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TheGovernment Security Classifications Policy(GSCP) is a system for classifyingsensitive government datain theUnited Kingdom.
Historically, theGovernment Protective Marking Schemewas used by government bodies in the UK; it divides data into UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECT, RESTRICTED, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET and TOP SECRET. This s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Security_Classifications_Policy |
ATCP sequence prediction attackis an attempt to predict the sequence number used to identify thepacketsin aTCP connection, which can be used to counterfeit packets.[1]
The attacker hopes to correctly guess the sequence number to be used by thesending host. If they can do this, they will be able to send counterfeit pac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_sequence_prediction_attack |
Incomputing, aplug and play(PnP) device orcomputer busis one with a specification that facilitates the recognition of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.[1][2]The term "plug and play" has since been expanded to a wide ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_and_play |
Apolice statedescribes astatewhosegovernmentinstitutions exercise an extreme level of control overcivil societyandliberties. There is typically little or no distinction between the law and the exercise ofpolitical powerby theexecutive, and the deployment ofinternal securityandpoliceforces play a heightened role ingover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_state |
Inprobability theory, aMarkov modelis astochastic modelused tomodelpseudo-randomly changing systems. It is assumed that future states depend only on the current state, not on the events that occurred before it (that is, it assumes theMarkov property). Generally, this assumption enables reasoning and computation with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_model |
Intelecommunications,direct-sequence spread spectrum(DSSS) is aspread-spectrummodulationtechnique primarily used to reduce overall signalinterference. The direct-sequence modulation makes the transmitted signal wider in bandwidth than the information bandwidth.
After the despreading or removal of the direct-sequence m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum |
White-box testing(also known asclear box testing,glass box testing,transparent box testing, andstructural testing) is a method ofsoftware testingthat tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_box_testing |
Neural network softwareis used tosimulate,research,develop, and applyartificial neural networks, software concepts adapted frombiological neural networks, and in some cases, a wider array ofadaptive systemssuch asartificial intelligenceandmachine learning.
Neural network simulators are software applications that are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_software |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Arrow's impossibility theoremis a key result insoci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem |
Anidentity document(abbreviated asID) is adocumentproving a person'sidentity.
If the identity document is aplastic cardit is called anidentity card(abbreviated asICorID card). When the identity document incorporates a photographicportrait, it is called aphoto ID.[1]In some countries, identity documents may becompulsor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_document |
ASPARQL Query Results XML(also sometimes calledSPARQL Results Document) is a file stores data (value,URIand text) in XML.
This document is generally the response by default of a RDF database after aSPARQLquery.
This computing article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL_Query_Results_XML_Format |
Thenatural element method (NEM)[1][2][3]is ameshless methodto solvepartial differential equation, where theelementsdo not have a predefined shape as in thefinite element method, but depend on the geometry.[4][5][6]
AVoronoi diagrampartitioning the space is used to create each of these elements.
