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In cryptography, ablock cipher mode of operationis an algorithm that uses ablock cipherto provideinformation securitysuch asconfidentialityorauthenticity.[1]A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group ofbitscalled ablock.[2]A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Counter_mode |
Acascading failureis a failure in asystemofinterconnectedparts in which the failure of one or few parts leads to the failure of other parts, growing progressively as a result ofpositive feedback. This can occur when a single part fails, increasing the probability that other portions of the system fail.[1][2][3]Such a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_failure |
Inwritingandtypography, aligatureoccurs where two or moregraphemesor letters are joined to form a singleglyph. Examples are the characters⟨æ⟩and⟨œ⟩used in English and French, in which the letters⟨a⟩and⟨e⟩are joined for the first ligature and the letters⟨o⟩and⟨e⟩are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_ligature |
Innumerical analysis, aquasi-Newton methodis aniterative numerical methodused either tofind zeroesor tofind local maxima and minimaof functions via an iterativerecurrence formulamuch like the one forNewton's method, except using approximations of thederivativesof the functions in place of exact derivatives. Newton's me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Newton_methods |
Innumber theory, anintegerqis aquadratic residuemodulonif it iscongruentto aperfect squaremodulon; that is, if there exists an integerxsuch that
Otherwise,qis aquadratic nonresiduemodulon.
Quadratic residues are used in applications ranging fromacoustical engineeringtocryptographyand thefactoring of large numbers.
F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_power_modulus |
So help me Godis a phrase often used to give anoath, sometimes optionally as part of anoath of office. It is used in some jurisdictions as an oath for performing a public duty, such as an appearance in court. The phrase implies greater care than usual in the truthfulness of one's testimony or in the performance of one'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_help_me_God |
Inabstract algebra,group theorystudies thealgebraic structuresknown asgroups.
The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such asrings,fields, andvector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additionaloperationsandaxioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory#Finite_groups |
TheBabington Plotwas a plan in 1586 to assassinate QueenElizabeth I, aProtestant, and putMary, Queen of Scots, herCatholiccousin, on the English throne. It led to Mary's execution, a result of a letter sent by Mary (who had been imprisoned for 19 years since 1568 in England at the behest of Elizabeth) in which she cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babington_Plot |
Cooperative bankingis retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. Cooperativebanking institutionstake deposits and lend money in most parts of the world.
Cooperative banking, as discussed here, includes retail banking carried out bycredit unions,mutual savings banks,building societiesandcooperative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_banking |
Olaf Sporns(born 18 September 1963) is Provost Professor in Psychological and Brain Sciences atIndiana Universityand scientific co-director of the university's Network Science Institute.[1]He is the founding editor of theacademic journalNetwork Neuroscience, published byMIT Press.[citation needed][2]
Sporns received h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Sporns |
Atext-to-video modelis amachine learning modelthat uses anatural languagedescription as input to produce avideorelevant to the input text.[1]Advancements during the 2020s in the generation of high-quality, text-conditioned videos have largely been driven by the development of videodiffusion models.[2]
There are differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-video_model |
Therepeating circleis an instrument forgeodetic surveying, developed from thereflecting circlebyÉtienne Lenoirin 1784.[1]He invented it while an assistant ofJean-Charles de Borda, who later improved the instrument. It was notable as being the equal of thegreat theodolitecreated by the renowned instrument maker,Jesse Ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_circle |
Real-time locating systems(RTLS), also known asreal-time tracking systems, are used to automaticallyidentifyandtrackthe location of objects or people inreal time, usually within a building or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_time_locating |
Adata dictionary, ormetadata repository, as defined in theIBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format".[1]Oracledefines it as a collection of tables with metadata. The term can have one of several closely rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary |
Inmathematics, aMarkov information source, or simply, aMarkov source, is aninformation sourcewhose underlying dynamics are given by a stationary finiteMarkov chain.
Aninformation sourceis a sequence ofrandom variablesranging over a finite alphabetΓ{\displaystyle \Gamma }, having astationary distribution.
A Markov inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_information_source |
AnRDP shopis a website where access tohacked computersis sold tocybercriminals.
The computers may be acquired via scanning the web for openRemote Desktop Protocolconnections andbrute-forcingpasswords.[1]High-valueransomwaretargets are sometimes available such as airports.[2]Access to a compromised machine retails from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDP_shop |
"Syndicate–2"was adisinformation operationdeveloped and carried out by theState Political Directorate, aimed at eliminatingSavinkov's anti–Soviet underground.
