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- Learning Objectives
- 1. Define or describe the following:
- a. metabolism
- b. catabolic reaction
- c. anabolic reaction
- d. enzyme
- e. substrate
- f. apoenzyme
- g. haloenzyme
- h. cofactor (coenzyme)
- 2. State how enzymes are able to speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
- 3. Briefly describe a generalized e... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.2: Enzymes](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/19%3A_Re... |
Enzyme activity is affected by a number of factors including:
- **The concentration of enzyme**: Assuming a sufficient concentration of substrate is available, increasing enzyme concentration will increase the enzyme reaction rate.
- **The concentration of substrate**: At a constant enzyme concentration and at lower ... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "Enzyme Activity",
"token_count": 974,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Full.pdf"
} |
#### Learning Objectives
- 1. State the three basic parts of a deoxyribonucleotide.
- 2. State which nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines.
- 3. Define complementary base pairing.
- 4. State why DNA can only be synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction.
- 5. Compare the prokaryotic nucleoid with the eukar... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.3: Deoxyribonucleic Acid \\(DNA\\)](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Micro... |
The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is surrounded by a nuclear membrane (Figure ) and contains linear chromosomes composed of negatively charged DNA associated with positively charged basic proteins called histones to form structures known as nucleosomes. The nucleosomes are part of what is called chromatin, the DNA and ... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.3: Deoxyribonucleic Acid \\(DNA\\)](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Micro... |
#### Learning Objectives
- 1. Briefly describe the process of DNA replication.
- 2. State why DNA can only be synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction.
- 3. State the function of the following enzymes in bacterial DNA replication:
- a. DNA polymeraseIII
- b. DNA polymerase II
- c. DNA helicase
- d. primase
- e. DNA ligase... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.4: DNA Replication in Prokaryotic Cells](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_... |
Therefore, to start the synthesis of the leading strand and each DNA fragment of the lagging strand, an RNA polymerase complex called a primosome or primase (not shown here) is required. The primase, which is capable of joining RNA nucleotides without requiring a preexisting strand of nucleic acid, first adds several c... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.4: DNA Replication in Prokaryotic Cells](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_... |
#### Learning Objectives
- 1. Briefly describe the process of DNA replication.
- 2. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication in terms of origins of replication.
- 3. Define telomeres and state whether they are found in prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA.
- 4. Name the stages of mitosis and state what happens dur... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.5: DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit... |
#### Learning Objectives
- 1. State the 3 basic parts of a ribonucleotide.
- 2. State 3 ways RNA differs from DNA.
- 3. State the function of each of the following:
- a. tRNA
- b. mRNA
- c. rRNA
RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of building blocks called ribonucleotides. A ribonucleotide is composed of thr... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.6: Ribonucleic Acid \\(RNA\\)](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_... |
DNA is divided into functional units called genes. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a functional product (mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA). Since the vast majority of genes are transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is subsequently translated into polypeptides or proteins, most genes code for protein synthesis. The term polypepti... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7: Polypeptide and Protein Synthesis](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Mic... |
| <br>Learning Objectives |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1. Define the following: |
| a. gene |
|... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7A: Transcription](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/1... |
16<br>Table | .8.1: The Genetic Code - Codons | |
|--------------------|---------------------------------|--|
| | | |
| | U | C | A | G | |
|---|-----------|-----------|------------|------------|---|
| U | UUU = Phe | UCU = Ser... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7A: Transcription](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/1... |
One codon, AUG, also serves as a start codon to initiate translation, and three codons, UAG, UAA, and UGA, function as stop or nonsense codons to terminate translation. (Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and are found occasionally in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.) 19.7A. 8
In addit... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7A: Transcription](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/1... |
- Define translation. Briefly describethe function of the following in terms of translation:
- a. 30S ribosomal subunit
- b. ribosome binding site
- c. start codon
- d. initiation complex
- e. 50S ribosomal subunit
- f. tRNA
- g. aminoacyl-tRNA
- h. anticodon
- i. P-site of ribosome
- j. A-site of ribosome
- k. E-site ... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7B: Translation](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/19%... |
A 50S ribosomal subunit then attaches to the initiation complex and the initiation factors leave. This forms the 70S ribosome.