Natural neighbor inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_element_method |
Thedead Internet theoryis aconspiracy theorythat asserts, due to a coordinated and intentional effort, theInternetnow consists mainly ofbot activityandautomatically generated contentmanipulated byalgorithmic curationto control the population and minimize organic human activity.[1][2][3][4][5]Proponents of the theory be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory |
Inalgebra, thezero-product propertystates that the product of twononzero elementsis nonzero. In other words,ifab=0,thena=0orb=0.{\displaystyle {\text{if }}ab=0,{\text{ then }}a=0{\text{ or }}b=0.}
This property is also known as therule of zero product, thenull factor law, themultiplication property of zero, thenonexis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-product_property |
Inmathematics, asingular perturbationproblem is a problem containing a small parameter that cannot be approximated by setting the parameter value to zero. More precisely, the solution cannot be uniformly approximated by anasymptotic expansion
asε→0{\displaystyle \varepsilon \to 0}. Hereε{\displaystyle \varepsilon }is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_perturbation |
Incomplex analysis, aSchwarz–Christoffel mappingis aconformal mapof theupper half-planeor the complexunit diskonto the interior of asimple polygon. Such a map isguaranteed to existby theRiemann mapping theorem(stated byBernhard Riemannin 1851); the Schwarz–Christoffel formula provides an explicit construction. They we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Christoffel_mapping |
Instatistics,probable errordefines thehalf-rangeof an interval about acentral pointfor the distribution, such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside.[1]Thus for asymmetric distributionit is equivalent to half theinterquartile range, or themedian absolute deviation. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_error |
Anelectronic health record(EHR) is the systematized collection of electronically stored patient and population health information in a digital format.[1]These records can be shared across differenthealth caresettings. Records are shared through network-connected, enterprise-wideinformation systemsor other information n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_medical_record |
In mathematics, theErdős–Ko–Rado theoremlimits the number ofsetsin afamily of setsfor which every two sets have at least one element in common.Paul Erdős,Chao Ko, andRichard Radoproved the theorem in 1938, but did not publish it until 1961. It is part of the field ofcombinatorics, and one of the central results ofextre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Ko%E2%80%93Rado_theorem |
Filesystem-level encryption,[1]often calledfile-based encryption,FBE, orfile/folder encryption, is a form ofdisk encryptionwhere individual files or directories areencryptedby thefile systemitself.
This is in contrast to thefull disk encryptionwhere the entire partition or disk, in which the file system resides, is en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption |
Dekker's algorithmis the first known correct solution to themutual exclusionproblem inconcurrent programmingwhere processes only communicate via shared memory. The solution is attributed toDutchmathematicianTh. J. DekkerbyEdsger W. Dijkstrain an unpublished paper on sequential process descriptions[1]and his manuscript ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekker%27s_algorithm |
In mathematics, theClarke generalized derivativesare types generalized ofderivativesthat allow for the differentiation of nonsmooth functions. The Clarke derivatives were introduced byFrancis Clarkein 1975.[1]
For alocally Lipschitz continuousfunctionf:Rn→R,{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ,}th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_generalized_derivative |
Incomputer programming, anoperatoris aprogramming languageconstruct that provides functionality that may not be possible to define as a user-definedfunction(i.e.sizeofinC) or hassyntaxdifferent than a function (i.e.infixaddition as ina+b). Like other programming language concepts,operatorhas a generally accepted, altho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_operator_(computing) |
Univariateis a term commonly used in statistics to describe a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute. A simple example of univariate data would be the salaries of workers in industry.[1]Like all the other data, univariate data can be visualized using graphs, images or o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate_analysis |
Automatic Warning System(AWS) is a railway safety system invented and predominantly used in the United Kingdom. It provides a train driver with an audible indication of whether the nextsignalthey are approaching is clear or at caution.[1]Depending on the upcoming signal state, the AWS will either produce a 'horn' sound... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Warning_System |
Inoperator theory, abounded operatorT:X→Ybetweennormed vector spacesXandYis said to be acontractionif itsoperator norm||T|| ≤ 1. This notion is a special case of the concept of acontraction mapping, but every bounded operator becomes a contraction after suitable scaling. The analysis of contractions provides insight in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_(operator_theory) |
Transact-SQL(T-SQL) isMicrosoft's andSybase's proprietary extension to theSQL(Structured Query Language) used to interact withrelational databases. T-SQL expands on the SQL standard to includeprocedural programming,local variables, various support functions for string processing, date processing, mathematics, etc. and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transact-SQL |
Ingraph theory, a mathematical discipline, afactor-critical graph(orhypomatchable graph[1][2]) is agraphwith anodd numberof vertices in which deleting one vertex in every possible way results in a graph with aperfect matching, a way of grouping the remaining vertices into adjacent pairs.
