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Inmathematics, theMarkov brothers' inequalityis aninequality,provedin the 1890s by brothersAndrey MarkovandVladimir Markov, two Russian mathematicians. This inequalityboundsthe maximum of thederivativesof apolynomialon anintervalin terms of the maximum of the polynomial.[1]Fork= 1 it was proved by Andrey Markov,[2]and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_brothers%27_inequality |
Infunctional programming, anapplicative functor, or an applicative for short, is an intermediate structure betweenfunctorsandmonads. Incategory theorythey are calledclosed monoidal functors. Applicative functors allow for functorial computations to be sequenced (unlike plain functors), but don't allow using results fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_functor |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human–computer interaction:
Human–Computer Interaction (HCI)– the intersection of computer science and behavioral sciences — this field involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Attention to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human%E2%80%93computer_interaction |
Inlogic,mathematics,computer science, andlinguistics, aformal languageis a set ofstringswhose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".
The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols that concatenate into strings (also called "words").[1]Words that belong to a particular formal language are sometimes call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language |
Engineering notationorengineering form(alsotechnical notation) is a version ofscientific notationin which the exponent of ten is always selected to be divisible by three to match the common metric prefixes, i.e. scientific notation that aligns with powers of a thousand, for example, 531×103instead of 5.31×105(but on ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_notation |
The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB)is an international association co-founded in 1972 in the United States byGeorge Karreman,Herbert Daniel Landahland (initially chaired) byAnthony Bartholomayfor the furtherance of joint scientific activities betweenMathematicsandBiologyresearch communities.[1][2]The society pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Mathematical_Biology |
InUnixoperating systems, the termwheelrefers to auser accountwith awheel bit, a system setting that provides additional specialsystem privilegesthat empower a user to execute restrictedcommandsthat ordinary user accounts cannot access.[1][2]
The termwheelwas first applied to computer user privilege levels after the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_(computing) |
Incomputingastorage violationis a hardware or softwarefaultthat occurs when ataskattempts to access an area ofcomputer storagewhich it is not permitted to access.
Storage violation can, for instance, consist of reading from, writing to, or freeing storage not owned by the task. A common type of storage violation is k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_violation |
Steganographic file systemsare a kind offile systemfirst proposed byRoss Anderson,Roger Needham, andAdi Shamir. Their paper proposed two main methods of hiding data: in a series of fixed size files originally consisting of random bits on top of which 'vectors' could be superimposed in such a way as to allow levels of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganographic_file_system |
DjVu[a]is acomputerfile formatdesigned primarily to storescanned documents, especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings,indexed color images, and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images,progressive loading,arithmetic coding, andlossy compressio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DjVu |
Inlinguistics,bindingis the phenomenon in whichanaphoricelements such aspronounsare grammatically associated with theirantecedents.[citation needed]For instance in the English sentence "Mary saw herself", theanaphor"herself" is bound by its antecedent "Mary". Binding can be licensed or blocked in certain contexts or sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_(linguistics) |
ANT(originates from Adaptive Network Topology) is a proprietary (butopen access)multicastwireless sensor networktechnology designed and marketed by ANT Wireless (a division ofGarminCanada).[1]It providespersonal area networks(PANs), primarily foractivity trackers. ANT was introduced by Dynastream Innovations in 2003, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT_(network) |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Astock market,equity market, orshare marketis the aggregation of buyers and sellers ofstocks(also called shares), which representownershipclaims on businesses; these may includesecuritieslisted on a publicstock exchangeas well as stock that is only traded privately, such as sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market |
t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding(t-SNE) is astatisticalmethod for visualizing high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map. It is based on Stochastic Neighbor Embedding originally developed byGeoffrey Hintonand Sam Roweis,[1]where Laurens van der Maaten and Hint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding |
Indecision theory, ascoring rule[1]provides evaluation metrics forprobabilistic predictions or forecasts. While "regular" loss functions (such asmean squared error) assign a goodness-of-fit score to a predicted value and an observed value, scoring rules assign such a score to a predicted probability distribution and an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring_function |
Afat binary(ormultiarchitecture binary) is a computerexecutable programorlibrarywhich has been expanded (or "fattened") with code native to multipleinstruction setswhich can consequently be run on multiple processor types.[1]This results in a file larger than a normal one-architecture binary file, thus the name.