- 9. The A or acceptor or aminoacyl site of the ribosome is where an aminoacyl-tRNA first attaches.
- 10. The P or peptide site of the ribosome is where a tRNA is temporarily holding the growin... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.7B: Translation](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/19%... |
- Briefly compare the genetic control of enzyme activity in bacteria with control of enzyme activity through
- feedback inhibition. Briefly compare an inducible operon with a repressible operon.
- Briefly compare competitive inhibition with noncompetitive inhibition.
*Figure : An Induci... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.8: Enzyme Regulation](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolis... |
| | normal DNA | | <ul> <li>substitution: T for A</li> </ul> | |
|------|--------------------------------------|----------------------|-------------------------------------------|------|
| | GATCGTACOTATA | DNA<br>transcription | GAT... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.8: Enzyme Regulation](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolis... |
This causes a reading frame shift and all of the codons and all of the amino acids after that mutation are usually wrong; frequently one of the wrong codons turns out to be a stop or
nonsense codon and the protein is terminated at that point.
12. When... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[19.8: Enzyme Regulation](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolis... |
- *Clostridium tetani* is a moderately-sized [Gram-positive](http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/diseases/ctetani/u1fig9b.html), endospore-producing bacillus.
- Motile with a peritrichous arrangement of flagella.
- Produce round, terminal [endospores](http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio1... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "**Organism**",
"token_count": 310,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Full.pdf"
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- Generalized tetanus is most common. Typical presenting symptoms include lockjaw and sardonic smile, arrising as a result of spastic paralysis of the masseter muscles and other facial muscles. Difficulty in swallowing, drooling, irritability, and persistent back spasms are other early symptoms. When the autonomic nerv... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "**Clinical Disease**",
"token_count": 438,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Full.pdf"
} |
- *Haemophilus influenzae* does not cause influenza. Influenza is a viral infection.
- *Haemophilus parainfluenzae* and nonencapsulated *H. influenzae* typically cause sinusitis, otitis media *(def)*, bronchitis *(def)*, and pneumonia *(def)*.
- *H. influenzae* type b is the most common cause of pneumonia, septicemia *... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "**Clinical Disease**",
"token_count": 261,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Full.pdf"
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#### **Organism**
- *[Helicobacter](http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/bacpath/diseases/helicobacter/helicobacter_em.html)* is a [gram-negative](http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/bacpath/diseases/helicobacter/u1fig10b.html) spiral-shaped bacterium with polar flagella.
- Micr... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[Helicobacter pylori](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Bacteria/Helicobacter_pylori)",
"token_count": 598,
... |
Humans are the only natural host.
#### **Source**
Transmitted person-to-person by aerosolized respiratory tract secretions.
#### **Clinical Disease**
- There are between 2000 and 3000 cases of meningococcal meningitis per year in the U.S. A total of 2725 cases were reported to CDC in 1998.
- *N. meningitidis* i... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "**Habitat**",
"token_count": 439,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Full.pdf"
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*Streptococcus pneumoniae*, or the pneumococcus, is a gram-positive lanceolate coccus usually appearing as a diplococcus, but occasionally appearing singularly or in short chains. Pneumococci are frequently found as normal flora of the nasopharynx of healthy carriers. From 10% to 40% of adults carry the bacterium in th... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[Streptococcus pneumoniae](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Bacteria/Streptococcus_pneumoniae)",
"token_count... |
Note gram-positive (purple) cocci in chains (arrows).
#### **Organism**
- *[Streptococcus pyogenes](http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/bacpath/diseases/spyogenes/gpsp.html)*, a group A beta streptococcus, is a Gram-positive coccus typically arranged in chains.
- ... | {
"Header 1": "Cytokines that Regulate Adaptive Immune Responses (Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity)",
"Header 2": "**SECTION OVERVIEW**",
"Header 3": "[Streptococcus pyogenes](https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Bacteria/Streptococcus_pyogenes)",
"token_count": 9... |
- 1. When combining two **combining forms**, you keep the **combining form vowel**.
