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Flat memory modelorlinear memory modelrefers to amemory addressingparadigm in which "memoryappears to the program as a single contiguousaddress space."[1]TheCPUcan directly (andlinearly)addressall of the availablememorylocations without having to resort to any sort ofbank switching,memory segmentationorpagingschemes.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_address_space |
Afitness functionis a particular type ofobjective or cost functionthat is used to summarize, as a singlefigure of merit, how close a given candidate solution is to achieving the set aims. It is an important component ofevolutionary algorithms (EA), such asgenetic programming,evolution strategiesorgenetic algorithms. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_function |
Astandards organization,standards body,standards developing organization(SDO), orstandards setting organization(SSO) is an organization whose primary function is developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise contributing to the usefulness oftechnical standards[1]to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organization |
TheArtin reciprocity law, which was established byEmil Artinin a series of papers (1924; 1927; 1930), is a general theorem innumber theorythat forms a central part of globalclass field theory.[1]The term "reciprocity law" refers to a long line of more concrete number theoretic statements which it generalized, from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin_symbol |
Working memoryis a cognitive system with a limited capacity that canhold informationtemporarily.[1]It is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior.[2][3]Working memory is often used synonymously withshort-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory |
This is alist of file formatsused bycomputers, organized by type.Filename extensionis usually noted in parentheses if they differ from thefile format's name or abbreviation. Manyoperating systemsdo not limit filenames to one extension shorter than 4 characters, as was common with some operating systems that supported t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats |
Inmathematical statistics, theKullback–Leibler(KL)divergence(also calledrelative entropyandI-divergence[1]), denotedDKL(P∥Q){\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel Q)}, is a type ofstatistical distance: a measure of how much a modelprobability distributionQis different from a true probability distributionP.[2][3]Mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullback%E2%80%93Leibler_distance |
Big data ethics, also known simply asdata ethics, refers to systemizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct in relation todata, in particularpersonal data.[1]Since the dawn of theInternetthe sheer quantity and quality of data has dramatically increased and is continuing to do so exponential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data_ethics |
In the mathematical discipline ofgraph theory, arainbow matchingin anedge-colored graphis amatchingin which all the edges have distinct colors.
Given an edge-colored graphG= (V,E), a rainbow matchingMinGis a set of pairwise non-adjacent edges, that is, no two edges share a common vertex, such that all the edges in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_matching#hypergraphs |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical physics, atensorisantisymmetricoralternating on(orwith respect to)an index subsetif it alternatessign(+/−) when any two indices of the subset are interchanged.[1][2]The index subset must generally either be allcovariantor allcontravariant.
For example,Tijk…=−Tjik…=Tjki…=−Tkji…=Tkij…=−Tikj…{... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisymmetric_tensor |
Multimedia information retrieval(MMIRorMIR) is a research discipline ofcomputer sciencethat aims at extracting semantic information frommultimediadata sources.[1][failed verification]Data sources include directly perceivable media such asaudio,imageandvideo, indirectly perceivable sources such astext, semantic descript... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_information_retrieval |
NumPy(pronounced/ˈnʌmpaɪ/NUM-py) is alibraryfor thePython programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensionalarraysandmatrices, along with a large collection ofhigh-levelmathematicalfunctionsto operate on these arrays.[3]The predecessor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created byJim Huguninwith contribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numpy |
Instatistics,Poisson regressionis ageneralized linear modelform ofregression analysisused to modelcount dataandcontingency tables.[1]Poisson regression assumes the response variableYhas aPoisson distribution, and assumes thelogarithmof itsexpected valuecan be modeled by a linear combination of unknownparameters. A Pois... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_binomial_regression |
CRYPTRECis theCryptography Research and Evaluation Committeesset up by theJapanese Governmentto evaluate and recommendcryptographictechniques for government and industrial use. It is comparable in many respects to theEuropean Union'sNESSIEproject and to theAdvanced Encryption Standard processrun byNational Institute of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRYPTREC |
TheHurst exponentis used as a measure oflong-term memoryoftime series. It relates to theautocorrelationsof the time series, and the rate at which these decrease as the lag between pairs of values increases. Studies involving the Hurst exponent were originally developed inhydrologyfor the practical matter of determining... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_exponent |
Ahybrid wordorhybridismis awordthatetymologicallyderives from at least two languages. Such words are a type ofmacaronic language.
