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Uber's Bozoma Saint John: How to fix Silicon Valley's diversity issue
The tech industry has been plagued for years with criticism over its lack of diversity. On Thursday, Uber's newly appointed chief brand officer Bozoma Saint John joined the dialogue on how to fix this issue at Recode's Code Commerce event in New York. The No. 1 way to address this ongoing diversity issue, she says, is to simply hire more women. "There just has to be more," Saint John tells Recode's Kara Swisher and Johana Bhuiyan. "The numbers matter in this particular case. They really do." Saint John remains one of the few black female C-suite executives in tech. In fact, according to an Uber diversity report, women in leadership account for 22 percent of the company's employee base. In regards to race, the company's global workforce is predominantly white at 49.8 percent. Asian employees make up 30.9 percent, black workers make up 8.8 percent, Hispanics make up 5.6 percent and people who define themselves as multiracial come in at 4.3 percent. Saint John, 40, says that no magical "Wizard of Oz" exists to fix this problem in Silicon Valley. Instead, the tech industry as a whole must open their doors to women, she says. "That is step one," Saint John says. "I don't want to talk about anything else until we get more" women hired. Saint John's resume boasts tenures at some of the most successful companies in the world. Upon graduation from Wesleyan University, she scored a position at Spike Lee's advertising agency, according to Glamour. She then took a marketing job at Pepsi where she orchestrated the company's halftime show at the 2013 Super Bowl featuring Beyoncé. Saint John has also served as the global consumer marketing head at Apple Music and iTunes. Last month, she announced that she will be joining the board of directors for Girls Who Code, a non-profit that works to inspire, educate and equip girls with computing skills. The Uber exec notes that she feels "very much charged" to take on the issue of diversity, especially as a black woman who has had to face doubters and obstacles in her career. In the interview with Glamour, Saint John recalls her struggle as a black woman in a top position, particularly when traveling. "Every time I board [business class], it's like, "Oh, are you sitting in the right seat?" I make sure to keep my boarding pass out just in case somebody has a question," she says. Yup. The chairs were red because I was in the hot seat! @jmbooyah & @karaswisher had your girl sweatin'!! It's alright though... as they say, if you can't stand the heat, get outta the kitchen! Well... baby, I'm here to cook! #watchmework #codecommerce (full video in my bio) A post shared by Bozoma Saint John (@badassboz) on Sep 14, 2017 at 8:16pm PDT "I wish I could be ideal and say, 'You know what, I should be seen just for what I do and who I am and you know, forget the labels,'" Saint John tells the Recode panel. "But that's not possible today." She admits that as a black woman in a senior position, the bar is set higher for her because people assume that she was hired to fill a diversity quota rather than for her skills. However, Saint John says she refuses to be angry about continually having to prove her worth. "I don't carry it as a burden because, otherwise, I can't do the work," she says. "I would just be the angry black woman and I'm not. I'm really good at my job." She adds, "It's not about me coming in as a black woman to clean up [Uber's] mess. It's about me, Boz, having the talent and ability to actually do this work. And that's what I want to prove." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Project: Improving lrzip; Phase Two
In my last post, I mentioned that lrzip, when given the -z option, complains of an illegal instruction and crashes on AArch64. I did some debugging with GDB, hoping to find the cause of this, but the situation seemed to be that the program just sort of lost itself during execution:
Program received signal SIGILL, Illegal instruction.
0x000003ff7b000000 in ?? ()
Even though the package had been compiled with -g (to produce debugging information) and we’d downloaded all the separate debuginfos, the program still lost its way, and it couldn’t tell us where it was.
The reason for this turned out to be very simple. I took a look at the files in the libzpaq folder and found, in libzpaq.h, the following comment:
“By default, LIBZPAQ uses JIT (just in time) acceleration. This only
works on x86-32 and x86-64 processors that support the SSE2 instruction
set. To disable JIT, compile with -DNOJIT. To enable run time checks,
compile with -DDEBUG. Both options will decrease speed.”
JIT code is created during execution time and then executed. libzpaq.cpp contained several functions that filled various arrays with hex numbers representing machine instructions. Those arrays were then written to memory and executed as code. The problem is that those machine instructions are x86 instructions. So, on our AArch64 machines, the program was trying to execute data it had no business executing, and that’s why it crashed.
libzpaq.cpp has a check to make sure that the platform it’s being compiled on is x86, but it isn’t a very good check:
// x86? (not foolproof)
const int S=sizeof(char*); // 4 = x86, 8 = x86-64
U32 t=0x12345678;
if (*(char*)&t!=0x78 || (S!=4 && S!=8))
error("JIT supported only for x86-32 and x86-64");
That snippet of code checks that the system uses little-endian format (which x86 does) and that a pointer is either 4 or 8 bytes long. AArch64 also uses little-endian format (AArch64 is bi-endian in regards to reading data, but by default it is little-endian) and has same-sized pointers, so it passes the test, which is something that shouldn’t happen.
It seems that this is a known problem. An issue was submitted to lrzip’s GitHub’s page a little over a month ago, but no solution was proposed beyond that mentioned in the libzpaq.h file (ie. passing to the C++ compiler the -DNOJIT flag when compiling the code).
I first thought to translate the encoded x86 instructions into the equivalent AArch64 instructions . . . but there are a lot of instructions, and I don’t think I could get it done in time (and I am sure I would run into trouble concerning the handling of things like x86’s variable-length vs AArch64’s 32-bit instructions, etc.)
I wanted to see how big of a difference the JIT code makes, so I tried running the ZPAQ algorithm on x86_64 with and without the -DNOJIT flag.
Here is the result of running lrzip -z normally:
[andrei@localhost lrzip-0.621]$ ./lrzip -z text
Output filename is: text.lrz
text - Compression Ratio: 4.810. Average Compression Speed: 1.355MB/s.
Total time: 00:06:08.42
To compile the program with the -DNOJIT flag, we just need to add it to the C++ flags when we run the configure script:
[andrei@localhost lrzip-master]$ ./configure CXXFLAGS="-g -O2 -DNOJIT"
The -g and -O2 flags are set by automake (which lrzip uses to create its configure script and makefiles) if CXXFLAGS isn’t defined by the user, so if we are defining CXXFLAGS we need to set them as well, for consistency’s sake.
Now, here’s the same operation without the JIT code:
[andrei@localhost lrzip-0.621]$ ./lrzip -z text
Output filename is: text.lrz
text - Compression Ratio: 4.810. Average Compression Speed: 0.919MB/s.
Total time: 00:09:04.74
Without the JIT code, the program takes 3 extra minutes, or slightly over 30% more time.
Chris suggested that such a large discrepancy between the JIT code and the compiled C code might indicate that the C code isn’t quite optimized as well as it could be. I looked at the C code and, while there are some small pieces I could try to optimize, I do not really understand the algorithm at all, and the code is difficult to read. I’ll try to keep going but I don’t have anything to show for my efforts here.
Anyway, at least I edited libzpaq.cpp. I added the following preprocessor directives near the top of the file:
// GNU
#ifdef __arm__
#define NOJIT 1
#endif
#ifdef __aarch64__
#define NOJIT 1
#endif
NOJIT, which is supposed to be set with the -DNOJIT flag, is checked in every function that uses JIT code, and if it is defined the program uses regular C code instead. So, with this change, if the preprocessor detects that we’re on an ARM machine, it just sets NOJIT and the other conditionals take care of the rest. It’s an inelegant solution (and I suppose it would make more sense to check instead that the program is running on an x86 architecture and enable NOJIT otherwise) but it works on aarchie and betty, and the ZPAQ algorithm defaults to using the C code. I’ve only tested this on gcc, though; other compilers have different (or no?) macros to check for ARM architectures, so this is not the best solution. I’ll try to refine it but I don’t know if it’ll be worth submitting to the community, since it is such a simple thing and could be achieved just as easily by compiling the code with the -DNOJIT flag.