- 2. When combining a **combining form** with a **suffix** that begins with a consonant, you keep the **combining form vowel**.
| Examples | ... | {
"Header 1": "**Language Rules for Building Medical Terms**",
"token_count": 470,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
- Assess medical language learning to the context of anatomy and physiology
- Investigate the basic architecture and levels of organization of the human body
- Evaluate the anatomical position, regional terms, directional terms, body planes, and body quadrants for anatomical positioning
- Recall body cavities and the f... | {
"Header 1": "*Learning Objectives*",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called **elements**. Familiar examples are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.
- The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an **atom**.
- Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, e... | {
"Header 1": "**The Levels of Organization**",
"token_count": 659,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Anatomists and healthcare providers use terminology for the purpose of precision and to reduce medical errors. For example, is a scar "above the wrist" located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical termin... | {
"Header 1": "**Anatomical Position**",
"token_count": 407,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures (Figure 3.5). For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avoid ... | {
"Header 1": "Directional Terms",
"token_count": 488,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain "virtual sections" of living bodies. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along wh... | {
"Header 1": "**Body Planes**",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The **dorsal (posterior) cavity** and the **ventral (anterior) cavity** are the largest body compartments (Figure 3.6). These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventr... | {
"Header 1": "**Body Cavities and Serous Membranes**",
"token_count": 209,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) cavities are each subdivided into smaller cavities. The posterior (dorsal) cavity has two main subdivisions:
- The **cranial cavity** houses the brain.
- Protected by the bones of the skulls and **cerebrospinal** fluid.
- The **spinal cavity** (or vertebral cavity) enclos... | {
"Header 1": "Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities",
"token_count": 291,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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A **tissue membrane** is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body (for example, skin), the organs (for example, pericardium), internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body (for example, abdominal mesenteries), and the lining of the movable joint cavities. There are two basic types... | {
"Header 1": "**Tissue Membranes**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The **epithelial membrane** is composed of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue.
• For example, your skin.
The **mucous membrane** is also a composite of connective and epithelial tissues.
- Sometimes called mucosae, these epithelial membranes line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open... | {
"Header 1": "Epithelial Membranes",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
A **serous membrane** (also referred to as serosa) is an epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally derived epithelium called the mesothelium that is supported by connective tissue (Figure 3.8). These membranes line the **coelomic** cavities of the body and they cover the organs located within those cavities. They ar... | {
"Header 1": "Membranes of the Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity",
"token_count": 373,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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**Figure 3.1 image description:** This illustration shows biological organization as a pyramid. The chemical level is at the apex of the pyramid where atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures. An example is shown with two white hydrogen atoms bonding to a red oxygen atom to create water. The next ... | {
"Header 1": "**Image Descriptions**",
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The pelvic cavity is funnel-shaped and located inferior and anterior to the abdominal cavity. Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity. [Return to Figure 3.6].
**Fi... | {
"Header 1": "**Image Descriptions**",
"token_count": 562,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major senses as **taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight**. However, these are not all of the senses. The most obvious omission from this list is **balance**. Touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle positi... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction to the Sensory Systems**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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**Gustation** is the special sense associated with the tongue. The surface of the tongue, along with the rest of the oral cavity, is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. Raised bumps called papillae contain the structures for gustatory transduction. There are **four types of papillae**, based on their appearance:... | {
"Header 1": "Gustation (Taste)",
"token_count": 284,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Hearing, or **audition**, is the **transduction** of sound waves into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the ear (see Figure 4.1).
*Figure 4.1 Structures of the Ear. The external ear contains the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains t... | {
"Header 1": "Audition (Hearing)",
"token_count": 1131,
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Along with audition, the **inner ear** is responsible for **encoding** information about **equilibrium**. The cells that sense head position, head movement, and body motion are located within the vestibule of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by otolith organs, whereas head movement is sensed by the semicircular c... | {
"Header 1": "Equilibrium (Balance)",
"token_count": 260,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of **sensory modalities** that are associated with touch, **proprioception**, and **interoception**. These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperatur... | {
"Header 1": "**Somatosensation (Touch)**",
"token_count": 412,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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**Vision** is the special sense of sight that is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes. The eyes are located within either orbit in the skull. The bony orbits surround the eyeballs, protecting them and anchoring the soft tissues of the eye (see Figure 4.4). ... | {
"Header 1": "Watch this video:",
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- The anterior cavity is the space between the cornea and lens, including the iris and ciliary body. It is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor.