The most common form of hybrid word inEnglishcombinesLatinandGreekparts. Since manyprefixesandsuffixesin English are of Latin or Greeketymology, it is straightforward to add a prefix or suf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_word |
Incryptography, anaccumulatoris aone waymembershiphash function. It allows users to certify that potential candidates are a member of a certainsetwithout revealing the individual members of the set. This concept was formally introduced by Josh Benaloh and Michael de Mare in 1993.[1][2]
There are several formal definit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(cryptography) |
Inmathematics, thePythagorean theoremorPythagoras' theoremis a fundamental relation inEuclidean geometrybetween the three sides of aright triangle. It states that the area of thesquarewhose side is thehypotenuse(the side opposite theright angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem |
This is a comprehensive list ofvolunteer computingprojects, which are a type ofdistributed computingwhere volunteers donate computing time to specific causes. The donated computing power comes from idleCPUsandGPUsinpersonal computers,video game consoles,[1]andAndroid devices.
Each project seeks to utilize the computin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volunteer_computing_projects |
Mozilla Firefox, or simplyFirefox, is afree and open-source[12]web browserdeveloped by theMozilla Foundationand its subsidiary, theMozilla Corporation. It uses theGeckorendering engineto display web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards.[13]Firefox is available forWindows 10or later versions ofW... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox |
Non-formal learningincludes various structuredlearningsituations which do not either have the level ofcurriculum,institutionalization,accreditationorcertificationassociated with 'formal learning', but have more structure than that associated with 'informal learning', which typically take place naturally and spontaneous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonformal_learning |
Incryptography,cryptographic hash functionscan be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based on mathematical problems, and whose security thus follows from rigorous mathematical proofs,complexity theoryandformal reduction. These functions are calledprovably secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions |
Swarm roboticsis the study of how to design independent systems of robots without centralized control. The emergingswarming behaviorof robotic swarms is created through the interactions between individual robots and the environment.[1]This idea emerged on the field ofartificial swarm intelligence, as well as the studie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_robotics |
Inmathematics, anisomorphismis a structure-preservingmappingormorphismbetween twostructuresof the same type that can be reversed by aninverse mapping. Two mathematical structures areisomorphicif an isomorphism exists between them. The word is derived fromAncient Greekἴσος(isos)'equal'andμορφή(morphe)'form, shape'.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism |
Inclassical logic,disjunctive syllogism[1][2](historically known asmodus tollendo ponens(MTP),[3]Latinfor "mode that affirms by denying")[4]is avalidargument formwhich is asyllogismhaving adisjunctive statementfor one of itspremises.[5][6]
An example inEnglish:
Inpropositional logic,disjunctive syllogism(also known a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism |
Speech synthesisis the artificial production of humanspeech. A computer system used for this purpose is called aspeech synthesizer, and can be implemented insoftwareorhardwareproducts. Atext-to-speech(TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems rendersymbolic linguistic representationslikephone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis |
Electrical telegraphyispoint-to-pointdistance communicating via sending electric signals over wire, a system primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electricaltelecommunicationssystem and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems calledtelegraphs, that were devised ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph |
Network functions virtualization(NFV)[1]is anetwork architectureconcept that leverages ITvirtualizationtechnologies to virtualize entire classes ofnetwork nodefunctions into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create and deliver communication services.
