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Software analyticsis theanalyticsspecific to the domain ofsoftware systemstaking into accountsource code, static and dynamic characteristics (e.g.,software metrics) as well as related processes of theirdevelopmentandevolution. It aims at describing, monitoring, predicting, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_intelligence |
TheInstructographwas apaper tape-based machine used for the study ofMorse code.
The paper tape mechanism consisted of two reels which passed a paper tape across a reading device that actuated a set of contacts which changed state dependent on the presence or absence of hole punches in the tape. The contacts could oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructograph |
Incryptography, acertificate authorityorcertification authority(CA) is an entity that stores, signs, and issuesdigital certificates. A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority |
Crowdsourcinginvolves a large group of dispersed participants contributing or producinggoods or services—including ideas,votes,micro-tasks, and finances—for payment or as volunteers. Contemporary crowdsourcing often involvesdigital platformsto attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_sourcing |
IEEE 802.11ahis awireless networkingprotocol published in 2017[1]calledWi-Fi HaLow[2][3][4](/ˈheɪˌloʊ/) as an amendment of theIEEE 802.11-2007wireless networking standard. It uses900 MHzlicense-exempt bandsto provide extended-rangeWi-Finetworks, compared to conventional Wi-Fi networks operating in the2.4 GHz,5 GHzand6 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah |
OTA Bitmap(Over The Air Bitmap) was a specification designed byNokiafor black and white images for mobile phones.
The OTA Bitmap was defined by Nokia as part of theirSmart Messagingspecification, to send pictures as a series of one or moreconcatenatedSMStext messages. The format has a maximum size of 255x255 pixels. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTA_bitmap |
Pseudo-collision attack against up to 46 rounds of SHA-256.[2]
SHA-2(Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set ofcryptographic hash functionsdesigned by the United StatesNational Security Agency(NSA) and first published in 2001.[3][4]They are built using theMerkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2 |
Taxicab geometryorManhattan geometryisgeometrywhere the familiarEuclidean distanceis ignored, and thedistancebetween twopointsis instead defined to be the sum of theabsolute differencesof their respectiveCartesian coordinates, a distance function (ormetric) called thetaxicab distance,Manhattan distance, orcity block di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab_geometry |
Asmear campaign, also referred to as asmear tacticor simply asmear, is an effort to damage or call into question someone'sreputation, by propounding negativepropaganda.[1]It makes use ofdiscrediting tactics. It can be applied to individuals or groups. Common targets are public officials,politicians,heads of state,polit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign |
Mādhava of Sangamagrāma(Mādhavan)[4](c.1340– c.1425) was an Indianmathematicianandastronomerwho is considered to be the founder of theKerala school of astronomy and mathematicsin theLate Middle Ages. Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study ofinfinite series,calculus,trigonometry,geometryandalgebra. He was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama |
Atensor product network, inartificial neural networks, is a network that exploits the properties oftensorsto modelassociativeconcepts such asvariableassignment.Orthonormal vectorsare chosen to model the ideas (such as variable names and target assignments), and the tensor product of thesevectorsconstruct a network whos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_network |
Incomputer scienceandinformation theory,data differencingordifferential compressionis producing a technical description of the difference between two sets of data – a source and a target. Formally, a data differencing algorithm takes as input source data and target data, and produces difference data such that given the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_differencing |
William H. Inmon(born 1945) is an Americancomputer scientist, recognized by many as the father of thedata warehouse.[1][2]Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (withArnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Inmon |
SystemVerilog,standardizedasIEEE 1800by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE), is ahardware descriptionandhardware verification languagecommonly used to model,design,simulate,testandimplementelectronic systems in thesemiconductorandelectronicdesign industry. SystemVerilog is an extension ofVerilog.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemVerilog#Constrained_random_generation |
Combinatory logicis a notation to eliminate the need forquantifiedvariables inmathematical logic. It was introduced byMoses Schönfinkel[1]andHaskell Curry,[2]and has more recently been used incomputer scienceas a theoreticalmodel of computationand also as a basis for the design offunctional programming languages. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatory_logic |
Finitismis aphilosophy of mathematicsthat accepts the existence only offinitemathematical objects. It is best understood in comparison to the mainstream philosophy of mathematics where infinite mathematical objects (e.g.,infinite sets) are accepted as existing.
