text stringlengths 21 172k | source stringlengths 32 113 |
|---|---|
Bootstrappingis a procedure for estimating the distribution of an estimator byresampling(oftenwith replacement) one's data or a model estimated from the data.[1]Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy (bias, variance,confidence intervals, prediction error, etc.) to sample estimates.[2][3]This technique allows estima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics) |
Inartificial intelligence,eager learningis a learning method in which the system tries to construct a general, input-independent target function during training of the system, as opposed tolazy learning, where generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system.[1]The main advantage g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eager_learning |
Inmathematics, in the area ofcomplex analysis,Nachbin's theorem(named afterLeopoldo Nachbin) is a result used to establish bounds on the growth rates foranalytic functions. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of thegeneralized Borel transform, also calledNachbin summation.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachbin%27s_theorem |
Indatabasetechnologies, arollbackis an operation which returns the database to some previous state. Rollbacks are important for databaseintegrity, because they mean that the database can be restored to a clean copy even after erroneous operations are performed.[1]They are crucial for recovering from database server cra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollback_(data_management) |
Instatistics, theuncertainty coefficient, also calledproficiency,entropy coefficientorTheil's U, is a measure of nominalassociation. It was first introduced byHenri Theil[citation needed]and is based on the concept ofinformation entropy.
Suppose we have samples of two discrete random variables,XandY. By constructing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_coefficient |
AnInternet Experiment Note(IEN) is a sequentially numbered document in a series of technical publications issued by the participants of the early development work groups that created the precursors of the modernInternet.
AfterDARPAbegan the Internet program in earnest in 1977, the project members were in need of commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Experiment_Note |
Ridge regression(also known asTikhonov regularization, named forAndrey Tikhonov) is a method of estimating thecoefficientsof multiple-regression modelsin scenarios where the independent variables are highly correlated.[1]It has been used in many fields including econometrics, chemistry, and engineering.[2]It is a metho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhonov_regularization |
Inlinguistics, abound morphemeis amorpheme(the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while afree morpheme(orunbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone.[1]A bound morpheme is a type ofbound form, and a free morpheme is a type offree form.[2]
A form is a free form if it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme |
Consensus-based assessmentexpands on the common practice ofconsensus decision-makingand the theoretical observation that expertise can be closely approximated by large numbers of novices or journeymen. It creates a method for determiningmeasurement standardsfor very ambiguous domains of knowledge, such asemotional inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_based_assessment |
Rough fuzzy hybridizationis a method ofhybrid intelligent systemorsoft computing, whereFuzzy settheory is used for linguistic representation of patterns, leading to afuzzy granulationof thefeature space.Rough settheory is used to obtain dependency rules which model informative regions in the granulated feature space.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fuzzy_hybridization |
Knowledge representation(KR) aims to model information in a structured manner to formally represent it as knowledge in knowledge-based systems. Whereasknowledge representationand reasoning(KRR,KR&R, orKR²) also aims to understand, reason and interpret knowledge. KRR is widely used in the field ofartificial intelligence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation |
Inmathematics,concentration of measure(about amedian) is a principle that is applied inmeasure theory,probabilityandcombinatorics, and has consequences for other fields such asBanach spacetheory. Informally, it states that "A random variable that depends in aLipschitzway on many independent variables (but not too much ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_measure |
multiOTPis an open source PHP class, a command line tool, and a web interface that can be used to provide an operating-system-independent, strongauthenticationsystem. multiOTP isOATH-certified since version 4.1.0 and is developed under theLGPLlicense. Starting with version 4.3.2.5, multiOTP open source is also availabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiOTP |
Inprobability theory, aLévy process, named after the French mathematicianPaul Lévy, is astochastic processwith independent, stationary increments: it represents the motion of a point whose successive displacements arerandom, in which displacements in pairwise disjoint time intervals are independent, and displacements i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_process |
Incryptography,Triple DES(3DESorTDES), officially theTriple Data Encryption Algorithm(TDEAorTriple DEA), is asymmetric-keyblock cipher, which applies theDEScipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) is no longer considered adequate in the face of modern cryptan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES |
Inmathematics, anoperatorortransformis afunctionfrom onespace of functionsto another. Operators occur commonly inengineering,physicsand mathematics. Many areintegral operatorsanddifferential operators.
