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Zobrist hashing(also referred to asZobrist keysorZobrist signatures[1]) is ahash functionconstruction used incomputer programsthat playabstract board games, such aschessandGo, to implementtransposition tables, a special kind ofhash tablethat is indexed by a board position and used to avoid analyzing the same position m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobrist_hashing |
Incomputer science, acalling conventionis animplementation-level (low-level) scheme for howsubroutinesor functions receiveparametersfrom their caller and how theyreturna result.[1]When some code calls a function, design choices have been taken for where and how parameters are passed to that function, and where and how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_convention |
This article summarizes publicly knownattacksagainstblock ciphersandstream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known, and not all entries may be up to date.
This column lists the complexity of the attack:
Attacks that lead to disclosure of thekeyor plaintext.
Attacks that allow disting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_security_summary |
Inmathematics, asemiprimeis anatural numberthat is theproductof exactly twoprime numbers. The two primes in the product may equal each other, so the semiprimes include thesquaresof prime numbers.
Because there are infinitely many prime numbers, there are also infinitely many semiprimes. Semiprimes are also calledbiprim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime |
Incomputer programming,cohesionrefers to thedegree to which the elements inside amodulebelong together.[1]In one sense, it is a measure of the strength of relationship between themethodsand data of aclassand some unifying purpose or concept served by that class. In another sense, it is a measure of the strength of rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science) |
ABrownian bridgeis a continuous-timegaussian processB(t) whoseprobability distributionis theconditional probability distributionof a standardWiener processW(t) (a mathematical model ofBrownian motion) subject to the condition (when standardized) thatW(T) = 0, so that the process is pinned to the same value at botht= 0 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_bridge |
Security engineeringis the process of incorporatingsecurity controlsinto aninformation systemso that the controls become an integral part of the system's operational capabilities.[1]It is similar to other systems engineering activities in that its primary motivation is to support the delivery of engineering solutions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_engineering |
TheDadda multiplieris a hardwarebinary multiplierdesign invented by computer scientistLuigi Daddain 1965.[1]It uses a selection offull and half addersto sum the partial products in stages (theDadda treeorDadda reduction) until two numbers are left. The design is similar to theWallace multiplier, but the different reduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadda_tree |
ADrosophilaconnectomeis a list ofneuronsin theDrosophila melanogaster(fruit fly) nervous system, and the chemicalsynapsesbetween them. The fly's central nervous system consists of the brain plus theventral nerve cord, and both are known to differ considerably between male and female.[1][2]Dense connectomes have been co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_connectome |
Cybernetic artiscontemporary artthat builds upon the legacy ofcybernetics, wherefeedbackinvolved in the work takes precedence over traditionalaestheticand material concerns. The relationship between cybernetics and art can be summarised in three ways: cybernetics can be used to study art, to create works of art or may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic_art |
Inlinguistics,language deathoccurs when alanguageloses itslastnative speaker. By extension,language extinctionis when the language is no longer known, including bysecond-languagespeakers, when it becomes known as anextinct language. A related term islinguicide,[1]the death of a language from natural or political causes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death |
Deepfakes(aportmanteauof'deep learning'and'fake'[1]) are images, videos, or audio that have been edited or generatedusing artificial intelligence, AI-based tools or AV editing software. They may depict real or fictional people and are considered a form ofsynthetic media, that is media that is usually created by artific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake |
There are manytypes of artificial neural networks(ANN).
Artificial neural networksarecomputational modelsinspired bybiological neural networks, and are used toapproximatefunctionsthat are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour ofneuronsand the electrical signals they convey between input (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_neural_network |
Altruismis the concern for thewell-beingof others, independently of personal benefit or reciprocity.
The wordaltruismwas popularised (and possibly coined) by the French philosopherAuguste Comtein French, asaltruisme, for anantonymofegoism.[1]He derived it from the Italianaltrui, which in turn was derived from Latinalt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism |
Incomputer science, atype punningis any programming technique that subverts or circumvents thetype systemof aprogramming languagein order to achieve an effect that would be difficult or impossible to achieve within the bounds of the formal language.
InCandC++, constructs such aspointertype conversionandunion— C++ adds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_punning |
Anintrusion detection system(IDS) is a device orsoftwareapplication that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations.[1]Any intrusion activity or violation is typically either reported to an administrator or collected centrally using asecurity information and event management (SIEM)system.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intrusion_detection_system |
Irreducible complexity(IC) is the argument that certainbiological systemswith multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were removed, so supposedly could not haveevolvedby successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems throughnatural selection, which would need all intermediate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_complexity |
Inmathematics, specifically incategory theory,F-algebrasgeneralize the notion ofalgebraic structure. Rewriting the algebraic laws in terms ofmorphismseliminates all references to quantified elements from the axioms, and these algebraic laws may then be glued together in terms of a singlefunctorF, thesignature.