The main idea of finitistic mathematics is not accepting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitism |
Aperipheral DMA controller(PDC) is a feature found in modernmicrocontrollers. This is typically aFIFOwith automated control features for driving implicitly included modules in a microcontroller such asUARTs.
This takes a large burden from theoperating systemand reduces the number ofinterruptsrequired to service and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_DMA_controller |
ThePackrat parseris a type ofparserthat shares similarities with therecursive descent parserin its construction. However, it differs because it takesparsing expression grammars (PEGs)as input rather thanLL grammars.[1]
In 1970, Alexander Birman laid the groundwork for packrat parsing by introducing the "TMG recognitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packrat_parser |
ABRMSorbusiness rule management systemis asoftwaresystem used to define, deploy, execute, monitor and maintain the variety and complexity of decision logic that is used by operational systems within an organization or enterprise. This logic, also referred to asbusiness rules, includes policies, requirements, and condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rule_management_system |
Advanced Vector Extensions(AVX, also known asGesher New Instructionsand thenSandy Bridge New Instructions) areSIMDextensions to thex86instruction set architectureformicroprocessorsfromIntelandAdvanced Micro Devices(AMD). They were proposed by Intel in March 2008 and first supported by Intel with theSandy Bridge[1]micr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions_2 |
J.D. Edwards World Solution CompanyorJD Edwards, abbreviatedJDE, was anenterprise resource planning(ERP)softwarecompany, whose namesake ERP system is still sold under ownership byOracle Corporation. JDE's products includedWorldforIBMAS/400minicomputers(the users using acomputer terminalorterminal emulator),OneWorldfor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Edwards |
Thenearest referentis a grammatical term sometimes used when two or more possible referents of a pronoun, or other part of speech, cause ambiguity in a text. However "nearness", proximity, may not be the most meaningful criterion for a decision, particularly whereword order,inflectionand other aspects ofsyntaxare more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_referent |
TheViterbi algorithmis adynamic programmingalgorithmfor obtaining themaximum a posteriori probability estimateof the mostlikelysequence of hidden states—called theViterbi path—that results in a sequence of observed events. This is done especially in the context ofMarkov information sourcesandhidden Markov models(HMM).
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbi_algorithm |
Indiscrete geometry, anopaque setis a system of curves or other set in theplanethat blocks alllines of sightacross apolygon, circle, or other shape. Opaque sets have also been calledbarriers,beam detectors,opaque covers, or (in cases where they have the form of aforestofline segmentsor other curves)opaque forests. Opaq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_forest_problem |
This is aglossary of commutative algebra.
See alsolist of algebraic geometry topics,glossary of classical algebraic geometry,glossary of algebraic geometry,glossary of ring theoryandglossary of module theory.
In this article, all rings are assumed to becommutativewith identity 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_commutative_algebra |
Linguistic anthropologyis theinterdisciplinarystudy of how language influences social life. It is a branch ofanthropologythat originated from the endeavor to documentendangered languagesand has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects oflanguage structureand use.[1]
Linguistic anthropology explores how la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology |
Backportingis the action of taking parts from a newerversionof asoftware systemorsoftware componentandportingthem to an older version of the same software. It forms part of themaintenancestep in asoftware development process, and it is commonly used for fixingsecurity issuesin older versions of the software and also fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backporting |
Acontactless smart cardis a contactless credential whose dimensions arecredit cardsize. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal viaNFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports.
