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Afat-tailed distributionis aprobability distributionthat exhibits a largeskewnessorkurtosis, relative to that of either anormal distributionor anexponential distribution.[when defined as?]In common usage, the terms fat-tailed andheavy-tailedare sometimes synonymous; fat-tailed is sometimes also defined as a subset of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-tailed_distribution |
Instatistics,datatransformationis the application of adeterministicmathematicalfunctionto each point in adataset—that is, each data pointziis replaced with the transformed valueyi=f(zi), wherefis a function. Transforms are usually applied so that the data appear to more closely meet the assumptions of astatistical infe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transformation_(statistics) |
Incryptography,key wrapconstructions are a class ofsymmetric encryptionalgorithms designed toencapsulate(encrypt) cryptographic key material.[1]The Key Wrap algorithms are intended for applications such as protecting keys while in untrusted storage or transmitting keys over untrusted communications networks. The cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Wrap |
Aphase-type distributionis aprobability distributionconstructed by a convolution or mixture ofexponential distributions.[1]It results from a system of one or more inter-relatedPoisson processesoccurring insequence, or phases. The sequence in which each of the phases occurs may itself be astochastic process. The distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-type_distribution |
In the theory ofalgebras over a field,mutationis a construction of a newbinary operationrelated to the multiplication of the algebra. In specific cases the resulting algebra may be referred to as ahomotopeor anisotopeof the original.
LetAbe an algebra over afieldFwith multiplication (not assumed to beassociative) den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_(algebra) |
TheCXFS file system(ClusteredXFS) is aproprietaryshared disk file systemdesigned bySilicon Graphics(SGI) specifically to be used in astorage area network(SAN) environment.
A significant difference between CXFS and other shared disk file systems is that data andmetadataare managed separately from each other. CXFS provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXFS |
Indigital communications, aturbo equalizeris a type ofreceiverused to receive a message corrupted by acommunication channelwithintersymbol interference(ISI). It approaches the performance of amaximum a posteriori(MAP) receiver via iterativemessage passingbetween asoft-in soft-out(SISO)equalizerand a SISO decoder.[1]It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_equalizer |
Random testingis a black-boxsoftware testingtechnique where programs are tested bygeneratingrandom, independent inputs. Results of the output are compared against software specifications to verify that the test output is pass or fail.[1]In case of absence of specifications the exceptions of the language are used which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_testing |
Sustainable agricultureisfarminginsustainableways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs.[1]It can be based on an understanding ofecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture |
Data qualityrefers to the state ofqualitativeorquantitativepieces of information. There are many definitions of data quality, but data is generally considered high quality if it is "fit for [its] intended uses in operations,decision makingandplanning".[1][2][3]Data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_quality |
Alogic gateis a device that performs aBoolean function, alogical operationperformed on one or morebinaryinputs that produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to anideal logic gate, one that has, for instance, zerorise timeand unlimitedfan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate#Symbols |
Inlinguisticsand related fields,pragmaticsis the study of howcontextcontributes to meaning. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the interpreted.[1]Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are calledpragmaticians. The f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics |
Kevin Warwick(born 9 February 1954) is an English engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) atCoventry University.[8]He is known for his studies ondirect interfacesbetween computer systems and the humannervous system, and has also done research concerningrobotics.[9][10]
Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 inKeresley,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick |
All definitions tacitly require thehomogeneous relationR{\displaystyle R}betransitive: for alla,b,c,{\displaystyle a,b,c,}ifaRb{\displaystyle aRb}andbRc{\displaystyle bRc}thenaRc.{\displaystyle aRc.}A term's definition may require additional properties that are not listed in this table.