NFV relies upon traditional server-virtualizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_functions_virtualization |
ISO/IEC JTC 1, entitled "Information technology", is a joint technical committee (JTC) of theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) and theInternational Electrotechnical Commission(IEC). Its purpose is to develop, maintain and promote standards in the fields ofinformation and communications technology(ICT)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1 |
fdiskis acommand-line utilityfordisk partitioning. It has been part ofDOS,DRFlexOS,IBMOS/2, and early versions ofMicrosoft Windows, as well as certain ports ofFreeBSD,[2]NetBSD,[3]OpenBSD,[4]DragonFly BSD[5]andmacOS[6]for compatibility reasons.Windows 2000and its successors have replaced fdisk with a more advanced tool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDISK |
Pathological scienceis an area of research where "people are tricked into false results ... by subjective effects,wishful thinkingor threshold interactions."[1][2]The term was first used byIrving Langmuir,Nobel Prize-winningchemist, during a 1953colloquiumat theKnolls Research Laboratory.[3]Langmuir said a pathological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_science |
Data integrityis the maintenance of, and the assurance of, data accuracy and consistency over its entirelife-cycle.[1]It is a critical aspect to the design, implementation, and usage of any system that stores, processes, or retrieves data. The term is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity |
Privacy laws of the United Statesdeal with several differentlegalconcepts. One is theinvasion of privacy, atortbased in common law allowing an aggrieved party to bring a lawsuit against an individual who unlawfully intrudes into their private affairs, discloses their private information, publicizes them in a false ligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States |
Instatisticsandsignal processing, the method ofempirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis is a decomposition of asignalor data set in terms oforthogonalbasis functionswhich are determined from the data. The term is also interchangeable with the geographically weightedPrincipal components analysisingeophysics.[1]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_orthogonal_functions |
Aconfidence bandis used instatistical analysisto represent the uncertainty in an estimate of a curve or function based on limited or noisy data. Similarly, aprediction bandis used to represent the uncertainty about the value of a new data-point on the curve, but subject to noise. Confidence and prediction bands are oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_and_prediction_bands |
Inparallel computing, anembarrassingly parallelworkload or problem (also calledembarrassingly parallelizable,perfectly parallel,delightfully parallelorpleasingly parallel) is one where little or no effort is needed to split the problem into a number of parallel tasks.[1]This is due to minimal or no dependency upon comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel |
George Spencer-Brown(2 April 1923 – 25 August 2016) was an Englishpolymathbest known as the author ofLaws of Form. He described himself as a "mathematician, consulting engineer,psychologist, educational consultant and practitioner, consultingpsychotherapist, author, and poet".[1]
Born inGrimsby, Lincolnshire, England,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Spencer-Brown |
TheNX bit(no-execute bit) is aprocessorfeature that separates areas of avirtual address space(the memory layout a program uses) into sections for storing data or program instructions. Anoperating systemsupporting the NX bit can mark certain areas of the virtual address space as non-executable, preventing the processor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit |
Cyber threat intelligence(CTI) is a subfield ofcybersecuritythat focuses on the structured collection, analysis, and dissemination of data regarding potential or existingcyber threats.[1][2]It provides organizations with the insights necessary to anticipate, prevent, and respond tocyberattacksby understanding the behav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_threat_intelligence |
Intheoretical linguisticsandcomputational linguistics,probabilistic context free grammars(PCFGs) extendcontext-free grammars, similar to howhidden Markov modelsextendregular grammars. Eachproductionis assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the productions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_context-free_grammar |
Theusageof alanguageis the ways in which itswrittenandspokenvariations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers",[1]as opposed to idealized models of how a language works (or should work) in the abstract. For instance,Fowlercharacterized usage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage |
Incomputer science, aprogramming languageis said to havefirst-class functionsif it treatsfunctionsasfirst-class citizens. This means the language supports passing functions as arguments to other functions, returning them as the values from other functions, and assigning them to variables or storing them in data structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_function |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thegeneralized extreme value(GEV)distribution[2]is a family of continuousprobability distributionsdeveloped withinextreme value theoryto combine theGumbel,FréchetandWeibullfamilies also known as type I, II and III extreme value distributions. By theextreme value theoremthe GEV distrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_extreme_value_distribution |
On adifferentiable manifold, theexterior derivativeextends the concept of thedifferentialof a function todifferential formsof higher degree. The exterior derivative was first described in its current form byÉlie Cartanin 1899. The resulting calculus, known asexterior calculus, allows for a natural, metric-independent g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_derivative |
Incomputer science,model checkingorproperty checkingis a method for checking whether afinite-state modelof a system meets a givenspecification(also known ascorrectness). This is typically associated withhardwareorsoftware systems, where the specification contains liveness requirements (such as avoidance oflivelock) as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_logic_in_finite-state_verification |
Mixed radixnumeral systemsarenon-standard positional numeral systemsin which the numericalbasevaries from position to position. Such numerical representation applies when a quantity is expressed using a sequence of units that are each a multiple of the next smaller one, but not by the same factor. Such units are common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_radix |
Inapplied mathematics,k-SVDis adictionary learningalgorithm for creating a dictionary forsparse representations, via asingular value decompositionapproach.k-SVD is a generalization of thek-means clusteringmethod, and it works by iteratively alternating between sparse coding the input data based on the current dictionar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-SVD |
Incomputational complexity theory,bounded-error quantum polynomial time(BQP) is the class ofdecision problemssolvable by aquantum computerinpolynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances.[1]It is the quantum analogue to thecomplexity classBPP.
A decision problem is a member ofBQPif there e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP |
Uncontrolled format stringis a type ofcode injectionvulnerabilitydiscovered around 1989 that can be used insecurity exploits.[1]Originally thought harmless, format string exploits can be used tocrasha program or to execute harmful code. The problem stems from the use ofunchecked user inputas theformat stringparameter i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_format_string |
Communicationssecurityis the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessingtelecommunications[1]in an intelligible form, while still delivering content to the intended recipients.
In theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organizationculture, including United States Department of Defense culture, it is often refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_security |
Incontract bridge,card reading(orcounting the hand) is the process of inferring which remaining cards are held by each opponent. The reading is based on information gained in the bidding and the play to previous tricks.[1]The technique is used by the declarer and defenders primarily to determine the probablesuitdistrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_reading_(bridge) |
Network Security Toolkit(NST) is aLinux-based LiveDVD/USB Flash Drivethat provides a set offree and open-sourcecomputer securityandnetworkingtools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks. The distribution can be used as a network security analysis, validation and monitoring tool on se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Security_Toolkit |
Thefunction pointis a "unit of measurement" to express the amount of business functionality aninformation system(as a product) provides to a user. Function points are used to compute a functional size measurement (FSM) of software. The cost (in dollars or hours) of a single unit is calculated from past projects.[1]
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_points |
Incomputer security, athreatis a potential negative action or event enabled by avulnerabilitythat results in an unwanted impact to a computer system or application.
A threat can be either a negative "intentional" event (i.e. hacking: an individual cracker or a criminal organization) or an "accidental" negative event (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_(computer) |
Inquantum information theory,quantum mutual information, orvon Neumann mutual information, afterJohn von Neumann, is a measure of correlation between subsystems of quantum state. It is the quantum mechanical analog ofShannonmutual information.
