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Facial motion captureis the process of electronically converting the movements of a person's face into a digital database using cameras orlaser scanners. This database may then be used to producecomputer graphics(CG),computer animationfor movies, games, or real-time avatars. Because the motion of CG characters is deriv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_motion_capture |
A5/1is astream cipherused to provide over-the-air communicationprivacyin theGSMcellular telephonestandard. It is one of several implementations of the A5 security protocol. It was initially kept secret, but became public knowledge through leaks andreverse engineering. A number of serious weaknesses in the cipher have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1 |
Inmathematics, asaddle pointorminimax point[1]is apointon thesurfaceof thegraph of a functionwhere theslopes(derivatives) inorthogonaldirections are all zero (acritical point), but which is not alocal extremumof the function.[2]An example of a saddle point is when there is a critical point with a relativeminimumalong o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_point |
Dynamic network analysis(DNA) is an emergent scientific field that brings together traditionalsocial network analysis(SNA),link analysis(LA),social simulationandmulti-agent systems(MAS) withinnetwork scienceandnetwork theory. Dynamic networks are afunctionoftime(modeled as asubsetof thereal numbers) to a set ofgraphs; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis |
TheHindu–Arabic numeral system(also known as theIndo-Arabic numeral system,[1]Hindu numeral system, andArabic numeral system)[2][note 1]is apositionalbase-tennumeral systemfor representingintegers; its extension to non-integers is thedecimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
The system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system |
"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem ofinfinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of aWorld Turtlethat supports aflat Earthon its back. It suggests that this turtle rests on the back of an even larger turtle, which itself is part of a column of increasingly larger turtles that c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down |
TheLinde–Buzo–Gray algorithm(named after its creators Yoseph Linde, Andrés Buzo andRobert M. Gray, who designed it in 1980)[1]is aniterativevector quantizationalgorithm to improve a small set of vectors (codebook) to represent a larger set of vectors (training set), such that it will belocally optimal. It combinesLloyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde%E2%80%93Buzo%E2%80%93Gray_algorithm |
The following table comparescognitive architectures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cognitive_architectures |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thecharacteristic functionof anyreal-valuedrandom variablecompletely defines itsprobability distribution. If a random variable admits aprobability density function, then the characteristic function is theFourier transform(with sign reversal) of the probability density function. Thus i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_function_(probability_theory) |
Language revitalization, also referred to aslanguage revivalorreversing language shift, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one.[1][2]Those involved can include linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction betweenlanguage revival(th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization |
TheGoogle Books Ngram Vieweris an onlinesearch enginethat charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count ofn-gramsfound in printed sources published between 1500 and 2022[1][2][3][4]inGoogle'stext corporain English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer |
Cloud storageis a model ofcomputer data storagein whichdata, said to be on "the cloud", is storedremotelyin logicalpoolsand is accessible to users over a network, typically theInternet. Thephysical storagespans multipleservers(sometimes in multiple locations), and the physical environment is typically owned and managed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage |
Thetheory of statisticsprovides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in bothstudy designanddata analysis, that are used within applications ofstatistics.[1][2]The theory covers approaches tostatistical-decisionproblems and tostatistical inference, and the actions and deductions that satisfy the basic principles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_theory |
InIndian mathematics, aVedicsquareis a variation on a typical 9 × 9multiplication tablewhere the entry in each cell is thedigital rootof the product of the column and row headings i.e. theremainderwhen the product of the row and column headings is divided by 9 (with remainder 0 represented by 9). Numerousgeometricpatte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_square |
Accelerationismis a range ofrevolutionaryandreactionaryideologies that call for the drastic intensification ofcapitalistgrowth,technological change, and other processes of social change to destabilize existing systems and create radical social transformations, referred to as "acceleration".[1][2][3][4][5]It has been re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationism |
Adeductive classifieris a type ofartificial intelligenceinference engine. It takes as input a set of declarations in aframe languageabout a domain such as medical research or molecular biology. For example, the names ofclasses, sub-classes, properties, and restrictions on allowable values. The classifier determines if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_classifier |
TheCurtais a hand-heldmechanical calculatordesigned byCurt Herzstark.[1]It is known for its extremely compact design: a small cylinder that fits in the palm of the hand. It was affectionately known as the "pepper grinder" or "peppermill" due to its shape and means of operation; its superficial resemblance to a certain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curta |