Inmathematics, abinary relation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering:
Software engineering– application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance ofsoftware; that is the application ofengineeringtosoftware.[1]
The ACM Computing Classifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering |
Nice Guys Finish First(BBCHorizontelevision series) is a 1986 documentary byRichard Dawkinswhich discusses selfishness and cooperation, arguing that evolution often favors co-operative behaviour, and focusing especially on thetit for tatstrategy of theprisoner's dilemmagame. The film is approximately 50 minutes long an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_Guys_Finish_First |
Incognitive psychology,chunkingis a process by which small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory.[1]The chunks, by which the information is grouped, are meant to improve short-term retention of the material, thus bypassing the limited capacity ofwor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology) |
Ininformation theory, theconditional entropyquantifies the amount of information needed to describe the outcome of arandom variableY{\displaystyle Y}given that the value of another random variableX{\displaystyle X}is known. Here, information is measured inshannons,nats, orhartleys. Theentropy ofY{\displaystyle Y}condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_entropy |
Corporate financeis an area offinancethat deals with the sources of funding, and thecapital structureof businesses, the actions that managers take to increase thevalueof the firm to theshareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. The primary goal of corporate finance is tomaximizeor in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance#Valuing_flexibility |
Quantum cognitionuses the mathematical formalism of quantum probability theory to model psychology phenomena when classicalprobability theoryfails.[1]The field focuses on modeling phenomena incognitive sciencethat have resisted traditional techniques or where traditional models seem to have reached a barrier (e.g., hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition |
Incomputer programming, theexclusive or swap(sometimes shortened toXOR swap) is analgorithmthat uses theexclusive orbitwise operationtoswapthe values of twovariableswithout using the temporary variable which is normally required.
The algorithm is primarily a novelty and a way of demonstrating properties of theexclusiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_swap_algorithm |
Inmathematics,anticommutativityis a specific property of some non-commutativemathematicaloperations. Swapping the position oftwo argumentsof an antisymmetric operation yields a result which is theinverseof the result with unswapped arguments. The notioninverserefers to agroup structureon the operation'scodomain, possib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommutativity |
Gradient boostingis amachine learningtechnique based onboostingin a functional space, where the target ispseudo-residualsinstead ofresidualsas in traditional boosting. It gives a prediction model in the form of anensembleof weak prediction models, i.e., models that make very few assumptions about the data, which are ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_boosting |
Trench codes(a form ofcryptography) werecodesused for secrecy by field armies inWorld War I.[1][2]Messages by field telephone, radio and carrier pigeons could be intercepted, hence the need for tacticalWorld War I cryptography. Originally, the most commonly used codes were simple substitution codes, but due to the rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_code |
Japanoperates a number of centers forsupercomputingwhich hold world records in speed, with theK computerbeing the world's fastest from June 2011 to June 2012,[1][2][3]andFugakuholding the lead from June 2020 until June 2022.
The K computer's performance was impressive, according to professorJack Dongarrawho maintains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputing_in_Japan |
Inproject management,scopeis the defined features and functions of a product, or the scope of work needed to finish a project.[1]Scope involves getting information required to start a project, including the features the product needs to meet its stakeholders' requirements.[2][3]: 116
Project scope is oriented towards ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(project_management) |
Science and technology studies(STS) orscience, technology, and societyis aninterdisciplinaryfield that examines the creation, development, and consequences ofscienceandtechnologyin their historical, cultural, and social contexts.[1]
Like mostinterdisciplinaryfields of study, STS emerged from the confluence of a variet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies |
Incomputing(specificallydata transmissionanddata storage), ablock,[1]sometimes called aphysical record, is a sequence ofbytesorbits, usually containing some whole number ofrecords, having a fixed length; ablock size.[2]Data thusstructuredare said to beblocked. The process of putting data into blocks is calledblocking, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_storage |
In mathematics, specifically inspectral theory, aneigenvalueof aclosed linear operatoris callednormalif the space admits a decomposition into a direct sum of a finite-dimensionalgeneralized eigenspaceand aninvariant subspacewhereA−λI{\displaystyle A-\lambda I}has a bounded inverse.
