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Software archaeologyorsource code archeologyis the study of poorly documented or undocumentedlegacy softwareimplementations, as part ofsoftware maintenance.[1][2]Software archaeology, named by analogy witharchaeology,[3]includes thereverse engineeringof software modules, and the application of a variety of tools and pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_archaeology |
Telephone tappingin theEastern Blocwas a widespread method of themass surveillanceof the population by thesecret police.[1]
In the past, telephone tapping was an open and legal practice in certain countries.[2]Duringmartial law in Poland, official censorship was introduced, which included open phone tapping. Despite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc |
TheFrank–Wolfe algorithmis aniterativefirst-orderoptimizationalgorithmforconstrainedconvex optimization. Also known as theconditional gradient method,[1]reduced gradient algorithmand theconvex combination algorithm, the method was originally proposed byMarguerite FrankandPhilip Wolfein 1956.[2]In each iteration, the Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Wolfe_algorithm |
Inmatrix theory, thePerron–Frobenius theorem, proved byOskar Perron(1907) andGeorg Frobenius(1912), asserts that areal square matrixwith positive entries has a uniqueeigenvalueof largest magnitude and that eigenvalue is real. The correspondingeigenvectorcan be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%E2%80%93Frobenius_theorem |
Head/tail breaksis aclustering algorithmfor data with aheavy-tailed distributionsuch aspower lawsandlognormal distributions. The heavy-tailed distribution can be simply referred to the scaling pattern of far more small things than large ones, or alternatively numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head/tail_Breaks |
TheHail Mary Cloudwas, or is, a password guessingbotnet, which used a statistical equivalent tobrute forcepasswordguessing.
The botnet ran from possibly as early as 2005,[1]and certainly from 2007 until 2012 and possibly later. The botnet was named and documented by Peter N. M. Hansteen.[2]
The principle is that a bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_Mary_Cloud |
Incomputer science,dancing links(DLX) is a technique for adding and deleting a node from a circulardoubly linked list. It is particularly useful for efficiently implementingbacktrackingalgorithms, such asKnuth's Algorithm Xfor theexact cover problem.[1]Algorithm X is arecursive,nondeterministic,depth-first,backtracking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Links |
TheUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) is a3Gmobile cellular system for networks based on theGSMstandard.[1]UMTS useswideband code-division multiple access(W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth tomobile network operatorscompared to previous2Gsystems likeGPRSandC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System |
Thedominance-based rough set approach(DRSA) is an extension ofrough set theoryformulti-criteria decision analysis(MCDA), introduced by Greco, Matarazzo and Słowiński.[1][2][3]The main change compared to the classicalrough setsis the substitution for the indiscernibility relation by a dominance relation, which permits o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance-based_rough_set_approach |
SPARQL(pronounced "sparkle", arecursive acronym[2]forSPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is anRDF query language—that is, asemanticquery languagefordatabases—able to retrieve and manipulate data stored inResource Description Framework (RDF)format.[3][4]It was made a standard by theRDF Data Access Working Group(DAWG... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL |
Inductive logic programming(ILP) is a subfield ofsymbolic artificial intelligencewhich useslogic programmingas a uniform representation for examples, background knowledge and hypotheses. The term "inductive" here refers tophilosophical(i.e. suggesting a theory to explain observed facts) rather thanmathematical(i.e. pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming |
Inlinear algebra, themodal matrixis used in thediagonalization processinvolvingeigenvalues and eigenvectors.[1]
Specifically the modal matrixM{\displaystyle M}for the matrixA{\displaystyle A}is then×nmatrix formed with the eigenvectors ofA{\displaystyle A}as columns inM{\displaystyle M}. It is utilized in thesimilari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_matrix |
Alist of web service frameworks: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_frameworks |
Neogeography(literally "new geography") is the use of geographical techniques and tools for personal and community activities or by a non-expert group of users.[1]Application domains of neogeography are typically not formal or analytical.[2]
From the point of view of human geography,neogeographycould be also defined a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeography |
Ingraph theory, theshortest path problemis the problem of finding apathbetween twovertices(or nodes) in agraphsuch that the sum of theweightsof its constituent edges is minimized.[1]
The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a road map may be modeled as a special case of the shortest path p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem |
TheMD4 Message-Digest Algorithmis acryptographic hash functiondeveloped byRonald Rivestin 1990.[3]The digest length is 128 bits. The algorithm has influenced later designs, such as theMD5,SHA-1andRIPEMDalgorithms. The initialism "MD" stands for "Message Digest".