In the followingLis an operator
which takes a functiony∈F{\displaystyle y\in {\mathcal {F}}}to another functionL[y]∈... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematic_operators |
No true Scotsmanorappeal to purityis aninformal fallacyin which one modifies a prior claim in response to acounterexampleby asserting the counterexample is excluded by definition.[1][2][3]Rather than admitting error or providing evidence to disprove the counterexample, the original claim is changed by using a non-subst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_true_Scotsman |
Words per minute, commonly abbreviated asWPM(sometimes lowercased aswpm), is a measure ofwordsprocessed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing,readingorMorse codesending and receiving.
Since words vary in length, for the purpose of measurement of text entry the definition of each "word" is oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_per_minute |
Inmathematics, aDiophantine equationis anequation, typically apolynomial equationin two or moreunknownswithintegercoefficients, for which onlyintegersolutions are of interest. Alinear Diophantine equationequates the sum of two or more unknowns, with coefficients, to a constant. Anexponential Diophantine equationis one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation |
Inlogic, thecorresponding conditionalof anargument(or derivation) is amaterial conditionalwhoseantecedentis theconjunctionof the argument's (or derivation's)premisesand whoseconsequentis the argument's conclusion. An argument isvalidif and only ifits corresponding conditional is alogical truth. It follows that an argum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corresponding_conditional |
Incomputer science,constrained clusteringis a class ofsemi-supervised learningalgorithms. Typically, constrained clustering incorporates either a set of must-link constraints, cannot-link constraints, or both, with adata clusteringalgorithm.[1]A cluster in which the members conform to all must-link and cannot-link cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_clustering |
In re Boucher(case citation: No. 2:06-mJ-91, 2009 WL 424718) is afederalcriminalcaseinVermont, which was the first to directly address the question of whether investigators can compel a suspect to reveal theirencryptionpassphraseorpassword, despite theU.S. Constitution'sFifth Amendmentprotection againstself-incriminati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_re_Boucher |
Real-time bidding(RTB) is a means by whichadvertising inventoryis bought and sold on a per-impressionbasis, via instantaneous programmaticauction, similar to financial markets. With real-time bidding,online advertisingbuyers bid on an impression and, if the bid is won, the buyer's ad is instantly displayed on the publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_bidding |
TheCommon Weakness Enumeration(CWE) is a category system for hardware and software weaknesses and vulnerabilities. It is sustained by a community project with the goals of understanding flaws in software and hardware and creating automated tools that can be used to identify, fix, and prevent those flaws.[1]The project ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Weakness_Enumeration |
Incryptography,collision resistanceis a property ofcryptographic hash functions: a hash functionHis collision-resistant if it is hard to find two inputs that hash to the same output; that is, two inputsaandbwherea≠bbutH(a) =H(b).[1]: 136Thepigeonhole principlemeans that any hash function with more inputs than outputs w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_resistance |
Incryptographyauniversal one-way hash function(UOWHF, often pronounced "woof") is a type ofuniversal hash functionof particular importance tocryptography. UOWHFs are proposed as an alternative tocollision-resistant hash functions(CRHFs). CRHFs have a strong collision-resistance property: that it is hard, given randomly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_one-way_hash_function |
CPU shieldingis a practice where on a multiprocessor system or on a CPU with multiple cores,real-timetasks can run on one CPU or core while non-real-time tasks run on another.
Theoperating systemmust be able to set aCPU affinityfor bothprocessesandinterrupts.
InLinuxin order to shieldCPUsfrom individual interrupts be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_shielding |
Exception(s),The Exception(s), orexceptionalmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_(disambiguation) |
Inreal-time computer graphics,geometry instancingis the practice ofrenderingmultiple copies of the samemeshin a scene at once. This technique is primarily used for objects such as trees, grass, or buildings which can be represented as repeated geometry without appearing unduly repetitive, but may also be used for chara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_instancing |
Acomputer virus[1]is a type ofmalwarethat, when executed, replicates itself by modifying othercomputer programsandinsertingits owncodeinto those programs.[2][3]If this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus, a metaphor derived from biologicalviruses.[4]
Computer v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-modifying_computer_virus |
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613),[1]meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematicalcalculations, beforeelectronic calculatorsbecame available.Alan Turingdescribed the "human computer" as someone who is "supposed to be following fixed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computer |
LCS35is acryptographicchallenge and atime-lock puzzleset byRon Rivestin 1999. The challenge is to calculate the value
w=22t(modn){\displaystyle w=2^{2^{t}}{\pmod {n}}}
wheretis a specific 14-digit (or 47-bit) integer, namely 79685186856218, andnis a specific 616-digit (or 2048-bit) integer that is the product of two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCS35 |
Incomputer science,program synthesisis the task to construct aprogramthatprovablysatisfies a given high-levelformal specification. In contrast toprogram verification, the program is to be constructed rather than given; however, both fields make use of formal proof techniques, and both comprise approaches of different d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_synthesis |
Arne Carl-August Beurling(3 February 1905 – 20 November 1986) was aSwedishmathematicianandprofessorofmathematicsatUppsala University(1937–1954) and later at theInstitute for Advanced StudyinPrinceton, New Jersey. Beurling worked extensively inharmonic analysis,complex analysisandpotential theory. The "Beurling factori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Beurling |
Deep learningis a subset ofmachine learningthat focuses on utilizing multilayeredneural networksto perform tasks such asclassification,regression, andrepresentation learning. The field takes inspiration frombiological neuroscienceand is centered around stackingartificial neuronsinto layers and "training" them to proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_deep_learning |
DALL-E,DALL-E 2, andDALL-E 3(stylisedDALL·E) aretext-to-image modelsdeveloped byOpenAIusingdeep learningmethodologies to generatedigital imagesfromnatural languagedescriptions known asprompts.