The u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_multi-versioning |
Modularityis a measure of the structure ofnetworksorgraphswhich measures the strength of division of a network into modules (also called groups, clusters or communities). Networks with high modularity have dense connections between the nodes within modules but sparse connections between nodes in different modules. Modu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_(networks) |
Systems engineeringis aninterdisciplinaryfield ofengineeringandengineering managementthat focuses on how to design, integrate, and managecomplex systemsover theirlife cycles. At its core, systems engineering utilizessystems thinkingprinciples to organize thisbody of knowledge. The individual outcome of such efforts, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering |
In themathematicaldiscipline ofgraph theory, a3-dimensional matchingis a generalization ofbipartite matching(also known as 2-dimensional matching) to 3-partitehypergraphs, which consist of hyperedges each of which contains 3 vertices (instead of edges containing 2 vertices in a usual graph).
3-dimensional matching, of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-dimensional_matching |
Agender symbolis apictogramorglyphused to representsexandgender, for example in biology and medicine, ingenealogy, or in the sociological fields ofgender politics,LGBT subcultureandidentity politics.
In his booksMantissa Plantarum(1767) andMantissa Plantarum Altera(1771),Carl Linnaeusregularly used theplanetary symbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_symbol |
Likelihoodist statisticsorlikelihoodismis an approach tostatisticsthat exclusively or primarily uses thelikelihood function. Likelihoodist statistics is a more minor school than the main approaches ofBayesian statisticsandfrequentist statistics, but has some adherents and applications. The central idea of likelihoodism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihoodist_statistics |
TheSecure Hash Algorithmsare a family ofcryptographic hash functionspublished by theNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) as aU.S.Federal Information Processing Standard(FIPS), including:
The corresponding standards areFIPSPUB 180 (original SHA), FIPS PUB 180-1 (SHA-1), FIPS PUB 180-2 (SHA-1, SHA-256, S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Standard |
Inmathematics, atubular neighborhoodof asubmanifoldof asmooth manifoldis anopen setaround it resembling thenormal bundle.
The idea behind a tubular neighborhood can be explained in a simple example. Consider asmoothcurve in the plane without self-intersections. On each point on thecurvedraw a lineperpendicularto the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_neighborhood |
Quantum gravity(QG) is a field oftheoretical physicsthat seeks to describegravityaccording to the principles ofquantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored,[1]such as in the vicinity ofblack holesor similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity |
Inbioinformatics, theroot mean square deviation of atomic positions, or simplyroot mean square deviation (RMSD), is the measure of the average distance between the atoms (usually the backbone atoms) ofsuperimposedmolecules.[1]In the study of globular protein conformations, one customarily measures the similarity in thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation_of_atomic_positions |
Schedulingis the process of arranging, controlling and optimizing work and workloads in aproductionprocess ormanufacturingprocess. Scheduling is used to allocate plant and machinery resources, planhuman resources, plan production processes andpurchasematerials.