- The **posterior cavity**
- The posterior cavity is the space behind the lens that extends to the posterior side of the interior eyeball, where the retina is l... | {
"Header 1": "• The **anterior cavity**",
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Blunt force trauma to the face, such as that common in many car accidents, can lead to the loss of the olfactory nerve, and subsequently, loss of the sense of smell. This condition is known as **anosmia**. When the frontal lobe of the brain moves relative to the ethmoid bone, the olfactory tract axons may be sheared ap... | {
"Header 1": "*Anosmia*",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The **epidermis** is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. It is **avascular**.
- **Thin skin** has four layers of cells. From deep to superficial, these layers are the **stratum basale,** stratum spinosum... | {
"Header 1": "**Epidermis**",
"token_count": 532,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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The dermis contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers (papillary layer and reticular layer) of connective tissue that compose an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts (see Figure 5.4).... | {
"Header 1": "**Dermis**",
"token_count": 230,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with the **sympathetic nervous system**. The sympathetic nervous system is continuously monitoring body temperature and initiating appropriate motor responses.
- When the **body becomes warm** sweat glands, accessory structures to ... | {
"Header 1": "Thermoregulation",
"token_count": 468,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
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The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes Vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation. In the presence of sunlight, a form of Vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized from a derivative of the steroid cholesterol in the skin. The liver converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol, which is then converted to calcitriol (... | {
"Header 1": "**Vitamin D Synthesis**",
"token_count": 233,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the **epidermis**. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin's su... | {
"Header 1": "Hair",
"token_count": 238,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Hair serves a variety of functions, including protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, and communication. For example:
- Hair on the head **protects** the skull from the sun.
- Hair in the nose and ears, and around the eyes (eyelashes) **defends** the body by trapping and excluding dust particles that may contain... | {
"Header 1": "*Hair Function*",
"token_count": 308,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The **nail bed** is a specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of our fingers and toes. The nail body is formed on the nail bed and protects the tips of our fingers and toes as they are the farthest extremities and the parts of the body that experience the maximum mechanical stress (see Figure 5... | {
"Header 1": "Nails",
"token_count": 354,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
When the body becomes warm, sudoriferous glands produce sweat to cool the body. Sweat glands develop from epidermal projections into the dermis and are classified as merocrine glands; that is, the secretions are secreted by **exocytosis** through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland. There are two types of s... | {
"Header 1": "Sudoriferous Glands",
"token_count": 509,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
All systems in the body accumulate subtle and some not-so-subtle changes as a person ages. Among these changes are reductions in cell division, metabolic activity, blood circulation, hormonal levels, and muscle strength (see Figure 5.9). In the skin, these changes are reflected in decreased mitosis in the stratum basal... | {
"Header 1": "**Changes Due to Aging**",
"token_count": 373,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Melanin synthesis peaks about 10 days after initial sun exposure, which is why pale-skinned individuals tend to suffer sunburns of the epidermis initially. Dark-skinned individuals can also get sunburns but are more protected than are pale-skinned individuals. Too much sun exposure can eventually lead to wrinkling due ... | {
"Header 1": "Sun Damage",
"token_count": 231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Basal cell carcinoma is a form of cancer that affects the mitotically active stem cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis. It is the most common of all cancers that occur in the United States and is frequently found on the head, neck, arms, and back, which are the most susceptible to long-term sun exposure. Althou... | {
"Header 1": "Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. This is primarily due to the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin. Individuals with albinism tend to appear white or very pale due to the lack of melanin in their skin and hair. Recall that melanin helps p... | {
"Header 1": "Albinism",
"token_count": 305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Other changes in the appearance of skin coloration can be indicative of diseases associated with other body systems.