F-algeb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-algebra |
TheDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) is aresearch and developmentagency of theUnited States Department of Defenseresponsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.[3][4]Originally known as theAdvanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA), the agency was created on February 7, 195... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA |
9P(or thePlan 9 Filesystem ProtocolorStyx) is anetwork protocoldeveloped for thePlan 9 from Bell Labsdistributed operating systemas the means of connecting the components of a Plan 9 system. Files are key objects in Plan 9. They representwindows,networkconnections,processes, and almost anything else available in the op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9P_(protocol) |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number ofrelational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems |
Random close packing(RCP) of spheres is an empirical parameter used to characterize the maximumvolume fractionofsolidobjects obtained when they are packed randomly. For example, when a solid container is filled withgrain, shaking the container will reduce the volume taken up by the objects, thus allowing more grain to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_close_pack |
Human erroris an action that has been done but that was "not intended by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an external observer; or that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits".[1]Human error has been cited as a primary cause and contributing factor in disasters and accidents in industries as di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_error |
Inlinguistics,prosody(/ˈprɒsədi,ˈprɒz-/)[1][2]is the study of elements of speech, includingintonation,stress,rhythmandloudness, that occur simultaneously with individualphoneticsegments: vowels and consonants. Often, prosody specifically refers to such elements, known assuprasegmentals, when they extend across more tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics) |
Achild process(CP) in computing is aprocesscreated by another process (theparent process). This technique pertains tomultitasking operating systems, and is sometimes called asubprocessor traditionally asubtask.
There are two major procedures for creating a child process: thefork system call(preferred inUnix-likesystem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_process |
Distributed.netis avolunteer computingeffort that is attempting to solve large scale problems using otherwiseidle CPUorGPUtime. It is governed byDistributed Computing Technologies, Incorporated(DCTI), anon-profit organizationunder U.S. tax code501(c)(3).
Distributed.net is working onRC5-72 (breaking RC5 with a 72-bit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed.net |
Runtime application self-protection (RASP)is asecurity technologythat usesruntimeinstrumentationto detect and blockcomputer attacksby taking advantage of information from inside the running software.[1][2]The technology differs from perimeter-based protections such asfirewalls, that can only detect and block attacks by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_application_self-protection |
Self-referenceis a concept that involves referring to oneself or one's own attributes, characteristics, or actions. It can occur inlanguage,logic,mathematics,philosophy, and other fields.
Innaturalorformal languages, self-reference occurs when asentence, idea orformularefers to itself. The reference may be expressed e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_reference |
Insoftware engineering,couplingis the degree of interdependence between softwaremodules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are,[1]and the strength of the relationships between modules.[2]Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.[3]
Coupling is usually contrasted withcohesion.Low couplingof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(computer_science) |
Possibility theoryis a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types ofuncertaintyand is an alternative toprobability theory. It uses measures of possibility and necessity between 0 and 1, ranging from impossible to possible and unnecessary to necessary, respectively. ProfessorLotfi Zadehfirst introduced possibili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibility_theory |
Acontinued fractionis amathematical expressionthat can be written as afractionwith adenominatorthat is a sum that contains another simple or continued fraction. Depending on whether thisiterationterminates with a simple fraction or not, the continued fraction isfiniteorinfinite.
Different fields ofmathematicshave diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction |
Semiofestis the main worldwide conference series and event on commercialsemiotics.[1]Its focus is on the methods of semiotic analysis which are helpful in solving interpretational conflicts and providing tools for better design of social meaning-making spaces.
The topics covered include the applications of semiotics i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiofest |
Free choiceis a phenomenon in natural language where a linguisticdisjunctionappears to receive a logicalconjunctiveinterpretation when it interacts with amodaloperator. For example, the following English sentences can be interpreted to mean that the addressee can watch a movieandthat they can also play video games, dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_choice_inference |
Inmathematics,computer scienceandnetwork science,network theoryis a part ofgraph theory. It definesnetworksasgraphswhere the vertices or edges possess attributes. Network theory analyses these networks over thesymmetric relationsorasymmetric relationsbetween their (discrete) components.