It is an important tool formanufacturingandengineering, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(production_processes) |
Etaoin shrdlu(/ˈɛti.ɔɪnˈʃɜːrdluː/,[1]/ˈeɪtɑːnʃrədˈluː/)[2]is a nonsense phrase that sometimes appeared by accident in print in the days ofhot typepublishing, resulting from a custom oftype-casting machineoperators filling out and discarding lines of type when an error was made. It appeared often enough to become part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu |
Hyperconnectivityis a term invented by Canadian social scientistsAnabel Quan-HaaseandBarry Wellman, arising from their studies of person-to-person and person-to-machine communication in networked organizations and networked societies.[1]The term refers to the use of multiple means of communication, such asemail,instant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperconnectivity |
Inmusic,countingis a system of regularly occurringsoundsthat serve to assist with theperformanceorauditionof music by allowing the easy identification of thebeat. Commonly, this involves verballycountingthe beats in eachmeasureas they occur, whether there be 2 beats, 3 beats, 4 beats, or even 5 beats. In addition to he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_(music) |
State mediaare typically understood as media outlets that are owned, operated, or significantly influenced by the government.[1]They are distinguished frompublic service media, which are designed to serve the public interest, operate independently of government control, and are financed through a combination of public ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media |
Aservice wrapperis acomputer programthatwrapsarbitrary programs thus enabling them to be installed and run asWindows ServicesorUnix daemons, programs that run in thebackground, rather than under the direct control of a user. They are often automatically started atboottime. Arbitrary programs cannot run as services or d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_wrapper |
Amisdialed callorwrong numberis atelephone callortext messageto an incorrecttelephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialed, the number is simply incorrect, or because thearea codeor ownership of the number has changed. InNorth America,toll-free numbersare a frequent source of wrong ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdialed_call#Toll-free_numbers |
Aspatial network(sometimes alsogeometric graph) is agraphin which theverticesoredgesarespatial elementsassociated withgeometricobjects, i.e., the nodes are located in a space equipped with a certainmetric.[1][2]The simplest mathematical realization of spatial network is alatticeor arandom geometric graph(see figure in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_network |
Inprobability theory, theexpected value(also calledexpectation,expectancy,expectation operator,mathematical expectation,mean,expectation value, orfirstmoment) is a generalization of theweighted average. Informally, the expected value is themeanof the possible values arandom variablecan take, weighted by the probability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value |
In algebraic topology, apresheaf of spectraon atopological spaceXis a contravariant functor from the category of open subsets ofX, where morphisms are inclusions, to thegood category of commutative ring spectra. A theorem of Jardine says that such presheaves form asimplicial model category, whereF→Gis a weak equivalenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_of_spectra |
Incomputational complexity theory,P, also known asPTIMEorDTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamentalcomplexity class. It contains alldecision problemsthat can be solved by adeterministic Turing machineusing apolynomialamount ofcomputation time, orpolynomial time.
Cobham's thesisholds that P is the class of computational problems t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_(complexity) |
Ininformation systems, atagis akeyword or termassigned to a piece of information (such as anInternet bookmark,multimedia, databaserecord, orcomputer file). This kind ofmetadatahelps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching.[1]Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_tagging |
pretty Easy privacy(p≡porpEp) was a pluggabledata encryptionand verification system that provided automaticcryptographic keymanagement through a set of libraries for written digital communications.
It existed as apluginforMicrosoft Outlook[1]andMozilla Thunderbird[2]as well as a mobile app forAndroid[3][4]and iOS.[5]p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Easy_privacy |
IBM'sAutomatic Language Translatorwas amachine translationsystem that convertedRussiandocuments intoEnglish. It used anoptical discthat stored 170,000 word-for-word and statement-for-statement translations and a custom computer to look them up at high speed. Built for the US Air Force's Foreign Technology Division, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Language_Translator |
Inengineering,debuggingis the process of finding theroot cause,workarounds, and possible fixes forbugs.
Forsoftware, debugging tactics can involveinteractivedebugging,control flowanalysis,log file analysis, monitoring at theapplicationorsystemlevel,memory dumps, andprofiling. Manyprogramming languagesandsoftware devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging |
Invasion percolationis a mathematical model of realisticfluid distributionsfor slow immiscible fluid invasion in porous media, inpercolation theory.
It "explicitly takes into account the transport process taking place". A wetting fluid such as water takes over from a non-wetting fluid such as oil, and capillary forces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_percolation |
A4G-LTE filteris alow-pass filterornotch filter, to be used interrestrial television(over-the-air/OTA)TV antennas(bothcollectiveand individual), to prevent cellular transmissions frominterferingwith television reception.
