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Intrigonometry, thelaw of cosines(also known as thecosine formulaorcosine rule) relates the lengths of the sides of atriangleto thecosineof one of itsangles. For a triangle with sidesa{\displaystyle a},b{\displaystyle b}, andc{\displaystyle c}, opposite respective anglesα{\displaystyle \alpha },β{\displaystyle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines |
Proof of work(also written asproof-of-work, an abbreviatedPoW) is a form ofcryptographicproofin which one party (theprover) proves to others (theverifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.[1]Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work |
Thethree hares(orthree rabbits) is a circularmotifappearing insacred sitesfromEast Asia, theMiddle Eastand the churches ofDevon, England (as the "Tinners' Rabbits"),[1]and historical synagogues in Europe.[2][better source needed]It is used as an architecturalornament, a religioussymbol, and in other modernworks of art[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_hares |
Ingeometry, acentroidal Voronoi tessellation(CVT) is a special type ofVoronoi tessellationin which the generating point of each Voronoi cell is also itscentroid(center of mass). It can be viewed as an optimal partition corresponding to an optimal distribution of generators. A number of algorithms can be used to genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroidal_Voronoi_tessellation |
Digital signal processing(DSP) is the use ofdigital processing, such as by computers or more specializeddigital signal processors, to perform a wide variety ofsignal processingoperations. Thedigital signalsprocessed in this manner are a sequence of numbers that representsamplesof acontinuous variablein a domain such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing |
Inmetadata, the termdata elementis an atomic unit of data that has precise meaning or precise semantics. A data element has:
Data elements usage can be discovered by inspection ofsoftware applicationsor applicationdata filesthrough a process of manual or automatedApplication Discovery and Understanding. Once data elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_element |
Inlinguistics,wh-movement(also known aswh-fronting,wh-extraction, orwh-raising) is the formation ofsyntacticdependencies involvinginterrogativewords. An example in English is the dependency formed betweenwhatand the object position ofdoingin "What are you doing?". Interrogative forms are sometimes known within English ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wh-movement |
Incalculus, aone-sided limitrefers to either one of the twolimitsof afunctionf(x){\displaystyle f(x)}of arealvariablex{\displaystyle x}asx{\displaystyle x}approaches a specified point either from the left or from the right.[1][2]
The limit asx{\displaystyle x}decreases in value approachinga{\displaystyle a}(x{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-sided_limit |
Insecurity engineering,security through obscurityis the practice of concealing the details or mechanisms of a system to enhance its security. This approach relies on the principle ofhiding something in plain sight, akin to a magician'ssleight of handor the use ofcamouflage. It diverges from traditional security methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_through_obscurity |
Anintrusion detection system(IDS) is a device orsoftwareapplication that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations.[1]Any intrusion activity or violation is typically either reported to an administrator or collected centrally using asecurity information and event management (SIEM)system.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system |
Exponential growthoccurs when a quantity grows as anexponential functionof time. The quantity grows at a ratedirectly proportionalto its present size. For example, when it is 3 times as big as it is now, it will be growing 3 times as fast as it is now.
In more technical language, its instantaneousrate of change(that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth |
Inmathematics, theBoolean prime ideal theoremstates thatidealsin aBoolean algebracan be extended toprime ideals. A variation of this statement forfilters on setsis known as theultrafilter lemma. Other theorems are obtained by considering different mathematical structures with appropriate notions of ideals, for example,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_prime_ideal_theorem |
Inmathematics, anormed vector spaceornormed spaceis avector spaceover therealorcomplexnumbers on which anormis defined.[1]A norm is a generalization of the intuitive notion of "length" in the physical world. IfV{\displaystyle V}is a vector space overK{\displaystyle K}, whereK{\displaystyle K}is a field equal toR{\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_space |
E.164is aninternational standard(ITU-TRecommendation), titledThe international public telecommunication numbering plan, that defines anumbering planfor the worldwidepublic switched telephone network(PSTN) and some other datanetworks.