The set of normal eigenvalues coincid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_eigenvalue |
Incomputer programming, specifically when using theimperative programmingparadigm, anassertionis apredicate(aBoolean-valued functionover thestate space, usually expressed as alogical propositionusing thevariablesof a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that point in code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertion_(computing) |
Theinformation explosionis the rapid increase in the amount ofpublishedinformationordataand the effects of this abundance.[1]As the amount of available data grows, the problem ofmanaging the informationbecomes more difficult, which can lead toinformation overload. The Online Oxford English Dictionary indicates use of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis said to beasymptotically optimalif, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performsat worsta constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use ofbig-O notat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotically_optimal_algorithm |
Incombinatorialmathematics, aLangford pairing, also called aLangford sequence, is apermutationof the sequence of 2nnumbers 1, 1, 2, 2, ...,n,nin which the two 1s are one unit apart, the two 2s are two units apart, and more generally the two copies of each numberkarekunits apart. Langford pairings are named after C. Dud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langford_pairing |
Acyclic redundancy check(CRC) is anerror-detecting codecommonly used in digitalnetworksand storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data. Blocks of data entering these systems get a shortcheck valueattached, based on the remainder of apolynomial divisionof their contents. On retrieval, the calculation is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check |
Anopen service interface definition(OSID) is a programmatic interface specification describing a service. These interfaces are specified by theOpen Knowledge Initiative(OKI) to implement aservice-oriented architecture(SOA) to achieveinteroperabilityamong applications across a varied base of underlying and changing tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filing_Open_Service_Interface_Definition |
Inmathematics, theSelberg trace formula, introduced bySelberg (1956), is an expression for the character of theunitary representationof aLie groupGon the spaceL2(Γ\G)ofsquare-integrable functions, whereΓis a cofinitediscrete group. The character is given by the trace of certain functions onG.
The simplest case is when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selberg_trace_formula |
Thex86instruction setrefers to the set of instructions thatx86-compatiblemicroprocessorssupport. The instructions are usually part of anexecutableprogram, often stored as acomputer fileand executed on the processor.
The x86 instruction set has been extended several times, introducing widerregistersand datatypes as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_instruction_set |
Instatistics, astudentized residualis thedimensionless ratioresulting from the division of aresidualby anestimateof itsstandard deviation, both expressed in the sameunits. It is a form of aStudent'st-statistic, with the estimate of error varying between points.
This is an important technique in the detection ofoutlier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentized_residual |
MrSID(pronounced Mister Sid) is an acronym that stands formultiresolution seamless image database. It is afile format(filename extension.sid) developed and patented[2][3]by LizardTech (in October 2018 absorbed intoExtensis)[4]for encoding ofgeoreferencedraster graphics, such asorthophotos.
MrSID originated as the resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MrSID |
Acontainer chassis, also calledintermodal chassisorskeletal trailer, is a type of semi-trailer designed to securely carry anintermodal container. Chassis are used bytruckersto deliver containers betweenports, railyards, container depots, and shipper facilities,[1]:2–3and are thus a key part of theintermodal supply chai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_chassis |
ThePlatform for Internet Content Selection(PICS) was a specification created byW3Cthat usedmetadatato label webpages to help parents and teachers control what children and students could access on theInternet. The W3CProtocol for Web Description Resourcesproject integrates PICS concepts withRDF. PICS was superseded byP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_for_Internet_Content_Selection |
Apedagogical grammaris a modern approach inlinguisticsintended to aid in teaching an additional language.
This method of teaching is divided into the descriptive: grammatical analysis, and the prescriptive: the articulation of a set of rules. Following an analysis of the context in which it is to be used, one grammati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogical_grammar |
Decision listsare a representation for Boolean functions which can be easily learnable from examples.[1]Single term decision lists are more expressive thandisjunctionsandconjunctions; however, 1-term decision lists are less expressive than the generaldisjunctive normal formand theconjunctive normal form.
The language ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_list |
In mathematics, asemigroupis analgebraic structureconsisting of asettogether with anassociativeinternalbinary operationon it.
