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Szymański's Mutual Exclusion Algorithmis amutual exclusion algorithmdevised by computer scientist Dr.Bolesław Szymański, which has many favorable properties including linear wait,[1][2]and which extension[3]solved the open problem posted byLeslie Lamport[4]whether there is an algorithm with a constant number of communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyma%C5%84ski%27s_algorithm |
Incomputer architecture, thetest-and-setCPUinstruction(or instruction sequence) is designed to implementmutual exclusioninmultiprocessorenvironments. Although a correctlockcan be implemented with test-and-set, thetest and test-and-setoptimization lowersresource contentioncaused by bus locking, especiallycache coherency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_and_Test-and-set |
Incomputer programming, aprogramming idiom,code idiomor simplyidiomis acodefragment having asemantic role[1]which recurs frequently acrosssoftwareprojects. It often expresses a special feature of a recurringconstructin one or moreprogramming languages,frameworksorlibraries. This definition is rooted in the linguistic d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
Insoftware engineering, theinitialization-on-demand holder(design pattern) idiom is alazy-loadedsingleton. In all versions of Java, the idiom enables a safe, highly concurrent lazy initialization of static fields with good performance.[1][2]
The implementation of the idiom relies on the initialization phase of executi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization-on-demand_holder_idiom |
Incomputer science, areaders–writer(single-writerlock,[1]amulti-readerlock,[2]apush lock,[3]or anMRSW lock) is asynchronizationprimitive that solves one of thereaders–writers problems. An RW lock allowsconcurrentaccess for read-only operations, whereas write operations require exclusive access. This means that multiple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writer_lock |
Inconcurrent computing,deadlockis any situation in which no member of some group of entities can proceed because each waits for another member, including itself, to take action, such as sending a message or, more commonly, releasing alock.[1]Deadlocks are a common problem inmultiprocessingsystems,parallel computing, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science) |
The Java programming language'sJava Collections Frameworkversion 1.5 and later defines and implements the original regular single-threaded Maps, and
also new thread-safe Maps implementing thejava.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMapinterface among other concurrent interfaces.[1]In Java 1.6, thejava.util.NavigableMapinterface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_ConcurrentMap#Lock-free_atomicity |
Properties of an execution of a computer program—particularly forconcurrentanddistributed systems—have long been formulated by givingsafety properties("bad things don't happen") andliveness properties("good things do happen").[1]
A program istotally correctwith respect to apreconditionP{\displaystyle P}andpostconditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveness |
Incomputer science,resource starvationis a problem encountered inconcurrent computingwhere aprocessis perpetually denied necessaryresourcesto process its work.[1]Starvation may be caused by errors in a scheduling ormutual exclusionalgorithm, but can also be caused byresource leaks, and can be intentionally caused via a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_starvation |
Incomputer science,communicating sequential processes(CSP) is aformal languagefor describingpatternsof interaction inconcurrent systems.[1]It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras, orprocess calculi, based onmessage passingviachannels. CSP was highly influential in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes |
Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare(/hɔːr/; born 11 January 1934), also known asC. A. R. Hoare, is a Britishcomputer scientistwho has made foundational contributions toprogramming languages,algorithms,operating systems,formal verification, andconcurrent computing.[3]His work earned him theTuring Award, usually regarded as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare |
Inconcurrent programming, an operation (or set of operations) islinearizableif it consists of an ordered list ofinvocationand responseevents, that may be extended by adding response events such that:
Informally, this means that the unmodified list of events is linearizableif and only ifits invocations were serializabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomicity_(programming) |
Inlogicandprobability theory, two events (or propositions) aremutually exclusiveordisjointif they cannot both occur at the same time. A clear example is the set of outcomes of a single coin toss, which can result in either heads or tails, but not both.
In the coin-tossing example, both outcomes are, in theory,collecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_exclusive_events |
Incomputer science, thereentrant mutex(recursive mutex,recursive lock) is a particular type ofmutual exclusion(mutex) device that may be locked multiple times by the sameprocess/thread, without causing adeadlock.