The security of MD4 has been severely compromised. The f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD4 |
In general usage, afinancial planis a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's current pay and future financial state by using current known variables to predict future income, asset values and withdrawal plans.[1]This often includes abudgetwhich organizes an individual's finances and sometimes includes a series of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_planning |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution(named after Kenneth Ted Wallenius) is a generalization of thehypergeometric distributionwhere items are sampled withbias.
This distribution can be illustrated as anurn modelwith bias. Assume, for example, that an urn containsm1red ball... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenius%27_noncentral_hypergeometric_distribution |
Bcachefsis acopy-on-write(COW)file systemforLinux-based operating systems. Its primary developer, Kent Overstreet, first announced it in 2015, and it was added to theLinux kernelbeginning with 6.7.[1][2]It is intended to compete with the modern features ofZFSorBtrfs, and the speed and performance ofext4orXFS.
Bcachefs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcachefs |
TheTexas sharpshooter fallacyis aninformal fallacywhich is committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are overemphasized. From this reasoning, a false conclusion is inferred.[1]This fallacy is the philosophical or rhetorical application of themultiple comparisonsproblem (in statistics) andapopheni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy |
Btrfs(pronounced as "better F S",[9]"butter F S",[13][14]"b-tree F S",[14]or "B.T.R.F.S.") is a computer storage format that combines afile systembased on thecopy-on-write(COW) principle with alogical volume manager(distinct from Linux'sLVM), developed together. It was created by Chris Mason in 2007[15]for use inLinux,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs |
Incomputing, theexit status(alsoexit codeorexit value) of a terminatedprocessis an integer number that is made available to itsparent process(or caller). InDOS, this may be referred to as anerrorlevel.
When computer programs are executed, theoperating systemcreates anabstract entitycalled aprocessin which the book-ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_status |
Areceiver operating characteristic curve, orROC curve, is agraphical plotthat illustrates the performance of abinary classifiermodel (can be used for multi class classification as well) at varying threshold values. ROC analysis is commonly applied in the assessment of diagnostic test performance in clinical epidemiolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic |
Classificationis the activity of assigning objects to some pre-existing classes or categories. This is distinct from the task of establishing the classes themselves (for example throughcluster analysis).[1]Examples include diagnostic tests, identifying spam emails and deciding whether to give someone a driving license.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification |
Folksonomyis aclassification systemin whichend usersapply publictagsto online items, typically to make those items easier for themselves or others to find later. Over time, this can give rise to a classification system based on those tags and how often they are applied or searched for, in contrast to ataxonomicclassifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_tagging |
Volunteered geographic information(VGI) is the harnessing of tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individuals.[1][2]VGI is a special case of the larger phenomenon known asuser-generated content,[3]and allows people to have a more active role in activities such asurban plann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteered_geographic_information |
Incomputing, theworking directoryof aprocessis adirectoryof ahierarchical file system, if any,[nb 1]dynamically associated with the process. It is sometimes called thecurrent working directory (CWD), e.g. theBSDgetcwd[1]function, or justcurrent directory.[2]When a process refers to a file using apaththat is arelative p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_directory |
TheWorld Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure(PIANC) is an international professional organisation founded in 1885.[1]PIANC’s mission today is to provide expert guidance and technical advice on technical, economic and environmental issues pertaining towaterborne transportinfrastructure, including the fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_for_Waterborne_Transport_Infrastructure |
Inlogicandmathematics, thelogical biconditional, also known asmaterial biconditionalorequivalenceorbidirectional implicationorbiimplicationorbientailment, is thelogical connectiveused to conjoin two statementsP{\displaystyle P}andQ{\displaystyle Q}to form the statement "P{\displaystyle P}if and only ifQ{\displaystyle Q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_biconditional |
Individualhuman mobilityis the study that describes how individual humans move within a network or system.[1]The concept has been studied in a number of fields originating in the study of demographics. Understanding human mobility has many applications in diverse areas, includingspread of diseases,[2][3]mobile viruses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_mobility |
Inmathematics, there are two different notions of aring of sets, both referring to certainfamilies of sets.