These filters are usually used for existing facilities, because antennas and amplifiers sold after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G-LTE_filter |
Aframe check sequence(FCS) is anerror-detecting codeadded to aframein acommunication protocol. Frames are used to sendpayload datafrom a source to a destination.
All frames and the bits, bytes, and fields contained within them, are susceptible to errors from a variety of sources. The FCS field contains a number that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_check_sequence |
Google Brainwas adeep learningartificial intelligenceresearch team that served as the sole AI branch of Google before being incorporated under the newer umbrella ofGoogle AI, a research division at Google dedicated to artificial intelligence. Formed in 2011, it combined open-ended machine learning research with informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Brain |
The law of total varianceis a fundamental result inprobability theorythat expresses the variance of a random variableYin terms of its conditional variances and conditional means given another random variableX. Informally, it states that the overall variability ofYcan be split into an “unexplained” component (the averag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_variance |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science,graph theoryis the study ofgraphs, which aremathematical structuresused to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up ofvertices(also callednodesorpoints) which are connected byedges(also calledarcs,linksorlines). A distinction is made betweenundirected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory |
Asoftware development kit(SDK) is a collection of software development tools in one installable package. They facilitate the creation of applications by having a compiler, debugger and sometimes asoftware framework. They are normally specific to a hardware platform and operating system combination. To create applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kit |
Minimal mappingsare the result of an advanced technique ofsemantic matching, a technique used incomputer scienceto identify information which is semantically related.[1]
Semantic matching has been proposed as a valid solution to the semantic heterogeneity problem, namely, supporting diversity in knowledge.[2]Given any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_mappings |
Asmall-world networkis agraphcharacterized by a highclustering coefficientand lowdistances. In an example of the social network, high clustering implies the high probability that two friends of one person are friends themselves. The low distances, on the other hand, mean that there is a short chain of social connection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_world_networks |
Host Controller InterfaceorHost controller interfacemay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_(disambiguation) |
Thek-server problemis a problem oftheoretical computer sciencein the category ofonline algorithms, one of two abstract problems onmetric spacesthat are central to the theory ofcompetitive analysis(the other beingmetrical task systems). In this problem, an online algorithm must control the movement of a set ofkservers, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-server_problem |
Squared deviations from the mean(SDM) result fromsquaringdeviations. Inprobability theoryandstatistics, the definition ofvarianceis either theexpected valueof the SDM (when considering a theoreticaldistribution) or its average value (for actual experimental data). Computations foranalysis of varianceinvolve the partiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squared_deviations |
TheMulticore Associationwas founded in 2005. Multicore Association is a member-funded,non-profit,industryconsortiumfocused on the creation ofopen standardAPIs,specifications, and guidelines that allow system developers andprogrammersto more readily adopt multicore technology into theirapplications.
Theconsortiumprovid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicore_Association |
Pre-boot authentication(PBA) orpower-on authentication(POA)[1]serves as an extension of theBIOS,UEFIor boot firmware and guarantees a secure, tamper-proof environment external to theoperating systemas a trusted authentication layer. The PBA prevents anything being read from the hard disk such as the operating system un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-boot_authentication |
Habitat conservationis a management practice that seeks toconserve, protect and restorehabitatsand prevent speciesextinction,fragmentationor reduction inrange.[1]It is a priority of many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any oneideology.