Inmathematics,differential algebrais, broadly speaking, the area of mathematics consisting in the study ofdifferential equationsanddifferential operatorsasalgebraic objectsin view of deriving properties of differential equations and operators without computing the solutions, similarly aspolynomial algebrasare used for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_algebra |
TheInternational System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviationSI(from FrenchSystème international d'unités), is the modern form of themetric systemand the world's most widely usedsystem of measurement. It is the only system of measurement with official status in nearly every country in the world, employed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units |
Java Cardis a software technology that allowsJava-based applications (applets) to be run securely onsmart cardsand more generally on similar secure smallmemory footprintdevices[1]which are called "secure elements" (SE). Today, a secure element is not limited to its smart cards and other removable cryptographic tokens f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Card |
In computer security, achain of trustis established by validating each component ofhardwareandsoftwarefrom the end entity up to the root certificate. It is intended to ensure that only trusted software and hardware can be used while still retaining flexibility.
A chain of trust is designed to allow multiple users to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_trust |
Inalgebraic geometry, aprojective varietyis analgebraic varietythat is a closedsubvarietyof aprojective space. That is, it is the zero-locus inPn{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{n}}of some finite family ofhomogeneous polynomialsthat generate aprime ideal, the defining ideal of the variety.
A projective variety is aproject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_scheme |
In linguisticmorphology,inflection(less commonly,inflexion) is a process ofword formation[1]in which a word is modified to express differentgrammatical categoriessuch astense,case,voice,aspect,person,number,gender,mood,animacy, anddefiniteness.[2]The inflection ofverbsis calledconjugation, while the inflection ofnouns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectional_morphology |
Security testingis a process intended to detect flaws in thesecuritymechanisms of aninformation systemand as such help enable it to protect data and maintain functionality as intended.[1]Due to the logical limitations of security testing, passing the security testing process is not an indication that no flaws exist or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_testing |
Mathematical inductionis a method forprovingthat a statementP(n){\displaystyle P(n)}is true for everynatural numbern{\displaystyle n}, that is, that the infinitely many casesP(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),…{\displaystyle P(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),\dots }all hold. This is done by first proving a simple case, then also showing that if we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction |
Meta-reference(ormetareference) is a category ofself-referencesoccurring in many media ormedia artifactslike published texts/documents, films, paintings, TV series, comic strips, or video games. It includes all references to, or comments on, a specific medium, medial artifact, or the media in general. These references... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-reference |
Acypherpunkis one who advocates the widespread use of strongcryptographyandprivacy-enhancing technologiesas a means of effecting social and political change. The cypherpunk movement originated in the late 1980s and gained traction with the establishment of the "Cypherpunks"electronic mailing listin 1992, where informal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunk |
Anidentity provider(abbreviatedIdPorIDP) is a system entity that creates, maintains, and manages identity information forprincipalsand also provides authentication services to relying applications within a federation or distributed network.[1]Identity providers offer user authentication as a service. Relying party appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_provider |
Agraphoidis a set of statements of the form, "Xis irrelevant toYgiven that we knowZ" whereX,YandZare sets of variables. The notion of "irrelevance" and "given that we know" may obtain different interpretations, includingprobabilistic,relationaland correlational, depending on the application. These interpretations share... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphoid |
In theregulationofalgorithms, particularlyartificial intelligenceand its subfield ofmachine learning, aright to explanation(orright toanexplanation) is arightto be given anexplanationfor an output of the algorithm. Such rights primarily refer toindividual rightsto be given an explanation for decisions that significantl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_explanation |
Censorshipis the suppression ofspeech, public communication, or otherinformation. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient".[2][3][4]Censorship can be conducted bygovernments[5]and private institutions.[6]When an individual such as an author or o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship |
SIGIRis theAssociation for Computing Machinery'sSpecial Interest Group on Information Retrieval. The scope of the group's specialty is the theory and application of computers to the acquisition, organization, storage,retrievaland distribution of information; emphasis is placed on working with non-numeric information, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Interest_Group_on_Information_Retrieval |
In computer science,function-levelprogramming refers to one of the two contrastingprogramming paradigmsidentified byJohn Backusin his work on programs as mathematical objects, the other beingvalue-level programming.
