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Incompilerdesign,static single assignment form(often abbreviated asSSA formor simplySSA) is a type ofintermediate representation(IR) where eachvariableisassignedexactly once. SSA is used in most high-quality optimizing compilers for imperative languages, includingLLVM, theGNU Compiler Collection, and many commercial co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment |
The replication crisis, also known as the reproducibility or replicability crisis, refers to the growing number of published scientific results that other researchers have been unable to reproduce or verify. Because the reproducibility of empirical results is an essential part of thescientific method,[2]such failures u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_crisis |
Inlogic, a true/falsedecision problemisdecidableif there exists aneffective methodfor deriving the correct answer.Zeroth-order logic(propositional logic) is decidable, whereasfirst-orderandhigher-orderlogic are not.Logical systemsare decidable if membership in their set oflogically validformulas (or theorems) can be ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidability_(logic) |
Information Processing Language(IPL) is aprogramming languagecreated byAllen Newell,Cliff Shaw, andHerbert A. SimonatRAND Corporationand theCarnegie Institute of Technologyabout 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon had the job of application p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language |
Agrowing self-organizing map (GSOM)is a growing variant of aself-organizing map(SOM). The GSOM was developed to address the issue of identifying a suitable map size in theSOM. It starts with a minimal number of nodes (usually 4) and grows new nodes on the boundary based on a heuristic. By using the value called Spread ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_self-organizing_map |
Inlogic, aconditional quantifieris a kind ofLindström quantifier(orgeneralized quantifier)QAthat, relative to a classical modelA, satisfies some or all of the following conditions ("X" and "Y" range over arbitrary formulas in onefree variable):
(The implication arrow denotes material implication in the metalanguage.) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_quantifier |
Inastrophysics, agravastar(ablend wordof "gravitationalvacuumstar") is an object hypothesized in a 2001 paper byPawel O. MazurandEmil Mottolaas an alternative to theblack holetheory.[1]It has the usual black holemetricoutside of thehorizon, butde Sitter metricinside. On the horizon there is a thin shell ofexotic matter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar |
Inphysics,chemistry, andmaterials science,percolation(fromLatinpercolare'to filter, trickle through') refers to the movement andfilteringof fluids through porous materials. It is described byDarcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation |
Stigler's lawconcerns the supposed tendency ofeponymousexpressions for scientific discoveries to honor people other than their respective originators.
Examples include:
Since that definition predated Boyce and Codd's own definition by some three years, it seems to me that BCNF ought by rights to be calledHeathnormal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_examples_of_Stigler%27s_law |
Sibilants(fromLatin:sibilans'hissing') arefricativeconsonants of higheramplitudeandpitch, made bydirectinga stream of air with the tongue towards theteeth.[1]Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of theEnglishwordssip,zip,ship, andgenre. The symbols in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetused to denot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_fricative |
Inmathematics, alinear approximationis an approximation of a generalfunctionusing alinear function(more precisely, anaffine function). They are widely used in the method offinite differencesto produce first order methods for solving or approximating solutions to equations.
Given a twice continuously differentiable fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_approximation |
TheWi-Fi Allianceis a non-profit[1]organization that owns theWi-Fitrademark. Manufacturers may use the trademark to brand products certified for Wi-Fi interoperability. It is based inAustin, Texas.
Early802.11products suffered frominteroperabilityproblems because theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance#Wi-Fi_EasyMesh |
Viable system theory(VST) concernscyberneticprocesses in relation to the development/evolution ofdynamical systems: it can be used to explainliving systems, which are considered to be complex andadaptive, can learn, and are capable of maintaining an autonomous existence, at least within the confines of their constraint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_system_theory |
Inmathematicsandmathematical logic,Boolean algebrais a branch ofalgebra. It differs fromelementary algebrain two ways. First, the values of thevariablesare thetruth valuestrueandfalse, usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebra useslogical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(logic) |
Inmilitaryterminology, acountersignis a sign, word, or any other signal previously agreed upon and required to be exchanged between apicketor guard and anybody approaching his or her post. The term usually encompasses both the sign given by the approaching party as well as the sentry's reply. However, in some militarie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersign_(military) |
Thebasic exchange telephone radio serviceorBETRSis a fixed radio service where amultiplexed,digital radiolink is used as the last segment of thelocal loopto providewirelesstelephone service to subscribers in remote areas. BETRS technology was developed in the mid-1980s and allows up to four subscribers to use a single ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_exchange_telephone_radio_service |
Anidentity scoreis a system for detectingidentity theft. Identity scores are increasingly being adopted as a means to preventfraudin business[1]and as a tool to verify and correctpublic records.