The interest of the famous terroristBoris Savinkovto participate in underground anti–Soviet activities prompted the extraordinary commissioners to develop a pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate%E2%80%932 |
In the context ofnetwork theory, acomplex networkis agraph(network) with non-trivialtopologicalfeatures—features that do not occur in simple networks such aslatticesorrandom graphsbut often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research[1][2]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network |
Inmechanicsandphysics,simple harmonic motion(sometimes abbreviated asSHM) is a special type ofperiodicmotionan object experiences by means of arestoring forcewhose magnitude is directlyproportionalto the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position. It results in anoscil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion |
In digital logic, aninverterorNOT gateis alogic gatewhich implementslogical negation. It outputs abitopposite of the bit that is put into it. The bits are typically implemented as two differingvoltagelevels.
The NOT gate outputs a zero when given a one, and a one when given a zero. Hence, it inverts its inputs. Colloq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate) |
Instatisticsandcontrol theory,Kalman filtering(also known aslinear quadratic estimation) is analgorithmthat uses a series of measurements observed over time, includingstatistical noiseand other inaccuracies, to produce estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more accurate than those based on a single measurement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter |
Ingeometry, theequal incircles theoremderives from a JapaneseSangaku, and pertains to the following construction: a series of rays are drawn from a given point to a given line such that the inscribed circles of the triangles formed by adjacent rays and the base line are equal. In the illustration the equal blue circles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_incircles_theorem |
Incomputer networking,ARP spoofing(alsoARP cache poisoningorARP poison routing) is a technique by which an attacker sends (spoofed)Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) messages onto alocal area network. Generally, the aim is to associate the attacker'sMAC addresswith theIP addressof anotherhost, such as thedefault gateway,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_spoofing |
Anillegal opcode, also called anunimplemented operation,[1]unintended opcode[2]orundocumented instruction, is aninstructionto aCPUthat is not mentioned in any official documentation released by the CPU's designer or manufacturer, which nevertheless has an effect. Illegal opcodes were common on older CPUs designed durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_instructions |
RFC4210(CMPv2, 2005)RFC9480(CMPv3, 2023)
RFC2510(CMPv1, 1999)
TheCertificate Management Protocol(CMP) is an Internet protocol standardized by theIETFused for obtaining X.509digital certificatesin apublic key infrastructure(PKI).
CMP is a very feature-rich and flexible protocol, supporting many types of cryptography.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Management_Protocol |
HTTP Strict Transport Security(HSTS) is a policy mechanism that helps to protect websites againstman-in-the-middle attackssuch asprotocol downgrade attacks[1]andcookie hijacking. It allowsweb serversto declare that web browsers (or other complyinguser agents) should automatically interact with it using onlyHTTPSconnect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security |
TheGame of Life, also known asConway's Game of Lifeor simplyLife, is acellular automatondevised by the BritishmathematicianJohn Horton Conwayin 1970.[1]It is azero-player game,[2][3]meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life |
The1970s commodities boomrefers to the rise of manycommodityprices in the1970s. Excess demand was created with money supply increasing too much and supply shocks that came fromArab–Israeli conflict, initially betweenIsraelandEgypt. TheSix-Day Warwhere Israel captured andoccupied the Sinai Peninsulafor 15 years, theClos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom |
Journaled File System(JFS) is a64-bitjournaling file systemcreated byIBM. There are versions forAIX,OS/2,eComStation,ArcaOSandLinuxoperating systems. The latter is available as free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).HP-UXhas another, different filesystem named JFS that is actually an OEM ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system) |
Ineconomics,non-convexityrefers to violations of theconvexity assumptions of elementary economics. Basic economics textbooks concentrate on consumers withconvex preferences(that do not prefer extremes to in-between values) and convexbudget setsand on producers with convexproduction sets; for convex models, the predicte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-convexity_(economics) |
Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_map_services |
Thepercolation thresholdis a mathematical concept inpercolation theorythat describes the formation of long-range connectivity inrandomsystems. Below the threshold a giantconnected componentdoes not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering andcoffee making, percol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold |
Innumber theory, aWilson primeis aprime numberp{\displaystyle p}such thatp2{\displaystyle p^{2}}divides(p−1)!+1{\displaystyle (p-1)!+1}, where "!{\displaystyle !}" denotes thefactorial function; compare this withWilson's theorem, which states that every primep{\displaystyle p}divides(p−1)!+1{\displaystyle (p-1)!+1}. Bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_prime |
Skip graphsare a kind of distributed data structure based onskip lists.