Network theory has applications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theory,Reed–Solomon codesare a group oferror-correcting codesthat were introduced byIrving S. ReedandGustave Solomonin 1960.[1]They have many applications, including consumer technologies such asMiniDiscs,CDs,DVDs,Blu-raydiscs,QR codes,Data Matrix,data transmissiontechnologies such asDSLan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction |
Charles Sanders Peirce(/pɜːrs/[a][8]PURSS; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician,logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father ofpragmatism".[9][10]According to philosopherPaul Weiss, Peirce was "the most original and versatile of America's philosophers and Amer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_of_relatives |
Shape Expressions(ShEx)[2]is adata modellinglanguage for validating and describing aResource Description Framework(RDF).
It was proposed at the 2012 RDF Validation Workshop[3]as a high-level, concise language for RDF validation.
The shapes can be defined in a human-friendly compact syntax called ShExC or using any RD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShEx |
Inmorphologyandlexicography, alemma(pl.:lemmasorlemmata) is thecanonical form,[1]dictionary form, orcitation formof a set ofwordforms.[2]In English, for example,break,breaks,broke,brokenandbreakingare forms of the samelexeme, withbreakas the lemma by which they are indexed.Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology) |
Key/Config-authenticationis used to solve the problem of authenticating the keys of a person (say "person A") that some other person ("person B") is talking to or trying to talk to. In other words, it is the process of assuring that the key of "person A", held by "person B", does in fact belong to "person A" and vice v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_authentication |
Network architectureis the design of acomputer network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well ascommunication protocolsused.
Intelecommunications, the specification of a network ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_architecture |
Inmathematics,localization of a categoryconsists of adding to acategoryinversemorphismsfor some collection of morphisms, constraining them to becomeisomorphisms. This is formally similar to the process oflocalization of a ring; it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. Inhomotopy theory, for examp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_varieties_up_to_isogeny |
TheGeneral Concept Lattice(GCL) proposes a novel general construction of concept hierarchy from formal context, where the conventional Formal Concept Lattice based onFormal Concept Analysis(FCA) only serves as a substructure.[1][2][3]
The formal context is a data table ofheterogeneous relationsillustrating how object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Concept_Lattice |
Stochastic optimization(SO) areoptimizationmethodsthat generate and userandom variables. Forstochasticoptimization problems, theobjective functionsorconstraintsare random. Stochastic optimization also include methods with randomiterates. Some hybrid methods use random iterates to solve stochastic problems, combining bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_optimization |
Aclassifier(abbreviatedclf[1]orcl) is awordoraffixthat accompaniesnounsand can be considered to "classify" a noun depending on some characteristics (e.g. humanness, animacy, sex, shape, social status) of itsreferent.[2][3]Classifiers in this sense are specifically callednoun classifiersbecause some languages inPapuaas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) |
Inmathematics, anexistence theoremis atheoremwhich asserts the existence of a certain object.[1]It might be a statement which begins with the phrase "there exist(s)", or it might be a universal statement whose lastquantifierisexistential(e.g., "for allx,y, ... there exist(s) ..."). In the formal terms ofsymbolic logic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_theorem |
MuZerois acomputer programdeveloped byartificial intelligenceresearch companyDeepMindto master games without knowing their rules.[1][2][3]Its release in 2019 included benchmarks of its performance ingo,chess,shogi, and a standard suite ofAtarigames. Thealgorithmuses an approach similar toAlphaZero. It matched AlphaZero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuZero |
Theoverlap coefficient,[note 1]orSzymkiewicz–Simpson coefficient,[citation needed][3][4][5]is asimilarity measurethat measures the overlap between two finitesets. It is related to theJaccard indexand is defined as the size of theintersectiondivided by the size of the smaller of two sets:
Note that0≤overlap(A,B)≤1{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap_coefficient |
Real-time testingis the process oftestingreal-time computer systems.