E.164 defines a general format for internationaltelephone numbers. Plan-conforming te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164 |
Screeveis a term of grammatical description in traditional Georgian grammars that roughly corresponds totense–aspect–moodmarking in the Western grammatical tradition. It derives from theGeorgianwordმწკრივიmts’k’rivi'row'. Formally, it refers to a set of six verb forms inflected for person and number forming a single pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screeve |
Incryptography,homomorphic secret sharingis a type ofsecret sharingalgorithmin which the secret is encrypted viahomomorphic encryption. Ahomomorphismis a transformation from onealgebraic structureinto another of the same type so that the structure is preserved. Importantly, this means that for every kind of manipulatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_secret_sharing |
In theJava programminglanguage,heappollutionis a situation that arises when a variable of aparameterized typerefers to an object that is not of that parameterized type.[1]This situation is normally detected duringcompilationand indicated with anunchecked warning.[1]Later, duringruntimeheap pollution will often cause aC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_pollution |
Feature interactionis asoftware engineeringconcept. It occurs when the integration of two features would modify the behavior of one or both features.
The termfeatureis used to denote a unit of functionality of a software application. Similar to many concepts in computer science, the term can be used at different level... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_interaction_problem |
AlphaGois acomputer programthat plays theboard gameGo.[1]It was developed by the London-basedDeepMindTechnologies,[2]an acquired subsidiary ofGoogle. Subsequent versions of AlphaGo became increasingly powerful, including a version that competed under the nameMaster.[3]After retiring from competitive play, AlphaGo Maste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo |
Thegoodness of fitof astatistical modeldescribes how well it fits a set of observations. Measures of goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and the values expected under the model in question. Such measures can be used instatistical hypothesis testing, e.g. totest for normalityofres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_of_fit |
In computer programming,run-time type informationorrun-time type identification(RTTI)[1]is a feature of some programming languages (such asC++,[2]Object Pascal, andAda[3]) that exposes information about an object'sdata typeatruntime. Run-time type information may be available for all types or only to types that explici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_cast |
Ingeometry, thepolar sinegeneralizes thesine functionofangleto thevertex angleof apolytope. It is denoted bypsin.
Letv1, ...,vn(n≥ 1) be non-zeroEuclidean vectorsinn-dimensional space(Rn) that are directed from avertexof aparallelotope, forming the edges of the parallelotope. The polar sine of the vertex angle is:
wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_sine |
Theliteraryconcept of theheteronymrefers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a writer to write in different styles. Heteronyms differ frompen names(orpseudonyms, from the Greek words for "false" and "name") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters that have their own suppose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronym_(literature) |
Inmathematics, given twogroups, (G,∗) and (H, ·), agroup homomorphismfrom (G,∗) to (H, ·) is afunctionh:G→Hsuch that for alluandvinGit holds that
where the group operation on the left side of the equation is that ofGand on the right side that ofH.
From this property, one can deduce thathmaps theidentity elementeGofGt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism |
Aproduct distributionis aprobability distributionconstructed as the distribution of theproductofrandom variableshaving two other known distributions. Given twostatistically independentrandom variablesXandY, the distribution of the random variableZthat is formed as the productZ=XY{\displaystyle Z=XY}is aproduct distribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_distribution#expectation |
Inmathematics,functionscan be identified according to the properties they have. These properties describe the functions' behaviour under certain conditions. A parabola is a specific type of function.
These properties concern thedomain, thecodomainand theimageof functions.
These properties concern how the function is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_functions |
Inmathematics, or more specifically inspectral theory, theRiesz projectoris the projector onto the eigenspace corresponding to a particulareigenvalueof an operator (or, more generally, a projector onto aninvariant subspacecorresponding to an isolated part of the spectrum). It was introduced byFrigyes Rieszin 1912.[1][2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz_projector |
Atelegraph key,clacker,tapperormorse keyis a specialized electricalswitchused by a trained operator to transmit text messages inMorse codein atelegraphysystem.[1]Keys are used in all forms ofelectrical telegraphsystems, including landline (also called wire) telegraphy andradio (also called wireless) telegraphy. An ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_key |
Inmultitaskingcomputeroperating systems, adaemon(/ˈdiːmən/or/ˈdeɪmən/)[1]is acomputer programthat runs as abackground process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user. Traditionally, the process names of a daemon end with the letterd, for clarification that the process is in fact a daemon, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software) |
Elliptic curve scalar multiplicationis the operation of successively adding a point along anelliptic curveto itself repeatedly. It is used inelliptic curve cryptography(ECC).