The binary operation of a semigroup is most often denoted multiplicatively (just notation, not necessarily the elementary arithmeticmultiplication):x⋅y, or simplyxy, denotes the result of apply... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup |
AnHTTPS Bicycle Attackrefers to a method of discoveringpasswordlength onpacketsencrypted withTLS/SSL protocols.[1]In preparation for a bicycle attack, the attacker must load the target page to compute the sizes of headers in the request made by a given web browser to theserver. Once the attacker intercepts andbrowser f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_attack |
Acorrelation functionis afunctionthat gives the statisticalcorrelationbetweenrandom variables, contingent on the spatial or temporal distance between those variables.[1]If one considers the correlation function between random variables representing the same quantity measured at two different points, then this is often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function |
Avirtual assistant(typically abbreviated toVA, also called avirtual office assistant)[1]is generally self-employed and providesprofessionaladministrative, technical, or creative (social) assistance to clients remotely from ahome office.[2]Because virtual assistants are independent contractors rather than employees, cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant_(occupation) |
Virtual volunteeringrefers tovolunteeractivities completed, in whole or in part, using theInternetand a home, school buildings, telecenter, or work computer or other Internet-connected device, such as asmartphoneor atablet.[1]Virtual volunteering is also known asonline volunteering,remote volunteeringore-volunteering. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_volunteering |
Fortran(/ˈfɔːrtræn/; formerlyFORTRAN) is athird-generation,compiled,imperativeprogramming languagethat is especially suited tonumeric computationandscientific computing.
Fortran was originally developed byIBMwith a reference manual being released in 1956;[3]however, the first compilers only began to produce accurate c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran |
Indistributed computing, asingle system image(SSI) cluster is aclusterof machines that appears to be one single system.[1][2][3]The concept is often considered synonymous with that of adistributed operating system,[4][5]but a single image may be presented for more limited purposes, justjob schedulingfor instance, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_system_image |
Hyper-threading(officially calledHyper-Threading TechnologyorHT Technologyand abbreviated asHTTorHT) isIntel'sproprietarysimultaneous multithreading(SMT) implementation used to improveparallelization of computations(doing multiple tasks at once) performed onx86microprocessors. It was introduced onXeonserverprocessorsin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-threading |
Afunctional differential equationis adifferential equationwith deviating argument. That is, a functional differential equation is an equation that contains a function and some of its derivatives evaluated at different argument values.[1]
Functional differential equations find use in mathematical models that assume a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_differential_equation |
In cryptography,subliminal channelsarecovert channelsthat can be used to communicate secretly in normal looking communication over aninsecure channel.[1]Subliminal channels indigital signaturecrypto systems were found in 1984 byGustavus Simmons.
Simmons describes how the "Prisoners' Problem" can be solved through para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_channel |
Abiordered set(otherwise known asboset) is amathematical objectthat occurs in the description of thestructureof the set ofidempotentsin asemigroup.
The set of idempotents in a semigroup is a biordered set and every biordered set is the set of idempotents of some semigroup.[1][2]A regular biordered set is a biordered s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biordered_set |
Inconstraint programmingandSAT solving,backjumping(also known asnon-chronological backtracking[1]orintelligent backtracking[2]) is an enhancement forbacktrackingalgorithmswhich reduces thesearch space. While backtracking always goes up one level in thesearch treewhen all values for a variable have been tested, backjump... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backjumping |
Thesecond continuum hypothesis, also calledLuzin's hypothesisorLuzin's second continuum hypothesis, is the hypothesis that2ℵ0=2ℵ1{\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}=2^{\aleph _{1}}}. It is the negation ofa weakened form,2ℵ0<2ℵ1{\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}<2^{\aleph _{1}}}, of theContinuum Hypothesis(CH). It was discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_continuum_hypothesis |
Inmathematical analysis, themaximumandminimum[a]of afunctionare, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically asextremum,[b]they may be defined either within a givenrange(thelocalorrelativeextrema) or on the entiredomain(theglobalorabsoluteextrema) of a function.[1][2][3]Pierre de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_and_minimum |
Incryptography, apreimage attackoncryptographic hash functionstries to find amessagethat has a specific hash value. A cryptographic hash function should resist attacks on itspreimage(set of possible inputs).