For much of human history,naturewas seen as aresourcethat co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_conservation |
Radioteletype(RTTY)[a]is atelecommunicationssystem consisting originally of two or moreelectromechanicalteleprintersin different locations connected byradiorather than a wired link. Radioteletype evolved from earlier landline teleprinter operations that began in the mid-1800s.[1]TheUS Navy Departmentsuccessfully tested... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteletype |
ISO 4217is a standard published by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) that defines alpha codes and numeric codes for the representation of currencies and provides information about the relationships between individual currencies and their minor units. This data is published in three tables:[1]
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217 |
Insoftware project management,software testing, andsoftware engineering,verification and validationis the process of checking that a software engineer system meets specifications and requirements so that it fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to assoftware quality control. It is normally the respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation_(software) |
Network codinghas been shown to optimally usebandwidthin a network, maximizing information flow but the scheme is very inherently vulnerable to pollution attacks by malicious nodes in the network. A node injecting garbage can quickly affect many receivers. The pollution ofnetwork packetsspreads quickly since the outpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_signatures_for_network_coding |
Indigital logic, adon't-care term[1][2](abbreviatedDC, historically also known asredundancies,[2]irrelevancies,[2]optional entries,[3][4]invalid combinations,[5][4][6]vacuous combinations,[7][4]forbidden combinations,[8][2]unused statesorlogical remainders[9]) for a function is an input-sequence (a series of bits) for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_input |
Ingeometry, thefolium of Descartes(fromLatinfolium'leaf'; named forRené Descartes) is analgebraic curvedefined by theimplicit equationx3+y3−3axy=0.{\displaystyle x^{3}+y^{3}-3axy=0.}
The curve was first proposed and studied byRené Descartesin 1638.[1]Its claim to fame lies in an incident in the development ofcalculus.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium_of_Descartes |
MapReduceis aprogramming modeland an associated implementation for processing and generatingbig datasets with aparallelanddistributedalgorithm on acluster.[1][2][3]
A MapReduce program is composed of amapprocedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce |
Non-well-founded set theoriesare variants ofaxiomatic set theorythat allow sets to be elements of themselves and otherwise violate the rule ofwell-foundedness. In non-well-founded set theories, thefoundation axiomofZFCis replaced by axioms implying its negation.
The study of non-well-founded sets was initiated byDmitr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-well-founded_set_theory |
Inalgebraandnumber theory,Wilson's theoremstates that anatural numbern> 1 is aprime numberif and only ifthe product of all thepositive integersless thannis one less than a multiple ofn. That is (using the notations ofmodular arithmetic), thefactorial(n−1)!=1×2×3×⋯×(n−1){\displaystyle (n-1)!=1\times 2\times 3\times \cd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_theorem |
Dynamic functional connectivity(DFC) refers to the observed phenomenon thatfunctional connectivitychanges over a short time. Dynamic functional connectivity is a recent expansion on traditional functional connectivity analysis which typically assumes that functional networks are static in time. DFC is related to a vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_functional_connectivity |
Incartography, atrap streetis afictitious entryin the form of a misrepresented street on a map, often outside the area the map nominally covers, for the purpose of "trapping" potential plagiarists of the map who, if caught, would be unable to explain the inclusion of the "trap street" on their map as innocent. On maps ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_street |
In the field ofartificial intelligence, the designationneuro-fuzzyrefers to combinations ofartificial neural networksandfuzzy logic.
Neuro-fuzzy hybridization results in ahybrid intelligent systemthat combines the human-like reasoning style of fuzzy systems with the learning andconnectioniststructure of neural network... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-fuzzy |
Instatistics,completenessis a property of astatisticcomputed on asample datasetin relation to a parametric model of the dataset. It is opposed to the concept of anancillary statistic. While an ancillary statistic contains no information about the model parameters, a complete statistic contains only information about th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(statistics) |
ARINC 429,[1]the "Mark 33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)," is theARINCtechnical standard for the predominantavionicsdata busused on most higher-end commercial and transport aircraft.[2]It defines the physical and electrical interfaces of a two-wiredata busand a data protocol to support an aircraft's avionic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC_429 |
ISO 5776, published by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO), is an international standard that specifies symbols forproofreadingsuch as of manuscripts,typescriptsandprinter's proofs.[1]The total number of symbols specified is 16, each in English, French and Russian.
The standard is partially derived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_5776 |
TheCatalan numbersare asequenceofnatural numbersthat occur in variouscounting problems, often involvingrecursivelydefined objects. They are named afterEugène Catalan, though they were previously discovered in the 1730s byMinggatu.