The literature presents this operation asscalar multiplication, as written inHessian form of an elliptic curve. A widespread name for this opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication |
Incomputer programming, awild branchis aGOTOinstruction where the target address is indeterminate, random or otherwise unintended.[1]It is usually the result of asoftware bugcausing the accidental corruption of apointerorarray index. It is "wild" in the sense that it cannot be predicted to behave consistently. In other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_branch |
Theremote shell(rsh) is acommand-linecomputer programthat can executeshell commandsas anotheruser, and on another computer across acomputer network.
The remote system to whichrshconnects runs thershdaemon(rshd). The daemon typically uses thewell-knownTransmission Control Protocol(TCP)port number513.
Rshoriginated as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Shell |
Adaptive partition schedulersare a relatively new type of partition scheduler, which in turn is a kind ofscheduling algorithm, pioneered with the most recent version of theQNXoperating system. Adaptive partitioning, or AP, allows the real-time system designer to request that a percentage of processing resources be rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_partition_scheduler |
Zero-based numberingis a way ofnumberingin which the initial element of asequenceis assigned theindex0, rather than the index 1 as is typical in everyday non-mathematical or non-programming circumstances. Under zero-based numbering, the initial element is sometimes termed thezerothelement,[1]rather than thefirstelement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-based_numbering |
Ariadne's thread, named for the legend ofAriadne, is solving a problem which has multiple apparent ways to proceed—such as a physicalmaze, alogic puzzle, or anethical dilemma—through an exhaustive application of logic to all available routes. It is the particular method used that is able to follow completely through to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne%27s_thread_(logic) |
Inmathematics, more specificallydifferential topology, alocal diffeomorphismis intuitively amapbetweensmooth manifoldsthat preserves the localdifferentiable structure. The formal definition of a local diffeomorphism is given below.
LetX{\displaystyle X}andY{\displaystyle Y}bedifferentiable manifolds. Afunctionf:X→Y{\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_diffeomorphism |
Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access (ODMA)is aUMTScommunications relaying protocol standard first introduced by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1996. ODMA has been adopted by the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project,3GPPto improve the efficiency of UMTS networks using theTDDmode. One of the ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity-Driven_Multiple_Access |
TheLucy spy ring(German:Lucy-Spionagering) was an anti-NaziWorld War IIespionageoperation headquartered inSwitzerlandand run byRudolf Roessler, aGermanrefugee. Its story was only published in 1966, and very little is clear about the ring, Roessler, or the effort's sources or motives.
At the outbreak of World War II, R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_spy_ring |
InDOS memory management, thehigh memory area(HMA) is theRAMarea consisting of the first 65520bytesabove the one megabyte in anIBMATor compatible computer.