Identity scores incorporate, a broad set ofconsumerdata that gauges a person's legitimacy. Identity score components can in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_score |
Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theoremis aproofby British mathematicianSir Andrew Wilesof a special case of themodularity theoremforelliptic curves. Together withRibet's theorem, it provides a proof forFermat's Last Theorem. Both Fermat's Last Theorem and the modularity theorem were believed to be impossible to prove u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiles%27s_proof_of_Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem |
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) is a family ofwireless broadbandcommunication standards based on theIEEE 802.16set of standards, which provide physical layer (PHY) andmedia access control(MAC) options.
TheWiMAX Forumwas formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability, including th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX |
CDMA2000++(also known asC2KorIMT Multi‑Carrier(IMT‑MC)) is a family of3G[1]mobile technology standards for sending voice, data, andsignalingdata betweenmobile phonesandcell sites. It is developed by3GPP2as a backwards-compatible successor tosecond-generationcdmaOne(IS-95) set of standards and used especially in North A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000 |
Apivot tableis atableof values which are aggregations of groups of individual values from a more extensive table (such as from adatabase,spreadsheet, orbusiness intelligence program) within one or more discrete categories. The aggregations or summaries of the groups of the individual terms might include sums, averages,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_table |
Blum Blum Shub(B.B.S.) is apseudorandom number generatorproposed in 1986 byLenore Blum,Manuel BlumandMichael Shub[1]that is derived fromMichael O. Rabin's one-way function.
Blum Blum Shub takes the form
whereM=pqis the product of two largeprimespandq. At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived fromxn+1; th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_Blum_Shub |
Participatory GIS(PGIS) orpublic participation geographic information system(PPGIS) is aparticipatoryapproach tospatial planningand spatial information andcommunications management.[1][2]
PGIS combinesParticipatory Learning and Action(PLA) methods withgeographic information systems(GIS).[3]PGIS combines a range of geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation_GIS |
This is a list ofpublicationsinstatistics, organized by field.
Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
Mathematical Methods of Statistics
Statistical Decision Functions
Testing Statistical Hypotheses
An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances
On Small Differenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_statistics#Multivariate_analysis |
Aglossary(fromAncient Greek:γλῶσσα,glossa; language, speech, wording), also known as avocabularyorclavis, is an alphabetical list oftermsin a particulardomain of knowledgewith thedefinitionsfor those terms.[citation needed]Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of abookand includes terms within that book that are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary |
Alanguage modelis amodelof natural language.[1]Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, includingspeech recognition,[2]machine translation,[3]natural language generation(generating more human-like text),optical character recognition,route optimization,[4]handwriting recognition,[5]grammar induction,[6]andinfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model#Neural_network |
Aquineis acomputer programthat takes no input and produces a copy of its ownsource codeas its only output. The standard terms for these programs in thecomputability theoryandcomputer scienceliterature are "self-replicating programs", "self-reproducing programs", and "self-copying programs".