Modifying the configure.ac script to check the architecture and add -DNOJIT to CXXFLAGS accordingly also works, but I think it’s better just to have a safeguard in the libzpaq.cpp source file itself, because adding an extra C++ flag by default on non-x86 machines is not really expected behavior.
I took a break from the ZPAQ algorithm and tried to find something to optimize in the regular LZMA code (which is the path taken by default when lrzip is called without specifying an algorithm), but this, too, proved fruitless (although the code is much easier to read). Two functions take up 90% of the execution time, and I couldn’t improve either of them.
Two pieces of code in particular (the first from LzmaEnc.c and the second from LzFind.c) I tried to wrest some improvement in performance from.
p->reps[3] = p->reps[2];
p->reps[2] = p->reps[1];
p->reps[1] = p->reps[0];
p->reps[0] = pos;
Here I tried to use memmove to shift the array (it’s an UInt32 array) forward all at once, but it didn’t have any effect on performance.
if (++len != lenLimit && pb[len] == cur[len])
while (++len != lenLimit)
if (pb[len] != cur[len])
break;
This I tried to condense to a single while loop (or at least one while loop and a single if statement) in order to reduce the number of branches and operations, but that actually made the code slower. It might be the case here that the compiler optimizes this particular logic layout best.
So, that’s where things stand at the moment. It still looks like the ZPAQ C code might be the most promising venture, if only because I can’t seem to optimize the LZMA code at all. I’ll keep trying both options, though. I also haven’t looked into other compiler options yet, so that’s also still a possibility.
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Prix Hocquart
* }
The Prix Hocquart is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1 mile and 4 furlongs) at Chantilly.
History
The event was established in 1861, and it was originally called the Prix de Longchamps. In the early part of its history its distance was 2,500 metres. Due to the Franco-Prussian War, it was not run in 1871.
The Prix de Longchamps was one of several trials for the Prix du Jockey Club collectively known as the Poules des Produits. The others (listed by their modern titles) were the Prix Daru, the Prix Lupin, the Prix Noailles and the Prix Greffulhe. The Prix de Longchamps was restricted to the produce of mares covered by stallions born and bred in France. It was funded by entries submitted before a horse's birth, in the year of conception.
The race continued with its original title until 1884. It was renamed in memory of Louis Hocquart de Turtot (1823–1884), a founder member of the board of French horse racing, in 1885.
The Prix Hocquart was shortened to 2,400 metres in 1902. It was abandoned throughout World War I, with no running from 1915 to 1919. It was cancelled once during World War II, in 1940. It was contested at Le Tremblay over 2,300 metres from 1943 to 1945.
The event was staged at Chantilly over 2,200 metres from 1997 to 2000. Its distance at Longchamp was cut to 2,200 metres in 2005.
Twenty-seven winners of the race have achieved victory in the Prix du Jockey Club. The first was Patricien in 1867, and the most recent was Bering in 1986.
The race was moved permanently to Chantilly in 2017, and pushed back in the racing calendar to be run on the same day as the Prix de Diane. It therefore functioned as a Grand Prix de Paris trial instead of a trial for the Prix du Jockey Club. In 2020 it returned to Longchamp and was run in late May on the same day as the Prix Saint-Alary.
Records
Leading jockey (5 wins):
* Yves Saint-Martin – Reliance (1965), Margouillat (1973), Darshaan (1984), Mouktar (1985), Sadjiyd (1987)
* Freddy Head – Bourbon (1971), Talleyrand (1972), Val de l'Orne (1975), Montcontour (1977), Mot d'Or (1980)
Leading trainer (7 wins):
* André Fabre – Jeu de Paille (1983), Nasr El Arab (1988), Dancehall (1989), Vadlawys (1994), Hurricane Run (2005), Democrate (2008), Tableaux (2013)
Leading owner (7 wins):
* Henri Delamarre – Matamore (1865), Victorieuse (1866), Patricien (1867), Faublas (1872), Filoselle (1876), Vesuve (1877), Vin Sec (1891)
Earlier winners
* 1861: Good By
* 1862: Allez y Rondement
* 1863: Villafranca
* 1864: Gedeon
* 1865: Matamore
* 1866: Victorieuse
* 1867: Patricien
* 1868: Le Bosphore
* 1869: Pandour
* 1870: Bigarreau
* 1871: no race
* 1872: Faublas
* 1873: Absalon
* 1874: Succes
* 1875: Saint Cyr
* 1876: Filoselle
* 1877: Vesuve
* 1878: Stathouder
* 1879: Salteador
* 1880: Versigny
* 1881: Serpolette
* 1882: Dictateur II
* 1883: Farfadet
* 1884: Silex
* 1885: Extra
* 1886: Upas
* 1887: Vanneau
* 1888: Saint Gall
* 1889: Aerolithe
* 1890: Yellow
* 1891: Vin Sec
* 1892: Fontenoy
* 1893: Ragotsky
* 1894: Polygone
* 1895: Roitelet
* 1896: Kerym
* 1897: Canvass Back
* 1898: Le Roi Soleil
* 1899: Perth
* 1900: Ivry
* 1901: Saint Armel
* 1902: Maximum
* 1903: Ex Voto
* 1904: Orange Blossom
* 1905: Brienne
* 1906: Maintenon
* 1907: Pitti
* 1908: Lieutel
* 1909: Mehari
* 1910: My Star
* 1911: Faucheur
* 1912: Zenith
* 1913: Pere Marquette
* 1914: Sardanapale
* 1915–19: no race
* 1920: Caliban
* 1921: Ksar
* 1922: Joyeux Drille
* 1923: Massine
* 1924: Vineuil
* 1925: Belfonds
* 1926: Soubadar
* 1927: Flamant
* 1928: Palais Royal
* 1929: Hotweed
* 1930: Veloucreme
* 1931: Tourbillon
* 1932: Bishop's Rock
* 1933: Le Grand Cyrus
* 1934: Maravedis
* 1935: Louqsor
* 1936: Mieuxce
* 1937: Clairvoyant
* 1938: Royal Gift
* 1939: Irifle
* 1940: no race
* 1941: Le Pacha
* 1942: Hern the Hunter
* 1943: Verso II
* 1944: Ardan
* 1945: Chanteur
* 1946: Adrar
* 1947: Timor
* 1948: My Love
* 1949: Val Drake
* 1950: L'Amiral
* 1951: Sicambre
* 1952: Auriban
* 1953: Fort de France
* 1954: Prince Rouge
* 1955: Rapace
* 1956: Floriados
* 1957: Argel
* 1958: San Roman
* 1959: Herbager
* 1960: Angers
* 1961: Moutiers
* 1962: Val de Loir
* 1963: Le Mesnil
* 1964: Free Ride
* 1965: Reliance
* 1966: Hauban
* 1967: Frontal
* 1968: Valmy
* 1969: Beaugency
* 1970: Gyr
* 1971: Bourbon
* 1972: Talleyrand *
* 1973: Margouillat
* 1974: Poil de Chameau
* 1975: Val de l'Orne
* 1976: Grandchant
* 1977: Montcontour
* 1978: Frere Basile
* The 1972 winner Talleyrand was later renamed Hakodate. | WIKI |
Page:EB1911 - Volume 01.djvu/801
Frankreich und Rückblick auf die Verwaltung des Landes, 1648–1697 (Stras., 1897); Du Prel, Die deutsche Verwaltung in Elsass, 1870–1879 (Stras., 1879); L. Petersen, Das Deutschtum in Elsass-Lothringen (Munich, 1902).