For simplicity, it will be assumed that all objects in the article are fini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mutual_information |
TheIntel 8008("eight-thousand-eight" or "eighty-oh-eight") is an early8-bitmicroprocessor capable of addressing 16 KB of memory, introduced in April 1972. The 8008 architecture was designed byComputer Terminal Corporation(CTC) and was implemented and manufactured byIntel. While the 8008 was originally designed for use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERP/8 |
Numeralornumber prefixesareprefixesderived fromnumeralsor occasionally othernumbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:
In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken fromLatinandGreek, each with several subsystems; in addition,Sanskrito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_prefix |
TheInternational Network for Social Network Analysis(INSNA) is a professionalacademic associationof researchers and practitioners ofsocial network analysis.[1][2]
INSNA was founded in 1977 byBarry Wellman, asociologist. A key function of the organization was to provide a sense of identity for a set of researchers who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis |
Inmathematical optimization,Dantzig'ssimplex algorithm(orsimplex method) is a popularalgorithmforlinear programming.[1]
The name of the algorithm is derived from the concept of asimplexand was suggested byT. S. Motzkin.[2]Simplices are not actually used in the method, but one interpretation of it is that it operates o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm |
Hardware-based full disk encryption(FDE) is available from manyhard disk drive(HDD/SSD) vendors, including:Hitachi, Integral Memory, iStorage Limited,Micron,Seagate Technology,Samsung,Toshiba,Viasat UK, andWestern Digital. Thesymmetric encryption keyis maintained independently from the computer'sCPU, thus allowing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption_hardware |
Inphysics, agauge theoryis a type offield theoryin which theLagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change underlocal transformationsaccording to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, the Lagrangian isinvariantunder these transformations.
The term "gauge" refers to any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory |
OpenAthensis anidentity and access managementservice, supplied byJisc, a Britishnot-for-profitinformation technology services company.Identity provider(IdP) organisations can keepusernamesin the cloud, locally or both. Integration withADFS,LDAPorSAMLis supported.[1]
OpenAthens for Publishers[2]software forservice prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAthens |
In mathematics, thelogarithmic normis a real-valuedfunctionalonoperators, and is derived from either aninner product, a vector norm, or its inducedoperator norm. The logarithmic norm was independently introduced byGermund Dahlquist[1]and Sergei Lozinskiĭ in 1958, for squarematrices. It has since been extended to nonlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_norm |
Flash fictionis a brief fictional narrative[1]that still offers character and plot development. Identified varieties, many of them defined byword count, include thesix-word story;[2]the 280-character story (also known as "twitterature");[3]the "dribble" (also known as the "minisaga", 50 words);[2]the "drabble" (also kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_fiction |
Inquantum computing,Grover's algorithm, also known as thequantum search algorithm, is aquantum algorithmfor unstructured search that findswith high probabilitythe unique input to ablack boxfunction that produces a particular output value, using justO(N){\displaystyle O({\sqrt {N}})}evaluations of the function, whereN{\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm |
Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES)is a particular kind of strategy fornumerical optimization.Evolution strategies(ES) arestochastic,derivative-free methodsfornumerical optimizationof non-linearor non-convexcontinuous optimizationproblems. They belong to the class ofevolutionary algorithmsandevolut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMA-ES |
Theapproximation errorin a given data value represents the significant discrepancy that arises when an exact, true value is compared against someapproximationderived for it. This inherent error in approximation can be quantified and expressed in two principal ways: as anabsolute error, which denotes the direct numerica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage_error |
reCAPTCHAInc.[1]is aCAPTCHAsystem owned byGoogle. It enables web hosts to distinguish between human and automated access to websites. The original version asked users to decipher hard-to-read text or match images. Version 2 also asked users to decipher text or match images if the analysis of cookies and canvas renderin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCAPTCHA |
TheInformation Age[a]is ahistorical periodthat began in the mid-20th century. It is characterized by a rapid shift from traditional industries, as established during theIndustrial Revolution, to an economy centered oninformation technology.[2]The onset of the Information Age has been linked to the development of thetra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age |