The first version of DALL-E was announced in January 2021. In the following year, its successor DALL-E 2 was released. DALL-E ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E |
Inmathematics, and more specifically inabstract algebra, apseudo-ringis one of the following variants of aring:
None of these definitions are equivalent, so it is best[editorializing]to avoid the term "pseudo-ring" or to clarify which meaning is intended.
Thisalgebra-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-ring#Properties_weaker_than_having_an_identity |
Atrace tableis a technique used to test algorithms in order to make sure that no logical errors occur while thecalculationsare being processed. The table usually takes the form of a multi-column, multi-row table; With each column showing avariable, and each row showing each number input into the algorithm and the subse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_table |
Inmathematics, asemigroup with no elements(theempty semigroup) is asemigroupin which theunderlying setis theempty set. Many authors do not admit the existence of such a semigroup. For them a semigroup is by definition anon-emptyset together with anassociativebinary operation.[1][2]However not all authors insist on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_semigroup |
InBoolean functionsandpropositional calculus, theSheffer strokedenotes alogical operationthat is equivalent to thenegationof theconjunctionoperation, expressed in ordinary language as "not both". It is also callednon-conjunction,alternative denial(since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false), orN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer_stroke |
Inautomata theory, afinite-state machineis called adeterministic finite automaton(DFA), if
Anondeterministic finite automaton(NFA), ornondeterministic finite-state machine, does not need to obey these restrictions. In particular, every DFA is also an NFA. Sometimes the termNFAis used in a narrower sense, referring to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_finite_automaton |
Thecorporate opportunitydoctrine is the legal principle providing thatdirectors, officers, and controlling shareholders of acorporationmust not take for themselves any business opportunity that could benefit the corporation.[1]The corporate opportunity doctrine is one application of thefiduciaryduty of loyalty.[2]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_opportunity |
Quantum complex networksarecomplex networkswhose nodes arequantum computingdevices.[1][2]Quantum mechanicshas been used to create securequantum communicationschannels that are protected from hacking.[3][4]Quantum communications offer the potential for secureenterprise-scale solutions.[5][2][6]
In theory, it is possibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_complex_network |
Aforeign language writing aidis acomputer programor any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language. Assistive operations can be classified into two categories: on-the-fly prompts and post-writing checks. Assisted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-language_writing_aid |
Inmathematics, afinite fieldorGalois field(so-named in honor ofÉvariste Galois) is afieldthat contains a finite number ofelements. As with any field, a finite field is aseton which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most common example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_field#Galois_field_of_order_2^n |
Cloud computing securityor, more simply,cloud security, refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, applications, and controls utilized to protect virtualized IP, data, applications, services, and the associated infrastructure ofcloud computing. It is a sub-domain ofcomputer security,network securityand, more broa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security |
Statistical machine translation(SMT) is amachine translationapproach where translations are generated on the basis ofstatistical modelswhose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingualtext corpora. The statistical approach contrasts with therule-based approaches to machine translationas well as withexample-ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation |
Thislist ofeponymouslawsprovides links to articles onlaws,principles,adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person. In some cases the person named has coined the law – such asParkinson's law. In others, the work or publications of the individual have led to the law being so named – as is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws |
Subjunctive possibility(also calledalethicpossibility) is a form of modality studied inmodal logic. Subjunctive possibilities are the sorts of possibilities considered when conceivingcounterfactualsituations; subjunctive modalities are modalities that bear on whether a statementmight have beenorcould betrue—such asmigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_possibility |
Inmathematics,sineandcosinearetrigonometric functionsof anangle. The sine and cosine of an acuteangleare defined in the context of aright triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of thetriangle(thehypotenuse), and the cosine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine#Properties |