In his 1977Turing Awardlecture, Backus set forth what he considered to be the need to switch to a diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming |
TheLRE Map(Language Resources and Evaluation) is a freely accessible large database on resources dedicated toNatural language processing. The original feature of LRE Map is that the records are collected during the submission of different majorNatural language processingconferences. The records are then cleaned and gat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRE_Map |
Inmathematics, specificallymeasure theory, acomplex measuregeneralizes the concept ofmeasureby letting it havecomplexvalues.[1]In other words, one allows forsetswhose size (length, area, volume) is acomplex number.
Formally, acomplex measureμ{\displaystyle \mu }on ameasurable space(X,Σ){\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )}is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_measure#Variation_of_a_complex_measure_and_polar_decomposition |
Hacking backis a technique to countercybercrimeby hacking the computing devices of the attacker.
The effectiveness[1][2][3]and ethics of hacking back are disputed.[4]
It is also very disputed if it islegalor not, however both participating parties can still beprosecutedfor theircrimes.
There was a bill proposed in 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_back |
Incomputing,online analytical processing (OLAP)(/ˈoʊlæp/), is an approach to quickly answermulti-dimensional analytical(MDA) queries.[1]The termOLAPwas created as a slight modification of the traditional database termonline transaction processing(OLTP).[2]OLAP is part of the broader category ofbusiness intelligence, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROLAP |
ThePtolemy Projectis an ongoing project aimed at modeling, simulating, and designingconcurrent,real-time,embedded systems. The focus of the Ptolemy Project is on assembling concurrent components. The principal product of the project is the Ptolemy IImodel based designand simulation tool. The Ptolemy Project is conducte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_Project |
Flat memory modelorlinear memory modelrefers to amemory addressingparadigm in which "memoryappears to the program as a single contiguousaddress space."[1]TheCPUcan directly (andlinearly)addressall of the availablememorylocations without having to resort to any sort ofbank switching,memory segmentationorpagingschemes.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_memory_model |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Asocial networkis asocial structureconsisting of a set ofsocialactors (such asindividualsor organizations), networks ofdyadicties, and othersocial interactionsbetween actors. The social n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network |
typeof, alternately alsotypeOf, andTypeOf, is anoperatorprovided by severalprogramming languagesto determine thedata typeof avariable. This is useful when constructing programs that must accept multiple types of data without explicitly specifying the type.