Athought disorder(TD) is a disturbance incognitionwhich affectslanguage, thought andcommunication.[1][2]Psychiatric and psychological glossaries in 2015 and 2017 identified thought disorders as encompassingpoverty of ideas,paralogia(a reasoning disorder characterized by expression of illogical or delusional thoughts),w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_thought_disorder |
Incomputational complexity theory, aninteractive proof systemis anabstract machinethat modelscomputationas the exchange of messages between two parties: aproverand averifier. The parties interact by exchanging messages in order to ascertain whether a givenstringbelongs to alanguageor not. The prover is assumed to posse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_proof_system |
Harmonic grammaris a linguistic model proposed byGeraldine Legendre,Yoshiro Miyata, andPaul Smolenskyin 1990. It is aconnectionistapproach to modeling linguisticwell-formedness. During the late 2000s and early 2010s, the term 'harmonic grammar' has been used to refer more generally to models of language that use weight... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_grammar |
Windows 10is a major release of theWindows NToperating systemdeveloped byMicrosoft. Microsoft described Windows 10 as an "operating system as a service" that would receive ongoing updates to its features and functionality, augmented with the ability for enterprise environments to receive non-critical updates at a slowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10_version_history |
Text mining,text data mining(TDM) ortext analyticsis the process of deriving high-qualityinformationfromtext. It involves "the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources."[1]Written resources may includewebsites,books,emails,rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining |
Morisita's overlap index, named afterMasaaki Morisita, is astatistical measure of dispersionof individuals in a population. It is used to compare overlap amongsamples(Morisita 1959). This formula is based on the assumption that increasing the size of the samples will increase the diversity because it will include dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisita%27s_overlap_index |
Inlinguistics, aform-meaning mismatchis a natural mismatch between thegrammatical formand its expectedmeaning. Such form-meaning mismatches happen everywhere in language.[1]Nevertheless, there is often an expectation of a one-to-one relationship between meaning and form, and indeed, manytraditionaldefinitions are based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
This list compiles notable works that explore the history and development of number systems across various civilizations and time periods. These works cover topics ranging from ancient numeral systems and arithmetic methods to the evolution of mathematical notations and the impact of numerals on science, trade, and cul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_on_history_of_number_systems |
Signed zeroiszerowith an associatedsign. In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are equivalent. However, incomputing, some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by−0(negative zero) and+0(positive zero), regarded as equal by the numerical comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero |
Thescientific methodis anempiricalmethod for acquiringknowledgethat has been referred to while doingsciencesince at least the 17th century. Historically, it was developed through the centuries from the ancient and medieval world. The scientific method involves carefulobservationcoupled with rigorousskepticism, becausec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method |
Various governments require acertificationofvoting machines.
In theUnited Statesthere is only a voluntary federal certification forvoting machinesand each state has ultimate jurisdiction over certification, though most states currently require national certification for the voting systems.[1]
In Germany thePhysikalis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Social construction of technology(SCOT) is a theory within the field ofscience and technology studies. Advocates of SCOT—that is,social constructivists—argue that technology does not dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology |
Inmathematics,Poinsot's spiralsare twospiralsrepresented by thepolar equations
where csch is thehyperbolic cosecant, and sech is thehyperbolic secant.[1]They are named after the French mathematicianLouis Poinsot.
Thisgeometry-relatedarticle is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsot%27s_spirals |
Inmathematics, afunction spaceis asetoffunctionsbetween two fixed sets. Often, thedomainand/orcodomainwill have additionalstructurewhich is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of functions from any setXinto avector spacehas anaturalvector space structure given bypointwiseaddition and scalar multiplica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_space |
Ingeometry, theparallel postulateis the fifth postulate inEuclid'sElementsand a distinctiveaxiominEuclidean geometry. It states that, in two-dimensional geometry:
If aline segmentintersects two straightlinesforming two interior angles on the same side that are less than tworight angles, then the two lines, if extended... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_postulate |
Aneponymis a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name. The word is back-formed from "eponymous", from the Greek "eponymos" meaning "giving name".