While any attempt to perform the "lock" operation on an ordinary mutex (lock) would either fail or block w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentrant_mutex |
Insoftware engineering, aspinlockis alockthat causes athreadtrying to acquire it to simply wait in aloop("spin") while repeatedly checking whether the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind ofbusy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock |
Incomputer science,load-linked/store-conditional[1](LL/SC), sometimes known asload-reserved/store-conditional[2](LR/SC), are a pair ofinstructionsused inmultithreadingto achievesynchronization. Load-link returns the current value of amemory location, while a subsequent store-conditional to the same memory location will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-link/store-conditional |
Incomputing,schedulingis the action of assigningresourcesto performtasks. The resources may beprocessors,network linksorexpansion cards. The tasks may bethreads,processesor dataflows.
The scheduling activity is carried out by a mechanism called ascheduler. Schedulers are often designed so as to keep all computer resou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduler_pattern |
Thebalking patternis asoftware design patternthat only executes an action on anobjectwhen the object is in a particular state. For example, if an object readsZIPfiles and a calling method invokes a get method on the object when the ZIP file is not open, the object would "balk" at the request. In theJavaprogramming lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balking_pattern |
Incomputer science, thereaders–writers problemsare examples of a common computing problem inconcurrency.[1]There are at least three variations of the problems, which deal with situations in which many concurrentthreadsof execution try to access the same shared resource at one time.
Some threads may read and some may w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writers_problem |
Alight-weight Linux distributionis aLinux distributionthat uses lower memory and processor-speed requirements than a more "feature-rich" Linux distribution. The lower demands on hardware ideally result in amore responsive machine, and allow devices with fewersystem resources(e.g. older orembedded hardware) to be used p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution |
Theusage share of an operating systemis the percentage ofcomputersrunning thatoperating system(OS). These statistics are estimates as wide scale OS usage data is difficult to obtain and measure. Reliable primary sources are limited and data collection methodology is not formally agreed. Currently devices connected to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems |
ThePick Operating System, also known as thePick Systemor simplyPick,[1]is ademand-paged,multi-user,virtual memory,time-sharingcomputeroperating systembased around aMultiValue database. Pick is used primarily for businessdata processing. It is named after one of its developers, Dick Pick.[2][3]
The term "Pick system" h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICK_OS |
This is an alphabetical list of notable technology terms. It includes terms with notable applications in computing, networking, and other technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technology_terms |
Free Range RoutingorFRRoutingorFRRis anetwork routingsoftware suiterunning onUnix-likeplatforms, particularlyLinux,Solaris,OpenBSD,FreeBSDandNetBSD. It was created as aforkfromQuagga, which itself was a fork ofGNU Zebra. FRRouting is distributed under the terms of theGNU General Public License v2(GPL2).
FRR provides i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRRouting |
NCOSis thegraphical user interface-basedoperating systemdeveloped for use inOracle Corporation'sNetwork Computers, which are discontinued.[1]It was adapted byAcorn Computersfrom its ownRISC OS,[2][3]which was originally developed for their range ofArchimedesdesktop computers. It shares withRISC OSthe same 4 MBROMsize a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Computer_Operating_System |
Network functions virtualization(NFV)[1]is anetwork architectureconcept that leverages ITvirtualizationtechnologies to virtualize entire classes ofnetwork nodefunctions into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create and deliver communication services.
NFV relies upon traditional server-virtualizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_functions_virtualization |
TheSoftware for Open Networking in the Cloudor alternatively abbreviated and stylized asSONiC, is afree and open sourcenetwork operating systembased onLinux. It was originally developed byMicrosoftand theOpen Compute Project. In 2022, Microsoft ceded oversight of the project to theLinux Foundation, who will continue to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system) |
Object-oriented analysis and design(OOAD) is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application, system, or business by applyingobject-oriented programming, as well as using visual modeling throughout thesoftware development processto guide stakeholder communication and product quality.