ALSATIA (the old French province of Alsace), long a “debatable ground” between France and Germany, and hence a name applied in the 17th century to the district of Whitefriars, between the Thames and Fleet Street, in London, which afforded (q.v.) to debtors and criminals. The privileges were abolished in 1697. The term is also used generally of any refuge for criminals. ALSEN (Danish Als), an island in the Baltic, off the coast of Schleswig, in the Little Belt. It formerly belonged to Denmark, but, as a result of the Danish war of 1864, was incorporated with Germany. Its area is 105 sq. m.; the length nearly 20, and the breadth from 3 to 12 m. Pop. (1900) 25,000, most of whom speak Danish. The island is fertile, richly wooded, and yields grain and fruit. Sonderburg, the capital, with a good harbour and a considerable trade, is connected with the mainland by a pontoon bridge. Other places of note are Norburg and Augustenburg. On the peninsula Kekenis at the S.W. end of Alsen there is a lighthouse. Here, in 1848, the Danes directed their main attack against Field-marshal Wrangel’s army. In 1864 the Prussians under Herwarth von Bittenfeld took Alsen, which was occupied by 9000 Danish troops under Steinmann, thus bringing the Danish war to a close. Since 1870 Alsen has been fortified. ’ALSHEKH, MOSES, Jewish rabbi in Safed (Palestine) in the later part of the 16th century. He was the author of many homiletical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. His works still justly enjoy much popularity, largely because of their powerful influence as practical exhortations to virtuous life. ALSIETINUS LACUS (mod. Lago di Martignano), a small lake in southern Etruria, 15 m. due N.N.W. of Rome, in an extinct crater. Augustus drew from it the Aqua Alsietina; the water was hardly fit to drink, and was mainly intended to supply his naumachia (lake made for a sham naval battle) at Rome, near S. Francesco a Ripa, on the right bank of the Tiber, where some traces of the aqueduct were perhaps found in 1720. The course of the aqueduct, which was mainly subterranean, is practically unknown: Frontinus tells us that it received a branch from the lake of Bracciano near Careiae (Galera): and an inscription relating to it was found in this district in 1887 (F. Barnabei, Notizie degli Scavi, 1887, 181). ALSIUM (mod. Palo), an ancient town of Etruria, 29 m. W. by N. of Rome by rail, on the Via Aurelia, by which it is about 22 m. from Rome. It was one of the oldest cities of Etruria, but does not appear in history till the Roman colonization of 247, and was never of great importance, except as a resort of wealthy Romans, many of whom (Pompey, the Antonine emperors) had villas there. About 1 m. N.E. of Palo is a row of large mounds called I Monteroni, which belong to tombs of the Etruscan cemetery. Considerable remains of ancient villas still exist along the low sandy coast, one of which, about 1 m. E. of Palo, occupies an area of some 400 by 250 yds. The medieval castle belongs to the Odescalchi family. Near Palo is the modern sea-bathing resort Ladispoli, founded by Prince Odescalchi.
ALSOP, VINCENT (c. 1630–1703), English Nonconformist divine, was of Northamptonshire origin and was educated at St John’s College, Cambridge. He received deacon’s orders from a bishop, whereupon he settled as assistant-master in the free school of Oakham, Rutland. He was reclaimed from indifferent courses and associates here by a very “painful” minister, the Rev. Benjamin King. Subsequently he married Mr King’s daughter, and “becoming a convert to his principles, received ordination in the Presbyterian way, not being satisfied with that which he had from the bishop”. He was presented to the living of Wilby in Northamptonshire; but was thence ejected under the act of Uniformity in 1662. After his ejection he preached privately at Oakham and Wellingborough, sharing the common pains and penalties of nonconformists,—e.g. he was imprisoned six months for praying with a sick person. A book against William Sherlock, dean of St Paul’s, called Antisozzo (against Socinus), written in the vein of Andrew Marvell’s Rehearsal Transprosed, procured him much celebrity as a wit. Dr Robert South, no friend to nonconformists, publicly pronounced that Alsop had the advantage of Sherlock in every way. Besides fame, Antisozzo procured for its author an invitation to succeed the venerable Thomas Cawton (the younger) as independent minister in Westminster. He accepted the call and drew great multitudes to his chapel. He published other books which showed a fecundity of wit, a playful strength of reasoning, and a provoking indomitableness of raillery. Even with Dr Goodman and Dr Stillingfleet for antagonists, he more than held his own. His Mischief of Impositions (1680) in answer to Stillingfleet’s Mischief of Separation, and Melius Inquirendum (1679) in answer to Goodman’s Compassionate Inquiry, remain historical landmarks in the history of nonconformity. Later on, from the entanglements of a son in alleged treasonable practices, he had to sue for and obtained pardon from King James II. This seems to have given a somewhat diplomatic character to his closing years, inasmuch as, while remaining a nonconformist, he had a good deal to do with proposed political-ecclesiastical compromises. He died on the 8th of May 1703, having preserved his “spirits and smartness” to the last.
ALSTED, JOHANN HEINRICH (1588–1638), German Protestant divine. He was some time professor of philosophy and theology at Herborn, in Nassau, and afterwards at Weissenburg in Transylvania, where he remained till his death in 1638. He was a marvellously prolific writer. His Encyclopaedia (1630), the most considerable of the earlier works of that class, was long held in high estimation. <section end="Alsted, Johann Heinrich" /> <section begin="Alston, Charles" />ALSTON, CHARLES (1683–1760), Scottish botanist, was born at Eddlewood, near Hamilton, in 1683, and became lecturer in materia medica and botany at Edinburgh and also superintendent of the botanical gardens, of the plants in which he published a catalogue in 1740. He was a critic of Linnaeus’s system of plant-classification (see ). He died on the 22nd of November 1760 at Edinburgh. His Lectures on Materia Medica were published posthumously in 1770. <section end="Alston, Charles" /> <section begin="Alston" />ALSTON, a market-town in the Penrith parliamentary division of Cumberland, England, 29 m. by road E.S.E. of Carlisle, on a branch of the North-Eastern railway from Haltwhistle. Pop. (1901) 3133. It lies in the uppermost part of the valley of the South Tyne, among the high bleak moors of the Pennines. Copper and blende are found, and there are limestone quarries. The mines of argentiferous lead, belonging to Greenwich Hospital, London, were formerly of great value, and it was in order that royalties on the Alston lead mines and on those elsewhere in the county might be jointly collected that the parish was first included within the borders of Cumberland, in the 18th century. As many as 119 lead mines were worked in the parish in 1768, but the supply of metal has been almost exhausted. Coal is worked chiefly for lime-burning, and umber is prepared for the manufacture of colours. Thread and flannels are also made. Whitley Castle, 2 m. N., was a Roman fort, the original name of which is not known, guarding the road which ran along the South Tyne valley and over the Pennines. It has no connexion with Alston itself. <section end="Alston" /> <section begin="Alströmer, Jonas" />ALSTRÖMER, JONAS (1685–1761), Swedish industrial reformer, was born at Alingsås in Vestergötland, on the 7th of January 1685. He left his native village at an early age, and in 1707 became clerk to Alberg, a merchant of Stockholm, whom he accompanied to London. After carrying on business for three years, Alberg failed, and Alström (as his name was before his ennoblement) engaged in the business of shipbroker on his own account, and eventually proved very successful. After travelling for several years on the continent, he was seized with the patriotic desire to transplant to his native country some of the industries he had seen flourishing in Britain. He accordingly returned to Alingsås, and in 1724 established a woollen factory in<section end="Alströmer, Jonas" /> | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dungeons & Dragons creatures
The result was Keep This does not of course preclude the relisting of articles individually or the merging of articles. There is no consensus for deletion here, and I find no overriding policy to bypass the consensus. I'll disclose that I have discounted or assigned less weight to arguments presented "I like it" and "I don't like it" and arguments presented by what appears to me, to be single purpose accounts. Regards,. Navou banter 18:22, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Since Navou failed to do so, I will point out that this was a non-administrator close. i said 00:19, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
Dungeons & Dragons creatures
(View AfD) (View log)