Software testing is performed to detect and help correctbugs(errors) in computer software. Testing involves ensuring not only that the software is error-free but that it provides the required functionality to the user. Static and conventional method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_testing |
In mathematics,concavificationis the process of converting a non-concave function to aconcave function. A related concept isconvexification– converting a non-convex function to aconvex function. It is especially important ineconomicsandmathematical optimization.[1]
An important special case of concavification is where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concavification |
Amemristor(/ˈmɛmrɪstər/; aportmanteauofmemory resistor) is a non-lineartwo-terminalelectrical componentrelatingelectric chargeand magneticflux linkage. It was described and named in 1971 byLeon Chua, completing a theoretical quartet of fundamental electrical components which also comprises theresistor,capacitorandinduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor |
Collaborative information seeking(CIS) is a field of research that involves studying situations, motivations, and methods for people working in collaborative groups for information seeking projects, as well as building systems for supporting such activities. Such projects often involve information searching orinformati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_information_seeking |
Dykstra's algorithmis a method that computes a point in the intersection ofconvex sets, and is a variant of thealternating projectionmethod (also called theprojections onto convex setsmethod). In its simplest form, the method finds a point in the intersection of two convex sets by iteratively projecting onto each of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykstra%27s_projection_algorithm |
Hierarchical storage management(HSM), also known astiered storage,[1]is adata storageanddata managementtechnique that automatically moves data between high-cost and low-coststorage media. HSM systems exist because high-speed storage devices, such assolid-state drivearrays, are more expensive (perbytestored) than slower... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_storage_management |
Aquadratic residue codeis a type ofcyclic code.
Examples of quadratic
residue codes include the(7,4){\displaystyle (7,4)}Hamming codeoverGF(2){\displaystyle GF(2)}, the(23,12){\displaystyle (23,12)}binary Golay codeoverGF(2){\displaystyle GF(2)}and the(11,6){\displaystyle (11,6)}ternary Golay codeoverGF(3){\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue_code |
Knowledge-based configuration, also referred to asproduct configurationorproduct customization, is an activity ofcustomisinga product to meet the needs of a particular customer. The product in question may consist of mechanical parts, services, and software. Knowledge-based configuration is a major application area for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge-based_configuration |
Automated essay scoring(AES) is the use of specialized computer programs to assign grades to essays written in an educational setting. It is a form ofeducational assessmentand an application ofnatural language processing. Its objective is to classify a large set of textual entities into a small number of discrete categ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring |
In pattern recognition, informationretrieval,object detectionandclassification (machine learning),precisionandrecallare performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from acollection,corpusorsample space.
Precision(also calledpositive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall |
IBM Watsonis a computer system capable ofanswering questionsposed innatural language.[1]It was developed as a part ofIBM's DeepQA project by a research team, led byprincipal investigatorDavid Ferrucci.[2]Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialistThomas J. Watson.[3][4]
The computer system was in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer) |
These aregeographic anagrams and anadromes.Anagramsare rearrangements of the letters of another name or word.Anadromes(also called reversals or ananyms) are other names or words spelled backwards. Technically, a reversal is also an anagram, but the two are derived by different methods, so they are listed separately.
P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographic_anagrams_and_ananyms |
Weak supervision(also known assemi-supervised learning) is a paradigm inmachine learning, the relevance and notability of which increased with the advent oflarge language modelsdue to large amount of data required to train them. It is characterized by using a combination of a small amount of human-labeled data(exclusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_supervision |
k-medoidsis a classical partitioning technique of clustering that splits the data set ofnobjects intokclusters, where the numberkof clusters assumed knowna priori(which implies that the programmer must specify k before the execution of ak-medoids algorithm). The "goodness" of the given value ofkcan be assessed with met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-medoids |
k-anonymityis a property possessed by certainanonymized data. The termk-anonymity was first introduced byPierangela SamaratiandLatanya Sweeneyin a paper published in 1998,[1]although the concept dates to a 1986 paper by Tore Dalenius.[2]
k-anonymity is an attempt to solve the problem "Given person-specific field-struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-anonymity |
Corporate jargon(variously known ascorporate speak,corporate lingo,business speak,business jargon,management speak,workplace jargon,corpospeak,corporatese, orcommercialese) is thejargonoften used in largecorporations,bureaucracies, and similar workplaces.[1][2]Thelanguage registerof the term is generally being presente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_jargon |
Thomas of Ireland(fl.1295 – before 1338), also known asThomas Hibernicus,Thomas Palmeranus, orThomas Palmerstonus, was anIrishanthologistandindexer.[1]
Thomas was a Fellow of theCollege of Sorbonneand a Master of Arts by 1295, and referred to as a former fellow in the first manuscripts of hisManipulusin 1306. He is be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Ireland |
AlphaZerois acomputer programdeveloped byartificial intelligenceresearch companyDeepMindto master the games ofchess,shogiandgo. Thisalgorithmuses an approach similar toAlphaGo Zero.