Inmathematics, theepsilon numbersare a collection oftransfinite numberswhose defining property is that they arefixed pointsof anexponential map. Consequently, they are not reachable from 0 via a finite series of applications of the chosen exponential map and of "weaker" operations like addition and multiplication. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_numbers_(mathematics) |
Astatistical hypothesis testis a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of atest statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to acritical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis_testing |
Ontology learning(ontology extraction,ontology augmentation generation,ontology generation, orontology acquisition) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation ofontologies, including extracting the correspondingdomain'sterms and the relationships between theconceptsthat these terms represent from acorpusof natural lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_extraction |
Incomputer science, aheartbeatis aperiodic signalgenerated byhardwareorsoftwareto indicate normal operation or tosynchronizeother parts of acomputer system.[1][2]Heartbeat mechanism is one of the common techniques inmission critical systemsfor providinghigh availabilityandfault toleranceofnetwork servicesby detecting t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbeat_private_network |
This is a list of some well-knownperiodic functions. The constant functionf(x) =c, wherecis independent ofx, is periodic with any period, but lacks afundamental period. A definition is given for some of the following functions, though each function may have many equivalent definitions.
All trigonometric functions list... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_periodic_functions |
In software, astack buffer overfloworstack buffer overrunoccurs when a program writes to amemoryaddress on the program'scall stackoutside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-lengthbuffer.[1][2]Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_canary |
Inanalytic number theoryand related branches of mathematics, a complex-valuedarithmetic functionχ:Z→C{\displaystyle \chi :\mathbb {Z} \rightarrow \mathbb {C} }is aDirichlet character of modulusm{\displaystyle m}(wherem{\displaystyle m}is a positive integer) if for all integersa{\displaystyle a}andb{\displaystyle b}:[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_character |
TheSwedish Armed Forces' radio alphabetwas aradiotelephony alphabetmade up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish.
TheSwedish Armed Forcesare since 2006 instructed to use theNATO alphabetinstead of the original Swedish alphabet, along wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_radio_alphabet |
Cherry picking,suppressing evidence, or thefallacy of incomplete evidenceis the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related and similar cases or data that maycontradictthat position. Cherry picking may be committed intentionally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking |
Inmathematics, theKolakoski sequence, sometimes also known as theOldenburger–Kolakoski sequence,[1]is aninfinite sequenceof symbols {1,2} that is the sequence of run lengths in its ownrun-length encoding.[2]It is named after therecreational mathematicianWilliam Kolakoski(1944–97) who described it in 1965,[3]but it was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolakoski_sequence |
Inlinguistics, especially withingenerative grammar,phi features(denoted with the Greek letterφ'phi') are themorphologicalexpression of asemanticprocess in which a word ormorphemevaries with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence.[1]This variation can includeperson,number,gender, andcase, as encoded in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_features |
Inabstract algebra, acoveris one instance of somemathematical structuremappingontoanother instance, such as agroup(trivially) covering asubgroup. This should not be confused with the concept of acover in topology.
When some objectXis said to cover another objectY, the cover is given by somesurjectiveandstructure-prese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(algebra) |
InUnixandUnix-likecomputer operating systems, afile descriptor(FD, less frequentlyfildes) is a process-unique identifier (handle) for afileor otherinput/outputresource, such as apipeornetwork socket.
File descriptors typically have non-negativeintegervalues, with negative values being reserved to indicate "no value" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor |
Incomputing,rebootingis the process by which a runningcomputer systemis restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either acold reboot(alternatively known as ahard reboot) in which the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again (causing aninitial bootof the machine); or awar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot#Cold |
This article contains a list of notablewikis, which arewebsitesthat usewiki software, allowing users to collaboratively edit content and view old versions of the content. These websites useseveral different wiki software packages.
550,069[citation needed] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wikis |
Ananonymous post, is an entry on atextboard, anonymousbulletin board system, or other discussion forums likeInternet forum, without ascreen nameor more commonly by using a non-identifiablepseudonym.