- Liver disease or liver cancer can cause the accumulation of bile and the yellow pigment bilirubin, leading to the skin appearing **yellow** or **jaundiced**.
- Tumors of the pituitary gland can resul... | {
"Header 1": "Changes in Skin Coloration",
"token_count": 242,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Acne is a skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that are rich in sebaceous glands (face and back). It is most common along with the onset of puberty due to associated hormonal changes, but can also occur in infants and continue into adulthood. Hormones, such as androgens, stimulate the release of ... | {
"Header 1": "Acne",
"token_count": 240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Because the skin is the part of our bodies that meets the world most directly, it is especially vulnerable to injury. Injuries include **burns, wounds**, **scars,** and **calluses**. They can be caused by sharp objects, heat, or excessive pressure or friction to the skin.
Skin injuries set off a healing process that ... | {
"Header 1": "**Injuries**",
"token_count": 227,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Burns are sometimes measured in terms of the size of the total surface area affected. This is referred to as the *rule of nines*, which associates specific anatomical areas with a percentage that is a factor of nine (see Figure 5.17).
*Figure 5.17 Calculating the Size of a Burn. The size... | {
"Header 1": "*Burn Classification*",
"token_count": 451,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Most cuts or wounds, with the exception of ones that only scratch the epidermis, lead to **scar** formation. Scarring occurs in cases in which there is repair of skin damage, but the skin fails to regenerate the original skin structure. Fibroblasts generate scar tissue in the form of collagen, and the bulk of repair is... | {
"Header 1": "Scars and Keloids",
"token_count": 281,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Skin and its underlying tissue can be affected by excessive pressure. One example of this is called a bedsore. Bedsores, also called **decubitus ulcers**, are caused by constant, long-term, unrelieved pressure on certain body parts that are bony, reducing blood flow to the area and leading to **necrosis**. Bedsores are... | {
"Header 1": "Bedsores and Stretch Marks",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
**Figure 5.1 image description:** This illustration shows a cross-section of skin tissue. The outermost layer is called the epidermis and occupies one-fifth of the cross-section. Several hairs are emerging from the surface. The epidermis dives around one of the hairs, forming a follicle. The middle layer is called the ... | {
"Header 1": "**Image Descriptions**",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
All three depict a cross-section of skin containing a hair follicle. In the left diagram, the follicle has a swollen area about halfway up the hair shaft, just above a sebaceous gland. The follicle is plugged with sebum, depicted as a yellowish substance. In the middle diagram, the follicle has become more swollen, as ... | {
"Header 1": "**Image Descriptions**",
"token_count": 363,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body and body structures. The **skeleton** consists of the bones of the body. For adults, there are 206 bones in the skeleton. Younger individuals have higher numbers of bones because some bones fuse ... | {
"Header 1": "**Anatomy (Structures) of the Skeletal System**",
"token_count": 229,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The **axial skeleton** forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back (see Figure 6.1). It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back, and for muscles that act ac... | {
"Header 1": "The Axial Skeleton",
"token_count": 391,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The vertebral column is also known as the spinal column or spine (see Figure 6.2). It consists of a sequence of vertebrae (singular = vertebra), each of which is separated and united by an **intervertebral disc**. Together, the vertebrae and intervertebral discs form the vertebral column. It is a flexible column that s... | {
"Header 1": "*Bones of the Vertebral Column*",
"token_count": 270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The thoracic cage (rib cage) forms the thorax (chest) portion of the body. It consists of the 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum (see Figure 6.3). The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12). The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.
![](_page_103_Figure_0.... | {
"Header 1": "*Bones of the Thoracic Cavity*",
"token_count": 242,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
- **Humerus** the bone in the upper arm
- **Radius** the bone that runs thumb-side of the forearm
- **Ulna** the bone that runs on the side of the little finger of the forearm (Figure 6.4)
*Figure 6.4 Ulna and Radius. The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius... | {
"Header 1": "Bones of the Arm",
"token_count": 394,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Most bones connect to at least one other bone in the body. The area where bones meet bones or where bones meet cartilage are called **articulations**. Joints can be classified based on their ability to move. At **movable** joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move ... | {
"Header 1": "*Watch this video:*",
"token_count": 411,
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} |
Synovial joints are movable joints and provide most of the body movements. Body movement occurs when the bones, joints, and muscles work together.
*Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and ... | {
"Header 1": "Body Movements",
"token_count": 433,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
**Rotation** can occur within the vertebral column, at a **pivot joint**, or at a **ball-and-socket joint**. Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae. At a pivot joint, one bone rotates in relation to another b... | {
"Header 1": "*Rotation*",
"token_count": 340,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Developmental anomalies, pathological changes, or obesity can enhance the normal vertebral column curves, resulting in the development of abnormal or excessive curvatures (see Figure 6.10). Disorders associated with the curvature of the spine include:
- **Kyphosis:** Also referred to as humpback, it is an excessive p... | {
"Header 1": "Disorders of the Curvature of the Spine",
"token_count": 548,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
A **fracture** is a broken bone. It will heal whether or not a physician resets it in its anatomical position. If the bone
is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the bone in its deformed position. **Crepitation or crepitus** is the creaking or popping sound that is heard when fractured bones move again... | {
"Header 1": "Fractures",
"token_count": 383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Common diagnostic procedures related specifically to the skeletal system include x-rays, bone mineral density testing, and arthroscopy.
- **X-rays** are common diagnostic tests used to confirm or rule out fractures and broken bones. The radiation dose is low so it is considered a safe diagnostic test (MedlinePlus, 20... | {
"Header 1": "Diagnostic Procedures",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
**Figure 6.1 image description:** This diagram shows the human skeleton and identifies the major bones. The left panel shows the anterior view (from the front) and the right panel shows the posterior view (from the back). Labels read (from the top of the skull): skull (cranial portion, facial portion), pectoral shoulde... | {
"Header 1": "**Image Descriptions**",
"token_count": 1959,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and it is made up of specialized cells called fibers. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: **skeletal muscle**, **cardiac muscle**, and **smooth muscle** (see Figure 7.1). All three muscle tissues have some properties in common; they all exhibit a q... | {
"Header 1": "**Anatomy (Structures) of the Muscular System**",
"token_count": 263,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Skeletal muscles act not only to produce movement but also to stop movement, such as resisting gravity to maintain posture. Small, constant adjustments of the skeletal muscles are needed to hold a body upright or balanced in any position. Muscles also prevent excess movement of the bones and joints, maintaining skeleta... | {
"Header 1": "*Skeletal Muscle*",
"token_count": 233,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems. The **central nervous system (CNS)** is the brain and spinal cord, and the **peripheral nervous system (PNS)** is everything else (see Figure 8.1). The brain is contained within the cranial cavity of the skull, and the... | {
"Header 1": "The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems",
"token_count": 1038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain, is the **cerebrum** (see Figure 8.3). The wrinkled portion is the cerebral cortex, and the rest of the structure is beneath that outer covering. There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the... | {
"Header 1": "*The Cerebrum*",
"token_count": 411,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The cerebrum is covered by a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the forebrain—the **cerebral cortex**. This thin, extensive region of wrinkled gray matter is responsible for the higher functions of the nervous system. A gyrus (plural = gyri) is the ridge of one of those wrinkles, and a sul... | {
"Header 1": "*Cerebral Cortex*",
"token_count": 516,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus is the **hypothalamus**, the other major region of the diencephalon. The hypothalamus is a collection of nuclei that are largely involved in regulating homeostasis. The hypothalamus is the executive region in charge of the **autonomic nervous system** and the endocrine sys... | {
"Header 1": "*Hypothalamus*",
"token_count": 244,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The midbrain and hindbrain (composed of the **pons** and the **medulla**) are collectively referred to as the brain stem (see Figure 8.6). The structure emerges from the ventral surface of the forebrain as a tapering cone that connects the brain to the spinal cord. Attached to the brain stem but considered a separate r... | {
"Header 1": "*Brain Stem*",
"token_count": 268,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The cerebellum, as the name suggests, is the "little brain." It is covered in **gyri** and sulci like the cerebrum and looks like a miniature version of that part of the brain (see Figure 8.7). The cerebellum is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery thr... | {
"Header 1": "*The Cerebellum*",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The description of the CNS is concentrated on the structures of the brain, but the spinal cord is another major organ of the system. Whereas the brain develops out of expansions of the neural tube into primary and then secondary vesicles, the spinal cord maintains the tube structure and is only specialized into certain... | {