A quine is afixed pointof a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine_(computing) |
Inbroadcasting, the termblackoutrefers to the non-airing oftelevisionorradioprogramming in a certainmedia market.[1]
It is particularly prevalent in thebroadcasting of sports events, although other television or radio programs may be blacked out as well. Most blackout policies serve to protect local broadcasters (prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(broadcasting) |
Inlinguistics,declension(verb:todecline) is the changing of the form of aword, generally to express itssyntactic functionin the sentence by way of aninflection. Declension may apply tonouns,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs, anddeterminers. It serves to indicatenumber(e.g. singular, dual, plural),case(e.g.nominative,accusati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension |
Inalgebra(in particular inalgebraic geometryoralgebraic number theory), avaluationis afunctionon afieldthat provides a measure of the size or multiplicity of elements of the field. It generalizes tocommutative algebrathe notion of size inherent in consideration of the degree of apoleormultiplicityof azeroincomplex anal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(algebra) |
Anintegrated development environment(IDE) is asoftware applicationthat provides comprehensive facilities forsoftware development. An IDE normally consists of at least asource-code editor,build automationtools, and adebugger. Some IDEs, such asIntelliJ IDEA,EclipseandLazaruscontain the necessarycompiler,interpreteror bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment |
Asoftware license manageris asoftware management toolused byindependent software vendorsor by end-user organizations to control where and how software products are able to run. License managers protect software vendors from losses due tosoftware piracyand enable end-user organizations to comply withsoftware licenseagre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_manager |
Instatistics,scaled correlationis a form of a coefficient ofcorrelationapplicable to data that have a temporal component such astime series. It is the average short-term correlation. If the signals have multiple components (slow and fast), scaled coefficient of correlation can be computed only for the fast components o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_correlation |
Boolean grammars, introduced byOkhotin[Wikidata], are a class offormal grammarsstudied informal languagetheory. They extend the basic type of grammars, thecontext-free grammars, withconjunctionandnegationoperations. Besides these explicit operations, Boolean grammars allow implicitdisjunctionrepresented by multiple rul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_grammar |
Inmathematics, well-behavedtopological spacescan belocalizedat primes, in a similar way to thelocalization of a ringat a prime. This construction was described byDennis Sullivanin 1970 lecture notes that were finally published in (Sullivan 2005).
The reason to do this was in line with an idea of makingtopology, more p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_topological_space |
Goldbach's conjectureis one of the oldest and best-knownunsolved problemsinnumber theoryand all ofmathematics. It states that everyevennatural numbergreater than 2 is the sum of twoprime numbers.
The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than4×1018but remains unproven despite considerable effort.
On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture |
In the mathematical theory ofnon-standard positional numeral systems, theKomornik–Loreti constantis amathematical constantthat represents the smallest baseqfor which the number 1 has a unique representation, called itsq-development. The constant is named afterVilmos KomornikandPaola Loreti, who defined it in 1998.[1]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komornik%E2%80%93Loreti_constant |
Inmathematics, aprojective planeis a geometric structure that extends the concept of aplane. In the ordinary Euclidean plane, two lines typically intersect at a single point, but there are some pairs of lines (namely, parallel lines) that do not intersect. A projective plane can be thought of as an ordinary plane equip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_plane#Lines_joining_points_and_intersection_of_lines_.28using_duality.29 |
Inmathematicsandprobability theory,continuum percolation theoryis a branch of mathematics that extends discretepercolation theorytocontinuous space(oftenEuclidean spaceℝn). More specifically, the underlying points of discrete percolation form types of lattices whereas the underlying points of continuum percolation are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_percolation_theory |
Incomputer programming,bounds checkingis any method of detecting whether avariableis within someboundsbefore it is used. It is usually used to ensure that a number fits into a given type (range checking), or that a variable being used as anarrayindex is within the bounds of the array (index checking). A failed bounds c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_checking |
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement(CEGAR) is a technique forsymbolic model checking.[1][2]It is also applied inmodal logictableau calculialgorithms to optimise their efficiency.[3]
In computer-aided verification and analysis of programs, models of computation often consist ofstates. Models for even small pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterexample-guided_abstraction_refinement |