In languages that supportpolymorphismandtype casting, the type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeof |
Markov chain geostatisticsusesMarkov chainspatial models,simulationalgorithmsand associated spatialcorrelationmeasures (e.g.,transiogram) based on the Markov chain random field theory, which extends a singleMarkov chaininto a multi-dimensional random field forgeostatistical modeling. A Markov chain random field is stil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_geostatistics |
Inlinguistic typology,active–stative alignment(alsosplit intransitive alignmentorsemantic alignment) is a type ofmorphosyntactic alignmentin which the soleargument("subject") of anintransitiveclause (often symbolized asS) is sometimes marked in the same way as anagentof atransitive verb(that is, like asubjectsuch as "I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_intransitivity |
Anacademic mobility networkis an informal association of universities and government programs that encourages the international exchange ofhigher educationstudents (academic mobility).[1][2]
Students choosing to study abroad (International students) aim to improve their own social and economic status by choosing to st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_mobility_network |
Inmathematics, and in particular,algebra, ageneralized inverse(or,g-inverse) of an elementxis an elementythat has some properties of aninverse elementbut not necessarily all of them. The purpose of constructing a generalized inverse of a matrix is to obtain a matrix that can serve as an inverse in some sense for a wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_inverse |
Taher Elgamal[a](Arabic: طاهر الجمل) (born 18 August 1955) is an Egyptian-Americancryptographerand tech executive.[1]Since January 2023, he has been a partner at venture capital firmEvolution Equity Partners.[2]Prior to that, he was the founder and CEO of Securify and the director of engineering at RSA Security. From 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_Elgamal |
Advanced Vector Extensions(AVX, also known asGesher New Instructionsand thenSandy Bridge New Instructions) areSIMDextensions to thex86instruction set architectureformicroprocessorsfromIntelandAdvanced Micro Devices(AMD). They were proposed by Intel in March 2008 and first supported by Intel with theSandy Bridge[1]micr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions |
Ingrammarandtheoretical linguistics,governmentorrectionrefers to the relationship between a word and its dependents. One can discern between at least three concepts of government: the traditional notion ofcase government, the highly specialized definition of government in somegenerativemodels ofsyntax, and a much broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_(linguistics) |
Aping of deathis a type of attack on a computer system that involves sending amalformedor otherwise maliciouspingto a computer.[1]In this attack, a host sends hundreds of ping requests with a packet size that is large or illegal to another host to try to take it offline or to keep it preoccupied responding withICMP Ech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_of_death |
AGoogle matrixis a particularstochastic matrixthat is used byGoogle'sPageRankalgorithm. The matrix represents a graph with edges representing links between pages. The PageRank of each page can then be generated iteratively from the Google matrix using thepower method. However, in order for the power method to converge,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_matrix |
TheGolden Shield Project(Chinese:金盾工程;pinyin:jīndùn gōngchéng), also namedNational Public Security Work Informational Project,[a]is theChinesenationwide network-security fundamental constructional project by thee-governmentof thePeople's Republic of China. This project includes a security management information system,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project |
Intelligence amplification(IA) (also referred to ascognitive augmentation,machine augmented intelligenceandenhanced intelligence) is the use ofinformation technologyin augmentinghuman intelligence. The idea was first proposed in the 1950s and 1960s bycyberneticsand earlycomputer pioneers.
IA is sometimes contrasted w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification |
Filing under sealis a procedure allowing sensitive or confidential information to be filed with a court without becoming a matter ofpublic record.[1]The court generally must give permission for the material to remain under seal.[2]
Filing confidential documents "under seal" separated from the public records allowsliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_seal |
Thefactored language model(FLM) is an extension of a conventionallanguage modelintroduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector ofkfactors:wi={fi1,...,fik}.{\displaystyle w_{i}=\{f_{i}^{1},...,f_{i}^{k}\}.}An FLM provides the probabilistic modelP(f|f1,...,fN){\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored_language_model |
1.0, Part 2 Datatypes (Recommendation),1.1, Part 1 Structures (Recommendation),
XSD(XML Schema Definition), a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), specifies how to formally describe the elements in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document. It can be used by programmers to verify each piece of ite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_XML_Schema |
Clusteringcan refer to the following:
Incomputing:
Ineconomics:
Ingraph theory: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_(disambiguation) |
Incomputational complexity theory,Karp's 21 NP-complete problemsare a set ofcomputational problemswhich areNP-complete. In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems",[1]Richard KarpusedStephen Cook's 1971 theorem that theboolean satisfiability problemis NP-complete[2](also called theCook–Levin theorem)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karp%27s_21_NP-complete_problems |