Inorder theory, a nonemptyfamily of setsR{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}is called a ring (of sets) if it isclosedunderunionandintersection.[1]That is, the following two statements are true for all setsA{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_sets |
Aninducement prize contest(IPC) is a competition that awards a cash prize for the accomplishment of a feat, usually of engineering. IPCs are typically designed to extend the limits of human ability. Some of the most famous IPCs include theLongitude prize(1714–1765), theOrteig Prize(1919–1927) and prizes from enterprise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest |
The Java programming language'sJava Collections Frameworkversion 1.5 and later defines and implements the original regular single-threaded Maps, and
also new thread-safe Maps implementing thejava.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMapinterface among other concurrent interfaces.[1]In Java 1.6, thejava.util.NavigableMapinterface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_ConcurrentMap#Lock-free_atomicity |
Avigesimal(/vɪˈdʒɛsɪməl/vij-ESS-im-əl) orbase-20(base-score) numeral system is based ontwenty(in the same way in which thedecimal numeral systemis based onten).Vigesimalis derived from the Latin adjectivevicesimus, meaning 'twentieth'.
In a vigesimalplacesystem, twenty individual numerals (or digit symbols) are used, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigesimal |
Software testingis the act of checking whethersoftwaresatisfies expectations.
Software testing can provide objective, independent information about thequalityof software and theriskof its failure to auseror sponsor.[1]
Software testing can determine thecorrectnessof software for specificscenariosbut cannot determine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing#Fuzz_testing |
Insyntax,shiftingoccurs when two or moreconstituentsappearing on the same side of their commonheadexchange positions in a sense to obtain non-canonical order. The most widely acknowledged type of shifting isheavy NP shift,[1]but shifting involving a heavy NP is just one manifestation of the shifting mechanism. Shifting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_(syntax) |
Recursionoccurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself.[1]Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging fromlinguisticstologic. The most common application of recursion is inmathematicsandcomputer science, where afunctionbeing defined is applied within its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion#In_art |
Pair testingis asoftware developmenttechnique in which two team members work together at one keyboard to test thesoftware application. One does the testing and the other analyzes or reviews the testing. This can be done between onetesteranddeveloperorbusiness analystor between two testers with both participants takin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_testing |
Anelectionis a formalgroup decision-makingprocess whereby apopulationchooses an individual or multiple individuals to holdpublic office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modernrepresentative democracyhas operated since the 17th century.[1]Elections may fill offices in thelegislature, sometimes in theex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election |
Net neutrality, sometimes referred to asnetwork neutrality, is the principle thatInternet service providers(ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally, offeringusersand online content providers consistent transfer rates regardless of content, website,platform,application, type of equipment, source address, de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality |
TheSempronis a name used for AMD's low-end CPUs, replacing theDuronprocessor. The name was introduced in 2004, and processors with this name continued to be available for the FM2/FM2+ socket in 2015.