A matching of all but one vert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor-critical_graph |
Biological databasesare stores of biological information.[1]The journalNucleic Acids Researchregularly publishes special issues on biological databases and has a list of such databases. The 2018 issue has a list of about 180 such databases and updates to previously described databases.[2]Omics Discovery Indexcan be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases |
Inmathematics, thelimit inferiorandlimit superiorof asequencecan be thought of aslimiting(that is, eventual and extreme) bounds on the sequence. They can be thought of in a similar fashion for afunction(seelimit of a function). For aset, they are theinfimum and supremumof the set'slimit points, respectively. In general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_superior_and_limit_inferior |
Don Quixote,[a][b]the full title beingThe Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha,[c]is a SpanishnovelbyMiguel de Cervantes. The novel, originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615 is considered a founding work ofWestern literature. It's often said to be the first modernnovel.[2][3]The novel has been labell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_proof_of_the_pudding |
Multiprocessing(MP) is the use of two or morecentral processing units(CPUs) within a singlecomputer system.[1][2]The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the ability to allocate tasks between them. There are many variations on this basic theme, and the definition of multipro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing#Symmetric_multiprocessing |
Instatisticsandeconometrics, adistributed lag modelis a model fortime seriesdata in which aregressionequation is used to predict current values of adependent variablebased on both the current values of anexplanatory variableand the lagged (past period) values of this explanatory variable.[1][2]
The starting point for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_lag |
Inmathematics, anorthogonal polynomial sequenceis a family ofpolynomialssuch that any two different polynomials in the sequence areorthogonalto each other under someinner product.
The most widely used orthogonal polynomials are theclassical orthogonal polynomials, consisting of theHermite polynomials, theLaguerre poly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials |
In physics, aLangevin equation(named afterPaul Langevin) is astochastic differential equationdescribing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing only s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_equation |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, therankof aninteger partitionis a certain number associated with the partition. In fact at least two different definitions of rank appear in the literature. The first definition, with which most of this article is concerned, is that the rank of a partition is the number obtained by sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_of_a_partition |
Intheoretical linguisticsandcomputational linguistics,probabilistic context free grammars(PCFGs) extendcontext-free grammars, similar to howhidden Markov modelsextendregular grammars. Eachproductionis assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the productions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_parsing |
Standardization(American English) orstandardisation(British English) is the process of implementing and developingtechnical standardsbased on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments.[1]Standardization can help maximizecompatibility,interoper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization |
Instatisticalanalysis ofbinary classificationandinformation retrievalsystems, theF-scoreorF-measureis a measure of predictive performance. It is calculated from theprecisionandrecallof the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples predicted to be positive, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-score |
ASwadesh list(/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/) is a compilation oftentatively universalconcepts for the purposes oflexicostatistics. That is, a Swadesh list is a list of forms and concepts which all languages, without exception, have terms for, such as star, hand, water, kill, sleep, and so forth. The number of such terms is small – a few ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list |
Polysemy(/pəˈlɪsɪmi/or/ˈpɒlɪˌsiːmi/;[1][2]fromAncient Greekπολύ-(polý-)'many'andσῆμα(sêma)'sign') is the capacity for asign(e.g. asymbol,morpheme,word, orphrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have severalword senses.[3]Polysemy is distinct frommonosemy, where a word has a single meaning.[3]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy |
ASmurf attackis adistributed denial-of-service attackin which large numbers ofInternet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) packets with the intended victim'sspoofedsource IP are broadcast to acomputer networkusing an IPbroadcast address.[1]Most devices on a network will, by default, respond to this by sending a reply to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_attack |
Asecure cryptoprocessoris a dedicatedcomputer-on-a-chipormicroprocessorfor carrying outcryptographicoperations, embedded in a packaging with multiplephysical securitymeasures, which give it a degree oftamper resistance. Unlike cryptographic processors that output decrypted data onto a bus in a secure environment, a se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor |
Convex analysisis the branch ofmathematicsdevoted to the study of properties ofconvex functionsandconvex sets, often with applications inconvex minimization, a subdomain ofoptimization theory.
