchronizationconstructs whose behavior is defined by a parallelexecution model. Aconcurrent programming languageis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concurrent_and_parallel_programming_languages |
Anoptoelectronic systemis basically ahybridsystem that exploits both the advantages ofelectronicandoptical communication.[1][2]Various models of optoelectronicparallel computershave been proposed in recent years.Optical Multi-Trees with Shuffle Exchange(OMTSE) using both electronic and optical links among processors.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Multi-Tree_with_Shuffle_Exchange |
In computer science, aparallel external memory (PEM) modelis acache-aware, external-memoryabstract machine.[1]It is the parallel-computing analogy to the single-processorexternal memory(EM) model. In a similar way, it is the cache-aware analogy to theparallel random-access machine(PRAM). The PEM model consists of a num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_external_memory_(Model) |
Indatabasesandtransaction processing,two-phase locking(2PL) is a pessimisticconcurrency controlmethod that guaranteesconflict-serializability.[1][2]It is also the name of the resulting set ofdatabase transactionschedules(histories). The protocol useslocks, applied by a transaction to data, which may block (interpreted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-phase_locking |
Indatabases, andtransaction processing(transaction management),snapshot isolationis a guarantee that all reads made in atransactionwill see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_isolation#Making_Snapshot_Isolation_Serializable |
Indatabases, andtransaction processing(transaction management),snapshot isolationis a guarantee that all reads made in atransactionwill see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_isolation |
Inconcurrency controlofdatabases,transaction processing(transaction management), and other transactionaldistributed applications,global serializability(ormodular serializability) is a property of aglobal scheduleoftransactions. A global schedule is the unifiedscheduleof all the individual database (and othertransaction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_serializability |
Zero ASIC Corporation, formerlyAdapteva, Inc., is afablesssemiconductorcompanyfocusing on low powermany coremicroprocessordesign. The company was the second company to announce a design with 1,000 specialized processing cores on a singleintegrated circuit.[1][2]
Adapteva was founded in 2008 with the goal of bringing a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapteva |
Michael David May(born 24 February 1951) is a Britishcomputer scientist. He is a Professor in theDepartment of Computer Scienceat theUniversity of Bristoland founder ofXMOS Semiconductor, serving until February 2014 as thechief technology officer.[1]
May waslead architectfor thetransputer. As of 2017, he holds 56 pate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_May_(computer_scientist) |
Easeis a general purposeparallelprogramming language. It is designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, a researcher atYale University, the Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering in Silicon Valley, California, theEcole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, and thePierre and Marie Curie University, the science departme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ease_(programming_language) |
IEEE Standard 1355-1995,IEC 14575, orISO 14575is adata communicationsstandard for Heterogeneous Interconnect (HIC).
IEC 14575is a low-cost, low latency, scalable serial interconnection system, originally intended for communication between large numbers of inexpensive computers.
IEC 14575lacks many of the complexities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1355 |
Inmos International plc(trademarkINMOS) and two operating subsidiaries, Inmos Limited (UK) and Inmos Corporation (US), was a Britishsemiconductorcompany founded byIann Barron, Richard Petritz, and Paul Schroeder in July 1978. Inmos Limited’s head office and design office were atAztec Westbusiness park inBristol, Englan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmos |
iWarpwas an experimentalparallelsupercomputerarchitecture developed as a joint project byIntelandCarnegie Mellon University. The project started in 1988, as a follow-up to CMU's previousWARPresearch project, in order to explore building an entire parallel-computing "node" in a singlemicroprocessor, complete with memory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWarp |
Meiko Scientific Ltd.was a Britishsupercomputercompany based inBristol, founded by members of the design team working on theInmostransputermicroprocessor.
In 1985, when Inmos management suggested the release of the transputer be delayed, Miles Chesney, David Alden, Eric Barton, Roy Bottomley, James Cownie, and Gerry T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiko_Computing_Surface |
NEC SXdescribes a series ofvectorsupercomputersdesigned, manufactured, and marketed byNEC. This computer series is notable for providing the first computer to exceed 1 gigaflop,[1][2]as well as the fastest supercomputer in the world between 1992–1993, and 2002–2004.[3]The current model, as of 2018, is theSX-Aurora TSUB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX_architecture |
Duncan's taxonomyis a classification ofcomputer architectures, proposed by Ralph Duncan in 1990.[1]Duncan suggested modifications toFlynn's taxonomy[2]to include pipelined vector processes.[3]
The taxonomy was developed during 1988-1990 and was first published in 1990. Its original categories are indicated below.
Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_vector_processors |
Incomputing, acompute kernelis a routine compiled for high throughputaccelerators(such asgraphics processing units(GPUs),digital signal processors(DSPs) orfield-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs)), separate from but used by a main program (typically running on acentral processing unit). They are sometimes calledcompute sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compute_kernel |
Incomputer science,stream processing(also known asevent stream processing,data stream processing, ordistributed stream processing) is aprogramming paradigmwhich viewsstreams, or sequences of events in time, as the central input and output objects ofcomputation. Stream processing encompassesdataflow programming,reactive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processing |
Automatic vectorization, inparallel computing, is a special case ofautomatic parallelization, where acomputer programis converted from ascalarimplementation, which processes a single pair ofoperandsat a time, to avectorimplementation, which processes one operation on multiple pairs of operands at once. For example, mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_vectorization |
Incomputing,chainingis a technique used in computer architecture in whichscalarandvectorregisters generateinterimresults which can be used immediately, without additional memory references which reduce computational speed.[1]
The chaining technique was first used bySeymour Crayin the 80 MHzCray 1 supercomputerin 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaining_(vector_processing) |
Withincomputer engineeringandcomputer science, acomputer for operations with (mathematical) functions(unlike the usualcomputer) operates withfunctionsat thehardwarelevel (i.e. without programming these operations).[1][2][3]
A computing machine for operations with functions was presented and developed by Mikhail Kartse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_for_operations_with_functions |
RISC-V[b](pronounced "risk-five"[2]: 1) is anopen standardinstruction set architecture(ISA) based on establishedreduced instruction set computer(RISC) principles. The project commenced in 2010 at theUniversity of California, Berkeley. It transferred to the RISC-V Foundation in 2015, and from there to RISC-V Internation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V |
RISC-V[b](pronounced "risk-five"[2]: 1) is anopen standardinstruction set architecture(ISA) based on establishedreduced instruction set computer(RISC) principles. The project commenced in 2010 at theUniversity of California, Berkeley. It transferred to the RISC-V Foundation in 2015, and from there to RISC-V Internation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V#Vector_set |
Abarrel processoris aCPUthat switches betweenthreadsof execution on everycycle. ThisCPU designtechnique is also known as "interleaved" or "fine-grained"temporal multithreading. Unlikesimultaneous multithreadingin modernsuperscalararchitectures, it generally does not allow execution of multiple instructions in one cycle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_processor |
Tensor Processing Unit(TPU) is anAI acceleratorapplication-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) developed byGoogleforneural networkmachine learning, using Google's ownTensorFlowsoftware.[2]Google began using TPUs internally in 2015, and in 2018 made them available forthird-partyuse, both as part of its cloud infrastructur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit |
Thehistory of supercomputinggoes back to the 1960s when a series of computers atControl Data Corporation(CDC) were designed bySeymour Crayto use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.[1]TheCDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer.[2][3]H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_supercomputing |
Approaches tosupercomputer architecturehave taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Earlysupercomputerarchitectures pioneered bySeymour Crayrelied on compact innovative designs and localparallelismto achieve superior computational peak performance.[1]However, in time the demand for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer_architecture |
This is a non-exhaustivelist ofhairstyles, excludingfacial hairstyles.