In the context of attack, there are two types of preimage resistance:
These can be compared with acollision re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_preimage_attack |
TheMarkov condition, sometimes called theMarkov assumption, is an assumption made inBayesian probability theory, that every node in aBayesian networkisconditionally independentof its nondescendants, given its parents. Stated loosely, it is assumed that a node has no bearing on nodes which do not descend from it. In aDA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_Markov_condition |
In mathematics, the values of thetrigonometric functionscan be expressed approximately, as incos(π/4)≈0.707{\displaystyle \cos(\pi /4)\approx 0.707}, or exactly, as incos(π/4)=2/2{\displaystyle \cos(\pi /4)={\sqrt {2}}/2}. Whiletrigonometric tablescontain many approximate values, the exact values for certain angles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_number |
InWindows NToperating systems, aWindows serviceis acomputer programthatoperates in the background.[1]It is similar in concept to aUnixdaemon.[1]A Windows service must conform to the interface rules and protocols of theService Control Manager, the component responsible for managing Windows services. It is the Services a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_service |
Dataflow architectureis adataflow-basedcomputer architecturethat directly contrasts the traditionalvon Neumann architectureorcontrol flowarchitecture. Dataflow architectures have noprogram counter, in concept: the executability and execution of instructions is solely determined based on the availability of input argume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_architecture |
TheUnited States 700 MHz FCC wirelessspectrum auction, officially known asAuction 73,[1]was started by theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) on January 24, 2008 for the rights to operate the 700 MHzradio frequencybandin theUnited States. The details of process were the subject of debate among severaltelecommunicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_2008_wireless_spectrum_auction |
Rugged individualism, derived fromindividualism, is a term that indicates that an individual is self-reliant and independent from outside (usually government or some other form of collective) assistance or support. While the term is often associated with the notion oflaissez-faireand associated adherents, it was actual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_individualism |
hCardis amicroformatfor publishing the contact details (which might be no more than the name) of people, companies, organizations, and places, inHTML,Atom,RSS, or arbitraryXML.[1]The hCard microformat does this using a 1:1 representation ofvCard(RFC 2426) properties and values, identified using HTML classes andrelattri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCard |
This is a list of theshellcommandsof the most recent version of the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) –IEEEStd 1003.1-2024 which is part of theSingle UNIX Specification(SUS). These commands are implemented in many shells on modernUnix,Unix-likeand otheroperating systems. This list does not cover commands for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands |
Irony, in its broadest sense, is thejuxtapositionof what appears to be the case on the surface and what is actually the case or to be expected. It typically figures as arhetorical deviceandliterary technique. In some philosophical contexts, however, it takes on a larger significance as an entire way of life.
Irony has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony |
Inmathematics, more specificallytopology, alocal homeomorphismis afunctionbetweentopological spacesthat, intuitively, preserves local (though not necessarily global) structure.
Iff:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}is a local homeomorphism,X{\displaystyle X}is said to be anétale spaceoverY.{\displaystyle Y.}Local homeomorphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_homeomorphism |
Incomputing,telecommunication,information theory, andcoding theory,forward error correction(FEC) orchannel coding[1][2][3]is a technique used forcontrolling errorsindata transmissionover unreliable or noisycommunication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in aredundantway, most often by u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting_code |
Initerative reconstructionindigital imaging,interior reconstruction(also known aslimited field of view (LFV)reconstruction) is a technique to correct truncation artifacts caused by limiting image data to a smallfield of view. The reconstruction focuses on an area known as the region of interest (ROI). Although interior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_reconstruction |
Determining the number of clusters in adata set, a quantity often labelledkas in thek-means algorithm, is a frequent problem indata clustering, and is a distinct issue from the process of actually solving the clustering problem.
For a certain class ofclustering algorithms(in particulark-means,k-medoidsandexpectation–m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determining_the_number_of_clusters_in_a_data_set |
Inmathematics, theKleene–Rosser paradoxis a paradox that shows that certain systems offormal logicareinconsistent, in particular the version ofHaskell Curry'scombinatory logicintroduced in 1930, andAlonzo Church's originallambda calculus, introduced in 1932–1933, both originally intended as systems of formal logic. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%E2%80%93Rosser_paradox |
Anetwork partitionis a division of a computer network into relatively independentsubnets, either by design, to optimize them separately, or due to the failure of network devices. Distributed software must be designed to be partition-tolerant, that is, even after the network is partitioned, it still works correctly.
Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_partition |
TheGlobal System for Mobile Communications(GSM) is a family of standards to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digitalcellular networks,[2]as used by mobile devices such asmobile phonesandmobile broadband modems. GSM is also atrade markowned by theGSM Association.[3]"GSM" may also refer to the voice code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Security |
Inmathematics, more specificallydifferential algebra, ap-derivation(forpaprime number) on aringR, is a mapping fromRtoRthat satisfies certain conditions outlined directly below. The notion of ap-derivationis related to that of aderivationin differential algebra.
Letpbe a prime number. Ap-derivationor Buium derivative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-derivation |
Inmathematics,operator theoryis the study oflinear operatorsonfunction spaces, beginning withdifferential operatorsandintegral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such asbounded linear operatorsorclosed operators, and consideration may be given tononlinear operators. The study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory |
Processor designis a subfield ofcomputer scienceandcomputer engineering(fabrication) that deals with creating aprocessor, a key component ofcomputer hardware.
The design process involves choosing aninstruction setand a certain execution paradigm (e.g.VLIWorRISC) and results in amicroarchitecture, which might be descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_design |
Anobject-oriented operating system[1]is anoperating systemthat is designed, structured, and operated usingobject-oriented programmingprinciples.
An object-oriented operating system is in contrast to an object-orienteduser interfaceor programmingframework, which can be run on a non-object-oriented operating system like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system |
Inmathematics, aregular semigroupis asemigroupSin which every element isregular, i.e., for each elementainSthere exists an elementxinSsuch thataxa=a.[1]Regular semigroups are one of the most-studied classes of semigroups, and their structure is particularly amenable to study viaGreen's relations.[2]
Regular semigroups... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_semigroup |
Non-interactivezero-knowledge proofsarecryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover, without revealing any of the specific information beyond the validity of the statement itself. This makes direct communication between the prover and verifier unnecessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof |
Web scraping,web harvesting, orweb data extractionisdata scrapingused forextracting datafromwebsites.[1]Web scraping software may directly access theWorld Wide Webusing theHypertext Transfer Protocolor a web browser. While web scraping can be done manually by a software user, the term typically refers to automated proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping |
In probability theory and statistics, aMarkov chainorMarkov processis astochastic processdescribing asequenceof possible events in which theprobabilityof each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. Informally, this may be thought of as, "What happens next depends only on the state of affairsnow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chains |
Fritz Erich Fellgiebel(4 October 1886 – 4 September 1944) was aGerman Armygeneral ofsignalsand a resistance fighter, participating in both the 1938 September Conspiracy to topple dictatorAdolf Hitlerand theNazi Party, and the 194420 July plotto assassinate the Fuhrer. In 1929, Fellgiebel became head of the cipher burea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fellgiebel |
Multi-SIMtechnology allows cloning up to 12GSMSIMcards (of formatCOMP128v1) into one card. The subscriber can leave the original cards in a secure place and use only the multi-SIM card in day to day life.
For telecom operator-provided cards, only the GroupMSISDNnumber is known to multi-SIM subscribers. Member-SIMMSISD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-SIM_card |
Artificial life(ALifeorA-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examinesystemsrelated to naturallife, its processes, and its evolution, through the use ofsimulationswithcomputer models,robotics, andbiochemistry.[1]The discipline was named byChristopher Langton, an Americancomputer scientist, in 1986.[2]In 1987, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_life |
ANOVA gaugerepeatabilityandreproducibilityis ameasurement systems analysistechnique that uses ananalysis of variance(ANOVA)random effects modelto assess a measurement system.