SMS3100BQX3LF | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_Sempron_processors |
Minimax(sometimesMinmax,MM[1]orsaddle point[2]) is a decision rule used inartificial intelligence,decision theory,game theory,statistics, andphilosophyforminimizingthe possiblelossfor aworst case (maximum loss) scenario. When dealing with gains, it is referred to as "maximin" – to maximize the minimum gain. Originally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax |
DOACROSSparallelismis aparallelizationtechnique used to performLoop-level parallelismby utilizingsynchronisationprimitives between statements in a loop. This technique is used when a loop cannot be fully parallelized byDOALL parallelismdue to data dependencies between loop iterations, typically loop-carried dependenci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOACROSS_parallelism |
The Java programming language'sJava Collections Frameworkversion 1.5 and later defines and implements the original regular single-threaded Maps, and
also new thread-safe Maps implementing thejava.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMapinterface among other concurrent interfaces.[1]In Java 1.6, thejava.util.NavigableMapinterface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_ConcurrentMap |
Atest planis a document detailing the objectives, resources, and processes for a specific test session for asoftwareor hardware product. The plan typically contains a detailed understanding of the eventualworkflow.
A test plan documents the strategy that will be used to verify and ensure that a product or system meets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_plan |
Incryptography,forward secrecy(FS), also known asperfect forward secrecy(PFS), is a feature of specifickey-agreement protocolsthat gives assurances thatsession keyswill not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised, limiting damage.[1][2][3]ForTLS, the long-term secret is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_forward_secrecy |
Aquantum Turing machine(QTM) oruniversal quantum computeris anabstract machineused tomodelthe effects of aquantum computer. It provides a simple model that captures all of the power of quantum computation—that is, anyquantum algorithmcan be expressed formally as a particular quantum Turing machine. However, the comput... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine |
Hierarchical clusteringis one method for findingcommunity structuresin anetwork. The technique arranges the network into a hierarchy of groups according to a specified weight function. The data can then be represented in a tree structure known as adendrogram. Hierarchical clustering can either beagglomerativeordivisiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering_of_networks |
Transfer learning(TL) is a technique inmachine learning(ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related task.[1]For example, forimage classification, knowledge gained while learning torecognizecars could be applied when trying to recognize trucks. This topic is related t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_learning |
InBoolean logic,logical NOR,[1]non-disjunction, orjoint denial[1]is a truth-functional operator which produces a result that is the negation oflogical or. That is, a sentence of the form (pNORq) is true precisely when neitherpnorqis true—i.e. when bothpandqarefalse. It is logically equivalent to¬(p∨q){\displaystyle \ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampheck |
Standard Apple Numerics Environment(SANE) wasApple Computer's software implementation ofIEEE 754floating-point arithmetic. It was available for the6502-basedApple IIandApple IIImodels and came standard with the65816basedApple IIGSand680x0basedMacintoshandLisamodels. Later Macintosh models had hardware floating point ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Apple_Numerics_Environment |
Inmathematics, theKampé de Fériet functionis a two-variable generalization of thegeneralized hypergeometric series, introduced byJoseph Kampé de Fériet.
The Kampé de Fériet function is given by
The generalsextic equationcan be solved in terms of Kampé de Fériet functions.[1]
Thismathematical analysis–related article... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C3%A9_de_F%C3%A9riet_function |
Incomputer science, asingle address space operating system(orSASOS) is anoperating systemthat provides only one globally sharedaddress spacefor allprocesses. In a single address space operating system, numerically identical (virtual memory)logical addressesin different processes all refer to exactly the same byte of da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_address_space_operating_system |
Thelanguage of mathematicsormathematical languageis an extension of thenatural language(for exampleEnglish) that is used inmathematicsand insciencefor expressing results (scientific laws,theorems,proofs,logical deductions, etc.) with concision, precision and unambiguity.
The main features of the mathematical language ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_mathematics |
Cabir(also known asCaribe,SybmOS/Cabir,Symbian/CabirandEPOC.cabir) is the name of acomputer wormdeveloped in 2004[1]that is designed to infect mobile phones runningSymbian OS. It is believed to be the first computer worm that can infectmobile phones.[2]When a phone is infected with Cabir, the message "Caribe" is displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabir_(computer_worm) |
Statistical relational learning(SRL) is a subdiscipline ofartificial intelligenceandmachine learningthat is concerned withdomain modelsthat exhibit bothuncertainty(which can be dealt with using statistical methods) and complex,relationalstructure.[1][2]Typically, theknowledge representationformalisms developed in SRL u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_relational_learning |
Many problems inmathematical programmingcan be formulated asproblems onconvex setsorconvex bodies. Six kinds of problems are particularly important:[1]: Sec.2optimization,violation,validity,separation,membershipandemptiness. Each of these problems has a strong (exact) variant, and a weak (approximate) variant.