They were invented in 2003 by James Aspnes and Gauri Shah.
A nearly identical data structure called SkipNet was independently invented by Nicholas Harvey, Michael Jones, Stefan Saroiu, Marvin Theimer and Alec Wolman, also in 2003.[1]
Skip graphs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_graph |
Ineconomics, theLorenz curveis a graphical representation of thedistribution of incomeor ofwealth. It was developed byMax O. Lorenzin 1905 for representinginequalityof thewealth distribution.
The curve is agraphshowing the proportion of overall income or wealth assumed by the bottomx%of the people, although this is no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_curve |
Inspherical trigonometry, thelaw of cosines(also called thecosine rule for sides[1]) is a theorem relating the sides and angles ofspherical triangles, analogous to the ordinarylaw of cosinesfrom planetrigonometry.
Given a unit sphere, a "spherical triangle" on the surface of the sphere is defined by thegreat circlesc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_law_of_cosines |
This article listsmathematical identities, that is,identically true relationsholding inmathematics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_identities |
Acombination lockis a type oflocking devicein which asequenceof symbols, usually numbers, is used to open the lock. The sequence may be entered using a single rotating dial which interacts with several discs orcams, by using a set of several rotating discs with inscribed symbols which directly interact with the locking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock |
Incomputer programming,feature-oriented programming(FOP) orfeature-oriented software development(FOSD) is aprogramming paradigmfor program generation insoftware product lines(SPLs) and for incremental development of programs.
FOSD arose out of layer-based designs and levels of abstraction in network protocols and exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-oriented_programming |
Semi-structured data[1]is a form ofstructured datathat does not obey the tabular structure of data models associated withrelational databasesor other forms ofdata tables, but nonetheless containstagsor other markers to separate semantic elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data. Therefore, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-structured_data |
Data-driven control systemsare a broad family ofcontrol systems, in which theidentificationof the process model and/or the design of the controller are based entirely onexperimental datacollected from the plant.[1]
In many control applications, trying to write a mathematical model of the plant is considered a hard tas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-driven_control_system |
Accelerandois a 2005 science fiction novel consisting of a series of interconnected short stories written by British authorCharles Stross. As well as normal hardback and paperback editions, it was released as a freee-bookunder theCC BY-NC-ND license.Accelerandowon theLocus Awardin 2006,[1]and was nominated for several ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerando |
Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173 (Del. 1986),[1]was alandmark decisionof theDelaware Supreme Courtonhostile takeovers.
The Court declared that, in certain limited circumstances indicating that the "sale" or "break-up" of the company is inevitable, thefiduciaryobligation of thedirectorso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon,_Inc._v._MacAndrews_%26_Forbes_Holdings,_Inc. |
Automated journalism, also known asalgorithmic journalismorrobot journalism,[1][2][3]is a term that attempts to describe modern technological processes that have infiltrated the journalistic profession, such as news articles and videos generated by computer programs.[3][4][5]There are four main fields of application fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_journalism |
Government by algorithm[1](also known asalgorithmic regulation,[2]regulation by algorithms,algorithmic governance,[3][4]algocratic governance,algorithmic legal orderoralgocracy[5]) is an alternative form ofgovernmentorsocial orderingwhere the usage of computeralgorithmsis applied to regulations, law enforcement, and ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_mayor |
CPU-Zis afreewaresystem profilingandmonitoringapplication forMicrosoft WindowsandAndroidthat detects thecentral processing unit,RAM,motherboardchipset, and other hardware features of a modernpersonal computerorAndroid device.
CPU-Z is more comprehensive in virtually all areas compared to the tools provided in Windows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU-Z |
"Argument Clinic" is a sketch fromMonty Python's Flying Circus, written byJohn CleeseandGraham Chapman. The sketch was originally broadcast as part of the television series and has subsequently been performed live by the group. It relies heavily on wordplay and dialogue, and has been used as an example of how language ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_Clinic |
Ageometric Brownian motion (GBM)(also known asexponential Brownian motion) is a continuous-timestochastic processin which thelogarithmof the randomly varying quantity follows aBrownian motion(also called aWiener process) withdrift.[1]It is an important example of stochastic processes satisfying astochastic differential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion |
Disk encryption softwareis acomputer securitysoftware that protects the confidentiality of data stored on computer media (e.g., ahard disk,floppy disk, orUSB device) by usingdisk encryption.