Some online forums such asSlashdotdo not allow such posts, requiring users to be registered either under theirreal nameor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_post |
Accuracy and precisionare two measures ofobservational error.Accuracyis how close a given set ofmeasurements(observationsor readings) are to theirtrue value.Precisionis how close the measurements are to each other.
TheInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) defines a related measure:[1]trueness, "the close... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy |
Incomputer science, abinary decision diagram(BDD) orbranching programis adata structurethat is used to represent aBoolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as acompressedrepresentation ofsetsorrelations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on the compresse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_decision_diagram |
Afalse awakeningis a vivid and convincingdreamaboutawakeningfromsleep, while the dreamer in reality continues to sleep. After a false awakening, subjects often dream they are performing their daily morning routine such as showering or eating breakfast. False awakenings, mainly those in which one dreams that they have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_within_a_dream |
Wardenclyffe Tower(1901–1917), also known as theTesla Tower, was an early experimentalwirelesstransmission station designed and built byNikola TeslaonLong Islandin 1901–1902, located in the village ofShoreham, New York. Tesla intended to transmit messages,telephony, and evenfacsimile imagesacross theAtlantic Oceanto En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_tower |
Stochastic chains with memory of variable lengthare a family ofstochastic chainsof finite order in a finite alphabet, such as, for every time pass, only one finite suffix of the past, called context, is necessary to predict the next symbol. These models were introduced in the information theory literature byJorma Rissa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_chains_with_memory_of_variable_length |
Peer-to-peer(P2P) computing or networking is adistributed applicationarchitecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged,equipotentparticipants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network ofnodes.[1]In addition, apersonal area network(PAN) is also in nature a type ofdecentrali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer#Security_and_trust |
What Is Art?(Russian:Что такое искусство?Chto takoye iskusstvo?) is a book byLeo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English in 1898 due to difficulties with the Russian censors.[1]
Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists[2]as well as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F |
Incomputational linguistics, atrigram taggeris a statistical method forautomatically identifying words as being nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.based on second orderMarkov modelsthat consider triples of consecutive words. It is trained on atext corpusas a method to predict the next word, taking the product of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigram_tagger |
Incomputer science,binary space partitioning(BSP) is a method forspace partitioningwhichrecursivelysubdivides aEuclidean spaceinto twoconvex setsby usinghyperplanesas partitions. This process of subdividing gives rise to a representation of objects within the space in the form of atree data structureknown as aBSP tree.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_space_partitioning |
Link grammar(LG) is a theory ofsyntaxby Davy Temperley andDaniel Sleatorwhich builds relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in aphrase structurehierarchy. Link grammar is similar todependency grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, whereas link grammar m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_grammar |
AnEDA databaseis adatabasespecialized for the purpose ofelectronic design automation. These application specific databases are required because general purpose databases have historically not provided enough performance for EDA applications.
In examining EDA design databases, it is useful to look at EDA tool architec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDA_database |
In abstract algebra, aquasi-free algebrais anassociative algebrathat satisfies the lifting property similar to that of aformally smooth algebraincommutative algebra. The notion was introduced by Cuntz and Quillen for the applications tocyclic homology.[1]A quasi-free algebra generalizes afree algebra, as well as thecoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-free_algebra |
Incomputer science,merge sort(also commonly spelled asmergesortand asmerge-sort[2]) is an efficient, general-purpose, andcomparison-basedsorting algorithm. Most implementations produce astable sort, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same in the input and output. Merge sort is adivide-and-conq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_sort |
Incomputer graphicsanddigital imaging,imagescalingrefers to the resizing of a digital image. In video technology, the magnification of digital material is known as upscaling orresolution enhancement.
When scaling avector graphicimage, the graphic primitives that make up the image can be scaled using geometric transfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scaling |
Thehacking of consumer electronicsis a common practice that users perform to customize and modify their devices beyond what is typically possible. This activity has a long history, dating from the days of early computer, programming, and electronics hobbyists.
The process of consumer electronics hacking is usually acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics |
Anoriented matroidis amathematicalstructurethat abstracts the properties ofdirected graphs,vectorarrangements over ordered fields, andhyperplane arrangementsoverordered fields.[1]In comparison, an ordinary (i.e., non-oriented)matroidabstracts thedependenceproperties that are common both tographs, which are not necessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriented_matroid |
Inmathematics, asubsetRof theintegersis called areduced residue system modulonif:
Here φ denotesEuler's totient function.