In all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_problems_on_convex_sets |
Inquantum field theory,partition functionsaregenerating functionalsforcorrelation functions, making them key objects of study in thepath integral formalism. They are theimaginary timeversions ofstatistical mechanicspartition functions, giving rise to a close connection between these two areas of physics. Partition func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(quantum_field_theory) |
Process miningis a family of techniques for analyzing event data to understand and improve operational processes. Part of the fields ofdata scienceandprocess management, process mining is generally built onlogsthat contain case id, a unique identifier for a particular process instance; an activity, a description of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_mining |
Incomputational complexity theory,Yao's principle(also calledYao's minimax principleorYao's lemma) relates the performance ofrandomized algorithmsto deterministic (non-random) algorithms. It states that, for certain classes of algorithms, and certain measures of the performance of the algorithms, the following two quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithms_as_zero-sum_games |
Avirtual private server(VPS) orvirtual dedicated server(VDS) is avirtual machinesoldas a serviceby anInternet hostingcompany.[1]
A virtual private server runs its own copy of anoperating system(OS), and customers may havesuperuser-level access to that operating system instance, so they can install almost any software... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server |
Network throughput(or justthroughput, when in context) refers to the rate of message delivery over acommunication channelin acommunication network, such asEthernetorpacket radio. The data that these messages contain may be delivered over physical or logical links, or throughnetwork nodes. Throughput is usually measured... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput |
Countingis the process of determining thenumberofelementsof afinite setof objects; that is, determining thesizeof a set. The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by aunitfor every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting |
Keyword spotting(or more simply,word spotting) is a problem that was historically first defined in the context ofspeech processing.[1][2]In speech processing, keyword spotting deals with the identification ofkeywordsinutterances.
Keyword spotting is also defined as a separate, but related, problem in the context of do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_spotting |
Incomputer engineering, alogic familyis one of two related concepts:
Before the widespread use of integrated circuits, various solid-state and vacuum-tube logic systems were used but these were never as standardized and interoperable as the integrated-circuit devices. The most common logic family in modernsemiconducto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_family |
Locksmithingis the work of creating and bypassing locks. Locksmithing is a traditional trade and in many countries requires completion of anapprenticeship. The level of formal education legally required varies by country, ranging from no formal education to a training certificate awarded by an employer, or a fulldiplom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith |
Instatistical mechanicsandmathematics, aBoltzmann distribution(also calledGibbs distribution[1]) is aprobability distributionorprobability measurethat gives the probability that a system will be in a certainstateas a function of that state's energy and the temperature of the system. The distribution is expressed in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution |
Thesedatasetsare used inmachine learning (ML)research and have been cited inpeer-reviewedacademic journals. Datasets are an integral part of the field of machine learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learningalgorithms(such asdeep learning),computer hardware, and, less-intuitively, the avai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine_learning_research |
Paraconsistent logicis a type ofnon-classical logicthat allows for the coexistence of contradictory statements without leading to a logical explosion where anything can be proven true. Specifically, paraconsistent logic is the subfield oflogicthat is concerned with studying and developing "inconsistency-tolerant" syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic |
Inmathematics, and more specifically inhomological algebra, thesplitting lemmastates that in anyabelian category, the following statements areequivalentfor ashort exact sequence
If any of these statements holds, the sequence is called asplit exact sequence, and the sequence is said tosplit.
In the above short exact s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_lemma |
Instatistics,multicollinearityorcollinearityis a situation where thepredictorsin aregression modelarelinearly dependent.