There are two broad categories of contactless smart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_smart_card |
Consumer protectionis the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in themarketplace.Consumerprotection measures are often established by law. Such laws are intended to prevent businesses from engaging infraudor specifiedunfair practicesto gain an advantage over co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection |
Algorithmic artoralgorithm artis art, mostlyvisual art, in which the design is generated by analgorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists. Algorithmic art is created in the form of digital paintings andsculptures,interactive installationsandmusic compositions.[2]
Algorithmic art is not a newconcept.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_art |
Spectral musicuses theacousticproperties of sound – orsound spectra– as a basis forcomposition.[1]
Defined in technical language, spectral music is an acoustic musical practice wherecompositionaldecisions are often informed bysonographicrepresentations andmathematicalanalysis of sound spectra, or by mathematically gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_music |
Agraph reduction machineis a special-purposecomputerbuilt to performcombinatorcalculations bygraph reduction.
Examples include the SKIM ("S-K-I machine") computer, built at theUniversity of Cambridge Computer Laboratory,[1]the multiprocessor GRIP ("Graph Reduction In Parallel") computer, built atUniversity College Lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_reduction_machine |
Inmathematics, specifically ingroup theory, anelementary abelian groupis anabelian groupin which all elements other than the identity have the sameorder. This common order must be aprime number, and the elementary abelian groups in which the common order ispare a particular kind ofp-group.[1][2]A group for whichp= 2 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group |
Computer numerical control(CNC) is theautomated controlofmachine toolsby a computer. It is an evolution ofnumerical control(NC), where machine tools are directly managed bydata storage mediasuch aspunched cardsorpunched tape. Because CNC allows for easier programming, modification, and real-time adjustments, it has gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control |
Incryptographyandcomputer security, alength extension attackis a type ofattackwhere an attacker can useHash(message1) and the length ofmessage1to calculateHash(message1‖message2) for an attacker-controlledmessage2, without needing to know the content ofmessage1. This is problematic when thehashis used as amessage auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_extension_attack |
Inlinguistics, agrammatical categoryorgrammatical featureis a property of items within thegrammarof alanguage. Within each category there are two or more possible values (sometimes calledgrammemes), which are normally mutually exclusive. Frequently encountered grammatical categories include:
Although the use of terms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_category |
Lisp Flavored Erlang(LFE) is afunctional,concurrent,garbage collected, general-purposeprogramming languageandLispdialectbuilt on CoreErlangand the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). LFE builds on Erlang to provide a Lisp syntax for writing distributed,fault-tolerant, softreal-time, non-stop applications. LFE also extends E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE_(programming_language) |
Sudoku(/suːˈdoʊkuː,-ˈdɒk-,sə-/;Japanese:数独,romanized:sūdoku,lit.'digit-single'; originally calledNumber Place)[1]is alogic-based,[2][3]combinatorial[4]number-placementpuzzle. In classic Sudoku, the objective is to fill a 9 × 9 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3 × 3 subgrids that comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku |
InIslam,taqiyya(Arabic:تقیة,romanized:taqiyyah,lit.'prudence')[1][2]is the practice of dissimulation and secrecy of religious belief and practice, primarily inShia Islam.[1][3][4][5][6]
Generally,taqiyyais regarded as the act of maintaining secrecy or mystifying one's beliefs when one's life or property is threatened.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya |
In computer science, atrie(/ˈtraɪ/,/ˈtriː/ⓘ), also known as adigital treeorprefix tree,[1]is a specializedsearch treedata structure used to store and retrieve strings from a dictionary or set. Unlike abinary search tree, nodes in a trie do not store their associated key. Instead, each node'spositionwithin the trie dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_tree |
VOMSis an acronym used forVirtual Organization Membership Serviceingrid computing. It is structured as a simple account database with fixed formats for the information exchange and features single login, expiration time, backward compatibility, and multiple virtual organizations.