A subsetC⊆X{\displaystyle C\subseteq X}of somevector spaceX{\displaystyle X}isconvexif it satisfies any of the following equiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_analysis |
TheStyleGenerative Adversarial Network, orStyleGANfor short, is an extension to the GAN architecture introduced byNvidiaresearchers in December 2018,[1]and madesource availablein February 2019.[2][3]
StyleGAN depends on Nvidia'sCUDAsoftware, GPUs, andGoogle'sTensorFlow,[4]orMeta AI'sPyTorch, which supersedes TensorFlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StyleGAN |
Richard J. Boys(6 April 1960 – 5 March 2019) was a statistician best known for his contributions to theBayesian inference,hidden Markov modelsand stochastic systems.[1]
Richard attended Newcastle University where he obtained a BSc in mathematics in 1981. He went on to do a Master's and a doctorate at theUniversity of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_James_Boys |
Inmathematics, theKrylov–Bogolyubov theorem(also known as theexistence of invariant measures theorem) may refer to either of the two related fundamentaltheoremswithin the theory ofdynamical systems. The theorems guarantee the existence ofinvariant measuresfor certain "nice" maps defined on "nice" spaces and were named ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov%E2%80%93Bogolyubov_theorem |
OpenCL C 3.0 revision V3.0.11[6]
C++ for OpenCL 1.0 and 2021[7]
OpenCL(Open Computing Language) is aframeworkfor writing programs that execute acrossheterogeneousplatforms consisting ofcentral processing units(CPUs),graphics processing units(GPUs),digital signal processors(DSPs),field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL |
Kismetis anetwork detector,packet sniffer, andintrusion detection systemfor802.11wireless LANs. Kismet will work with any wireless card which supportsraw monitoring mode, and can sniff802.11a,802.11b,802.11g, and802.11ntraffic. The program runs underLinux,FreeBSD,NetBSD,OpenBSD, andmacOS. The client can also run onMicr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(software) |
Cognitive biasesare systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.[1][2]They are often studied inpsychology,sociologyandbehavioral economics.[1]
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed byreproducibleresearch,[3][4]there are often controversies about how to classify these b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases |
This is alist ofEnglish determiners.
All cardinal numerals are also included.[1]: 385
Any genitive noun phrase such asthe cat's,the cats',Geoff's, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_determiners |
Blockmodelingis a set or a coherentframework, that is used for analyzingsocial structureand also for setting procedure(s) for partitioning (clustering)social network's units (nodes,vertices,actors), based on specific patterns, which form a distinctive structure through interconnectivity.[1][2]It is primarily used insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockmodeling |
Incomputing, acrash, orsystem crash, occurs when a computer program such as asoftware applicationor anoperating systemstops functioning properly andexits. On some operating systems or individual applications, acrash reporting servicewill report the crash and any details relating to it (or give the user the option to do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing) |
Inmathematics, adiffeologyon a set generalizes the concept of a smooth atlas of adifferentiable manifold, by declaring only what constitutes the "smooth parametrizations" into the set. A diffeological space is a set equipped with a diffeology. Many of the standard tools ofdifferential geometryextend to diffeological sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeology |
Incomputer science, thereaders–writers problemsare examples of a common computing problem inconcurrency.[1]There are at least three variations of the problems, which deal with situations in which many concurrentthreadsof execution try to access the same shared resource at one time.
Some threads may read and some may w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers-writers_problem |
Inmachine learning,semantic analysisof atext corpusis the task of building structures that approximate concepts from a large set of documents. It generally does not involve prior semantic understanding of the documents.