Asprachbund(/ˈsprɑːkbʊnd/, fromGerman:Sprachbund[ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt]ⓘ,lit.'language federation'), also known as alinguistic area,area of linguistic convergence, ordiffusion area, is a group oflanguagesthat shareareal featuresresulting from geographical proximity andlanguage contact. The languages may begenetically unrelated, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachbund |
Software cracking(known as "breaking" mostly in the 1980s[1]) is an act of removingcopy protectionfrom a software.[2]Copy protection can be removed by applying a specificcrack. Acrackcan mean any tool that enables breaking software protection, a stolen product key, or guessed password. Cracking software generally invol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking |
Inprobability theory, atelescoping Markov chain (TMC)is a vector-valuedstochastic processthat satisfies aMarkov propertyand admits a hierarchical format through a network of transition matrices with cascading dependence.[1]
For anyN>1{\displaystyle N>1}consider the set of spaces{Sℓ}ℓ=1N{\displaystyle \{{\mathcal {S}}^... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoping_Markov_chain |
Business System 12, or simplyBS12, was one of the first fullyrelational database management systems, designed and implemented byIBM'sBureau Servicesubsidiary at the company's international development centre inUithoorn,Netherlands. Programming started in 1978 and the first version was delivered in 1982. It was never w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Business_System_12 |
Speech analyticsis the process of analyzing recorded calls to gather customer information to improve communication and future interaction. The process is primarily used by customer contact centers to extract information buried in client interactions with an enterprise.[1]Although speech analytics includes elements ofau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_analytics |
Apage tableis adata structureused by avirtual memorysystem in acomputerto store mappings betweenvirtual addressesandphysical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessingprocess, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by therandom-access memory(RAM) sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table_entry#Permissions |
Incategory theory, a branch ofmathematics, asectionis aright inverseof somemorphism.Dually, aretractionis aleft inverseof somemorphism.
In other words, iff:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}andg:Y→X{\displaystyle g:Y\to X}are morphisms whose compositionf∘g:Y→Y{\displaystyle f\circ g:Y\to Y}is theidentity morphismonY{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(category_theory) |
Algebraic geometryis a branch ofmathematicswhich usesabstract algebraictechniques, mainly fromcommutative algebra, to solvegeometrical problems. Classically, it studieszerosofmultivariate polynomials; the modern approach generalizes this in a few different aspects.
The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_algebraic_geometry |
Aserviceis an act or use for which aconsumer,company, orgovernmentis willing topay.[1]Examples include work done by barbers, doctors, lawyers, mechanics, banks, insurance companies, and so on. Public services are those that society (nation state, fiscal union or region) as a whole pays for. Usingresources, skill, ingen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics) |
The following tables list thecomputational complexityof variousalgorithmsfor commonmathematical operations.
Here, complexity refers to thetime complexityof performing computations on amultitape Turing machine.[1]Seebig O notationfor an explanation of the notation used.
Note: Due to the variety of multiplication algor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_of_mathematical_operations |
Inmathematics,convergence testsare methods of testing for theconvergence,conditional convergence,absolute convergence,interval of convergenceor divergence of aninfinite series∑n=1∞an{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}}.
If the limit of the summand is undefined or nonzero, that islimn→∞an≠0{\displaystyle \lim _{n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_tests |
Īhām(ایهام) inPersian,Urdu,KurdishandArabic poetryis a literary device in which an author uses a word, or an arrangement of words, that can be read in several ways. Each of the meanings may be logically sound, equally true and intended.[1]
In the 12th century,Rashid al-Din Vatvatdefinedīhāmas follows: "Īhāmin Persian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iham |
Verification-based message-passingalgorithms(VB-MPAs)incompressed sensing(CS), a branch ofdigital signal processingthat deals with measuringsparse signals, are some methods to efficiently solve the recovery problem in compressed sensing. One of the main goal in compressed sensing is the recovery process. Generally spea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification-based_message-passing_algorithms_in_compressed_sensing |
Lexicologyis the branch oflinguisticsthat analyzes thelexiconof a specificlanguage. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of alanguagethat can stand on its own, and is made up of small components calledmorphemesand even smaller elements known asphonemes, or distinguishing sounds. Lexicology examines every feature of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology |
Adivision algorithmis analgorithmwhich, given twointegersNandD(respectively the numerator and the denominator), computes theirquotientand/orremainder, the result ofEuclidean division. Some are applied by hand, while others are employed by digital circuit designs and software.