The database is manipulated by authori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voms |
Thetable of chords, created by theGreekastronomer, geometer, and geographerPtolemyinEgyptduring the 2nd century AD, is atrigonometric tablein Book I, chapter 11 of Ptolemy'sAlmagest,[1]a treatise onmathematical astronomy. It is essentially equivalent to a table of values of thesinefunction. It was the earliest trigon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords |
Instatistics, themean signed difference(MSD),[1]also known asmean signed deviation,mean signed error, ormean bias error[2]is a samplestatisticthat summarizes how well a set of estimatesθ^i{\displaystyle {\hat {\theta }}_{i}}match the quantitiesθi{\displaystyle \theta _{i}}that they are supposed to estimate. It is one o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_signed_deviation |
Inmathematics,extrapolationis a type ofestimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar tointerpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greateruncertaintyand a higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation |
Ineconomics,vendor lock-in, also known asproprietary lock-inorcustomer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on avendorforproducts, unable to use another vendor without substantialswitching costs.
The use ofopen standardsand alternative options makes systems tolerant of change, so that decisions can be postponed until m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in |
Information privacyis the relationship between the collection and dissemination ofdata,technology, the publicexpectation of privacy,contextual information norms, and thelegalandpoliticalissues surrounding them.[1]It is also known asdata privacy[2]ordata protection.
Various types ofpersonal informationoften come under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_privacy |
Incomputer architecture, atrace cacheorexecution trace cacheis a specializedinstruction cachewhich stores the dynamic stream ofinstructionsknown astrace. It helps in increasing the instruction fetchbandwidthand decreasing power consumption (in the case ofIntelPentium 4) by storing traces of instructions that have alrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_cache |
Infunctional analysis, theHahn–Banach theoremis a central result that allows the extension ofbounded linear functionalsdefined on avector subspaceof somevector spaceto the whole space. The theorem also shows that there are sufficientcontinuouslinear functionals defined on everynormed vector spacein order to study the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn-Banach_theorem |
Ameanis a quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers.[1]There are several kinds ofmeans(or "measures ofcentral tendency") inmathematics, especially instatistics. Each attempts to summarize or typify a given group ofdata, illustrating the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean |
Acomputer algebra system(CAS) orsymbolic algebra system(SAS) is anymathematical softwarewith the ability to manipulatemathematical expressionsin a way similar to the traditional manual computations ofmathematiciansandscientists. The development of the computer algebra systems in the second half of the 20th century is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_algebra_system |
Inmathematical optimizationanddecision theory, aloss functionorcost function(sometimes also called an error function)[1]is a function that maps aneventor values of one or more variables onto areal numberintuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. Anoptimization problemseeks to minimize a loss functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function#L1_loss |
Anexistential clauseis aclausethat refers to the existence or presence of something, such as "There is a God" and "There are boys in the yard". The use of such clauses can be considered analogous toexistential quantificationin predicate logic, which is often expressed with the phrase "There exist(s)...".
Different lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_clause |
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface(UEFI,/ˈjuːɪfaɪ/or as an acronym)[c]is aspecificationfor the firmwarearchitectureof acomputing platform. When a computeris powered on, the UEFI-implementation is typically the first that runs, before starting theoperating system. Examples includeAMI Aptio,Phoenix SecureCore,TianoCor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI |
Quantum neural networksarecomputational neural networkmodels which are based on the principles ofquantum mechanics. The first ideas on quantum neural computation were published independently in 1995 bySubhash Kakand Ron Chrisley,[1][2]engaging with the theory ofquantum mind, which posits that quantum effects play a rol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_neural_network |
Theweighted arithmetic meanis similar to an ordinaryarithmetic mean(the most common type ofaverage), except that instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean plays a role indescriptive statisticsand also occurs in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean |
Aspoken dialog system(SDS) is a computer system able to converse with a human with voice. It has two essential components that do not exist in a written textdialog system: aspeech recognizerand atext-to-speechmodule (written text dialog systems usually use other input systems provided by an OS). It can be further disti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_dialogue_systems |
Simply stated,post-modern portfolio theory(PMPT) is an extension of the traditionalmodern portfolio theory(MPT) of Markowitz and Sharpe. Both theories provide analytical methods for rational investors to use diversification to optimize their investment portfolios. The essential difference between PMPT and MPT is that P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern_portfolio_theory |
Language and Communication Technologies(LCT; also known ashuman language technologiesorlanguage technologyfor short) is the scientific study of technologies that explore language and communication. It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the fields ofcomputer science,linguisticsandcognitive science.