On December 5, 2017, the DeepMind team released apreprintpaper introducing AlphaZero,[1]which would soon play three games by defeating wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero |
Synchronicity(German:Synchronizität) is a concept introduced byCarl Jung, founder ofanalytical psychology, to describe events that coincide in time and appearmeaningfully related, yet lack a discoverablecausal connection.[1]Jung held that this was a healthy function of the mind, although it can become harmful withinpsy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicity |
Inlogic,equivocation("calling two different things by the same name") is aninformal fallacyresulting from the use of a particular word or expression in multiplesenseswithin an argument.[1][2]
It is a type ofambiguitythat stems from a phrase having two or more distinctmeanings, not from the grammar or structure of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation |
Rejection, or the verbreject, may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejection_(disambiguation) |
Insoftware engineering,graphical user interface testingis the process oftestinga product'sgraphical user interface(GUI) to ensure it meets its specifications. This is normally done through the use of a variety oftest cases.
To generate a set oftest cases,test designersattempt to cover all the functionality of the sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_testing |
Inlinguistics, thecomparative methodis a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages withcommon descentfrom a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Asocial networkis asocial structureconsisting of a set ofsocialactors (such asindividualsor organizations), networks ofdyadicties, and othersocial interactionsbetween actors. The social n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Network |
Public participation, also known ascitizen participationorpatient and public involvement, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive thanstakeholder engagement.
Generally public participation seeks and facilitates theinvolvemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation |
In cryptography, thedining cryptographers problemstudies how to perform asecure multi-party computationof the boolean-XOR function.David Chaumfirst proposed this problem in the early 1980s and used it as an illustrative example to show that it was possible to send anonymous messages with unconditional sender and recipi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_cryptographers_protocol |
EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7:GPTWindowsBDP.[1]0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4: GPT Linux filesystem data.[1]933AC7E1-2EB4-4F13-B844-0E14E2AEF915: GPT /home partition.[2]
ext4(fourth extended filesystem) is ajournaling file systemforLinux, developed as the successor toext3.
ext4 was initially a series ofb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4 |
Theexpectiminimaxalgorithm is a variation of theminimaxalgorithm, for use inartificial intelligencesystems that play two-playerzero-sum games, such asbackgammon, in which the outcome depends on a combination of the player's skill andchance elementssuch as dice rolls. In addition to "min" and "max" nodes of the traditio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectiminimax |
DNS hijacking,DNS poisoning, orDNS redirectionis the practice of subverting the resolution ofDomain Name System(DNS) queries.[1]This can be achieved by malware that overrides a computer'sTCP/IPconfiguration to point at a rogue DNS server under the control of an attacker, or through modifying the behaviour of a trusted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_hijacking |
AMD FX is a series ofAMD microprocessorsforpersonal computers. The following is a list ofAMD FXbrand microprocessors. SomeAPUsalso carry an FX model name, but the term "FX" normally only refers toCPUswhich are not just APUs with theiGPUdisabled.
APU features table
These processors were the first AMD CPUs to use the "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_FX_processors |
Inmathematics,singular integral operatorsof convolution typeare thesingular integral operatorsthat arise onRnandTnthrough convolution by distributions; equivalently they are the singular integral operators that commute with translations. The classical examples inharmonic analysisare theharmonic conjugation operatoron t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurling_transform |
Many countries around the world maintain military units that are trained asparatroopers. These includespecial forcesunits that are parachute-trained, as well as non-airborne forcesunits.
Special Operations Regiment (Kenya)
Army
Air Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paratrooper_forces |
In someprogramming languages,constis atype qualifier(akeywordapplied to adata type) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declareconstants,constin theC familyof languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in that it is part of thetype, and thus has complicated behavior wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointee |
Inrobust statistics,robust regressionseeks to overcome some limitations of traditionalregression analysis. A regression analysis models the relationship between one or moreindependent variablesand adependent variable. Standard types of regression, such asordinary least squares, have favourable properties if their under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated_normal_distribution |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, theexponential distributionornegative exponential distributionis theprobability distributionof the distance between events in aPoisson point process, i.e., a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate; the distance parameter could be any me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution |
Opportunistic encryption(OE) refers to anysystemthat, when connecting to another system, attempts toencryptcommunications channels, otherwise falling back to unencrypted communications. This method requires no pre-arrangement between the two systems.