Division algorithms fall into two main cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm |
Instatistics,sampling biasis abiasin which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intendedpopulationhave a lower or highersampling probabilitythan others. It results in abiased sample[1]of a population (or non-human factors) in which all individuals, or instances, were not equally likely to have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biased_sample |
Psycholinguisticsorpsychology of languageis the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.[1]The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms by which language is processed and represented in the mind and brain; that is, thepsychologicalandneurobiologicalfactors that enablehu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics |
Atreatiseis aformaland systematic writtendiscourseon some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions.[1]Amonographis a treatise on a specialized topic.[2]
The word "treatise" has its origins in the early 14th century, derived from the Anglo-French termtretiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise |
Inlinear algebra, theHermite normal formis an analogue ofreduced echelon formformatricesover theintegersZ{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }. Just asreduced echelon formcan be used to solve problems about the solution to the linear systemAx=b{\displaystyle Ax=b}wherex∈Rn{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}, the Hermite norma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite_normal_form |
In mathematics, aQ-categoryoralmost quotient category[1]is acategorythat is a "milder version of a Grothendieck site."[2]A Q-category is acoreflective subcategory.[1][clarification needed]The Q stands for a quotient.
The concept of Q-categories was introduced by Alexander Rosenberg in 1988.[2]The motivation for the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-category |
Inmathematics(in particular,functional analysis),convolutionis amathematical operationon twofunctionsf{\displaystyle f}andg{\displaystyle g}that produces a third functionf∗g{\displaystyle f*g}, as theintegralof the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted. The termconvolutionref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_kernel |
Incomputer science,arrayis adata typethat represents a collection ofelements(valuesorvariables), each selected by one or more indices (identifying keys) that can be computed atrun timeduring program execution. Such a collection is usually called anarray variableorarray value.[1]By analogy with the mathematical concepts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_type |
Abiometric passport(also known as anelectronic passport,e-passportor adigital passport) is apassportthat has an embedded electronicmicroprocessorchip, which containsbiometricinformation that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It usescontactless smart cardtechnology, including a microproces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passport |
In the mathematicaltheory of probability, theIonescu-Tulcea theorem, sometimes called theIonesco Tulcea extension theorem, deals with the existence ofprobability measuresfor probabilistic events consisting of a countably infinite number of individual probabilistic events. In particular, the individual events may beinde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionescu-Tulcea_theorem |
Inalgebra, afieldkisperfectif any one of the following equivalent conditions holds:
Otherwise,kis calledimperfect.
In particular, all fields of characteristic zero and allfinite fieldsare perfect.
Perfect fields are significant becauseGalois theoryover these fields becomes simpler, since the general Galois assumptio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_field |
Inmathematical statistics, theKullback–Leibler(KL)divergence(also calledrelative entropyandI-divergence[1]), denotedDKL(P∥Q){\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel Q)}, is a type ofstatistical distance: a measure of how much a modelprobability distributionQis different from a true probability distributionP.[2][3]Mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullback%E2%80%93Leibler_divergence |
TheAMDAthlon X2processor family consists of processors based on both theAthlon 64 X2and thePhenomprocessor families. The original Athlon X2 processors were low-power Athlon 64 X2Brisbaneprocessors, while newer processors released in Q2 2008 are based on theK10Kumaprocessor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_Athlon_X2_processors |
Predictive policingis the usage of mathematics,predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques inlaw enforcementto identify potential criminal activity.[1][2][3]A report published by theRAND Corporationidentified four general categories predictive policing methods fall into: methods for predicting crimes, methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_policing |
Incryptography, theTiny Encryption Algorithm(TEA) is ablock ciphernotable for its simplicity of description andimplementation, typically a few lines of code. It was designed byDavid WheelerandRoger Needhamof theCambridge Computer Laboratory; it was first presented at theFast Software Encryptionworkshop inLeuvenin 1994... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm |
Capgras delusionorCapgras syndromeis apsychiatric disorderin which a person holds adelusionthat a friend, spouse, parent, other close family member, or pet has been replaced by an identicalimpostor. It is named afterJoseph Capgras(1873–1950), the French psychiatrist who first described the disorder.