OOAD in modern sof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_design |
ICAD(Corporate history: ICAD, Inc., Concentra (name change atIPOin 1995), KTI (name change in 1998),Dassault Systèmes(purchase in 2001) ([1]) is aknowledge-based engineering(KBE) system that enables users to encode design knowledge using a semantic representation that can be evaluated forParasolidoutput. ICAD has an op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAD_(software) |
Orphaned technologyrefers tocomputer technologiesthat have been abandoned by their original developers. As opposed todeprecation, which tends to be a gradual shift away from an older technology to newer technology, orphaned technology is usually abandoned immediately or with no direct replacement.[1]Unlikeabandonware, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_technology |
This is a list ofutilitiesfor performingdisk partitioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software |
Anoptical disc image(orISO image, from theISO 9660file system used withCD-ROMmedia) is adisk imagethat contains everything that would be written to anoptical disc,disk sectorby disc sector, including the optical discfile system.[3]ISO images contain the binary image of an optical mediafile system(usuallyISO 9660and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_image |
Inmathematics, amultiset(orbag, ormset) is a modification of the concept of asetthat, unlike a set,[1]allows for multiple instances for each of itselements. The number of instances given for each element is called themultiplicityof that element in the multiset. As a consequence, an infinite number of multisets exist th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisets |
Quantum mechanicsis the fundamental physicaltheorythat describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale ofatoms.[2]: 1.1It is the foundation of allquantum physics, which includesquantum chemistry,quantum field theory,quantum technology, andquantum informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics |
Set theoryis the branch ofmathematical logicthat studiessets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch ofmathematics– is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole.
The modern study of se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_set_theory |
Inmathematics, for a functionf:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}, theimageof an input valuex{\displaystyle x}is the single output value produced byf{\displaystyle f}when passedx{\displaystyle x}. Thepreimageof an output valuey{\displaystyle y}is the set of input values that producey{\displaystyle y}.
More generally, evaluat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)#Properties |
Naive set theoryis any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of thefoundations of mathematics.[3]Unlikeaxiomatic set theories, which are defined usingformal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, innatural language. It describes the aspects ofmathematical setsfamiliar indiscrete mathematics(for exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_set_theory |
Inmathematics, atopological spaceis, roughly speaking, ageometrical spacein whichclosenessis defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numericdistance. More specifically, a topological space is asetwhose elements are calledpoints, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space#Definitions |
Non-well-founded set theoriesare variants ofaxiomatic set theorythat allow sets to be elements of themselves and otherwise violate the rule ofwell-foundedness. In non-well-founded set theories, thefoundation axiomofZFCis replaced by axioms implying its negation.
The study of non-well-founded sets was initiated byDmitr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-well-founded_set_theory |
Infirst-order logic, a first-order theory is given by asetof axioms in some
language. This entry lists some of the more common examples used inmodel theoryand some of their properties.
For every natural mathematical structure there is asignatureσ listing the constants, functions, and relations of the theory together ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first-order_theories#Set_theories |
Inmathematics, thecategory of topological spaces, often denotedTop, is thecategorywhoseobjectsaretopological spacesand whosemorphismsarecontinuous maps. This is a category because thecompositionof two continuous maps is again continuous, and the identity function is continuous. The study ofTopand of properties oftopol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_topological_spaces |
Incategory theory, asmall setis one in a fixeduniverseofsets(as the worduniverseis used in mathematics in general). Thus, thecategory of small setsis thecategoryof all sets one cares to consider. This is used when one does not wish to bother withset-theoreticconcerns of what is and what is not considered a set, which c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_set_(category_theory) |
Inmathematics, thecategory of measurable spaces, often denotedMeas, is thecategorywhoseobjectsaremeasurable spacesand whosemorphismsaremeasurable maps.[1][2][3][4]This is a category because thecompositionof two measurable maps is again measurable, and the identity function is measurable.
N.B. Some authors reserve the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_measurable_spaces |
In mathematics, theElementary Theory of the Category of SetsorETCSis a set ofaxiomsforset theoryproposed byWilliam Lawverein 1964.[1]Although it was originally stated in the language ofcategory theory, as Leinster pointed out, the axioms can be stated without references to category theory.