Opportunistic encryption can be used to combatpassive wiretapping.[1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_encryption |
The game ofGois one of the most popular games in the world. As a result of its elegant and simple rules, the game has long been an inspiration formathematicalresearch.Shen Kuo, an 11th century Chinese scholar, estimated in hisDream Pool Essaysthat the number of possible board positions is around 10172. In more recent y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_and_mathematics |
System dynamics(SD) is an approach to understanding thenonlinearbehaviour ofcomplex systemsover time usingstocks, flows, internalfeedback loops, table functions and time delays.[1]
System dynamics is amethodologyandmathematical modelingtechnique to frame, understand, and discuss complex issues and problems. Originally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics |
Inmathematics,de Rham cohomology(named afterGeorges de Rham) is a tool belonging both toalgebraic topologyand todifferential topology, capable of expressing basic topological information aboutsmooth manifoldsin a form particularly adapted to computation and the concrete representation ofcohomology classes. It is acohom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham%27s_theorem |
Atime series databaseis a software system that is optimized for storing and servingtime seriesthrough associated pairs of time(s) and value(s).[1]In some fields,time seriesmay be called profiles, curves, traces or trends.[2]Several early time series databases are associated with industrial applications which could effi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series_database |
Aconcept maporconceptual diagramis adiagramthat depicts suggested relationships betweenconcepts.[1]Concept maps may be used byinstructional designers,engineers,technical writers, and others to organize and structureknowledge.
A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map |
Informal languages,terminal and nonterminal symbolsarepartsof thevocabularyunder aformal grammar.Vocabularyis a finite, nonempty set of symbols.Terminal symbolsare symbols that cannot be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary.Nonterminal symbolsare symbols that can be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols |
In statistics, theRV coefficient[1]is amultivariategeneralization of thesquaredPearson correlation coefficient(because the RV coefficient takes values between 0 and 1).[2]It measures the closeness of two set of points that may each be represented in amatrix.
The major approaches withinstatistical multivariate data ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_coefficient |
TheHCS (Highly Connected Subgraphs) clustering algorithm[1](also known as theHCS algorithm, and other names such asHighly Connected Clusters/Components/Kernels) is an algorithm based on graph connectivity forcluster analysis. It works by representing the similarity data in a similarity graph, and then finding all the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCS_clustering_algorithm |
Inmathematical logic, aformulaissatisfiableif it is true under some assignment of values to itsvariables. For example, the formulax+3=y{\displaystyle x+3=y}is satisfiable because it is true whenx=3{\displaystyle x=3}andy=6{\displaystyle y=6}, while the formulax+1=x{\displaystyle x+1=x}is not satisfiable over the intege... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability_problem |
In networking formobile devices,WMLCis a format for the efficient transmission ofWMLweb pages overWireless Application Protocol(WAP). Its primary purpose is to compress (or rather tokenise) a WML page for transport over low-bandwidth internet connections such asGPRS/2G.
WMLC is apparently synonymous with Wireless App... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiled_Wireless_Markup_Language |
Incomputer science,streaming algorithmsare algorithms for processingdata streamsin which the input is presented as asequenceof items and can be examined in only a few passes, typicallyjust one. These algorithms are designed to operate with limited memory, generallylogarithmicin the size of the stream and/or in the max... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_algorithm |
Inmathematics, aquasi-finite field[1]is a generalisation of afinite field. Standardlocal class field theoryusually deals withcomplete valued fieldswhose residue field isfinite(i.e.non-archimedean local fields), but the theory applies equally well when the residue field is only assumed quasi-finite.[2]
Aquasi-finite fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-finite_field |
Incomputer programming,profile-guided optimization(PGO, sometimes pronounced aspogo[1]), also known asprofile-directed feedback(PDF)[2]orfeedback-directed optimization(FDO),[3]is thecompiler optimizationtechnique of using prior analyses of software artifacts or behaviors ("profiling") to improve the expectedruntime per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile-guided_optimization |
Inprobabilityandstatistics, anatural exponential family(NEF) is a class ofprobability distributionsthat is a special case of anexponential family(EF).
The natural exponential families (NEF) are a subset of theexponential families. A NEF is an exponential family in which the natural parameterηand the natural statisticT... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_exponential_family |
Instatistical mechanicsandmathematics, theBethe lattice(also called aregular tree) is an infinitesymmetricregulartreewhere all vertices have the same number of neighbors. The Bethe lattice was introduced into the physics literature byHans Bethein 1935. In such a graph, each node is connected tozneighbors; the numberzis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe_lattice |
Thedark webis theWorld Wide Webcontent that exists ondarknets(overlay networks) that use theInternetbut require specific software, configurations, orauthorizationto access.[1][2][3][4]Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging identifying informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web |
Inmathematics,the algebra of sets, not to be confused with themathematical structureofanalgebra of sets, defines the properties and laws ofsets, the set-theoreticoperationsofunion,intersection, andcomplementationand therelationsof setequalityand setinclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_sets |
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