A long list of Dungeons and Dragons creatures that have no references beyond the monstrous manuals from which they spring (and the occasional mention in the affiliated magazine Dragon). No evidence of independent importance (i.e. notability)-Eyrian 18:54, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep as these pages are sourced and refer to topics that are of interest to a significant proportion of the population. I also don't see a reason to delete in what was stated.OcciMoron 18:59, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Please read WP:NOTE. The subjects of these articles are not notable, as they do not have any independent sources. --Eyrian 19:01, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* I'm familiar with WP:NOTE. Given that there are 30 years of books by various authors that are based on the sources for these articles, many of which feature these monsters prominently (either rulebooks for the game in its various incarnations or novels based on said books), these articles provide valuable reference material for those curious about the significance of these creatures in a large corpus of fantasy material. Perhaps keep and merge into a single article is a better idea? All of these articles are very long, however, so that might not be the best solution.OcciMoron 19:06, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* It would seem not. Notability requires independent sources. Monstrous manuals released by TSR/WotC simply don't count. Neither do licensed novels. There needs to be some kind of article or book that refers to these creatures that is not affiliated with Dungeons and Dragons. --Eyrian 19:11, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Is www.rpg.net sufficient? Or should I cite the hundreds of non-WotC or TSR publications that relate to these monsters, made by third-party companies? There are also references to Dungeons and Dragons in popular songs, television shows, news articles, blogs, etc. etc. etc. I think if you cannot find independent coverage, you aren't looking very hard.OcciMoron 19:17, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Depends on the coverage. As for those references, perhaps you're looking for the deleted List of Dungeons & Dragons popular culture references. Things that relate to these monsters (How is that relation determined? ) are unlikely to contain substantial coverage in any kind of independent source. They are just not notable. --Eyrian 19:24, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* "They are just not notable [to Eyrian]." Clearly you don't think they deserve to be on wikipedia; when presented with a way to find independent sources, you are just doubting the existence of such sources. The Dungeons and Dragon game is an Open Standard, and so independent publishing companies have released many books based on the original three core rulebooks, using much of the mythos to produce their own adventures, sourcebooks, etc, or expanding upon material covered in those original books. Simply because you have not encountered these sources does not provide grounds for deletion, no matter how many times you keep saying "It's just not notable." Please try to add more to the discussion with each comment, rather than only reiterating your past comments.OcciMoron 19:34, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment. You're opening a COLOSSAL can of worms here. There are dozens if not hundreds of D&D-creatures-related articles in Wikipedia. I truly lament the workload of any poor rube admin conned into persuaded to delete them all. --Agamemnon2 19:21, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* I should also note that if these articles are deleted, then it's only fair that Template:Infobox D&D creature is deleted forthwith as well, as should Category:Dungeons & Dragons creatures with all its contents. Given the popularity of the topic of D&D among Wikipedians, all the major offenders should also be WP:SALTed with extreme prejudice and the utmost impoliteness. Unless you want to do this all over again when the wheel turns another spin. --Agamemnon2 19:26, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* ALSO, why stop at monsters? Just look at Category:Dungeons & Dragons character classes! If these articles on trial here now are deemed deletion-worthy, then surely all these others must follow the same logical progression? Oh, and then there's the literally thousands of internal links we need to remove linking to all these articles, and even more templates, like Template:Dungeons & Dragons character class, too! Alas, I do not envy the lot of the administrator, with his mop and bucket, trying to clean this mess. --Agamemnon2 19:31, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Oh, did I mention the dozens of categories that would need to be depopulated and deleted, all requiring admin manpower? Still, I guess we have no choice, by WP:NOTE and all... --Agamemnon2 19:33, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* WP:IAR :) OcciMoron 19:35, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* I'll take care of it, given time. --Eyrian 19:39, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Well... that sounds like quite the campaign you've got planned there... My opinion is that it's an unnecessary one, however. ◄ Zahakiel ► 19:46, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Most chivalrous. That should only keep you busy for, oh, every evening for the next two months or so. Don't forget Category:Dungeons & Dragons deities, either! I just know those articles would fail WP:NOTE. All 200 of them. --Agamemnon2 19:42, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* A group nomination for 200 articles shouldn't take more than two hours; one for reading, one for nominating. Just because it's difficult doesn't mean it shouldn't be done. --Eyrian 19:46, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* True, true. And then there's the deletion of categories, salting the most likely to be bona fide recreated, explaining the hows and whys of the decision to the relevant projects, who I'm sure would be, well, livid. And then there's removal of redlinks, which any diligent deletionist should undertake after the AFD comes up trumps. --Agamemnon2 19:49, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* None of this is relevant. --Eyrian 19:51, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* I disagree, because this is all about setting a potentially far-reaching precedent. Such discussions should not be handwaved away. I most empathically request only that which is fair, that due process is undertaken in these deletion discussions. My interest is merely in seeing the job done well, or not at all. Half-measures are, as I've divulged in a previous utterance, odious. --Agamemnon2 19:54, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* What precedent? That nonnotable articles should be deleted? --Eyrian 19:55, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* That every single article related to Dungeons & Dragons that's not independently-sourced should be deleted. Since this includes hundreds of articles created bona fide, as well as numerous categories and templates, I feel it only prudent that special care is taken, especially since WikiProject Dungeons & Dragons appears not to have been consulted on the topic, which I should imagine would impact their bailiwick rather fiercely. --Agamemnon2 20:00, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* To the contrary, they knew. --Eyrian 20:05, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* I would argue that that's a different case, as the AFD for that one clearly indicates that it was someone's fanwork monster that they had themselves uploaded. The difference between that and, say, a displacer beast (a monster with 30 years' history in the game) should be clear. --Agamemnon2 20:08, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* "Good, it should be. I warned people from day one about creating pages for every little monster, and this is a clear example of something that lacks notability.Piuro 05:25, 2 July 2007 (UTC)" --Eyrian 20:13, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* All that's telling me is that they have, as a project, some kind of consensus for notability, but it doesn't say what it is. It doesn't automatically mean they'd agree with your style of article management. Indeed, I would hazard a guess they wouldn't agree, since at least at least a few of the ones you have listed for deletion are rather major (as far as D&D monsters go), namely hobgoblins, angels and golems. I wouldn't be so quick to lend other people's support with such flimsy evidence. --Agamemnon2 20:18, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* H e l l o . Mandsford 21:51, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Quite. Your quote doesn't counter Agamemnon2's statement; The "this" that Piuro is referring to was a fan-created entity. This has nothing to do with the entries you've listed above; and "Gorgon," "Centaur" et.al. are hardly "every little monster." If you want to relist those creatures that have no mention at all outside of a D&D setting, fine, that might be worth considering; but the bull-in-a-china-shop routine has me agreeing with FrozenPurpleCube below. ◄ Zahakiel ► 20:20, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all - References sections list several independent sources (magazines, websites, etc.) from different authors and publishing companies. Definitely no violation of WP:NOTE. ◄ Zahakiel ► 19:24, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Where? Name one. Dragon magazine is not independent. Neither is a licensed novel. Independent, in this case, means not published by TSR or Wizards of the Coast. --Eyrian 19:25, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* (Edit Conflict) Merge in a list; notable monsters such (e.g.off the top of my head like the Beholder monster) should be kept as long as independent sources are found. It may be possible to merge some monsters with their more commonly known counterparts, like placing undead monsters in the Zombie article. I think the