ETCS is a basic example ofst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_Theory_of_the_Category_of_Sets |
Informal semantics, ageneralized quantifier(GQ) is an expression that denotes aset of sets. This is the standard semantics assigned toquantifiednoun phrases. For example, the generalized quantifierevery boydenotes the set of sets of which every boy is a member:{X∣∀x(xis a boy→x∈X)}{\displaystyle \{X\mid \forall x(x{\t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_quantifier |
Inmathematics, afamily, orindexed family, is informally a collection of objects, each associated with an index from someindex set. For example, a family ofreal numbers, indexed by the set ofintegers, is a collection of real numbers, where a given function selects one real number for each integer (possibly the same) as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_family |
Inmathematical logic,Russell's paradox(also known asRussell's antinomy) is aset-theoretic paradoxpublished by theBritishphilosopherandmathematician,Bertrand Russell, in 1901.[1][2]Russell's paradox shows that everyset theorythat contains anunrestricted comprehension principleleads to contradictions.[3]According to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox |
Defuzzificationis the process of producing a quantifiable result incrisp logic, givenfuzzy setsand corresponding membership degrees. It is the process that maps a fuzzy set to a crisp set.
It is typically needed infuzzy controlsystems. These systems will have a number of rules that transform a number of variables into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defuzzification |
Afuzzy conceptis an idea of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all.[1]This means the idea is somewhatvagueor imprecise.[2]Yet it is not unclear or meaningless. It has a definite meaning, which can be made more exact only thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Fuzzy mathematicsis the branch ofmathematicsincludingfuzzy set theoryandfuzzy logicthat deals with partial inclusion of elements in a set on a spectrum, as opposed to simple binary "yes" or "no" (0 or 1) inclusion. It started in 1965 after the publication ofLotfi Asker Zadeh's seminal workFuzzy sets.[1]Linguisticsis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_mathematics |
Fuzzy set operationsare a generalization ofcrisp setoperationsforfuzzy sets. There is in fact more than one possible generalization. The most widely used operations are calledstandard fuzzy set operations; they comprise:fuzzy complements,fuzzy intersections, andfuzzy unions.
Let A and B be fuzzy sets that A,B ⊆ U, u ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set_operations |
Fuzzy subalgebrastheory is a chapter offuzzy set theory. It is obtained from an interpretation in a multi-valued logic of axioms usually expressing the notion ofsubalgebraof a givenalgebraic structure.
Consider a first order language for algebraic structures with amonadic predicatesymbol S. Then afuzzy subalgebrais af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_subalgebra |
Linear partial information (LPI)is a method of making decisions based on insufficient orfuzzy information. LPI was introduced in 1970 by Polish–Swiss mathematicianEdward Kofler(1911–2007) to simplifydecisionprocesses. Compared toother methodsthe LPI-fuzziness isalgorithmicallysimple and particularly indecision making, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_partial_information |
In the field ofartificial intelligence, the designationneuro-fuzzyrefers to combinations ofartificial neural networksandfuzzy logic.
Neuro-fuzzy hybridization results in ahybrid intelligent systemthat combines the human-like reasoning style of fuzzy systems with the learning andconnectioniststructure of neural network... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-fuzzy |
Rough fuzzy hybridizationis a method ofhybrid intelligent systemorsoft computing, whereFuzzy settheory is used for linguistic representation of patterns, leading to afuzzy granulationof thefeature space.Rough settheory is used to obtain dependency rules which model informative regions in the granulated feature space.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fuzzy_hybridization |
Incomputer science, arough set, first described byPolishcomputer scientistZdzisław I. Pawlak, is a formal approximation of acrisp set(i.e., conventional set) in terms of a pair of sets which give thelowerand theupperapproximation of the original set. In the standard version of rough set theory described in Pawlak (1991... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_set |
TheDice-Sørensen coefficient(see below for other names) is a statistic used to gauge the similarity of twosamples. It was independently developed by the botanistsLee Raymond Dice[1]andThorvald Sørensen,[2]who published in 1945 and 1948 respectively.