Compared to access controls commonly enforced by anoperating system(OS), encryption passively protects data confidentiality even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption_software |
Ingraph theory, ad-interval hypergraphis a kind of ahypergraphconstructed usingintervalsofreal lines. The parameterdis apositive integer. Theverticesof ad-interval hypergraph are the points ofddisjointlines(thus there areuncountably manyvertices). Theedgesof the graph ared-tuplesof intervals, one interval in every real... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-interval_hypergraph |
Greetingis an act ofcommunicationin which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship (usually cordial) orsocial status(formal or informal) between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. Greetings are sometim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting |
In themathematicaldiscipline oflinear algebra, amatrix decompositionormatrix factorizationis afactorizationof amatrixinto a product of matrices. There are many different matrix decompositions; each finds use among a particular class of problems.
Innumerical analysis, different decompositions are used to implement effi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_factorization |
Agraphical modelorprobabilistic graphical model(PGM) orstructured probabilistic modelis aprobabilistic modelfor which agraphexpresses theconditional dependencestructure betweenrandom variables. Graphical models are commonly used inprobability theory,statistics—particularlyBayesian statistics—andmachine learning.
Gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_model |
Incomputing,quadruple precision(orquad precision) is a binaryfloating-point–basedcomputer number formatthat occupies 16 bytes (128 bits) with precision at least twice the 53-bitdouble precision.
This 128-bit quadruple precision is designed not only for applications requiring results in higher than double precision,[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format |
This is a list ofscientific phenomenaand concepts named after people(eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, seeeponym. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people |
TheFermat primality testis aprobabilistictest to determine whether a number is aprobable prime.
Fermat's little theoremstates that ifpis prime andais not divisible byp, then
If one wants to test whetherpis prime, then we can pick random integersanot divisible bypand see whether the congruence holds. If it does not ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_primality_test |
Hypercube-based NEAT, orHyperNEAT,[1]is a generative encoding that evolvesartificial neural networks(ANNs) with the principles of the widely usedNeuroEvolution of Augmented Topologies(NEAT) algorithm developed byKenneth Stanley.[2]It is a novel technique for evolving large-scale neural networks using the geometric regu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperNEAT |
Feature engineeringis a preprocessing step insupervised machine learningandstatistical modeling[1]which transforms raw data into a more effective set of inputs. Each input comprises several attributes, known as features. By providing models with relevant information, feature engineering significantly enhances their pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_extraction |
Intheoretical computer science, anondeterministic Turing machine(NTM) is a theoretical model of computation whose governing rules specify more than one possible action when in some given situations. That is, an NTM's next state isnotcompletely determined by its action and the current symbol it sees, unlike adeterminist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine |
Code-mixingis the mixing of two or more languages orlanguage varietiesin speech.[a]
Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in studies ofsyntax,morphology, and otherformalaspects of language.[1][2]Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_mixing |
Insoftware testing,monkey testingis a technique where the user tests the application or system by providingrandominputs and checking the behavior, or seeing whether the application or system will crash. Monkey testing is usually implemented as random, automatedunit tests.
While the source of the name "monkey" is uncer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_testing |
Location-based service(LBS) is a general term denoting softwareserviceswhich usegeographic data and informationto provide services or information to users.[1]LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoorobject search,[2]entertainment,[3]work, personal life, etc.[4]Commonly used examples of location-b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_service |
Intaxonomy,binomial nomenclature("two-term naming system"), also calledbinary nomenclature, is a formal system of namingspeciesof living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which useLatin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called abinomial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature#Derivation_of_binomial_names |
(Stochastic) variance reductionis an algorithmic approach to minimizing functions that can be decomposed into finite sums. By exploiting the finite sum structure, variance reduction techniques are able to achieve convergence rates that are impossible to achieve with methods that treat the objective as an infinite sum, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_variance_reduction |
Amobile equipment identifier (MEID)is a globally unique number identifying a physical piece ofCDMA2000mobile station equipment. The number format is defined by the3GPP2 report S.R0048but in practical terms, it can be seen as anIMEIbut withhexadecimaldigits.
An MEID is 56bitslong (14 hexadecimal digits). It consists of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier |
Markov decision process(MDP), also called astochastic dynamic programor stochastic control problem, is a model forsequential decision makingwhenoutcomesare uncertain.[1]
Originating fromoperations researchin the 1950s,[2][3]MDPs have since gained recognition in a variety of fields, includingecology,economics,healthcar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process |
Aninfluence diagram(ID) (also called arelevance diagram,decision diagramor adecision network) is a compact graphical and mathematical representation of a decision situation. It is a generalization of aBayesian network, in which not onlyprobabilistic inferenceproblems but alsodecision makingproblems (following themaxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_diagram |
Incomputing, afile systemorfilesystem(often abbreviated toFSorfs) governsfileorganization and access. Alocalfile system is a capability of anoperating systemthat services the applications running on the samecomputer.[1][2]Adistributed file systemis aprotocolthat provides file access betweennetworkedcomputers.