The evaluation of a measurement system isnotlimited togaugebut to all types ofmeasuring instruments,test methods, and other measurement systems.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANOVA_gauge_R%26R |
Astraight-line grammar(sometimes abbreviated as SLG) is aformal grammarthat generates exactly one string.[1]Consequently, it does not branch (every non-terminal has only one associated production rule) nor loop (if non-terminalAappears in a derivation ofB, thenBdoes not appear in a derivation ofA).[1]
Straight-line gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar_generation_algorithms |
TheOpen Grid Forum(OGF) is a community of users, developers, and vendors for standardization ofgrid computing. It was formed in 2006 in a merger of theGlobal Grid Forumand the Enterprise Grid Alliance.
The OGF models its process on theInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF), and produces documents with many acronyms su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Grid_Forum |
Current notablecomputer hardwaremanufacturers:
List ofcomputer casemanufacturers:
Topmotherboardmanufacturers:
List of motherboard manufacturers:
Defunct:
Note: most of these companies only make designs, and do not manufacture their own designs.
Top x86CPUmanufacturers:
List of CPU manufacturers (most of the com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers |
Data remanenceis the residual representation ofdigital datathat remains even after attempts have been made to remove or erase the data. This residue may result from data being left intact by a nominalfile deletionoperation, by reformatting of storage media that does not remove data previously written to the media, or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_remanence |
The termprocess modelis used in various contexts. For example, inbusiness process modelingthe enterprise process model is often referred to as thebusiness process model.
Process models areprocessesof the same nature that are classified together into a model. Thus, a process model is a description of a process at the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_model |
Curveletsare a non-adaptivetechnique for multi-scaleobjectrepresentation. Being an extension of thewaveletconcept, they are becoming popular in similar fields, namely inimage processingandscientific computing.
Wavelets generalize theFourier transformby using a basis that represents both location and spatial frequency.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvelet |
Incomputing,minifloatsarefloating-pointvalues represented with very fewbits. This reduced precision makes them ill-suited for general-purpose numerical calculations, but they are useful for special purposes such as:
Additionally, they are frequently encountered as a pedagogical tool in computer-science courses to demo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical computer science, aKleene algebra(/ˈkleɪni/KLAY-nee; named afterStephen Cole Kleene) is asemiringthat generalizes the theory ofregular expressions: it consists of asetsupporting union (addition), concatenation (multiplication), andKleene staroperations subject to certain algebraic laws. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene_algebra |
TheFAO geopolitical ontologyis anontologydeveloped by theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)to describe, manage and exchange data related togeopoliticalentities such as countries, territories, regions and other similar areas.
Anontologyis a kind of dictionary that describes information in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_ontology |
Linux(/ˈlɪnʊks/,LIN-uuks)[15]is a family ofopen sourceUnix-likeoperating systemsbased on theLinux kernel,[16]anoperating system kernelfirst released on September 17, 1991, byLinus Torvalds.[17][18][19]Linux is typicallypackagedas aLinux distribution(distro), which includes the kernel and supportingsystem softwareandlib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux |
TheGlobal System for Mobile Communications(GSM) is a family of standards to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digitalcellular networks,[2]as used by mobile devices such asmobile phonesandmobile broadband modems. GSM is also atrade markowned by theGSM Association.[3]"GSM" may also refer to the voice code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Encryption |
Instatistics,econometricsand related fields,multidimensional analysis(MDA) is adata analysisprocess that groups data into two categories:data dimensionsand measurements. For example, adata setconsisting of the number of wins for a single football team at each of several years is a single-dimensional (in this case, long... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_analysis |
Website spoofingis the act of creating awebsitewith the intention of misleading readers that the website has been created by a different person or organization.
Normally, the spoof website will adopt the design of the target website, and it sometimes has a similarURL.[1]A more sophisticated attack results in an attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_spoofing |
Inmathematics,Gödel's speed-up theorem, proved byGödel(1936), shows that there aretheoremswhoseproofscan be drastically shortened by working in more powerful axiomatic systems.
Kurt Gödelshowed how to find explicit examples of statements in formal systems that are provable in that system but whose shortest proof is un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_speed-up_theorem |
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