Inreal mode, thesegmentation architectureof theIntel8086and subsequent processors identifies memory locations with a 16-bit segment and a 16-bit offset, which is re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_memory_area |
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violentcrimecommitted by individuals, businesses and government professionals.[1]The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains.[2]It was first defined by the sociologistEdwin Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_crime |
InIBM System/360through present dayz/Architecture, anaddress constantor"adcon"is anassembly languagedata typewhich contains theaddressof a location incomputer memory. An address constant can be one, two, three or four bytes long, although an adcon of less than four bytes is conventionally used to hold an expression for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_constant |
Inmathematics, apermutationof asetcan mean one of two different things:
An example of the first meaning is the six permutations (orderings) of the set {1, 2, 3}: written astuples, they are (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), and (3, 2, 1).Anagramsof a word whose letters are all different are also pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_notation |
Themean absolute percentage error(MAPE), also known asmean absolute percentage deviation(MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method instatistics. It usually expresses the accuracy as a ratio defined by the formula:
whereAtis the actual value andFtis the forecast value. Their difference is divid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_percentage_error |
Acuckoo's eggis ametaphorforbrood parasitism, where a parasitic bird deposits its egg into a host's nest, which then incubates and feeds the chick that hatches, even at the expense of its own offspring. That original biological meaning has been extended to other uses, including one which referencesspywareand other piec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo%27s_egg_(metaphor) |
Aspeech error, commonly referred to as aslip of the tongue[1](Latin:lapsus linguae, or occasionally self-demonstratingly,lipsus languae) ormisspeaking, is adeviation(conscious or unconscious) from the apparently intended form of anutterance.[2]They can be subdivided into spontaneously and inadvertently producedspeecher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_error |
Inmathematics, afinite fieldorGalois field(so-named in honor ofÉvariste Galois) is afieldthat contains a finite number ofelements. As with any field, a finite field is aseton which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most common example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field#Frobenius_automorphism_and_Galois_theory |
Inphysics, afluidis aliquid,gas, or other material that may continuouslymoveanddeform(flow) under an appliedshear stress, or external force.[1]They have zeroshear modulus, or, in simpler terms, aresubstanceswhich cannot resist anyshear forceapplied to them.
Although the termfluidgenerally includes both the liquid and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid |
Unstructured data(orunstructured information) is information that either does not have a pre-defineddata modelor is not organized in a pre-defined manner. Unstructured information is typicallytext-heavy, but may contain data such as dates, numbers, and facts as well. This results in irregularities andambiguitiesthat ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstructured_data |
Inmathematics, aGolomb ruleris asetof marks atintegerpositions along a ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of marks on the ruler is itsorder, and the largest distance between two of its marks is itslength. Translation and reflection of a Golomb ruler are considered trivial, so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomb_Ruler |
Apassword policyis a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strongpasswordsand use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part ofsecurity awarenesstraining. Either the password policy is merely advisory, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_policy |
Policy network analysisis a field of research inpolitical sciencefocusing on the links and interdependence between government's sections and other societal actors, aiming to understand thepolicy-makingprocess andpublic policyoutcomes.[1]
Although the number of definitions is almost as large as the number of approaches... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_network_analysis |
Anelectronic lab notebookorelectronic laboratory notebook(ELN) is acomputer programdesigned to replace paperlaboratory notebooks. Lab notebooks in general are used byscientists,engineers, andtechniciansto documentresearch,experiments, and procedures performed in a laboratory. A lab notebook is often maintained to be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_lab_notebook |
Incomputer science,resource contentionis a conflict over access to ashared resourcesuch asrandom access memory,disk storage,cache memory, internalbusesor external network devices. A resource experiencing ongoing contention can be described asoversubscribed.
Resolving resource contention problems is one of the basic fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_contention |
Mapis anidiominparallel computingwhere a simple operation is applied to all elements of a sequence, potentially in parallel.[1]It is used to solveembarrassingly parallelproblems: those problems that can be decomposed into independent subtasks, requiring no communication/synchronization between the subtasks except ajoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(parallel_pattern) |
In computing, aninput deviceis a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices includekeyboards,computer mice,scanners, cameras,joysticks, andmicrophones.