issue here is are D and D monsters in general notable, or just certain ones, or is it just D and D in general that's famous and notable?? Zidel333 19:27, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment. The problem with moving this info to other articles (say, moving the content in Chimera (Dungeons & Dragons) to Chimera) is that the mythology purists tend to delete such info from those pages. This is why I began creating separate articles to contain info on these creatures, and the mythology folks were fine with that and left them alone. I stopped creating such articles when dealing with overzealous deletionists become too much of a pain in the ass. BOZ 19:49, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Reply - I think you're in danger of missing the forest for the trees. From WP:NOTE, "The number and nature of reliable sources needed varies depending on the depth of coverage and quality of the sources. Multiple sources are generally preferred." I doubt you would dispute that each of the topics you've listed receives extensive coverage, and that's just IN the related material. As the user above mentioned, there are non-WotC or TSR publications involved also. Further, there is a large body of precedent for the individual aspects of largely notable works (e.g., the "Halo universe") receiving articles to discuss the details thereof. As I said above, there's no violation of the notability guideline here. ◄ Zahakiel ► 19:31, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* The beholder might suffice as an article, but we'll cross that bridge when we come to it. And what would such a list look like? List of Dungeons and Dragons monsters? That would be enormous. Decades of Dragon and Dungeon, four (and a half) full rule revisions, dozens of supplement books... It'd never end. Wikipedia isn't a game guide. --Eyrian 19:33, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* It's a pity, since the effort needed to expunge and WP:SALT all these articles (and I most empathically demand all or nothing; half-measures are odious) is, as stated above, immense.--Agamemnon2 19:37, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Let's not make an all or nothing argument, when the best thing to do would be to actually develop a position on what creatures merit coverage and why. That would be more likely to produce consensus here. FrozenPurpleCube 20:20, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Right; the list would be enormous, but that's not the "notability" problem you've used as the foundation for this AfD. The sky isn't falling... the current articles are fine for covering all this data, and valid aspects of a hugely notable macro-topic. ◄ Zahakiel ► 19:35, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Close There's just too big and diverse a pool of potential articles here, even with this limited sample, there's unlikely to be sufficient consideration of each article on its own merits. I suggest working with this on project space in order to get a solid position first. Especially since Dragon, for example, has been editorially independent of the owner of D&D for quite some time, and it's hardly the *only* magazine or book about RPGs. And then there's 3rd party publishers for D&D since the advent of the OGL, which means...well, I'm not sure. But I do think that this situation warrants a consideration of the subject as opposed to a focus on the rules. Sorry, but there's a reason why The Spirit is more important the rules. FrozenPurpleCube 19:40, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* No, it's not. These articles are all cut from the same cloth. These aren't important monsters from Dungeons and Dragons, just idle side ones. They contain a bit of habitat/biology information copied from a monstrous manual, and as many variations have been listed. That's it. --Eyrian 19:42, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* The way you word your statement makes me think you agree there are important monsters from D&D. That's *exactly* why I think that there needs to be a real discussion of the subject, not just an AFD shotgun. Thus I suggest you try the project space to develop a consensus first. At the least, it would show an interest in getting feedback from others if you were to bring up the issue there. Might not change anything, but it would be more of an effort. FrozenPurpleCube 20:14, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep per the succubus and basalisk articles Artw 20:15, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Note - These two articles should be handled in the same manner as the ones above: Articles for deletion/Succubus (Dungeons & Dragons) and Articles for deletion/Basilisk (Dungeons & Dragons). <IP_ADDRESS> 20:29, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment While I agree in principle, that these creatures probably do not merit their own articles, per the guideline at WP:FICT, I believe that they should be nominated separately so that we can consider them on a case by case basis. There's nothing inherent about this subject matter that merits grouping them together as such. -Chunky Rice 21:05, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Considering the 200-some articles in Category:Dungeons & Dragons standard creatures individually (and, yes, most of them should be deleted) isn't practical. --Eyrian 21:09, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep & Comment: I don't understand. Above, in response to Agammemnon@'s comment about the sheer amount of work it would take to delete & secure everything, you state "I'll take care of it, given time." But now you don't have time to nominate each article individually? Please take a consistant position.--Robbstrd 23:10, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* It's not my time. People complain if more than a few articles are nominated at once. --Eyrian 23:15, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Unless there's some sort of fundamental tie, I think that group nominations are a bad idea. It works if you're going to nominate a book for deletion, then various character pages and other sub pages should probably be a part of that nomination. They simply cannot survive without the main article. That's not the case here. Each article's merit is independent of the others. It might take a little while, but I see no practical reason why they shouldn't be nominated independently. Do a couple a day, and it'll be done a few months. -Chunky Rice 21:14, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - I rewrote the page for the Construct creature type, I assume creature type articles will stay even if some creatures get the big axe? --Agamemnon2 21:20, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* That article isn't currently being considered. Others will be nominated as necessary. If the article is good, it won't be deleted. --Eyrian 21:22, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Given the number of keep, close, and merge votes on this, I actually don't think you're in the position to say what will and won't be deleted here, Eyrian. You're defending this deletion nomination as if more users than just you are supporting it, when the consensus appears to be against deleting.OcciMoron 22:10, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Eyrian - the decision to keep or delete is not made on article quality.cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 00:43, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep as default currently. Mass nominations are not helpful and this should be restarted as individual -several articles will probably have independent pages to which material would be better off merged to a mass nomination will lead to fuzzy numbers and inaccurate consensus. Given the prime aim is 'pedia building, these mass nominations are counterproductive on principle. Thus the olny option is to keep/close and restart indivdually.cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 22:05, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep & Comment. Once again, notability is being used as a lazy excuse for deletion with no standards as to what notability is in this context. If people are expecting "independent sources" like Newsweek or the Wall Street Journal to comment about Gorgons (And the D&D interpretation of Gorgons at that), then you will obviously find scant notable material. Amongst RPG players, RPG websites (especially those specializing in D&D) & RPG magazines (webzines or the printed variety), these are very notable creatures within the D&D universe & anyone with any D&D playing experience would already know that. Furthermore, a random sampling of these D&D deletion requests yields that there was no sufficient prior process to notify enthusiasts of these articles that "notability" was an impending issue as to the quality of the articles. A more prudent & diplomatic response would be to tag these articles as having concerns for their notability & let the D&D community have more time to justify the notability aspect of these articles. Should the articles not "improve" over a period of time, the notion of deletion would be more substantiated. -<IP_ADDRESS> 22:55, 21 August 2007 (UTC)-