Semantic analysis strategies include:
Thiscomputer sciencearticle is astub. You can help Wikipedia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) |
Connectionist expert systemsareartificial neural network(ANN) basedexpert systemswhere the ANN generates inferencing rules e.g., fuzzy-multi layerperceptronwhere linguistic and natural form of inputs are used. Apart from that, roughset theorymay be used for encoding knowledge in the weights better and alsogenetic algor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionist_expert_system |
Reaction–diffusion systemsare mathematical models that correspond to several physical phenomena. The most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: localchemical reactionsin which the substances are transformed into each other, anddiffusionwhich causes the substance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion_system |
In mathematics, aneigenoperator,A, of amatrixHis alinear operatorsuch that
whereλ{\displaystyle \lambda }is a correspondingscalarcalled aneigenvalue.[1]
This article aboutmatricesis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenoperator |
Deep learningis a subset ofmachine learningthat focuses on utilizing multilayeredneural networksto perform tasks such asclassification,regression, andrepresentation learning. The field takes inspiration frombiological neuroscienceand is centered around stackingartificial neuronsinto layers and "training" them to proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_deep_learning |
TWINKLE(TheWeizmann InstituteKey Locating Engine) is a hypotheticalinteger factorizationdevice described in 1999 byAdi Shamir[1]and purported to be capable of factoring 512-bit integers.[2]It is also a pun on the twinklingLEDsused in the device. Shamir estimated that the cost of TWINKLE could be as low as $5000 per un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWINKLE |
Abusiness planis a formal written document containing the goals of abusiness, the methods for attaining those goals, and the time-frame for the achievement of the goals. It also describes the nature of the business, background information on theorganization, the organization's financial projections, and thestrategiesit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plan |
Acontinuous-time Markov chain(CTMC) is a continuousstochastic processin which, for each state, the process will change state according to anexponential random variableand then move to a different state as specified by the probabilities of astochastic matrix. An equivalent formulation describes the process as changing s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-time_Markov_process |
Chu spacesgeneralize the notion oftopological spaceby dropping the requirements that the set ofopen setsbe closed underunionand finiteintersection, that the open sets be extensional, and that the membership predicate (of points in open sets) be two-valued. The definition ofcontinuous functionremains unchanged other tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_space |
Cybersquatting(also known asdomain squatting) is the practice of registering, trafficking in, or using anInternet domain name, with abad faithintent to profit from thegoodwillof atrademarkbelonging to someone else.
The term is derived from "squatting", which is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsed_lurker |
ITIL(previously and also known asInformation Technology Infrastructure Library)is a framework with a set of practices (previously processes) for IT activities such asIT service management(ITSM) andIT asset management(ITAM) that focus on aligning IT services with the needs of the business.[1]
ITIL describes best practi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Management_Services |
Anomological network(ornomological net[1]) is a representation of theconcepts(constructs) of interest in a study, their observable manifestations, and the interrelationships between these. The term "nomological" derives from theGreek, meaning "lawful", or inphilosophy of scienceterms, "law-like". It wasCronbachandMeehl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomological_network |
Incomputing,syslog(/ˈsɪslɒɡ/) is a standard formessage logging. It allows separation of the software that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the type of system generating the message, and is assigned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog |
Incomputer science,functional programmingis aprogramming paradigmwhere programs are constructed byapplyingandcomposingfunctions. It is adeclarative programmingparadigm in which function definitions aretreesofexpressionsthat mapvaluesto other values, rather than a sequence ofimperativestatementswhich update therunning s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
This is alist of misnamed theoremsinmathematics. It includestheorems(andlemmas, corollaries,conjectures, laws, and perhaps even the odd object) that are well known in mathematics, but which are not named for the originator. That is, these items on this list illustrateStigler's law of eponymy(which is not, of course, du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_misnamed_theorems |
Intopologyand related areas ofmathematics, thequotient spaceof atopological spaceunder a givenequivalence relationis a new topological space constructed by endowing thequotient setof the original topological space with thequotient topology, that is, with thefinest topologythat makescontinuousthecanonical projection map... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(topology) |
Incomputer networking,linear network codingis a program in which intermediate nodes transmit data from source nodes to sink nodes by means oflinear combinations.