Input devices can be categorized based on:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_device |
Dangerous Things[1]is aSeattle-basedcyberneticmicrochipbiohackingimplant retailer formed in 2013 by Amal Graafstra,[2]following acrowdfundingcampaign.[3]
Dangerous Things built the first personal publicly available implantableNFC compliant transponderin 2013.[4]In September 2020, Dangerous Things began another highly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Things |
Instatistics, apower lawis afunctional relationshipbetween two quantities, where arelative changein one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constantexponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law |
Incomputer science, acontrol-flow graph(CFG) is arepresentation, usinggraphnotation, of all paths that might be traversed through aprogramduring itsexecution. The control-flow graph was conceived byFrances E. Allen,[1]who noted thatReese T. Prosserusedboolean connectivity matricesfor flow analysis before.[2]
The CFG i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_graph |
Adaptive redactionis a form ofredactionwhereby sensitive parts of a document are automatically removed based onpolicy. It is primarily used in next generationData Loss Prevention(DLP) solutions.[1]
The policy is a set of rules based on content and context. Context can include:
The content can be 'visible' information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_redaction |
Inset theoryinmathematicsandformal logic, twosetsare said to bedisjoint setsif they have noelementin common. Equivalently, two disjoint sets are sets whoseintersectionis theempty set.[1]For example, {1, 2, 3} and {4, 5, 6} aredisjoint sets,while {1, 2, 3} and {3, 4, 5} are not disjoint. A collection of two or more sets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_sets |
Flixis afunctional,imperative, andlogicprogramming languagedeveloped atAarhus University, with funding from theIndependent Research Fund Denmark,[2]and by a community ofopen sourcecontributors.[3]The Flix language supportsalgebraic data types,pattern matching,parametric polymorphism,currying,higher-order functions,exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flix_(programming_language) |
Elastic mapsprovide a tool fornonlinear dimensionality reduction. By their construction, they are a system of elasticspringsembedded in the data
space.[1]This system approximates a low-dimensional manifold. The elastic coefficients of this system allow the switch from completely unstructuredk-means clustering(zero elas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_map |
Inmathematics, particularly indifferential topology, there are two Whitney embedding theorems, named afterHassler Whitney:
The weak Whitney embedding is proved through a projection argument.
When the manifold iscompact, one can first use a covering by finitely many local charts and then reduce the dimension with suit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_embedding_theorem |
Ingeometry, aMoufang plane, named forRuth Moufang, is a type ofprojective plane, more specifically a special type oftranslation plane. A translation plane is a projective plane that has atranslation line, that is, a line with the property that the group of automorphisms that fixes every point of the lineactstransitivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufang_plane |
In the mathematical area ofgame theoryand ofconvex optimization, aminimax theoremis a theorem that claims that
under certain conditions on the setsX{\displaystyle X}andY{\displaystyle Y}and on the functionf{\displaystyle f}.[1]It is always true that the left-hand side is at most the right-hand side (max–min inequality... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion%27s_minimax_theorem |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Thisbibliography of sociologyis a list of works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject ofsociology. Some of the works are selected from general anthologies of sociology,[1][2][3][4][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology |
-logyis asuffixin the English language, used with words originally adapted fromAncient Greekending in-λογία(-logía).[1]The earliest English examples were anglicizations of the French-logie, which was in turn inherited from theLatin-logia.[2]The suffix became productive in English from the 18th century, allowing the for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy |
Inmathematics, ifA{\displaystyle A}is asubsetofB,{\displaystyle B,}then theinclusion mapis thefunctionι{\displaystyle \iota }that sends each elementx{\displaystyle x}ofA{\displaystyle A}tox,{\displaystyle x,}treated as an element ofB:{\displaystyle B:}ι:A→B,ι(x)=x.{\displaystyle \iota :A\rightarrow B,\qquad \iota (x)=x... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_map |
AData Matrixis atwo-dimensional codeconsisting of black and white "cells" or dots arranged in either asquareorrectangularpattern, also known as amatrix. The information to be encoded can be text or numeric data. Usual data size is from a few bytes up to 1556bytes. The length of the encoded data depends on the number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Matrix |
TheMcCarthy 91 functionis arecursive function, defined by thecomputer scientistJohn McCarthyas a test case forformal verificationwithincomputer science.
The McCarthy 91 function is defined as
The results of evaluating the function are given byM(n) = 91 for all integer argumentsn≤ 100, andM(n) =n− 10 forn> 100. Indeed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy_91_function |
Cyber defamationorcyber insultin South Korean law is acrimeor civiltortconsisting ofdefamationorinsultcommitted through atelecommunications networksuch as the Internet.