One of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_and_Communication_Technologies |
Amononymis a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is amononymous person.
A mononym may be the person's only name, given to them at birth. This was routine in most ancient societies, and remains common in modern societies such as inAfghanistan,[1]Bhutan, some parts ofInd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononymous_persons |
Inmathematics,integer factorizationis the decomposition of apositive integerinto aproductof integers. Every positive integer greater than 1 is either the product of two or more integerfactorsgreater than 1, in which case it is acomposite number, or it is not, in which case it is aprime number. For example,15is a compos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization |
Non-standard positional numeral systemshere designatesnumeral systemsthat may loosely be described aspositional systems, but that do not entirely comply with the following description of standard positional systems:
This article summarizes facts on some non-standard positional numeral systems. In most cases, the polyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems |
Inmathematics, ahalf-exponential functionis afunctional square rootof anexponential function. That is, afunctionf{\displaystyle f}such thatf{\displaystyle f}composedwith itself results in an exponential function:[1][2]f(f(x))=abx,{\displaystyle f{\bigl (}f(x){\bigr )}=ab^{x},}for some constantsa{\displaystyle a}andb{\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-exponential_function |
Photon transport theories inPhysics,Medicine, andStatistics(such as theMonte Carlo method), are commonly used to modellight propagation in tissue. The responses to apencil beamincident on a scattering medium are referred to asGreen's functionsorimpulse responses. Photon transport methods can be directly used to compu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_for_optical_broad-beam_responses_in_scattering_media |
This generationallist of Intel processorsattempts to present all ofIntel'sprocessorsfrom the4-bit4004(1971) to the present high-end offerings. Concise technical data is given for each product.
An iterative refresh of Raptor Lake-S desktop processors, called the 14th generation of Intel Core, was launched on October 17... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors |
Asock puppet,sock puppet account, or simplysockis a false online identity used for deceptive purposes.[1]The term originally referred to ahand puppet made from a sock. Sock puppets include online identities created to praise, defend, or support a person or organization,[2]to manipulate public opinion,[3]or to circumven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account |
Inmathematics, arandom walk, sometimes known as adrunkard's walk, is astochastic processthat describes a path that consists of a succession ofrandomsteps on somemathematical space.
An elementary example of a random walk is the random walk on the integer number lineZ{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }which starts at 0, and at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk |
Anintegrated collaboration environment(ICE) is an environment in which avirtual teamdoes its work. Such environments allow companies to realize a number of competitive advantages by using their existing computers and network infrastructure for group and personal collaboration. These fully featured environments combine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_collaboration_environment |
In mathematics,stochastic geometryis the study of random spatial patterns. At the heart of the subject lies the study of random point patterns. This leads to the theory ofspatial point processes, hence notions of Palm conditioning, which extend to the more abstract setting ofrandom measures.
There are various models f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry |
Aregular expression(shortened asregexorregexp),[1]sometimes referred to asrational expression,[2][3]is a sequence ofcharactersthat specifies amatch patternintext. Usually such patterns are used bystring-searching algorithmsfor "find" or "find and replace" operations onstrings, or forinput validation. Regular expression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#Implementations_and_running_times |
Hexadecimal(also known asbase-16or simplyhex) is apositional numeral systemthat represents numbers using aradix(base) of sixteen. Unlike thedecimalsystem representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base16 |
ModelOps(modeloperationsor model operationalization), as defined byGartner, "is focused primarily on thegovernanceandlifecycle managementof a wide range of operationalizedartificial intelligence(AI) anddecision models, includingmachine learning,knowledge graphs, rules, optimization, linguistic andagent-based models" in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ModelOps |
Note to admins: In case of doubt, remove this template and post a message asking for review atWT:CP.Withthis script, go tothe history with auto-selected revisions.