"Header 1": "**The Spinal Cord**",
"token_count": 561,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
As you learned in the first section, the main part of a neuron is the **cell body**, which is also known as the soma (soma = "body"). The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles. What makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to... | {
"Header 1": "Parts of a Neuron",
"token_count": 579,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
There are many neurons in the nervous system—a number in the trillions. And there are many different types of neurons. They can be classified by many different criteria. The first way to classify them is by the number of processes attached to the cell body. Using the standard model of neurons, one of these processes is... | {
"Header 1": "Types of Neurons",
"token_count": 585,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = "star"). **Astrocytes** have many processes extending from their main cell body (not axons or dendrites like neurons, just cell extensions). Those processes extend to interact ... | {
"Header 1": "Glial Cells of the CNS",
"token_count": 922,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
One of the two types of glial cells found in the PNS is the **satellite** cell. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. They provide support, performing similar functions in th... | {
"Header 1": "Glial Cells of the PNS",
"token_count": 299,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog for "pigs in a blanket" or similar food. The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. For **oligodendrocytes**, the rest of the cell is separate f... | {
"Header 1": "Myelin",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The first major function of the nervous system is sensation—receiving information about the environment to gain input about what is happening outside the body (or, sometimes, within the body). The sensory functions of the nervous system register the presence of a change from homeostasis or a particular event in the env... | {
"Header 1": "Sensation",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The nervous system produces a response on the basis of the stimuli perceived by sensory structures. An obvious response would be the movement of muscles, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot stove, but there are broader uses of the term. The nervous system can cause the contraction of all three types of muscle tissue.... | {
"Header 1": "Response",
"token_count": 210,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
The nervous system can be divided into two parts mostly on the basis of a functional difference in responses. The **somatic nervous system (SNS)** is responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses. Voluntary motor response means the contraction of skeletal muscle, but those contractions are not alwa... | {
"Header 1": "Controlling the Body",
"token_count": 632,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Orientation is the patient's awareness of his or her immediate circumstances. It is awareness of time, not in terms of the clock but of the date and what is occurring around the patient. It is awareness of place, such that a patient should know where he or she is and why. It is also awareness of who the patient is—reco... | {
"Header 1": "Orientation and Memory",
"token_count": 344,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Language is, arguably, a very human aspect of neurological function. There are certainly strides being made in understanding communication in other species, but much of what makes the human experience seemingly unique is its basis in language. Any understanding of our species is necessarily reflective, as suggested by ... | {
"Header 1": "Language and Speech",
"token_count": 666,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Those parts of the brain involved in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli are referred to collectively as the sensorium. The cerebral cortex has several regions that are necessary for sensory perception. Several of the subtests can reveal activity associated with these sensory modalities, such as being a... | {
"Header 1": "Sensorium",
"token_count": 296,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Planning and producing responses requires an ability to make sense of the world around us. Making judgments and reasoning in the abstract are necessary to produce movements as part of larger responses. For example, when your alarm goes off, do you hit the snooze button or jump out of bed? Are 10 extra minutes in bed wo... | {
"Header 1": "Judgment and Abstract Reasoning",
"token_count": 225,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
Popular media often refer to right-brained and left-brained people, as if the brain were two independent halves that work differently for different people. This is a popular misinterpretation of an important neurological phenomenon. As an extreme measure to deal with a debilitating condition, the corpus callosum may be... | {
"Header 1": "Left Brain, Right Brain",
"token_count": 387,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
A class of disorders that affect the nervous system are the neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and other disorders that are the result of nervous tissue degeneration. In dise... | {
"Header 1": "Neurodegenerative Diseases – Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple sclerosis (MS)",
"token_count": 387,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Medical-Terminology-for-Healthcare-Professions.pdf"
} |
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