The crime of cyber defamation (사이버 명예훼손죄) is defined in the Information and Communications Network Act, which establishes a maximum term of imprisonme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_defamation_law |
Near-field communication(NFC) is a set ofcommunication protocolsthat enablescommunicationbetween two electronic devices over a distance of4 cm (1+1⁄2in) or less.[1]NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for thebootstrappingof capable wireless connections.[2]Like otherproximity cardtec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication |
Many countries around the world maintainmarinesandnaval infantrymilitary units. Even if only a few nations have the capabilities to launch major amphibious assault operations, most marines and naval infantry forces are able to carry out limitedamphibious landings, riverine andcoastal warfaretasks. The list includes als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marines_and_similar_forces |
Simplicityis the state or quality of beingsimple. Something easy to understand or explain seems simple, in contrast to something complicated. Alternatively, asHerbert A. Simonsuggests, something is simple orcomplexdepending on the way we choose to describe it.[1]In some uses, the label "simplicity" can implybeauty, pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Simplicity_Index |
Inmathematics, more specifically inharmonic analysis,Walsh functionsform acomplete orthogonal setoffunctionsthat can be used to represent any discrete function—just liketrigonometric functionscan be used to represent anycontinuous functioninFourier analysis.[1]They can thus be viewed as a discrete, digital counterpart ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_function |
Anapplication delivery controller(ADC) is acomputer networkdevice in adatacenter, often part of anapplication delivery network(ADN), that helps perform common tasks, such as those done byweb acceleratorsto remove load from theweb serversthemselves. Many also provideload balancing. ADCs are often placed in theDMZ, betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_delivery_controller |
Inphilosophy, theselfis anindividual's ownbeing,knowledge, andvalues, and the relationship between these attributes.
The first-person perspective distinguishes selfhood frompersonal identity. Whereas "identity" is (literally) sameness[1]and may involvecategorizationandlabeling,[2]selfhood implies a first-person perspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self |
Incomputer science,session hijacking, sometimes also known ascookie hijacking, is theexploitationof a validcomputer session—sometimes also called asession key—to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system. In particular, it is used to refer to the theft of a magic cookie used to authentica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookiemonster_attack |
Forholographic data storage,holographic associative memory(HAM) is an information storage and retrieval system based on the principles ofholography. Holograms are made by using two beams of light, called a "reference beam" and an "object beam". They produce a pattern on thefilmthat contains them both. Afterwards, by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_associative_memory |
Remote monitoring and control(M&C) systems are designed to control large or complex facilities such asfactories,power plants,network operations centers,airports, andspacecraft, with some degree ofautomation.
M&C systems may receive data fromsensors,telemetrystreams, user inputs, and pre-programmed procedures. The soft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_monitoring_and_control |
Extract, transform, load(ETL) is a three-phasecomputingprocess where data isextractedfrom an input source,transformed(includingcleaning), andloadedinto an output data container. The data can be collected from one or more sources and it can also be output to one or more destinations. ETL processing is typically executed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load |
Incontinuum mechanics, thematerial derivative[1][2]describes the timerate of changeof some physical quantity (likeheatormomentum) of amaterial elementthat is subjected to a space-and-time-dependentmacroscopic velocity field. The material derivative can serve as a link betweenEulerianandLagrangiandescriptions of continu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_derivative |
InBayesian statistics, acredible intervalis anintervalused to characterize aprobability distribution. It is defined such that an unobservedparametervalue has a particularprobabilityγ{\displaystyle \gamma }to fall within it. For example, in an experiment that determines the distribution of possible values of the paramet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credible_interval |
Apublic key infrastructure(PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revokedigital certificatesand managepublic-key encryption.