Note to the requestor: Make sure the page has already been reverted to a non-infringing revision or that infringing text has been removed or replaced befor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis |
Push technology,also known asserver Push,refers to a communication method, where the communication is initiated by aserverrather than a client. This approach is different from the "pull" method where the communication is initiated by a client.[1]
In push technology, clients can express their preferences for certain ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology |
Domain hijackingordomain theftis the act of changing the registration of adomain namewithout the permission of its original registrant, or by abuse of privileges on domain hosting and registrar software systems.[1]
This can be devastating to the original domain name holder, not only financially as they may have derive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hijacking |
Inquantum mechanics, theRenninger negative-result experimentis athought experimentthat illustrates some of the difficulties of understanding the nature ofwave function collapseandmeasurementin quantum mechanics. The statement is that a particle need not be detected in order for a quantum measurement to occur, and that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renninger_negative-result_experiment |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,Campbell's theoremor theCampbell–Hardy theoremis either a particularequationor set of results relating to theexpectationof afunctionsummed over apoint processto anintegralinvolving themean measureof the point process, which allows for the calculation ofexpected valueandvarianceof thera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s_theorem_(probability) |
Incommutative algebraandalgebraic geometry,localizationis a formal way to introduce the "denominators" to a givenringormodule. That is, it introduces a new ring/module out of an existing ring/moduleR, so that it consists offractionsms,{\displaystyle {\frac {m}{s}},}such that thedenominatorsbelongs to a given subsetSofR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring_and_a_module |
Inmathematics, acovering groupof atopological groupHis acovering spaceGofHsuch thatGis a topological group and the covering mapp:G→His acontinuousgroup homomorphism. The mappis called thecovering homomorphism. A frequently occurring case is adouble covering group, atopological double coverin whichHhasindex2 inG; exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_group |
Password-based cryptographyis the study of password-based key encryption, decryption, and authorization. It generally refers two distinct classes of methods:
Some systems attempt to derive a cryptographic key directly from a password. However, such practice is generally ill-advised when there is a threat ofbrute-force... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-based_cryptography |
Instatistics, theBonferroni correctionis a method to counteract themultiple comparisons problem.
The method is named for its use of theBonferroni inequalities.[1]Application of the method toconfidence intervalswas described byOlive Jean Dunn.[2]
Statistical hypothesis testingis based on rejecting thenull hypothesiswh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_correction |
Bernstein v. United Stateswas a series of court cases filed byDaniel J. Bernstein, then a mathematics Ph.D. student at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, challenging U.S. government restrictions on theexport of cryptographic software. In the early 1990s, the U.S. government classified encryption software as a "muni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_v._United_States |
Aprediction(Latinpræ-, "before," anddictum, "something said"[1]) orforecastis a statement about afutureeventor about futuredata. Predictions are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge of forecasters. There is no universal agreement about the exact difference between "prediction" and "estimation"; dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction |
The following is a generalcomparison of OTP applicationsthat are used to generateone-time passwordsfortwo-factor authentication(2FA) systems using thetime-based one-time password(TOTP) or theHMAC-based one-time password(HOTP) algorithms.
by 2Stable[45] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_OTP_applications |
Inmathematics,Nevanlinna's criterionincomplex analysis, proved in 1920 by the Finnish mathematicianRolf Nevanlinna, characterizesholomorphicunivalent functionson theunit diskwhich arestarlike. Nevanlinna used this criterion to prove theBieberbach conjecturefor starlike univalent functions.
A univalent functionhon the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevanlinna%27s_criterion |
Geopositioningis the process of determining or estimating thegeographic positionof an object or a person.[1]Geopositioning yields a set ofgeographic coordinates(such aslatitudeandlongitude) in a givenmap datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance inlinear referencingor as a bearing and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopositioning |
Afield-programmable gate array(FPGA) is a type of configurableintegrated circuitthat can be repeatedly programmed after manufacturing. FPGAs are a subset of logic devices referred to asprogrammable logic devices(PLDs). They consist of an array ofprogrammablelogic blockswith a connecting grid, that can be configured "in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array |
TheSecure Hash Algorithmsare a family ofcryptographic hash functionspublished by theNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) as aU.S.Federal Information Processing Standard(FIPS), including:
The corresponding standards areFIPSPUB 180 (original SHA), FIPS PUB 180-1 (SHA-1), FIPS PUB 180-2 (SHA-1, SHA-256, S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms |
This is a comparison of standards of wireless networking technologies for devices such asmobile phones. A newgenerationof cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since1Gsystems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s.
Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM, around 80–85% market s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards |
Thomas J. Fararo(February 11, 1933 - August 20, 2020) was Distinguished ServiceProfessor Emeritusat theUniversity of Pittsburgh. After earning aPh.D.insociologyatSyracuse Universityin 1963, he received a three-year postdoctoralfellowshipfor studies inpureandapplied mathematicsatStanford University(1964–1967). In 1967, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fararo |
In thefield of statistics,biasis a systematic tendency in which the methods used to gatherdataandestimateasample statisticpresent an inaccurate, skewed or distorted (biased) depiction of reality. Statistical bias exists in numerous stages of the data collection and analysis process, including: the source of the data, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics) |
Language model benchmarksare standardized tests designed to evaluate the performance oflanguage modelson variousnatural language processingtasks. These tests are intended for comparing different models' capabilities in areas such aslanguage understanding,generation, andreasoning.
Benchmarks generally consist of adatas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model_benchmark |
SHA-3(Secure Hash Algorithm 3) is the latest[4]member of theSecure Hash Algorithmfamily of standards, released byNISTon August 5, 2015.[5][6][7]Although part of the same series of standards, SHA-3 is internally different from theMD5-likestructureofSHA-1andSHA-2.
SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3 |
Algorithmic radicalizationis the concept thatrecommender algorithmson popular social media sites such asYouTubeandFacebookdrive users toward progressively more extreme content over time, leading to them developingradicalizedextremist political views. Algorithms record user interactions, from likes/dislikes to amount of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization |
Inidempotent analysis, thetropical semiringis asemiringofextended real numberswith the operations ofminimum(ormaximum) and addition replacing the usual ("classical") operations of addition and multiplication, respectively.
The tropical semiring has various applications (seetropical analysis), and forms the basis oftro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_arithmetic |
Inmathematics, apointxis called anisolated pointof a subsetS(in atopological spaceX) ifxis an element ofSand there exists aneighborhoodofxthat does not contain any other points ofS. This is equivalent to saying that thesingleton{x}is anopen setin the topological spaceS(considered as asubspaceofX). Another equivalent fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_point |
Instatistics, theprecision matrixorconcentration matrixis thematrix inverseof thecovariance matrixor dispersion matrix,P=Σ−1{\displaystyle P=\Sigma ^{-1}}.[1][2][3]Forunivariate distributions, the precision matrix degenerates into ascalarprecision, defined as thereciprocalof thevariance,p=1σ2{\displaystyle p={\frac {1}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_(statistics) |
Radio-frequency identification(RFID) useselectromagnetic fieldsto automaticallyidentifyandtracktags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radiotranspondercalled a tag, aradio receiver, and atransmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID |
Inlinguistics, theempty category principle(ECP) was proposed inNoam Chomsky's syntactic framework ofgovernment and binding theory. The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types ofempty categories, namelytraces, to be properlygoverned.
ECP is a principle oftransformational gramm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Category_Principle |
Probabilistic Signature Scheme(PSS) is acryptographicsignature schemedesigned byMihir BellareandPhillip Rogaway.[1]
RSA-PSS is an adaptation of their work and is standardized as part ofPKCS#1 v2.1. In general, RSA-PSS should be used as a replacement for RSA-PKCS#1 v1.5.
PSS was specifically developed to allow modern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_signature_scheme |
Aknight's touris a sequence of moves of aknighton achessboardsuch that the knight visits every square exactly once. If the knight ends on a square that is one knight's move from the beginning square (so that it could tour the board again immediately, following the same path), the tour is "closed", or "re-entrant"; othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_tour |
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