The index is known by several other names, especiallySørensen–Dice in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rensen_similarity_index |
Type-2 fuzzy sets and systemsgeneralize standardType-1 fuzzy setsandsystemsso that more uncertainty can be handled. From the beginning of fuzzy sets, criticism was made about the fact that the membership function of a type-1 fuzzy set has no uncertainty associated with it, something that seems to contradict the wordfuz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-2_fuzzy_sets_and_systems |
This is aglossary of mereology.Mereologyis the philosophical study of part-whole relationships, also called parthood relationships.[1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mereology |
Inmereology, an area ofmetaphysics, the termgunkapplies to any whole whose parts all have further proper parts. That is, a gunky object is not made of indivisibleatomsorsimples. Because parthood istransitive, any part of gunk is itself gunk. The term was first used byDavid Lewisin his workParts of Classes(1991),[1]in w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunk_(mereology) |
Holismis the interdisciplinary idea thatsystemspossess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.[1][2][3]The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed toAristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal.[4]The concept of holism can inform the me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism |
Aholonis something that is simultaneously a whole in and of itself, as well as a part of a larger whole. In this way, a holon can be considered asubsystemwithin a largerhierarchicalsystem.[1]
The holon represents a way to overcome thedichotomy between parts and wholes, as well as a way to account for both theself-asse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holon_(philosophy) |
Implicate orderandexplicate orderareontologicalconcepts forquantum theorycoined bytheoretical physicistDavid Bohmduring the early 1980s. They are used to describe two different frameworks for understanding the same phenomenon or aspect of reality. In particular, the concepts were developed in order to explain the bizar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicate_and_explicate_order |
George Spencer-Brown(2 April 1923 – 25 August 2016) was an Englishpolymathbest known as the author ofLaws of Form. He described himself as a "mathematician, consulting engineer,psychologist, educational consultant and practitioner, consultingpsychotherapist, author, and poet".[1]
Born inGrimsby, Lincolnshire, England,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Spencer-Brown |
Inphilosophy,mereological essentialismis amereologicalthesis about the relationship between wholes, their parts, and the conditions of their persistence. According to mereological essentialism, objects have their parts necessarily. If an object were to lose or gain a part, it would no longer be the original object.
Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereological_essentialism |
Inphilosophy,mereological nihilism(also calledcompositional nihilism) is themetaphysicalthesis that there are no objects withproper parts. Equivalently, mereological nihilism says that mereologicalsimples, or objects without any proper parts, are the only material objects that exist.[dubious–discuss]Mereological nihili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereological_nihilism |
Informal ontology, a branch ofmetaphysics, and inontological computer science,mereotopologyis afirst-order theory, embodyingmereologicalandtopologicalconcepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and theboundariesbetween parts.
Mereotopology begins in philosophy with theories articulated byA. N. Whit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereotopology |
Ameronomyor is a hierarchicaltaxonomythat deals with part–whole relationships. For example, a car has parts that include engine, body and wheels; and the body has parts that include doors and windows.
These conceptual structures are used inlinguisticsandcomputer science, with applications inbiology. The part–whole rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronomy |
Inlinguistics,meronymy(fromAncient Greekμέρος(méros)'part'andὄνυμα(ónuma)'name') is asemantic relationbetween ameronymdenoting a part and aholonymdenoting a whole. In simpler terms, a meronym is in apart-ofrelationshipwith its holonym. For example,fingeris a meronym ofhand,which is its holonym. Similarly,engineis a mer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronymy |
The termmonad(fromAncient Greekμονάς(monas)'unity'andμόνος(monos)'alone')[1]is used in somecosmic philosophyandcosmogonyto refer to a most basic or original substance. As originally conceived by thePythagoreans, the Monad is thereforeSupreme Being,divinity, or the totality of all things. According to some philosophers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monad_(philosophy) |
Inmathematicsandlogic,plural quantificationis the theory that an individualvariablex may take onplural, as well as singular, values. As well as substituting individual objects such as Alice, the number 1, the tallest building in London etc. for x, we may substitute both Alice and Bob, or all the numbers between 0 and 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_quantification |
In contemporarymereology, asimpleorindivisible monomere(in mereology, not in chemistry) is any thing that has no proper parts. Sometimes the term "atom" is used, although in recent years[when?]the term "simple" has become the standard.