A file s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system |
Monomorphizationis acompile-timeprocess wherepolymorphic functionsare replaced by many monomorphic functions for each unique instantiation.[1]It is considered beneficial to undergo the mentioned transformation because it results in the outputintermediate representation(IR) having specific types, which allows for more e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomorphization |
Attribute-based access control(ABAC), also known aspolicy-based access controlforIAM, defines an access control paradigm whereby a subject's authorization to perform a set of operations is determined by evaluating attributes associated with the subject, object, requested operations, and, in some cases, environment attr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_access_control |
Anemployment websiteis awebsitethat deals specifically withemploymentorcareers. Many employment websites are designed to allowemployersto post job requirements for a position to be filled and are commonly known as job boards. Other employment sites offer employer reviews, career and job-search advice, and describe diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer_review_website |
Causal inferenceis the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference ofassociationis that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference |
PageRank(PR) is analgorithmused byGoogle Searchtorankweb pagesin theirsearch engineresults. It is named after both the term "web page" and co-founderLarry Page. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google:
PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank |
Anultramicroscopeis amicroscopewith a system that lights the object in a way that allows viewing of tinyparticlesvialight scattering, and notlight reflectionorabsorption. When the diameter of a particle is below or near thewavelengthofvisible light(around 500nanometers), the particle cannot be seen in alight microscope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramicroscope |
Incomputing,data recoveryis a process of retrieving deleted, inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, overwritten or formatted data fromsecondary storage,removable mediaorfiles, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a usual way.[1]The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or extern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_recovery_software |
Bluetooth Meshis a computermesh networkingstandardbased onBluetooth Low Energythat allows for many-to-many communication over Bluetooth radio. The Bluetooth Mesh specifications were defined in the Mesh Profile[1]and Mesh Model[2]specifications by theBluetooth Special Interest Group(Bluetooth SIG). Bluetooth Mesh was co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh_networking |
This is a list of feature films and documentaries that includemathematicians, scientists who use math or references to mathematicians.
Films where mathematics is central to the plot:
Biographical films based on real-life mathematicians:
Films where one or more of the main characters are mathematicians, but that are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians |
Anetworkis an abstract structure capturing only the basics of connection patterns and little else. Because it is a generalized pattern, tools developed for analyzing,modelingand understanding networks can theoretically be implemented across disciplines. As long as a system can be represented by a network, there is an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory_in_risk_assessment |
Software architectureis the set of structures needed to reason about asoftware systemand the discipline of creating such structures and systems. Each structure comprises software elements, relations among them, and properties of both elements and relations.[1]
Thearchitectureof a software system is ametaphor, analogou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture |
Johann Bernoulli[a](also known asJeanin French orJohnin English; 6 August [O.S.27 July] 1667 – 1 January 1748) was aSwissmathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in theBernoulli family. He is known for his contributions toinfinitesimal calculusand educatingLeonhard Eulerin the pupil's youth.
Joha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli#Disputes_and_controversy |
In the context ofsoftware quality,defect criticalityis a measure of the impact of a software defect. It is defined as the product of severity, likelihood, and class.