Linear network coding may be used to improve a network's throughput, efficiency, andscalability, as well as reducing attacks and eavesdropping. Thenodesof a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_coding |
Instatistics, theintraclass correlation, or theintraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),[1]is adescriptive statisticthat can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type ofcor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation |
Web GIS, also known asWeb-based GIS, areGeographic Information Systems(GIS) that employ theWorld Wide Web(the Web) to facilitate the storage, visualization, analysis, and distribution ofspatial informationover theInternet.[1][2][3][4][5][6]Web GIS involves using the Web to facilitate GIS tasks traditionally done on a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_GIS |
Inalgebraic geometry, anétale morphism(French:[etal]) is a morphism ofschemesthat isformally étaleand locally of finite presentation. This is an algebraic analogue of the notion of a local isomorphism in the complex analytic topology. They satisfy the hypotheses of theimplicit function theorem, but because open sets i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tale_morphism |
Inmathematics, ahomogeneous distributionis adistributionSonEuclidean spaceRnorRn\ {0} that ishomogeneousin the sense that, roughly speaking,
for allt> 0.
More precisely, letμt:x↦x/t{\displaystyle \mu _{t}:x\mapsto x/t}be the scalar division operator onRn. A distributionSonRnorRn\ {0} is homogeneous of degreemprovide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_distribution |
PDF417is a stacked linearbarcodeformat used in a variety of applications such as transport, identification cards, and inventory management. "PDF" stands forPortable Data File, while "417" signifies that each pattern in the code consists of 4 bars and spaces in a pattern that is 17 units (modules) long.
The PDF417 symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417 |
Ingraph theory, theDulmage–Mendelsohn decompositionis a partition of the vertices of abipartite graphinto subsets, with the property that two adjacent vertices belong to the same subset if and only if they are paired with each other in aperfect matchingof the graph. It is named after A. L. Dulmage andNathan Mendelsohn,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulmage%E2%80%93Mendelsohn_decomposition |
Astatistical modelis amathematical modelthat embodies a set ofstatistical assumptionsconcerning the generation ofsample data(and similar data from a largerpopulation). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, thedata-generating process.[1]When referring specifically toprobabilities, the cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model |
Inmathematics, particularly in the area ofarithmetic, amodular multiplicative inverseof anintegerais an integerxsuch that the productaxiscongruentto 1 with respect to the modulusm.[1]In the standard notation ofmodular arithmeticthis congruence is written as
which is the shorthand way of writing the statement thatmdivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_inverse |
ECRYPT(European Network of Excellence in Cryptology) was a 4-yearEuropeanresearch initiative launched on 1 February 2004 with the stated objective of promoting the collaboration of European researchers ininformation security, and especially incryptologyanddigital watermarking.
ECRYPT listed five core research areas, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECRYPT |
Ininformation retrieval,tf–idf(alsoTF*IDF,TFIDF,TF–IDF, orTf–idf), short forterm frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to adocumentin a collection orcorpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general.[1]Like the bag-of-words model, it models a document ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_frequency–inverse_document_frequency |
Abirthday attackis a bruteforcecollision attackthat exploits the mathematics behind thebirthday probleminprobability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack |
Product managementis the business process of planning, developing, launching, and managing a product or service. It includes the entire lifecycle of a product, from ideation to development togo to market.Product managersare responsible for ensuring that a product meets the needs of its target market and contributes to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_management |
Incomputer science,empirical algorithmics(orexperimental algorithmics) is the practice of usingempirical methodsto study the behavior ofalgorithms. The practice combines algorithm development and experimentation: algorithms are not just designed, but also implemented and tested in a variety of situations. In this proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_algorithmics |
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) is a family ofwireless broadbandcommunication standards based on theIEEE 802.16set of standards, which provide physical layer (PHY) andmedia access control(MAC) options.
TheWiMAX Forumwas formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability, including th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX-Advanced |
Incontrol theoryaself-tuningsystem is capable of optimizing its own internal running parameters in order to maximize or minimize the fulfilment of anobjective function; typically the maximization ofefficiencyorerrorminimization.