Simples are to be contrasted withatomless gunk(where something is "gunky" if it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_(philosophy) |
Compositional objectsare wholes instantiated by collections of parts. If anontologywishes to permit the inclusion of compositional objects it must define which collections ofobjectsare to be considered parts composing a whole.Mereology, the study of relationships between parts and their wholes, provides specifications ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(objects) |
Information Processing Language(IPL) is aprogramming languagecreated byAllen Newell,Cliff Shaw, andHerbert A. SimonatRAND Corporationand theCarnegie Institute of Technologyabout 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon had the job of application p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language |
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophyis a book (1919 first edition) by philosopherBertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within thefoundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy |
Intheoretical computer scienceabisimulationis abinary relationbetween statetransition systems, associating systems that behave in the same way in that one system simulates the other and vice versa.
Intuitively two systems are bisimilar if they, assuming we view them as playing agameaccording to some rules, match each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisimulation |
Incomputer science,coinductionis a technique for defining and proving properties of systems ofconcurrentinteractingobjects.
Coinduction is themathematicaldualtostructural induction.[citation needed]Coinductively defineddata typesare known ascodataand are typicallyinfinitedata structures, such asstreams.
As a definiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinduction |
In computer programming, ananamorphismis a function that generates a sequence by repeated application of the function to its previous result. You begin with some value A and apply a function f to it to get B. Then you apply f to B to get C, and so on until some terminating condition is reached. The anamorphism is the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphism |
Decoding Chomsky: Science and Revolutionary Politicsis a 2016 book by the anthropologistChris KnightonNoam Chomsky's approach to politics and science. Knight admires Chomsky's politics, but argues that his linguistic theories were influenced in damaging ways by his immersion since the early 1950s in an intellectual cul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_Chomsky |
Generative grammaris a research tradition inlinguisticsthat aims to explain thecognitivebasis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge. Generative linguists, orgenerativists(/ˈdʒɛnərətɪvɪsts/),[1]tend to share certain working assumptions such as thecompetence–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_linguistics |
"The Library of Babel" (Spanish:La biblioteca de Babel) is ashort storybyArgentineauthor and librarianJorge Luis Borges(1899–1986), conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain format andcharacter set.
The story was originally published in Spanish in Borges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_Babel |
Beyond the Infinite Two Minutes(Japanese:ドロステのはてで僕ら,romanized:Dorosute no hate de bokura,lit.'We at the end of the Droste') is a 2020 Japanesescience fiction comedyfilm written by Makoto Ueda and cinematographed and directed byJunta Yamaguchiin hisdirectorial debut.
Café owner Kato (Kazunari Tosa) discovers that his c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Infinite_Two_Minutes |
Chinese boxes(Chinese:套盒;pinyin:tàohé) are a set ofboxesof graduated size, each fitting inside the next larger box.
A traditional style inChinese design, nested boxes have proved a popular packaging option in the West for novelty or display reasons.
Chinese nested boxes have inspired similar forms of packaging around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_boxes |
Afalse awakeningis a vivid and convincingdreamaboutawakeningfromsleep, while the dreamer in reality continues to sleep. After a false awakening, subjects often dream they are performing their daily morning routine such as showering or eating breakfast. False awakenings, mainly those in which one dreams that they have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_within_a_dream |
Thehomunculus argumentis aninformal fallacywhereby a concept is explained in terms of the concept itself,recursively, without first defining or explaining the original concept.[1]This fallacy arises most commonly in the theory ofvision. One may explain human vision by noting thatlightfrom the outside world forms an ima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_argument |
Matryoshka dolls(Russian:матрёшка,romanized:matryoshka/ˌmætriˈɒʃkə/), also known asstacking dolls,nesting dolls,Russian tea dolls, orRussian dolls,[1]are a set of woodendollsof decreasing size placed one inside another. The nameMatryoshkais adiminutiveform ofMatryosha(Матрёша), in turn ahypocorismof the Russian female ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matryoshka_doll |
Inphysics,mathematicsandstatistics,scale invarianceis a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor, and thus represent a universality.