Defects are different fromuser stories, and therefore the priority (severity) should be calculated as follows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defect_criticality |
Thedollar sign, also known as thepeso sign, is acurrency symbolconsisting of acapital⟨S⟩crossed with one or two vertical strokes ($ordepending ontypeface), used to indicate the unit of variouscurrenciesaround the world, including most currencies denominated "dollar" or "peso". The explicitly double-barredsign is called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifr%C3%A3o |
Indigital logic, ahazardis an undesirable effect caused by either a deficiency in the system or external influences in bothsynchronous[citation needed]andasynchronous circuits.[1]: 43Logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not change the output correctly due to some form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_(logic) |
Inmathematics, aself-similarobject is exactly or approximatelysimilarto a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such ascoastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at many scales.[2]Self-similari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarity |
Functional fixednessis acognitive biasthat limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The concept of functional fixedness originated inGestalt psychology, a movement in psychology that emphasizesholisticprocessing.Karl Dunckerdefined functional fixedness as being a mental block against u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_fixedness |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis callednon-blockingif failure orsuspensionof anythreadcannot cause failure or suspension of another thread;[1]for some operations, these algorithms provide a useful alternative to traditionalblocking implementations. A non-blocking algorithm islock-freeif there is guaranteed system-wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm |
TheiPlant Collaborative, renamedCyversein 2017, is avirtual organizationcreated by acooperative agreementfunded by the USNational Science Foundation(NSF) to createcyberinfrastructurefor the plant sciences (botany).[1]The NSF compared cyberinfrastructure to physicalinfrastructure, "... thedistributed computer,informatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSWAP |
Network dynamicsis a research field for the study ofnetworkswhose status changes in time. The dynamics may refer to the structure of connections of the units of a network,[1][2]to the collective internal state of the network,[3][4]or both. The networked systems could be from the fields ofbiology,chemistry,physics,socio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_dynamics |
TheKahn–Kalai conjecture, also known as theexpectation threshold conjectureor more recently thePark-Pham Theorem, was aconjecturein the field ofgraph theoryandstatistical mechanics, proposed byJeff KahnandGil Kalaiin 2006.[1][2]It was proven in a paper published in 2024.[3]
This conjecture concerns the general problem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahn%E2%80%93Kalai_conjecture |
Libertarianismis one of the mainphilosophicalpositions related to the problems offree willanddeterminismwhich are part of the larger domain ofmetaphysics.[1]In particular, libertarianism is anincompatibilistposition[2][3]which argues that free will is logically incompatible with a deterministic universe. Libertarianism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics) |
Automated machine learning(AutoML) is the process ofautomatingthe tasks of applyingmachine learningto real-world problems. It is the combination of automation and ML.[1]
AutoML potentially includes every stage from beginning with a raw dataset to building a machine learning model ready for deployment. AutoML was propo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_machine_learning |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical computer science, asemiautomatonis adeterministic finite automatonhaving inputs but no output. It consists of asetQofstates, a set Σ called the input alphabet, and a functionT:Q× Σ →Qcalled the transition function.
Associated with any semiautomaton is amonoidcalled thecharacteristic monoid,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiautomaton |
Inmathematics, aCaccioppoli setis a subset ofRn{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}whoseboundaryis (in a suitable sense)measurableand has (at leastlocally) afinitemeasure. A synonym isset of (locally) finite perimeter. Basically, a set is a Caccioppoli set if itscharacteristic functionis afunction of bounded variation, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccioppoli_set |
Acomputer number formatis the internal representation of numeric values in digital device hardware and software, such as in programmablecomputersandcalculators.[1]Numerical values are stored as groupings ofbits, such asbytesand words. The encoding between numerical values and bit patterns is chosen for convenience of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_number_format |
Innews mediaandsocial media, anecho chamberis an environment or ecosystem in which participants encounterbeliefsthat amplify or reinforce their preexisting beliefs by communication and repetition inside a closed system and insulated from rebuttal.[2][3][4]An echo chamber circulates existing views without encountering o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media) |
Network switching subsystem(NSS) (orGSM core network) is the component of aGSMsystem that carries outcall outandmobility managementfunctions formobile phonesroamingon thenetwork of base stations. It is owned and deployed bymobile phone operatorsand allows mobile devices to communicate with each other andtelephonesin th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitors_Location_Register |
TheGauss–Newton algorithmis used to solvenon-linear least squaresproblems, which is equivalent to minimizing a sum of squared function values. It is an extension ofNewton's methodfor finding aminimumof a non-linearfunction. Since a sum of squares must be nonnegative, the algorithm can be viewed as using Newton's method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_algorithm |
Inmathematics, anellipseis aplane curvesurrounding twofocal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant. It generalizes acircle, which is the special type of ellipse in which the two focal points are the same. The elongation of an ellipse is measured by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse |
Inmathematics, agroup actionof a groupG{\displaystyle G}on asetS{\displaystyle S}is agroup homomorphismfromG{\displaystyle G}to some group (underfunction composition) of functions fromS{\displaystyle S}to itself. It is said thatG{\displaystyle G}actsonS{\displaystyle S}.
Many sets oftransformationsform agroupunderfunc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_subgroup |
Anoptical disc image(orISO image, from theISO 9660file system used withCD-ROMmedia) is adisk imagethat contains everything that would be written to anoptical disc,disk sectorby disc sector, including the optical discfile system.[3]ISO images contain the binary image of an optical mediafile system(usuallyISO 9660and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_image |
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