The Capgras delusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capgras_delusion |
Vocal pedagogyis the study of the art and science ofvoiceinstruction. It is used in the teaching ofsingingand assists in defining what singing is, how singing works, and howsinging techniqueis accomplished.
Vocal pedagogy covers a broad range of aspects of singing, ranging from the physiological process of vocal produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy |
Inmathematics, asetiscountableif either it isfiniteor it can be made inone to one correspondencewith the set ofnatural numbers.[a]Equivalently, a set iscountableif there exists aninjective functionfrom it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set |
Automatic bug-fixingis the automaticrepairofsoftware bugswithout the intervention of a human programmer.[1][2][3]It is also commonly referred to asautomatic patch generation,automatic bug repair, orautomatic program repair.[3]The typical goal of such techniques is to automatically generate correctpatchesto eliminate bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_bug_fixing |
BlueKeep(CVE-2019-0708) is asecurity vulnerabilitythat was discovered inMicrosoft'sRemote Desktop Protocol(RDP) implementation, which allows for the possibility ofremote code execution.
First reported in May 2019, it is present in all unpatched Windows NT-based versions of Microsoft Windows fromWindows 2000throughWind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueKeep |
In linguistics,selectiondenotes the ability ofpredicatesto determine the semantic content of theirarguments.[1]Predicates select their arguments, which means they limit the semantic content of their arguments. A distinction may sometimes be drawn between types of selection; viz.,s(emantic)-selectionversusc(ategory)-sel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(linguistics) |
In computer data, asubstitute character(␚) is acontrol characterthat is used to pad transmitted data in order to send it in blocks of fixed size, or to stand in place of a character that is recognized to be invalid, erroneous or unrepresentable on a given device. It is also used as an escape sequence in someprogramming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_character |
TheIndian numbering systemis used inIndia,Pakistan,Nepal,Sri Lanka, andBangladeshto express large numbers, which differs from theInternational System of Units. Commonly used quantities includelakh(one hundred thousand) andcrore(ten million) – written as 100,000 and 10,000,000 respectively in somelocales.[1]For example:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numbering_system |
Insyntacticanalysis, aconstituentis a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified usingtests for constituents.[1]These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and the results provide evidence about the constituent structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics) |
In mathematics,arithmetic geometryis roughly the application of techniques fromalgebraic geometryto problems innumber theory.[1]Arithmetic geometry is centered aroundDiophantine geometry, the study ofrational pointsofalgebraic varieties.[2][3]
In more abstract terms, arithmetic geometry can be defined as the study ofs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_geometry |
Informal semantics,Strawson entailmentis a variant of the concept ofentailmentwhich is insensitive topresuppositionfailures. Formally, a sentencePStrawson-entails a sentenceQiffQis always true whenPis true andQs presuppositions are satisfied. For example, "Maria loves every cat" Strawson-entails "Maria loves her cat" b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawson_entailment |
Thelaw of trivialityisC. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues.[1]Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for anuclear power plantspending the majority of its time on discussions a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_triviality |
In computing, ashell builtinis acommandor afunction, exposed by ashell, that is implemented in the shell itself, instead of an externalprogramwhich the shell would load and execute.[1][2][3][4]
A shell builtin starts faster than an external program because there is no program loading overhead. However, its implementat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_builtin |
Inchemistry,molecular symmetrydescribes thesymmetrypresent inmoleculesand the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule'schemical properties, such as whether or not it has adipole m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_symmetry |
Acourtesy name(Chinese:字;pinyin:zì;lit.'character'), also known as astyle name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name.[1]This tradition is prevalent in theEast Asian cultural sphere, particularly inChina,Japan, andVietnam.[2]Courtesy names are a marker of adulthood... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name |
Simicsis afull-system simulatoror virtual platform used to run unchanged production binaries of the target hardware. Simics was originally developed by theSwedish Institute of Computer Science(SICS), and then spun off toVirtutechfor commercial development in 1998. Virtutech was acquired byIntelin 2010. Currently, Simic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simics |
In thehistory of cryptography, theECM Mark IIwas acipher machineused by the United States for messageencryptionfromWorld War IIuntil the 1950s. The machine was also known as theSIGABAorConverter M-134by the Army, orCSP-888/889by the Navy, and a modified Navy version was termed theCSP-2900.