Then-th Catalan number can be expressed directly in terms of thecentral binomial coeffic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number |
Aneural circuitis a population ofneuronsinterconnected bysynapsesto carry out a specific function when activated.[1]Multiple neural circuits interconnect with one another to formlarge scale brain networks.[2]
Neural circuits have inspired the design ofartificial neural networks, though there are significant difference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_circuit |
Anonymity[a]describes situations where the acting person's identity is unknown. Anonymity may be created unintentionally through the loss of identifying information due to the passage of time or a destructive event, or intentionally if a person chooses to withhold their identity.
There are various situations in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity |
Computer Gois the field ofartificial intelligence(AI) dedicated to creating acomputer programthat plays the traditionalboard gameGo. The field is sharply divided into two eras. Before 2015, the programs of the era were weak. The best efforts of the 1980s and 1990s produced only AIs that could be defeated by beginner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go |
TheCapability Maturity Model(CMM) is a development model created in 1986 after a study of data collected from organizations that contracted with theU.S. Department of Defense, who funded the research. The term "maturity" relates to the degree of formality andoptimizationof processes, fromad hocpractices, to formally d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model |
Roll-on/roll-off(ROROorro-ro)shipsarecargo shipsdesigned to carry wheeledcargo, such ascars,motorcycles,trucks,semi-trailer trucks,buses,trailers, andrailroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as aself-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast tolif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off |
In computers, aserial decimalnumeric representation is one in which tenbitsare reserved for each digit, with a different bit turned on depending on which of the ten possible digits is intended.ENIACandCALDICused this representation.[1]
Thiscomputer-storage-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_decimal |
Inmathematics, aminimal counterexampleis the smallest example which falsifies a claim, and aproof by minimal counterexampleis a method ofproofwhich combines the use of a minimal counterexample with the methods ofproof by inductionandproof by contradiction.[1][2]More specifically, in trying to prove a propositionP, one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_counterexample |
Acalculationis a deliberatemathematicalprocess that transforms a plurality of inputs into a singular or plurality of outputs, known also as a result or results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definitearithmeticalcalculation of using analgorithm, to the vagueheuristicsof calculating a strategy in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation |
Construct validityconcerns how well a set ofindicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable.[1][2][3]Construct validationis the accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects.[1][4][5][6]Modern validity theory defines construct validity as the overarching con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_validity |
Microcredit for water supply and sanitationis the application ofmicrocreditto provide loans to small enterprises and households in order to increase access to animproved water sourceandsanitationindeveloping countries.
For background, most investments inwater supplyandsanitationinfrastructure are financed by thepublic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit_for_water_supply_and_sanitation |
Inlogic, afunctionally completeset oflogical connectivesorBoolean operatorsis one that can be used to express all possibletruth tablesby combining members of thesetinto aBoolean expression.[1][2]A well-known complete set of connectives is{AND,NOT}. Each of thesingletonsets{NAND}and{NOR}is functionally complete. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_sufficient_operator |
Inmathematics, in the branch ofcomplex analysis, aholomorphic functionon anopen subsetof thecomplex planeis calledunivalentif it isinjective.[1][2]
The functionf:z↦2z+z2{\displaystyle f\colon z\mapsto 2z+z^{2}}is univalent in the open unit disc, asf(z)=f(w){\displaystyle f(z)=f(w)}implies thatf(z)−f(w)=(z−w)(z+w+2)=0{... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univalent_function |
Great Western Railway telegraphic codeswere acommercial telegraph codeused to shorten thetelegraphicmessages sent between the stations and offices of the railway.
The codes listed below are taken from the 1939 edition of theTelegraph Message Codebook[1]unless stated otherwise.
TheGreat Western Railway(GWR) pioneered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_telegraphic_codes |
Inseismology, theGutenberg–Richter law[1](GR law) expresses the relationship between themagnitudeand total number ofearthquakesin any given region and time period ofat leastthat magnitude.
or
where
Since magnitude is logarithmic, this is an instance of thePareto distribution.
The Gutenberg–Richter law is also widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law |
Discounted maximum loss, also known asworst-caserisk measure, is thepresent valueof the worst-case scenario for a financialportfolio.