Here is alist of eponyms: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponyms |
Incryptography, aFeistel cipher(also known asLuby–Rackoff block cipher) is asymmetric structureused in the construction ofblock ciphers, named after theGerman-bornphysicistand cryptographerHorst Feistel, who did pioneering research while working forIBM; it is also commonly known as aFeistel network. A large number ofbl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistel_scheme |
In themathematicalfield ofrepresentation theory,group representationsdescribe abstractgroupsin terms ofbijectivelinear transformationsof avector spaceto itself (i.e. vector spaceautomorphisms); in particular, they can be used to represent group elements asinvertible matricesso that the group operation can be represente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_(group_theory) |
Incryptography, apre-shared key(PSK) is ashared secretwhich was previously shared between the two parties using somesecure channelbefore it needs to be used.[1]
To build a key from shared secret, thekey derivation functionis typically used. Such systems almost always usesymmetric keycryptographic algorithms. The term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_key |
Inmathematics, asetBof elements of avector spaceVis called abasis(pl.:bases) if every element ofVcan be written in a unique way as a finitelinear combinationof elements ofB. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to ascomponentsorcoordinatesof the vector with respect toB. The elements of a basis are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_vector |
Amode of transportis a method or way of travelling, or of transporting people or cargo.[1]The different modes of transport includeair,water, andland transport, which includesrails or railways,roadandoff-road transport. Other modes of transport also exist, includingpipelines,cable transport, andspace transport.Human-pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport |
Soft independent modelling by class analogy(SIMCA) is astatisticalmethod forsupervised classificationof data. The method requires atraining data setconsisting of samples (or objects) with a set of attributes and their class membership. The term soft refers to the fact the classifier can identify samples as belonging to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_independent_modelling_of_class_analogies |
Structured data analysisis thestatistical data analysisof structured data. This can arise either in the form of ana prioristructure such as multiple-choice questionnaires or in situations with the need to search forstructurethat fits the given data, either exactly or approximately. This structure can then be used for m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_data_analysis_(statistics) |
Adatabase indexis adata structurethat improves the speed of data retrieval operations on adatabase tableat the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in a database table every time said table is access... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_index |
Concept miningis an activity that results in the extraction ofconceptsfromartifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects ofartificial intelligenceandstatistics, such asdata miningandtext mining.[1][2]Because artifacts are typically a loosely structured sequence of words and other symbols (rather than concep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_mining |
Atelecommandortelecontrolis acommandsent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived fromtele= remote (Greek), andcommand= to entrust/order (Latin). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommand |
Ineconometrics, thetruncated normal hurdle modelis a variant of theTobit modeland was first proposed by Cragg in 1971.[1]
In a standard Tobit model, represented asy=(xβ+u)1[xβ+u>0]{\displaystyle y=(x\beta +u)1[x\beta +u>0]}, whereu|x∼N(0,σ2){\displaystyle u|x\sim N(0,\sigma ^{2})}This model construction implicitly imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_normal_hurdle_model |
Incomputing, adata warehouse(DWorDWH), also known as anenterprise data warehouse(EDW), is a system used forreportinganddata analysisand is a core component ofbusiness intelligence.[1]Data warehouses are centralrepositoriesof data integrated from disparate sources. They store current and historical data organized in a w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse |
Incomputational complexity theory, theImmerman–Szelepcsényi theoremstates thatnondeterministic spacecomplexity classesare closed under complementation. It was proven independently byNeil ImmermanandRóbert Szelepcsényiin 1987, for which they shared the 1995Gödel Prize. In its general form the theorem states thatNSPACE(s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immerman%E2%80%93Szelepcs%C3%A9nyi_theorem |
TheIrish logarithmwas a system of number manipulation invented byPercy Ludgatefor machine multiplication. The system used a combination of mechanical cams aslookup tablesand mechanical addition to sum pseudo-logarithmic indices to produce partial products, which were then added to produce results.[1]
The technique is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_logarithm |
Inmathematics, there existmagmasthat arecommutativebut notassociative. A simple example of such a magma may be derived from the children's game ofrock, paper, scissors. Such magmas give rise tonon-associative algebras.
A magma which is both commutative and associative is a commutativesemigroup.
In the game ofrock pap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_non-associative_magmas |
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