A reduced residue system moduloncan be formed from acomplete residue systemmodulonby removing all integers notrelatively primeton. For example, a complete residue system modulo 12 is {0, 1, 2, 3, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_residue_system |
Inmathematics, thecomposition operator∘{\displaystyle \circ }takes twofunctions,f{\displaystyle f}andg{\displaystyle g}, and returns a new functionh(x):=(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x)){\displaystyle h(x):=(g\circ f)(x)=g(f(x))}. Thus, the functiongisappliedafter applyingftox.(g∘f){\displaystyle (g\circ f)}is pronounced "the compositi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_functions |
Inalgebra, achange of ringsis an operation of changing a coefficient ring to another.
Given aring homomorphismf:R→S{\displaystyle f:R\to S}, there are three ways to change the coefficient ring of amodule; namely, for a rightR-moduleMand a rightS-moduleN, one can form
They are related asadjoint functors:
and
This is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_rings |
Verbosity, orverboseness, is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary.[1]The opposite of verbosity issuccinctness.[dubious–discuss]
Some teachers, including the author ofThe Elements of Style, warn against verbosity. SimilarlyMark TwainandErnest Hemingway, among others, famously avoided it.
Synonyms of "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbosity |
Ribaldryorblue comedyis humorous entertainment that ranges from bordering onindelicacytoindecency.[1]Blue comedy is also referred to as "bawdiness" or being "bawdy". Like any humour, ribaldry may be read as conventional orsubversive. Ribaldry typically depends on a shared background of sexual conventions and values, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribaldry |
Arithmetic topologyis an area ofmathematicsthat is a combination ofalgebraic number theoryandtopology. It establishes an analogy betweennumber fieldsand closed, orientable3-manifolds.
The following are some of the analogies used by mathematicians between number fields and 3-manifolds:[1]
Expanding on the last two exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_topology |
Amobile driving licence(alsomobile driver's licenseormDL) is amobile appthat replaces a physicaldriver's license. AnInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) standard for the mobile driving licence (ISO/IEC 18013-5) was approved on August 18, 2021 and published on 30 September 2021.[1]
In November 2020, Denm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_driver%27s_license |
In amultitaskingcomputersystem,processesmay occupy a variety ofstates. These distinct states may not be recognized as such by theoperating systemkernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_state |
Inquantum mechanics,counterfactual definiteness(CFD) is the ability to speak "meaningfully" of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e., the ability to assume theexistenceof objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not beenmeasured).[1][2]The term "counterfactual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI)is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of thescientific fieldwhich studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence |
Slacktivism(ablendofslackerandactivism) is the practice of supporting a political or social cause by means such associal mediaoronline petitions, characterized as involving very little effort or commitment.[1]Additional forms of slacktivism include engaging in online activities such asliking,sharingortweetingabout a ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacktivism |
WPGMA(WeightedPairGroupMethod withArithmetic Mean) is a simple agglomerative (bottom-up)hierarchical clusteringmethod, generally attributed toSokalandMichener.[1]
The WPGMA method is similar to itsunweightedvariant, theUPGMAmethod.
The WPGMA algorithm constructs a rooted tree (dendrogram) that reflects the structure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPGMA |
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
TheInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF) is astandards organizationfor theInternetand is responsible for thetechnical standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force |
Cyber espionage,cyber spying, orcyber-collectionis the act or practice of obtaining secrets and information without the permission andknowledgeof the holder of the information using methods on the Internet, networks or individual computers through the use ofproxy servers,[1]crackingtechniques andmalicious softwareinclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_spying |
User experience(UX) is how a user interacts with and experiences aproduct,systemorservice. It includes a person's perceptions ofutility,ease of use, andefficiency. Improving user experience is important to most companies, designers, and creators when creating and refining products because negative user experience can d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience |
TheInternational Roadmap for Devices and Systems, orIRDS, is a set of predictions about likely developments in electronic devices and systems. The IRDS was established in 2016 and is the successor to theInternational Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.
These predictions are intended to allow coordination of efforts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Roadmap_for_Devices_and_Systems |
ThePayment Card Industry Data Security Standard(PCI DSS) is aninformation securitystandard used to handlecredit cardsfrom majorcard brands. The standard is administered by thePayment Card Industry Security Standards Council, and its use is mandated by the card brands. It was created to better control cardholder data an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard |
Inmathematics, anidentityis anequalityrelating onemathematical expressionAto another mathematical expressionB, such thatAandB(which might contain somevariables) produce the same value for all values of the variables within a certaindomain of discourse.[1][2]In other words,A=Bis an identity ifAandBdefine the samefunctio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(mathematics) |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.