Inlinguistics, thebrevity law(also calledZipf's law of abbreviation) is a linguistic law that qualitatively states that the more frequently a word is used, the shorter that word tends to be, and vice versa; the less frequently a word is used, the longer it tends to be.[1]This is astatistical regularitythat can be found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevity_law |
Algebraicgraph theoryis a branch ofmathematicsin whichalgebraicmethods are applied to problems aboutgraphs. This is in contrast togeometric,combinatoric, oralgorithmicapproaches. There are three main branches of algebraic graph theory, involving the use oflinear algebra, the use ofgroup theory, and the study ofgraph i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_graph_theory |
Inmathematics,Farkas' lemmais a solvability theorem for a finitesystemoflinear inequalities. It was originally proven by the Hungarian mathematicianGyula Farkas.[1]Farkas'lemmais the key result underpinning thelinear programmingduality and has played a central role in the development ofmathematical optimization(alterna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkas%27s_lemma |
Ambiguityis the type ofmeaningin which aphrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making for several interpretations; others describe it as a concept or statement that has no real reference. A common aspect of ambiguity isuncertainty. It is thus anattributeof any idea or statement whoseintendedmeaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity |
This article lists the world's busiestcontainerports(ports withcontainer terminalsthat specialize in handling goods transported inintermodal shipping containers), by total number oftwenty-foot equivalent units(TEUs) transported through the port. The table lists volume in thousands of TEU per year. The vast majority of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports |
Obelismis the practice of annotatingmanuscriptswith marks set in the margins. Modern obelisms are used by editors whenproofreadinga manuscript or typescript. Examples are "stet" (which is Latin for "Let it stand", used in this context to mean "disregard the previous mark") and "dele" (for "Delete").
Theobelossymbol (s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelism |
Inmathematics, atopological gameis an infinite game ofperfect informationplayed between two players on atopological space. Players choose objects with topological properties such as points,open sets,closed setsandopen coverings. Time is generally discrete, but the plays may havetransfinitelengths, and extensions to con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_game |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science,Horner's method(orHorner's scheme) is an algorithm forpolynomial evaluation. Although named afterWilliam George Horner, this method is much older, as it has been attributed toJoseph-Louis Lagrangeby Horner himself, and can be traced back many hundreds of years to Chinese and Persian mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner_scheme |
Incomputational mathematics, aword problemis theproblem of decidingwhether two given expressions are equivalent with respect to a set ofrewritingidentities. A prototypical example is theword problem for groups, but there are many other instances as well. Somedeep resultsof computational theory concern theundecidablityo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_problem_(mathematics) |
Abinary-safefunction is one that treats its input as a raw stream of bytes and ignores every textual aspect it may have. The term is mainly used in thePHPprogramming language to describe expected behaviour when passing binary data intofunctionswhose main responsibility is text andstringmanipulating, and is used widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-safe |
Some branches ofeconomicsandgame theorydeal withindivisible goods, discrete items that can be traded only as a whole. For example, in combinatorial auctions there is a finite set of items, and every agent can buy a subset of the items, but an item cannot be divided among two or more agents.
It is usually assumed that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_functions_on_indivisible_goods#Aggregates_of_utility_functions |
Instatistical classification, two main approaches are called thegenerativeapproach and thediscriminativeapproach. These computeclassifiersby different approaches, differing in the degree ofstatistical modelling. Terminology is inconsistent,[a]but three major types can be distinguished:[1]
The distinction between these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_model |
Discriminative models, also referred to asconditional models, are a class of models frequently used forclassification. They are typically used to solvebinary classificationproblems, i.e. assign labels, such as pass/fail, win/lose, alive/dead or healthy/sick, to existing datapoints.
Types of discriminative models inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminative_model |
Thespace mappingmethodology for modeling and design optimization ofengineering systemswas first discovered byJohn Bandlerin 1993. It uses relevant existing knowledge to speed up model generation and designoptimizationof a system. The knowledge is updated with new validation information from the system when available.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_mapping |
Inmathematics,Laver tables(named afterRichard Laver, who discovered them towards the end of the 1980s in connection with his works onset theory) are tables of numbers that have certain properties ofalgebraicandcombinatorialinterest. They occur in the study ofracks and quandles.