Self-tuning and auto-tuning often refer to the same concept. Many software research group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-tuning |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science, acanonical,normal, orstandardformof amathematical objectis a standard way of presenting that object as amathematical expression. Often, it is one which provides the simplest representation of an object and allows it to be identified in a unique way. The distinction between "canonical" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_form |
Innatural language processing,semantic role labeling(also calledshallow semantic parsingorslot-filling) is the process that assigns labels to words or phrases in a sentence that indicates theirsemantic rolein the sentence, such as that of anagent, goal, or result.
It serves to find the meaning of the sentence. To do t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling |
Time-hopping(TH) is a communications signal technique which can be used to achieveanti-jamming(AJ) orlow probability of intercept(LPI). It can also refer topulse-position modulation, which in its simplest form employs 2kdiscrete pulses (referring to the unique positions of the pulse within the transmission window) to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-hopping_spread_spectrum |
Incomputer science, aparallel random-access machine(parallel RAMorPRAM) is ashared-memoryabstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended as the parallel-computing analogy to therandom-access machine(RAM) (not to be confused withrandom-access memory).[1]In the same way that the RAM is used by sequential-al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_random_access_machine |
Thebomba, orbomba kryptologiczna(Polish for "bomb" or "cryptologic bomb"), was a special-purpose machine designed around October 1938 byPolish Cipher BureaucryptologistMarian Rejewskito break GermanEnigma-machineciphers.
How the machine came to be called a "bomb" has been an object of fascination and speculation. One ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography) |
Inmathematics, for asequenceof complex numbersa1,a2,a3, ... theinfinite product
is defined to be thelimitof thepartial productsa1a2...anasnincreases without bound. The product is said toconvergewhen the limit exists and is not zero. Otherwise the product is said todiverge. A limit of zero is treated specially in orde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_product |
SipHashis anadd–rotate–xor(ARX) based family ofpseudorandom functionscreated by Jean-Philippe Aumasson andDaniel J. Bernsteinin 2012,[1]: 165[2]in response to a spate of"hash flooding"denial-of-service attacks(HashDoS) in late 2011.[3]
SipHash is designed as asecure pseudorandom functionand can also be used as a secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash |
Takis Fotopoulos(Greek:Τάκης Φωτόπουλος; born 14 October 1940) is aGreekpolitical philosopher, economist and writer who founded theInclusive Democracymovement, aiming at asynthesisofclassical democracywithlibertarian socialism[1]and the radical currents in thenew social movements. He is anacademic, and has written many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy |
Glitch artis an art movement centering around the practice of using digital or analog errors, more soglitches, for aesthetic purposes by either corrupting digital data or physically manipulating electronic devices. It has been also regarded as an increasing trend innew media art, with it retroactively being described a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch_art |
The earlyhistory of radiois thehistory of technologythat produces and usesradio instrumentsthat useradio waves. Within thetimeline of radio, many people contributed theory and inventions in what becameradio. Radio development began as "wireless telegraphy". Later radio history increasingly involves matters ofbroadcast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio |
In mathematics, auniqueness theorem, also called aunicity theorem, is atheoremasserting the uniqueness of an object satisfying certain conditions, or the equivalence of all objects satisfying the said conditions.[1]Examples of uniqueness theorems include:
The worduniqueis sometimes replaced byessentially unique, whene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_theorem |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Convexityis a geometric property with a variety of applications ineconomics.[1]Informally, an economic phenomenon is convex when "intermediates (or combinations) are better than extremes". For example, an economic agent withconvex preferencespreferscombinationsof goods over ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convexity_in_economics |
PyTorchis amachine learninglibrarybased on theTorchlibrary,[4][5][6]used for applications such ascomputer visionandnatural language processing,[7]originally developed byMeta AIand now part of theLinux Foundationumbrella.[8][9][10][11]It is one of the most populardeep learningframeworks, alongside others such asTensorFl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch |
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