The style required that the hair were combed back around the sides of the head. The teeth edge of a comb was then used to define a central parting flowing from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hairstyles |
Aprotective hairstyleis a term predominantly used to describe hairstyles suitable forAfro-textured hairwhose purpose is to reduce the risk of hairs breaking off short. These hairstyles are designed to minimize manipulation and exposure of the hair to environmental elements. Factors such as extreme temperatures, humidit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_hairstyle |
Braids(also referred to asplaits) are a complex hairstyle formed by interlacing three or more strands of hair.[1]Braiding has never been specific to any one part of the world, ethnic type, hair type or culture, but has been used to style and ornament human and animal hair for thousands of years world-wide[2]in various ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle) |
Box braidsare a type of hair-braiding style that is predominantly popular among African people and theAfrican diaspora. This type of hairstyle is a "protective style" (a style which can be worn for a long period of time to let natural hair grow and protect the ends of the hair) and is "boxy", consisting of square-shape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_braids |
Infolklore,fairy-locks(orelflocks) are the result offairiestangling andknottingthe hairs of sleeping children and the manes of beasts as the fairies play in and out of their hair at night.[1]
The concept is first attested in English inShakespeare'sRomeo and JulietinMercutio's speech of the many exploits ofQueen Mab, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elflock |
Cornrows(also calledcanerows) are a style of three-strandbraidsin which the hair is braided very close to the scalp, using an underhand, upward motion to make a continuous, raised row.[1]Cornrows are often done in simple, straight lines, as the term implies, but they can also be styled in elaborate geometric or curvili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornrows |
AFrench braid, also called aFrench plait, is a type ofbraidedhairstyle. The three-strand gathered plait includes three sections of hair that are braided together from the crown of the head to the nape of the neck.
In the simplest form of three-strandbraid, all the hair is initially divided into three sections, which a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_braid |
Polish plait(Latin:Plica polonica,Polish:Kołtun polskiorplika,Kołtunin Polish meaning matted), less commonly known in English asplicaortrichoma, is a particular formation ofhair. This term can refer to either a hairstyle or a medical condition, depending on context. The term is connected to a system of beliefs inEurope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_plait |
Inpolitics,gridlockordeadlockorpolitical stalemateis a situation when there is difficulty passinglawsthat satisfy the needs of the people. A government is gridlocked when the ratio betweenbillspassed and theagendaof thelegislaturedecreases. Gridlock can occur when twolegislative houses, or theexecutive branchand the le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridlock_(politics) |
Many words in the English vocabulary are ofFrenchorigin, most coming from theAnglo-Normanspoken by theupper classesin England for several hundred years after theNorman Conquest, before the language settled into what becameModern English. Englishwords of French origin, such asart,competition,force,money, andtableare pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_expressions_in_English |
AMexican standoffis a confrontation where no strategy exists that allows any party to achieve victory.[1][2]Anyone initiating aggression might trigger their own demise. At the same time, the parties are unable to extract themselves from the situation without either negotiating a truce or suffering a loss, maintaining s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_standoff |
Ingame theory, theNash equilibriumis the most commonly usedsolution conceptfornon-cooperative games. A Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies fixed).[1]The idea of Nash equilibrium dates back to the time ofCournot, who in 1838 app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium |
Anobstacle(also called abarrier,impediment, orstumbling block) is an object, thing, action or situation that causes anobstruction.[1]A obstacle blocks or hinders our way forward. Different types of obstacles include physical,economic,biopsychosocial, cultural, political, technological and military.
As physical obstacl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle |
Stalemateis a situation inchesswhere the player whose turn it is to move is not incheckand has no legal move. Stalemate results in adraw. During theendgame, stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose.[2]In more complex positions, stalemate is much rar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalemate |
Adatabase transactionsymbolizes aunit of work, performed within adatabase management system(or similar system) against adatabase, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction |
Dekker's algorithmis the first known correct solution to themutual exclusionproblem inconcurrent programmingwhere processes only communicate via shared memory. The solution is attributed toDutchmathematicianTh. J. DekkerbyEdsger W. Dijkstrain an unpublished paper on sequential process descriptions[1]and his manuscript ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekker%27s_algorithm |
TheEisenberg & McGuire algorithmis an algorithm for solving the critical sections problem, a general version of thedining philosophers problem. It was described in 1972 byMurray A. EisenbergandMichael R. McGuire.
All then-processes share the following variables:
The variableturnis set arbitrarily to a number between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenberg_%26_McGuire_algorithm |
Lamport's bakery algorithmis a computeralgorithmdevised by computer scientistLeslie Lamport, as part of his long study of theformal correctnessofconcurrent systems, which is intended to improve the safety in the usage of shared resources among multiplethreadsby means ofmutual exclusion.
Incomputer science, it is commo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%27s_bakery_algorithm |
Peterson's algorithm(orPeterson's solution) is aconcurrent programmingalgorithmformutual exclusionthat allows two or more processes to share a single-use resource without conflict, using only shared memory forcommunication. It was formulated byGary L. Petersonin 1981.[1]While Peterson's original formulation worked with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson%27s_algorithm |
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