The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure |
Asuperscalar processor(ormultiple-issue processor[1]) is aCPUthat implements a form ofparallelismcalledinstruction-level parallelismwithin a single processor.[2]In contrast to ascalar processor, which can execute at most one single instruction per clock cycle, a superscalar processor can execute or start executing more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar |
Quantum complexity theoryis the subfield ofcomputational complexity theorythat deals withcomplexity classesdefined usingquantum computers, acomputational modelbased onquantum mechanics. It studies the hardness ofcomputational problemsin relation to these complexity classes, as well as the relationship between quantum c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory |
Intelecommunications, acryptochannelis a completesystemofcrypto-communicationsbetween two or more holders or parties. It includes: (a) the cryptographic aids prescribed; (b) the holders thereof; (c) the indicators or other means of identification; (d) the area or areas in which effective; (e) the special purpose, if an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochannel |
Incomputing, the termremote desktoprefers to asoftware- oroperating systemfeature that allows apersonal computer'sdesktop environmentto be run remotely from one system (usually a PC, but the concept applies equally to aserveror asmartphone), while being displayed on a separateclient device. Remote desktop applications ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software |
In themathematicalstudy ofcellular automata,Rule 90is anelementary cellular automatonbased on theexclusive orfunction. It consists of a one-dimensional array of cells, each of which can hold either a 0 or a 1 value. In each time step all values are simultaneously replaced by theXORof their two neighboring values.[1]Mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_90 |
R v Adams[1996]EWCACrim 10 and 222, are rulings in the United Kingdom that banned the expression in court of headline (soundbite), standaloneBayesian statisticsfrom thereasoningadmissible before ajuryinDNA evidencecases, in favour of the calculated average (and maximal) number of matching incidences among the nation's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Adams |
Proof by exhaustion, also known asproof by cases,proof by case analysis,complete inductionor thebrute force method, is a method ofmathematical proofin which the statement to be proved is split into a finite number of cases or sets of equivalent cases, and where each type of case is checked to see if the proposition in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_exhaustion |
Thepartition functionorconfiguration integral, as used inprobability theory,information theoryanddynamical systems, is a generalization of the definition of apartition function in statistical mechanics. It is a special case of anormalizing constantin probability theory, for theBoltzmann distribution. The partition func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(mathematics) |
Data conversionis the conversion ofcomputer datafrom oneformatto another. Throughout a computer environment, data isencodedin a variety of ways. For example,computer hardwareis built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example,parity bitchecks. Similarly, theoperating systemis pred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_conversion |
Incorpus linguistics, ahapax legomenon(/ˈhæpəkslɪˈɡɒmɪnɒn/also/ˈhæpæks/or/ˈheɪpæks/;[1][2]pl.hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated tohapax, pluralhapaxes) is awordor anexpressionthat occurs only once within a context: either in the written record of an entirelanguage, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapax_legomenon |
Incomputer science, athreadofexecutionis the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by ascheduler, which is typically a part of theoperating system.[1]In many cases, a thread is a component of aprocess.
The multiple threads of a given process may be executedconcurrently(via mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing) |
Ingame theory, anextensive-form gameis a specification of agameallowing for the explicit representation of a number of key aspects, like the sequencing of players' possible moves, theirchoices at every decision point, the (possiblyimperfect) information each player has about the other player's moves when they make a de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive-form_game |
Comparative linguisticsis a branch ofhistorical linguisticsthat is concerned with comparing languages to establish theirhistoricalrelatedness.
Genetic relatednessimplies a common origin orproto-languageand comparative linguistics aims to constructlanguage families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_linguistics |
AProgram Dependence Graph(PDG) is adirected graphof a program'scontrolanddata dependencies. Nodes represent program statements and edges represent dependencies between these statements.
PDGs are used in optimization, debugging, and understanding program behavior. One example of this is their utilization by compilers d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_dependence_graph |
Ingraph theory, thebipartite double coverof anundirected graphGis abipartite,covering graphofG, with twice as manyverticesasG. It can be constructed as thetensor product of graphs,G×K2. It is also called theKronecker double cover,canonical double coveror simply thebipartite doubleofG.
It should not be confused with ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_double_cover |
In mathematics, asum of radicalsis defined as a finitelinear combinationofnth roots:
wheren,ri{\displaystyle n,r_{i}}arenatural numbersandki,xi{\displaystyle k_{i},x_{i}}arereal numbers.
A particular special case arising incomputational complexity theoryis thesquare-root sum problem, asking whether it is possible to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_radicals |
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