* Incorrect. Notability means that there is independently published information. As in, not published or licensed by Wizards of the Coast or TSR. There is simply no material like that. --Eyrian 23:07, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Let's see--a Google search for "iron golem," for example, reveals several websites that are not owned by WotC or TSR. Sounds like independent sources to me.--Robbstrd 23:27, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all This seems a rather pointless issue to raise in the first place, and I'm not at all convinced to side with this scattershot of deletion requests. They have my vote to stay. Shemeska 23:45, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. Just because you are not interested in Dungeons & Dragons does not mean that D&D-related articles are not notable. Clearly people who have zero amount of fame or are only famous in their neighborhoods are not notable enough to be in an encyclopedia, even an online encyclopedia with hundreds of thousands of articles and a seemingly unlimited amount of space; that's what user pages are for. Fan fiction is also usually not considered notable. These articles, however, are notable. There are hundreds of thousands of other people, perhaps even millions, who are interested in Dungeons & Dragons. Let's look at the advantages and disadvantages of keeping or deleting these articles. Advantages of keeping: These are creatures that frequently appear in numerous popular novels (such as the best-selling and widely popular Drizzt Do'Urden novels, as well as hundreds of other novels) and games (computer and video games and also old-fashioned pen, paper, and dice games); these articles have helpful, interesting, and detailed background information for those wishing to know more about the creatures; and the casual person browsing Wikipedia who knows nothing of the subject but wants to can easily learn by reading these articles or by simply scanning the first paragraph (for example, I was interested in the Star Wars Expanded Universe but knew absolutely nothing about it, so I read various articles that some editors are want to call "not notable" or "fancruft" and quickly became quite educated on the subject). Disadvantages of keeping: It increases Wikipedia's bandwidth by an infinitesimal amount, or perhaps the subjects of these creature articles might feel offended by how they are represented in the articles and sue for libel. Also, perhaps some religious zealots might think these articles are blasphemy. Advantages of deleting: Are there any? Perhaps appeasing editors who like to delete things or have a grudge against fiction, or perhaps to follow a guideline such as Notability or WP:FICT. But how will that benefit Wikipedia? Disadvantages of deleting: Basically, people will be deprived of everything I mentioned in "Advantages of keeping." Merging: Not a good idea. This would create a giant page that would take forever to load and, when loaded, would slow down computers. Some might advise greatly condensing the information so that the page of merges is smaller, but that is completely unnecessary. People could easily find these articles by using the search engine, typing the name in the URL, following a link from another article, or looking at Category:Dungeons & Dragons creatures. They don't need to be condensed and merged into a single page.--<IP_ADDRESS> 00:26, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all, because there seems to be a strong majority consensus above to do so. I think merging in this case would only produce overly long articles and so in this instance, the separate articles probably work best. Sincerely, -- Le Grand Roi des Citrouilles Tally-ho! 01:40, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment By my count there are 9 keeps, 1 close (keep?), 1 merge, and a whole bunch of rebutting by the nominator. In that light, I'd like to politely suggest that it looks like snow. In other words, the D&D folks are never going to to see eye-to-eye with Eyrian over this. — Travis talk 01:49, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete The gamer's guides do not make these individual creatures, as D&D monsters, notable. At the very least, merge them into a list, that is very pared down. i said 02:39, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Never heard of novels?--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep D&D and its characters are notable, and many people may find this information useful. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
* Keep I have no intention at ever looking at these articles again (I sampled one or two now to see if there was content). I think there is sufficient, and the sources seem appropriate for the material. I'd say to keep them all for now, and let those who care decide which are minor enough to merge. It does not add an air of lack of seriousness to WP. Anyone who knows of DD and also of WP would expect to find this subject treated very extensively here. It's not being here is what would seem peculiar. DGG (talk) 03:42, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I'd say pare down and merge anything particular to D&D (such as, off the top of my head, mindflayers, beholders, aboleths, slaadi, etc) into a "List of D&D creatures" article. Delete any of the ones that are basically no different from mythology (that is, not unique to D&D), such as succubi, or angels. If deleting is unpalatable, merge those ones into the articles of their respective mythological forebears, clearly denoting which content is game-related so that the casual reader doesn't become confused. ♠P M C♠ 04:40, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep All Several of these articles are already a list of dozens of creatures consolidated into one article. There are over a dozen references listed in Golem alone. Although I might be convinced that some articles should be deleted, I refuse to accept the submitted list as is, because this should be discussed on an article by article basis. Turlo Lomon 05:45, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep articles for now; Chastise nom for attempting a PokeDeletion in re D&D. I suspect that the nom has an unused grindstone sitting around and a dull axe to grind, and is deciding to whet it on D&D articles. Submit the articles individually, and do NOT use Ratman as precedent. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 06:30, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all and relist individually, as the outcome for some of the listed articles will be different than others, and I'm not comfortable making an umbrella decision to cover them all at once. spazure (contribs) 09:53, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. Notability is a guideline and not a policy, which, according to the guideline itself, may have exceptions from time to time. I would argue that the articles are notable in the first place but even if not should be the "occasional exception." The sources are the equivalent in some cases to self published material but there are other sources that are not. However, taking all things in context and with a view as to whether the encyclopedia is better with or without the articles, I think we should keep them. --JodyByak, yak, yak 11:45, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment: I keep hearing replies that this nomination is misguided, that there are independent sources, etc. Well: where are they? Why should this article get a pass on having no independent importance when so many others do not? Why is proof by assertion sufficient here? As for WP:POINT, how am I gaming the system or acting in bad faith? I genuinely believe that these articles do not meet notability, as they have no independent sources. Concerning the decision to list several, there are about 200 entries in the D&D monster category. They should mostly be deleted. People complain if many articles are listed at once. These articles are all basically the same, and should be treated the same. --Eyrian 12:14, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* It is misguided only in the sense that if you delete these articles, then by fairness and equality you should also have deleted nearly all of Wikipedia's D&D coverage, as well as oodles, oodles I say, of articles on fictional characters, creatures, places and so on. I'm not averse to these deletions, merely the unequal state I fear would result. For example, you have marked Construct (Dungeons & Dragons) with a notability tag, but not any of the other creature types that by rights are equally (non)notable. This leads me to be concerned with the nominator's thoroughness in pursuing his goals. --Agamemnon2 14:48, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Even if they don't have third-party sources, so what? Can Eyrian explain what good will come out of deleting them?--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Item: I am generally averse to voting on multiple articles under the one AFD; Item: this represents the thing end of a wedge-berg, since it impacts on all RPG articles; Item: I concur with the "all or nothing" P-o-V -- these things are either allowed or disallowed on principle.
* That said, my understanding, based on Wiki-precedent, is that the nominator be invited to select whichever he believes to be the keynote case, argue that to a resoltuion, and if the final consensus ( carefully not saying "vote" ) is to delete, then all articles in the class are forthwith deleted, and can only come back as individual, and argued, exceptions. And I would concur with the salt proposal, if the delete goes ahead. -- Simon Cursitor 13:27, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* There is a precedent: notability. Every day, articles which have no coverage in independent sources are deleted. Must these be different because they are affiliated with Dungeons and Dragons? Why? --Eyrian 13:32, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Let's take a look at use of primary sources.