In investment, in order to protect the value of an investment, one must consider all possible alternatives to the initial investment. How one does this comes down to personal preference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_maximum_loss |
InBoolean algebra, thealgebraic normal form(ANF),ring sum normal form(RSNForRNF),Zhegalkin normal form, orReed–Muller expansionis a way of writingpropositional logicformulas in one of three subforms:
Formulas written in ANF are also known asZhegalkin polynomialsand Positive Polarity (or Parity)Reed–Muller expressions(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_normal_form |
Incomputational complexity theory,NP(nondeterministic polynomial time) is acomplexity classused to classifydecision problems. NP is thesetof decision problems for which theproblem instances, where the answer is "yes", haveproofsverifiable inpolynomial timeby adeterministic Turing machine, or alternatively the set of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_polynomial_time |
Metacompilationis acomputationwhich involvesmetasystemtransitions (MST) from a computing machineMto a metamachineM'which controls, analyzes and imitates the work ofM.Semantics-based program transformation, such aspartial evaluationand supercompilation (SCP), is metacomputation. Metasystem transitions may be repeated, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacompilation |
Indifferential geometry, thefour-gradient(or4-gradient)∂{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\partial }}}is thefour-vectoranalogue of thegradient∇→{\displaystyle {\vec {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}}}fromvector calculus.
Inspecial relativityand inquantum mechanics, the four-gradient is used to define the properties and relations bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-gradient |
Aneural networkis a group of interconnected units calledneuronsthat send signals to one another. Neurons can be eitherbiological cellsormathematical models. While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural networks.
In the context of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network#Feedforward_neural_networks |
Akernel smootheris astatisticaltechnique to estimate a real valuedfunctionf:Rp→R{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{p}\to \mathbb {R} }as theweighted averageof neighboring observed data. The weight is defined by thekernel, such that closer points are given higher weights. The estimated function is smooth, and the level of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_neighbor_smoothing |
Thislist of sequence alignment softwareis a compilation of software tools and web portals used in pairwisesequence alignmentandmultiple sequence alignment. Seestructural alignment softwareforstructural alignmentof proteins.
*Sequence type:protein or nucleotide
*Sequence type:protein or nucleotide **Alignment type:loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment_software |
TheKimball lifecycleis a methodology for developingdata warehouses, and has been developed byRalph Kimballand a variety of colleagues. The methodology "covers a sequence of high level tasks for the effectivedesign,developmentanddeployment" of a data warehouse orbusiness intelligencesystem.[1]It is considered a "bottom-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kimball_lifecycle |
Inmathematics, thetransfer operatorencodes information about aniterated mapand is frequently used to study the behavior ofdynamical systems,statistical mechanics,quantum chaosandfractals. In all usual cases, the largest eigenvalue is 1, and the corresponding eigenvector is theinvariant measureof the system.
The transf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_operator |
Exception(s),The Exception(s), orexceptionalmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception#Synchronous_exceptions |
Inmathematics, the concept of ageneralised metricis a generalisation of that of ametric, in which the distance is not areal numberbut taken from an arbitraryordered field.
In general, when we definemetric spacethe distance function is taken to be a real-valuedfunction. The real numbers form an ordered field which isAr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_metric |
ABoolean-valued function(sometimes called apredicateor aproposition) is afunctionof the type f : X →B, where X is an arbitrarysetand whereBis aBoolean domain, i.e. a generic two-element set, (for exampleB= {0, 1}), whose elements are interpreted aslogical values, for example, 0 =falseand 1 =true, i.e., a singlebitofinf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean-valued_function |
Incomputer science,lazy deletionrefers to a method of deleting elements from ahash tablethat usesopen addressing. In this method, deletions are done by marking an element as deleted, rather than erasing it entirely. Deleted locations are treated as empty when inserting and as occupied during a search. The deleted locat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_deletion |
Apackage managerorpackage management systemis a collection ofsoftware toolsthat automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removingcomputer programsfor acomputerin a consistent manner.[1]
A package manager deals withpackages, distributions of software and data inarchive files. Packages containmet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager |
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