Like many machines of the er... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA |
Inmathematics, asurjective function(also known assurjection, oronto function/ˈɒn.tuː/) is afunctionfsuch that, for every elementyof the function'scodomain, there existsat leastone elementxin the function'sdomainsuch thatf(x) =y. In other words, for a functionf:X→Y, the codomainYis theimageof the function's domainX.[1][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjective_function |
Afriend-to-friend(orF2F) computer network is a type ofpeer-to-peer networkin which users only make direct connections with people they know.Passwordsordigital signaturescan be used forauthentication.
Unlike other kinds ofprivate P2P, users in a friend-to-friend network cannot find out who else is participating beyond ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend-to-friend |
TheAssociation of College and Research Librariesdefinesinformation literacyas a "set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communities o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Ingraph theory, anisomorphism ofgraphsGandHis abijectionbetween the vertex sets ofGandH
such that any two verticesuandvofGareadjacentinGif and only iff(u){\displaystyle f(u)}andf(v){\displaystyle f(v)}are adjacent inH. This kind of bijection is commonly described as "edge-preserving bijection", in accordance with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_isomorphism |
Inmathematics, anorder topologyis a specifictopologythat can be defined on anytotally ordered set. It is a natural generalization of the topology of thereal numbersto arbitrary totally ordered sets.
IfXis a totally ordered set, theorder topologyonXis generated by thesubbaseof "open rays"
for alla, binX. ProvidedXhas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_topology#Ordinal_space |
ThePusey–Barrett–Rudolph(PBR)theorem[1]is ano-go theoreminquantum foundationsdue to Matthew Pusey, Jonathan Barrett, andTerry Rudolph(for whom the theorem is named) in 2012. It has particular significance for how one may interpret the nature of thequantum state.
With respect to certain realisthidden variable theoriest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBR_theorem |
Atrade secretis a form ofintellectual property(IP) comprising confidential information that is not generally known or readily ascertainable, derives economic value from its secrecy, and is protected by reasonable efforts to maintain its confidentiality.[1][2][3]Well-known examples include theCoca-Cola formulaand the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret |
Anapplication programming interface(API) is a connection betweencomputersor betweencomputer programs. It is a type of softwareinterface, offering a service to other pieces ofsoftware.[1]A document or standard that describes how to build such a connection or interface is called anAPI specification. A computer system tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface |
Incomputer science,canonicalization(sometimesstandardizationornormalization) is a process for convertingdatathat has more than one possible representation into a "standard", "normal", orcanonical form. This can be done to compare different representations for equivalence, to count the number of distinct data structures... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonicalization |
Inmathematics, aPadé approximantis the "best" approximation of a function near a specific point by arational functionof given order. Under this technique, the approximant'spower seriesagrees with the power series of the function it is approximating. The technique was developed around 1890 byHenri Padé, but goes back to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%A9_approximant |
Psychobabble(aportmanteauof "psychology" or "psychoanalysis" and "babble") is a derogatory name for therapy speech or writing that usespsychologicaljargon,buzzwords, andesotericlanguage to create an impression of truth orplausibility. The term implies that the speaker or writer lacks the experience and understanding ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobabble |
Price's laworPrice's square root lawis abibliometrichypothesis proposed byDerek J. de Solla Pricesuggesting that in any scientific field, half of the published research comes from the square root of the total number of authors in that field.
The law specifically states that if n represents the total number of authors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_law |
Apersonal air vehicle(PAV) is a proposed class of passengeraircraftproviding on-demand air transport.
The emergence of this alternative to traditional ground transport methods has been enabled byunmanned aerial vehicletechnologies andelectric propulsion.
Barriers includeaviation safety,airworthiness,operating costs,us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_air_vehicle |
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