Perfect multicollinearityrefers to a situation where thepredictive variableshave anexactlinear relationship. When there is perfect collinearity, thedesign matrixX{\displaystyle X}has less than fullr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity#Degenerate_features |
Civic intelligenceis an "intelligence" that is devoted to addressing public or civic issues. The term has been applied to individuals and, more commonly, to collective bodies, like organizations, institutions, or societies.[1]Civic intelligence can be used in politics by groups of people who are trying to achieve a com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_intelligence |
Incontrol theory, astate observer,state estimator, orLuenberger observeris a system that provides anestimateof theinternal stateof a given real system, from measurements of theinputand output of the real system. It is typically computer-implemented, and provides the basis of many practical applications.
Knowing the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_estimator |
Deductive reasoningis the process of drawing validinferences. An inference isvalidif its conclusion followslogicallyfrom itspremises, meaning that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. For example, the inference from the premises "all men are mortal" and "Socratesis a man" to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning |
Interim Standard 95(IS-95) was the first digital cellular technology that usedcode-division multiple access(CDMA). It was developed byQualcommand later adopted as a standard by theTelecommunications Industry Associationin TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The proprietary name for IS-95 iscdmaOne.
It is a2Gmobil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOne |
In themathematicaldiscipline ofmatrix theory, aJordan matrix, named afterCamille Jordan, is ablock diagonal matrixover aringR(whoseidentitiesare thezero0 andone1), where each block along the diagonal, called a Jordan block, has the following form:[λ10⋯00λ1⋯0⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮000λ10000λ].{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &1&0&\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_matrix |
Aregular verbis anyverbwhoseconjugationfollows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called anirregular verb. This is one instance of the distinction betweenregular and irregular inflection, which can also apply ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_verb |
Kinectis a discontinued line ofmotion sensinginput devicesproduced byMicrosoftand first released in 2010. The devices generally containRGBcameras, andinfraredprojectors and detectors that map depth through eitherstructured lightortime of flightcalculations, which can in turn be used to perform real-timegesture recognit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect |
Inmathematicsandabstract algebra,group theorystudies thealgebraic structuresknown asgroups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such asrings,fields, andvector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additionaloperationsandaxioms. Groups recur throughout m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group_theory_topics |
Uncertain inferencewas first described byC. J. van Rijsbergen[1]as a way to formally define a query and document relationship inInformation retrieval. This formalization is alogical implicationwith an attached measure of uncertainty.
Rijsbergen proposes that the measure ofuncertaintyof a documentdto a queryqbe the pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
Constrained writingis aliterary techniquein which the writer is bound by some condition that forbids certain things or imposes a pattern.[1]
Constraints are very common inpoetry, which often requires the writer to use a particular verse form.
Constraints on writing are common and can serve a variety of purposes. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_writing |
Inmathematical logic,algebraic logicis the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations withfree variables.
What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description ofmodelsappropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that constitut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_relations |
Associationismis the idea thatmental processesoperate by theassociationof one mental state with its successor states.[1]It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations, which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings.[2]In philosophy, this idea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associationism |
Nominal TAMis the indication oftense–aspect–moodbyinflectinga noun, rather than a verb. Inclausal nominal TAM, the noun indicates TAM information about theclause(as opposed to the noun phrase).