For any nonnegativeintegern, then-thLav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laver_table |
Researcher degrees of freedomis a concept referring to the inherent flexibility involved in the process of designing and conducting ascientific experiment, and in analyzing its results. The term reflects the fact that researchers can choose between multiple ways of collecting and analyzing data, and these decisions can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researcher_degrees_of_freedom |
Exemptionmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemption_(disambiguation) |
Incomputer programming,array slicingis an operation that extracts a subset of elements from anarrayand packages them as another array, possibly in a differentdimensionfrom the original.
Common examples of array slicing are extracting a substring from astringof characters, the "ell" in "hello", extracting a row or colu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_slicing |
Computer-aided software engineering(CASE) is a domain of software tools used to design and implement applications. CASE tools are similar to and are partly inspired bycomputer-aided design(CAD) tools used for designing hardware products. CASE tools are intended to help develop high-quality, defect-free, and maintainab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering |
Theopen music modelis an economic and technological framework for therecording industrybased on research conducted at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. It predicts that the playback of prerecorded music will be regarded as aservicerather than asindividually sold products, and that the only system for thedigital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_music_model |
Incomputer science, anexponential search(also calleddoubling searchorgalloping searchorStruzik search)[1]is analgorithm, created byJon BentleyandAndrew Chi-Chih Yaoin 1976, for searching sorted, unbounded/infinite lists.[2]There are numerous ways to implement this, with the most common being to determine a range that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_search |
Morphological derivation, inlinguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding aprefixorsuffix, such asun-or-ness.For example,unhappyandhappinessderive from theroot wordhappy.
It is differentiated frominflection, which is the modification of a word to form differentgrammatical cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_derivation |
Vulnerabilitiesare flaws or weaknesses in a system's design, implementation, or management that can be exploited by a malicious actor to compromise its security.
Despite intentions to achieve complete correctness, virtually all hardware and software contain bugs where the system does not behave as expected. If the bug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing) |
Digital cinemais thedigitaltechnology used within thefilm industrytodistributeorprojectmotion picturesas opposed to the historical use of reels ofmotion picture film, such as35 mm film. Whereas film reels have to be shipped tomovie theaters, a digital movie can be distributed to cinemas in a number of ways: over theInt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinema |
Anetwork on a chipornetwork-on-chip(NoC/ˌɛnˌoʊˈsiː/en-oh-SEEor/nɒk/knock)[nb 1]is anetwork-basedcommunications subsystemon anintegrated circuit("microchip"), most typically betweenmodulesin asystem on a chip(SoC). The modules on the IC are typically semiconductorIP coresschematizing various functions of thecomputer sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_on_a_chip |
Instatisticsand related fields, asimilarity measureorsimilarity functionorsimilarity metricis areal-valued functionthat quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse ofdistance metrics: they take on large values f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_measure |
Asemantic reasoner,reasoning engine,rules engine, or simply areasoner, is a piece of software able to inferlogical consequencesfrom a set of asserted facts oraxioms. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of aninference engine, by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. Theinference rulesare comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_reasoner |
Compiler Description Language (CDL)is aprogramming languagebased onaffix grammars. It is very similar toBackus–Naur form(BNF) notation. It was designed for the development ofcompilers. It is very limited in its capabilities and control flow, and intentionally so. The benefits of these limitations are twofold.