The technical term for thistransformationis adilatation(also known asdilation). Dilatations can fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_invariance |
Inmathematics, aself-similarobject is exactly or approximatelysimilarto a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such ascoastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at many scales.[2]Self-similari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarity |
Astory within a story, also referred to as anembedded narrative, is aliterary devicein which a character within astorybecomes the narrator of a second story (within the first one).[1]Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes callednested stories. A play may have a brief play within it, such as in Shakespe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_within_a_story#Fractal_fiction |
Video feedbackis the process that starts and continues when avideo camerais pointed at its own playbackvideo monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least onevideoframe time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop.
First discov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_feedback |
Inceptionis a 2010science fictionactionheist filmwritten and directed byChristopher Nolan, who also produced it withEmma Thomas, his wife. The film starsLeonardo DiCaprioas a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating thesubconsciousof his targets. He is offered a chance to have his criminal history eras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception |
Thedream argumentis the postulation that the act ofdreamingprovides preliminary evidence that thesenseswe trust to distinguishrealityfromillusionshould not be fully trusted, and therefore, any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and rigorously tested to determine whether... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument |
In thepsychologysubfield ofoneirology, alucid dreamis a type ofdreamwherein the dreamer realizes that they are dreaming during their dream. The capacity to have lucid dreams is a trainablecognitive skill.[1][2]During a lucid dream, the dreamer may gain some amount ofvolitional controlover the dream characters, narrativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dream |
Sleep paralysisis a state,during waking uporfalling asleep, in which a person is conscious but in a complete state of full-bodyparalysis.[1][2]During an episode, the person mayhallucinate(hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often results infear.[1][3]Episodes generally last no more than a few minutes.[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis |
TheZhuangzi(historically romanizedChuang Tzŭ) is an ancient Chinese text that is one of the two foundational texts ofTaoism, alongside theTao Te Ching. It was written during the lateWarring States period(476–221 BC) and is named for its traditional author,Zhuang Zhou, who is customarily known as "Zhuangzi" ("Master Zh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butterfly_Dream |
The Twilight Zoneis a science fiction horror anthology television series, presented by Forest Whitaker. It is the second of threerevivalsofRod Serling's original1959–64 television series. It aired for one season on theUPNnetwork, with actorForest Whitakerassuming Serling's role as narrator and on-screen host.[4]It was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pool_Guy_(The_Twilight_Zone) |
Incomputer programming, ananonymous function(function literal,expressionorblock) is afunctiondefinition that is notboundto anidentifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed tohigher-order functionsor used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function.[1]If the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function |
Innumerical analysis,fixed-point iterationis a method of computingfixed pointsof a function.
More specifically, given a functionf{\displaystyle f}defined on thereal numberswith real values and given a pointx0{\displaystyle x_{0}}in thedomainoff{\displaystyle f}, the fixed-point iteration isxn+1=f(xn),n=0,1,2,…{\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_iteration |
Inmathematical logic, thelambda calculus(also written asλ-calculus) is aformal systemfor expressingcomputationbased on functionabstractionandapplicationusing variablebindingandsubstitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is auniversal machine, amodel of computationthat can be used to simulate anyTu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus#Recursion_and_fixed_points |
Lambda liftingis ameta-processthat restructures acomputer programso thatfunctionsare defined independently of each other in a globalscope. An individuallifttransforms a local function (subroutine) into a global function. It is a two step process, consisting of:
The term "lambda lifting" was first introduced by Thomas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_lifting |
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