Whether or not a particular language can best be understood as having clausal nominal TAM can be controversial, and there are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_TAM |
Inconvex analysisand thecalculus of variations, both branches ofmathematics, apseudoconvex functionis afunctionthat behaves like aconvex functionwith respect to finding itslocal minima, but need not actually be convex. Informally, a differentiable function is pseudoconvex if it is increasing in any direction where it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoconvex_function |
Abinary clockis aclockthat displays the time of day in abinaryformat. Originally, such clocks showedeach decimal digitofsexagesimaltime as a binary value, but presently binary clocks also exist which display hours, minutes, and seconds as binary numbers. Most binary clocks aredigital, althoughanalogvarieties exist. Tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_time |
In theStandard Generalized Markup Language(SGML), anentityis aprimitivedata type, which associates astringwith either a unique alias (such as a user-specified name) or an SGMLreserved word(such as#DEFAULT). Entities are foundational to the organizational structure and definition of SGML documents. The SGML specificatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML_entity |
Random indexingis adimensionality reductionmethod and computational framework fordistributional semantics, based on the insight that very-high-dimensionalvector space modelimplementations are impractical, that models need not grow in dimensionality when new items (e.g. new terminology) are encountered, and that a high-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_indexing |
Shellshock, also known asBashdoor,[1]is a family ofsecurity bugs[2]in theUnixBashshell, the first of which was disclosed on 24 September 2014. Shellshock could enable an attacker to cause Bash toexecute arbitrary commandsand gain unauthorized access[3]to many Internet-facing services, such as web servers, that use Bash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug) |
In mathematics, and particularly infunctional analysis,Fichera's existence principleis an existence and uniqueness theorem for solution offunctional equations, proved byGaetano Ficherain 1954.[1]More precisely, given a generalvector spaceVand twolinear mapsfrom itontotwoBanach spaces, the principle states necessary and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichera%27s_existence_principle |
Auniform resource locator(URL), colloquially known as anaddresson theWeb,[1]is a reference to aresourcethat specifies its location on acomputer networkand a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type ofUniform Resource Identifier(URI),[2][3]although many people use the two terms interchangeably.[4][a]URLs oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL |
Atemporal paradox,time paradox, ortime travel paradox, is aparadox, an apparent contradiction, or logical contradiction associated with the idea oftime travelor other foreknowledge of the future. While the notion of time travel to the future complies with the current understanding of physics via relativistictime dilati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_paradox |
Incomputational complexity theory, theelement distinctness problemorelement uniqueness problemis the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct.
It is a well studied problem in many different models of computation. The problem may be solved bysortingthe list and then checking if there are a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_uniqueness_problem |
Neural gasis anartificial neural network, inspired by theself-organizing mapand introduced in 1991 byThomas MartinetzandKlaus Schulten.[1]The neural gas is a simple algorithm for finding optimal data representations based onfeature vectors. The algorithm was coined "neural gas" because of the dynamics of the feature ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_gas |
In mathematics, acompact semigroupis asemigroupin which the sets of solutions to equations can be described by finite sets of equations. The term "compact" here does not refer to anytopologyon the semigroup.
LetSbe a semigroup andXa finite set of letters. A system of equations is a subsetEof theCartesian productX∗×X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_semigroup |
The termdigital card[1]can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera,[2][3]or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted
as avirtual cardorcloud card, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share a common purpose:identity management,credit card,debit cardordriver's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Stripe |
LTE Advanced, also named or recognized asLTE+,LTE-Aor4G+, is a4Gmobilecellularcommunication standard developed by3GPPas a major enhancement of theLong Term Evolution(LTE) standard.
Three technologies from the LTE-Advanced tool-kit –carrier aggregation, 4x4MIMOand256QAMmodulation in the downlink – if used together and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced |
Inmultiprocessorcomputer systems,software lockoutis the issue of performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by theCPUsinkernel-levelcritical sections. Software lockout is the major cause ofscalabilitydegradation in a multiprocessor system, posing a limit on the maximum useful number of processors. To miti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_lockout |
"Paper terrorism" is aneologismreferring to the use offalse liens,frivolous lawsuits, bogusletters of credit, and other legal orpseudolegaldocuments lacking sound factual basis as a method of harassment against an opponent on a scale described as evocative of conventionalarmed terrorism.[1]These methods are popular amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_terrorism |
Instatistics, sometimes thecovariance matrixof amultivariate random variableis not known but has to beestimated.Estimation of covariance matricesthen deals with the question of how to approximate the actual covariance matrix on the basis of a sample from themultivariate distribution. Simple cases, where observations ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_of_covariance_matrices |
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