On the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler_Description_Language |
Incomputer scienceandinformation theory, acanonical Huffman codeis a particular type ofHuffman codewith unique properties which allow it to be described in a very compact manner. Rather than storing the structure of the code tree explicitly, canonical Huffman codes are ordered in such a way that it suffices to only sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code |
Session replayis the ability to replay a visitor's journey on aweb siteor within amobile applicationorweb application. Replay can include the user's view (browser or screen output), user input (keyboardandmouse inputs), andlogs of network eventsor console logs. Session replay is supposed to help improvecustomer experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_replay |
TheInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO/ˈaɪsoʊ/;[3]French:Organisation internationale de normalisation;Russian:Международная организация по стандартизации) is an independent,non-governmental,international standarddevelopment organization composed of representatives from the nationalstandards organizations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization |
Pseudonymous Bosch(/ˈsuːdənɪməsbɒʃ,bɔːʃ,bɔːs/) is thepen nameofRaphael Simon(born October 25, 1967), the author ofThe Secret SeriesandThe Bad Booksseries of fiction books, as well asThe Unbelievable Oliverchapter book mysteries and two stand-alone titles. He has written 12 books, each widely read.[1]
Simon was born on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymous_Bosch |
Innumericallinear algebra, theArnoldi iterationis aneigenvalue algorithmand an important example of aniterative method. Arnoldi finds an approximation to theeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsof general (possibly non-Hermitian)matricesby constructing an orthonormal basis of theKrylov subspace, which makes it particularly usefu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldi_iteration |
Metaprogrammingis acomputer programmingtechnique in whichcomputer programshave the ability to treat other programs as theirdata. It means that a program can be designed to read, generate, analyse, or transform other programs, and even modify itself, while running.[1][2]In some cases, this allows programmers to minimize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaprogramming |
Cognitive biasesare systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.[1][2]They are often studied inpsychology,sociologyandbehavioral economics.[1]
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed byreproducibleresearch,[3][4]there are often controversies about how to classify these b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases |
Thesoftware industryincludes businesses fordevelopment,maintenanceandpublicationofsoftwarethat are using differentbusiness models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloudbased" (such asSaaS,PaaS,IaaS, MBaaS, MSaaS, DCaaS etc.). The industry also includessoftware services, such astraining,docum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry |
Web-based simulation(WBS) is the invocation ofcomputer simulationservices over theWorld Wide Web, specifically through aweb browser.[1][2][3][4]Increasingly, the web is being looked upon as an environment for providingmodeling and simulationapplications, and as such, is an emerging area of investigation within the simu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based_simulation |
Signals intelligence(SIGINT) is the act and field ofintelligence-gatheringby interception ofsignals, whethercommunicationsbetween people (communications intelligence—abbreviated toCOMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated toELINT).[1]Asclassifiedandsensit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence |
Acrash-only softwareis acomputer programthat handle failures by simply restarting, without attempting any sophisticated recovery.[1]Correctly written components of crash-only software canmicrorebootto a known-good state without the help of a user. Since failure-handling and normal startup use the same methods, this ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash-only_software |
Asafety-critical system[2]orlife-critical systemis a system whose failure or malfunction may result in one (or more) of the following outcomes:[3][4]
Asafety-related system(or sometimessafety-involved system) comprises everything (hardware, software, and human aspects) needed to perform one or more safety functions, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-critical_system |
PGP Virtual Diskis adisk encryptionsystem that allows one to create a virtualencrypted diskwithin a file.
Older versions for Windows NT were freeware (for example, bundled withPGPv6.0.2i; and with some of the CKT builds of PGP). These are still available for download, but no longer maintained. Today, PGP Virtual Disk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGPDisk |
Low Orbit Ion Cannon(LOIC) is anopen-sourcenetworkstress testinganddenial-of-service attackapplication written inC#. LOIC was initially developed by Praetox Technologies, however it was later released into thepublic domain[2]and is currently available on several open-source platforms.[3][4]
LOIC performs aDoS attack(o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Orbit_Ion_Cannon |
NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies(NEAT) is agenetic algorithm(GA) for generating evolvingartificial neural networks(aneuroevolutiontechnique) developed byKenneth StanleyandRisto Miikkulainenin 2002 while atThe University of Texas at Austin. It alters both the weighting parameters and structures of networks, attem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroEvolution_of_Augmenting_Topologies |
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