* "Primary sources that have been published by a reliable source may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. For that reason, anyone—without specialist knowledge—who reads the primary source should be able to verify that the Wikipedia passage agrees with the primary source"
* Now, let's take a look at the Golems entry (first on the list). There are 13 published books referenced. What the article needs is a little cleanup. You keep saying we should read the policies and I have. There is nothing wrong with using primary sources when they are published books from a major publisher of books. Turlo Lomon 13:30, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* There is nothing wrong with using primary sources. It's that these articles are exclusively referenced to primary sources, which doesn't meet the requirements for notability. --Eyrian 13:32, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Very Strong Delete. Widely known or not, there still is a definite lack of reputable sources for these articles. Coming from the instruction manual and an affiliated magazine series does not strike me as very neutral and wide selection of sources. It'd be like only using Fox-based sources for Bill O'Reilly. If the closing admin reads closely, they see a lot of the keep's above are merely saying they like it. ^ demon [omg plz] 13:36, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - That is an inadequate analogy. Using "Fox-only" articles for Bill O'Reilly would probably introduce NPOV problems; but not "notability" problems, which is what the nominator is arguing here. Neutrality is hardly an issue when discussing fictional entities unless blatant fanspeak starts creeping in. For the record, while a number are indeed saying "ILIKEIT," others are pointing out that such magazines and websites as are mentioned above do have a measure of independence in content, although several are published by the same companies. Due to the extensive coverage each of these topics receive, the Wikipedia policy guideline (Notability) does allow for flexibility in the cold, hard "number" of sources being demanded by the nominator. There is plenty of precedent in Wikipedia for that. ◄ Zahakiel ► 13:48, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Why should these article be exempted? Why, when so many articles are required to demonstrate independent importance, should these be allowed to stay? Because you like them? These articles are only fanspeak. They're just a bunch of fictional details. As for independence, does "one of the two official magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game and associated products" sound independent? --Eyrian 13:58, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Reply - Not because "ILIKEIT;" I actually have absolutely nothing personally to do with the games themselves. Now, there is a difference between fanspeak (how much I think this or that monster is "cool") and verified information about the in-game universe and presented as such. Of course they are just a bunch of "fictional details," they are about fictional creatures. That they are notable enough as fictional creatures is obvious if you do not ignore a) what I and others have said about the editorial nature of the sources used by the articles' authors, and b) the precedent I have mentioned at least twice now about the aspects of highly notable over-topics. As I've said several times, there is flexibility allowed in the guidelines that you appear extremely unwilling to concede, despite the precedent that exists... that is not very helpful to a neutral discussion of the subject matter. You ask, insistently, "Why should these articles be exempted?" Well, why should any articles be exempted? The fact that exemptions are allowed (if this case even amounts to an exemption) shows that there are reasons to consider such things; and they would constitute what most of the !voters are consistently pointing out: extensive mention in places unaffiliated with the playing of the actual game itself, the notability of the overall system, the precedent of other system-aspects of other notable games/works of fiction, the gray area of just what constitutes an "independent" source (different authors, and so on), and the like. At the very least, that there may be exceptions reflected IN the policy make a mass-nomination misguided, and a mass-deletion against current and past consensus(es), extremely far-reaching, and destructive. ◄ Zahakiel ► 14:11, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Extensive mention elsewhere? Prove it. These are common mythological tropes (the ones that aren't are things I've never heard of anywhere, like digesters and chokers). As I've repeatedly said, the only precedent here is a longstanding one: that articles without any kind of independent existence might get deleted. --Eyrian 14:16, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* You have, of course, read the list of references of each article? They are "elsewhere" from the game guides, and from the titles of the essays and articles mentioned they seem to cover details about the entities behavior, environment, etc. That is "extensive," as far as I am concerned. Asserting otherwise is simply that, an argument from assertion. I understand that you and I don't seem to have the same view of what constitutes an entirely independent source, but that is only one narrow aspect of all that I have said above. It may have been useful at the moment for you to fixate on that one, because you've never responded to the others, but I think it might be better for you to focus on the overall picture the !votes are presenting to you. I don't feel comfortable arguing with you over how very narrowly to apply a particular guideline, I don't think that accomplishes all that much; but I am content to just let the consensus speak here. ◄ Zahakiel ► 14:33, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Why don't you be specific and name the references you feel are independent? I don't think any of them are. Not one. Name one you think that is, specifically. --Eyrian 14:40, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Except, these articles do have some kind of independent existence, since the editors of Wikipedia and the writers of D&D are not one and the same. So the question becomes, is that sufficient on its own? Perhaps, perhaps not. However, I do not think that an adamant no-tolerance policy is the best way to develop consensus here, or even all that well-advised. I still say it'd be better to try to work with folks and come to an agreement over the acceptable threshold for inclusion. Of course, that may not work either (in fact, I know of several categories of articles where I've tried the approach, but the established base of editors refuses to even admit there is a problem). But it would look better to at least try. FrozenPurpleCube 14:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Wikipedia editors are not reliable sources. The acceptable threshold is the same as it's always been: Independent, reliable sources. Notability, notability, notability. There is nothing new here, despite what some D&D focused editors might think. The criteria here are the same ones that are applied to dozens of articles every day. --Eyrian 14:40, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Aha, so now you're accusing us of bias, then? I must most empathically protest. I have never been against these deletions, I only demand, only demand, mark you, that it be carried out totally, logically and across all of the hundreds of D&D articles that fail to meet the standard, instead of singling this particular subset out. All or nothing is the axiom. I'm sorry if you feel that is unfair. --Agamemnon2 14:53, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I found it unwise to simultaneously nominate 200 articles at first blush. --Eyrian 14:55, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* But much more honest, as that's what being discussed here, isn't it? --Agamemnon2 15:19, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I'm not sure if you're replying to me or not, but I don't see how "Wikipedia editors are not reliable sources" applies, since nobody is asking anyone to rely on Wikipedia editors for any particular article content. At most, it's a question of Wikipedia editors being asked to decide what's appropriate for Wikipedia, which is not the same at all. As far as I know, nobody is arguing that everything in these articles can't be found in sources independent of any Wikipedia editor, but if they aren't, that's a particular concern, not a broad-based one. And no matter how much you beat the notability drum, it's not very convincing. Why? Because you're arguing it as the rule to follow, but not providing a sufficient argument as to why it should be applied. That is not convincing, it's rather the opposite in my experience. Seriously, you're not coming across as persuasive to me, and I think the biggest part of it is a failure to articulate your position in a meaningful way. Perhaps you might wish to start working from a position of what articles merit keeping, and which merging, instead of further AFDs? FrozenPurpleCube 23:23, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Official sources do not strike you as very neutral? You do know that these are fictional creatures, right? Whatever the authors write about these creatures is automatically true.--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:32, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep all (or, at worst, merge into larger articles) - Notability is a guideline, not a rule. In my opinion, the proposing editor is trying to prove a point, which is that the fine points of the notability guideline are mandates from on high as to which articles are worthy and which are not. If the proposing editor can come up with a secondary reason than "we must have secondary sources!" to delete this batch, then he may have a point, but if that's all he's got then his argument is weak. Wikipedia is ruled by consensus, and in this case the consensus is clear. BOZ 15:23, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Notability has always been enough. Again, it's not a matter of having to prove that notability applies, it's a matter of proving that it doesn't. Notability is a guideline, which means that it should be followed except when there is a good reason. What's the good reason? --Eyrian 15:25, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment Nom's talk page is suggesting he's trying to alter WP:NOT to suit his aims in this AfD. -Text redacted by - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) Also on there is a thread that I find disturbing - one where he's chastised for ignoring consensus on an AfD for Cheshire Cat in popular culture. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 16:51, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* How so? I have made no reference to WP:NOT here. It's all about WP:NOTE. Please actually read the relevant pages (discussions, etc) before simply trying to sling mud. --Eyrian 16:56, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I redacted my first statement above. However, the second one should stand. I don't mean to sling mud, but I calls 'em as I sees 'em. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 17:05, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Redirects are cheap. I've explained my reasoning there. --Eyrian 17:06, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* However, the fact that you disregarded consensus is a bit of cause for concern, especially since it was an AfD. I understand your reasoning; what I can't fathom is why you would create a redirect instantly without asking for a review of the AfD or actually working to make the article better. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 17:13, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I am incapable of making that article better. There is no better. It's a lost cause. If others want to try, the history is right there for them to work on. DRV has been avoided for the moment because I can only juggle so many things at once, and people should be given a chance to take a shot at improving it. This is, however, becoming increasingly tangential. --Eyrian 17:15, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - I understand your concerns about the editor, Jéské; I think, though, that personal issues aside we should try to stick to what he's doing in this debate, which is saying, quote: "notability, notability, notability," when just about everyone else is saying that even if it were a rule, it would be ignored per consensus. A guideline allows even more flexibility, and due to the notability of the over-arching game, and the fact that the "non-independence" of the sources is a matter of opinion, a retension of these articles, even allowing for future discussion of them individually, seems pretty obvious. In any event, we still have to deal with this AfD as it stands. ◄ Zahakiel ► 17:20, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - no, Zahakiel, if the rule says one thing, and misinformed editors say another, the rule always wins, as the rule is determined by the community at large rather than a SiG. See Consensus. Neil ム 21:27, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Reply - Oh, I've read it. Here's a highlight from the top: "Over time, every edit that remains on a page, in a sense, has the unanimous approval of the community (or at least everyone who has looked at the page). 'Silence equals consent' is the ultimate measure of consensus — somebody makes an edit and nobody objects or changes it. Most of the time, consensus is reached as a natural product of the editing process." Now, that's just about the content of pages. What you're talking about here is an entire set of articles that have remained for some time. But what I am talking about is the consensus of this AfD, which is even more clear. One editor is making a noise about pop/culture and trivia sections that have been on Wikipedia with not only the consent, but the active contribution of a large number of editors and administrators; then bringing that to bear on a massive deletion discussion. To lump all those content with the status quo together under the convenient label of "misinformed" is rather crass, certainly self-serving, and absolutely inaccurate. ◄ Zahakiel ► 21:46, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* P.S.: - What "rule" are you talking about, anyway? Notability? That's a useful guideline, when it's not lawyered to death. ◄ Zahakiel ► 21:50, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Articles are expected / required to illustrate the notability of their subjects. Failure to do so is usually a reason to rewrite the article. If it is impossible to show why the subject is notable, it's usually a pretty good reason for deletion (it's often a reason for speedy deletion). Yes, notability is a guideline, not a policy. That doesn't mean it's wrong. Neil ム 21:59, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Of course, I've got no problem with that. In fact, some of my major contributions involve and have involved finding reliable sources for articles that have long been without them. I certainly don't think the guideline is wrong; what I am saying is that I believe sufficient notability can be established from the sources provided. "Independent" is not something strictly defined in Wikipedia policy; it does not necessarily mean the material has to come from entirely different publishing companies, which appears to be the demand of the nominator while citing the WP:NOTE guideline as if this was an explicit requirement of the "letter of the law." It's not; the guidelines are intended to be more widely read than that... or they would indeed be policy. And again, even there policy is subject to IAR in some rare occasions, so even then it would not be iron-clad. This is orders of magnitude away from a clear-cut case of deletable material. ◄ Zahakiel ► 22:04, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete all. Not one independent source. Not one sourced explanation of why these fictional game components are of any encyclopaedic value. There is also not one argument to keep based in any kind of Wikipedia policy. All the sources do is prove these creatures exist; this does not make them notable. We do not have articles for each monster in Super Mario World or for each block in Tetris - how is this any different? I am aware that this has no chance of being deleted, as there is a very dedicated group of editors who love this stuff. It would have been better nominating just one article, as a test case. Neil ム 21:19, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Heh. Is this WP:OTHERCRAPDOESNOTEXIST? (Unsurprisingly wikipedia does have articles on Super Mario Monsters) Artw 21:32, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I was thinking more like the little walking mushrooms and things. Bowser is a character, not a monster. Creatures in Dungeons and Dragons would be sufficient for all the generic creatures. Neil ム 21:51, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* That's not as unpalatable as deleting all the content... but then why did you !vote for "delete all," rather than "merge all," which seems to be what you're referring to here. ◄ Zahakiel ► 21:58, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Because these articles are so numerous and overwritten (IMO). The effor required in merging would be more than the effort required to create a new article. Or even a set of articles (such as D&D fey, D&D undead, D&D humanoids, whatever, etc). Neil ム 22:02, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Well, yeah... i've seen a lot of people try to invoke WP:ITSHARD to avoid doing what they genuinely believe is best for the encyclopedia. I think there would be people willing to invest that effort. ◄ Zahakiel ► 22:05, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* In re Neil's argument - that's one of the arguments opponents of the Mass Pokemon Species Megamerger used to try and justify keeping them in separate articles. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 22:26, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* That's not what (I think) Neil is saying. If the objective is a single merged article that complies with policy, it would be more effort to try and merge these articles than to just create the new one from scratch. --Eyrian 22:30, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* Yes - if people preferred to merge the current articles, no problems. Neil ム 08:13, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment I would actually be somewhat concerned about the idea of a putative "Creatures in D&D" article. Would it be about the origins of the various creatures? Or appearances? Usages? Changes over the different editions? It might be possible to do something, but....I imagine it would be quite hard and a lengthy process. This isn't a simple subject, but a complex one that would require deep thought before proceeding. Of course, it you do want to start that process, you're welcome to do so, but I don't suggest starting from AFDs. FrozenPurpleCube 23:31, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
* I think "usage" would not be encyclopaedic, other than in the broadest sense. Neil ム 08:13, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Also bear in mind that a few of these articles refer not to specific creatures, but rather to categories of creatures and how they fit into the D&D Mythos (for example, Angel describes how angels fit into the world's cosmology). The equivalent is an article on Demons in Catholicism; specific demons might not be notable, but the concept of demons would be. And does anyone think that an article on demons that only cited Church publications would be deleted because of WP:NOTE. I think instead the consensus would be as here appears to be; let's find less-dependent sources. OcciMoron 03:06, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Merge and cleanup - Having thousands of short articles on every critter in the D&D meta-bestiary doesn't make sense, but they could be merged into one master list with links to separate pages for identifiable groups. The Golem (Dungeons & Dragons) article is an example of the kind of grouping I'm talking about. However, beyond that there should be more info on the antecedents of the D&D ideas... for instance, there is no mention in that article of the connection between Talos and the 'Iron Golem' despite the re-use of the name 'Talos' in D&D. The Jewish Golem tradition is mentioned, but the similarities in supposed construction between those and the D&D stone golems are not detailed. Review to make sure all examples are included (e.g. Warforged from Eberron, Crystal Golems from Psionics Handbook, Mist Golems from Greyhawk, et cetera), more references, and info on usage/influence outside D&D (e.g. 'Tiamat' now being called a multi-headed dragon in various media despite the original mythological being having only one head) would also be good. Individual articles can be kept for now, but the wikiprojects should be working towards merging them. --CBD 11:38, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - It bears pointing out that the majority of the hundreds of D&D creature articles are absolute fucking garbage, their content either infinitesimal or nonexistent and they're laid out apparently according to some harebrained scheme concocted by the relevant Wikiproject, crewed, apparently, by monkeys. As such, something needs to be done, whether it is complete category-wide deletion and salting (which is what I advocate) or some limp-wristed merger compromise that will only lead to less bad articles, but no overall improvement in article quality. --Agamemnon2 11:39, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Well, I suggest trying to work with users in a more friendly and hospitable fashion than this. I certainly agree there's a lot of room for improvement, but there are better ways to obtain that improvement than this kind of thing. FrozenPurpleCube 14:16, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* There's nothing you can do. No amount of magic-wand-waving will make these articles satisfy the notability guidelines. --Agamemnon2 16:29, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* That's nice. Who was talking about that? I was talking about working with other users. FrozenPurpleCube 18:26, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Oh, I'm sorry. I must've misunderstood your intent somehow. As it stands, I've really no interest in "assuming good faith" or "trying to get along". I'm too embittered for that anymore. I calls them as I sees them, and to me, a spade is a spade, if you catch my meaning. --Agamemnon2 18:29, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Well, if you're embittered then that's likely to color your perceptions and treatment of others, and as such is not a good way to proceed, as it's likely to be less effective and more hurtful than need be. A positive outlook of improvement and working together may be hard to manage, but it's certainly important to Wikipedia as a whole. I suggest you see what you can do to improve your outlook. FrozenPurpleCube 18:47, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* LOL. Some people never learn, do they. Burntsauce 17:48, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep or merge into a list. Reliable sources says "Reliable sources are authors or publications regarded as trustworthy or authoritative in relation to the subject at hand" (emphasis added) and "The reliability of a source depends on the context". I'm increasingly of the opinion that fans of notability as a concept are fetishizing "independent sources", to the extent that if it hasn't been mentioned in the Wall Street Journal it doesn't merit mention in Wikipedia. The sources used for these articles are reliable for the subject of Dungeons & Dragons. The fact that most of them are licensed media is irrelevant, or at least should be. The mere fact that there is sufficient interest in Dungeons & Dragons to support all these different sources in different media should be an indicator that Dungeons & Dragons subjects are notable. Five pillars says that Wikipedia "incorporates elements of general encyclopedias, specialized encyclopedias, and almanacs." A specialized encyclopedia on Dungeons & Dragons would include entries on these creatures; therefore, Wikipedia can as well. Of course the articles can use more sourcing and real-world context, per lots of folks above; but I don't see a justification for deletion. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 19:24, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* How can a monster in a game use that game's rules as evidence of notability? Therefore, is every monster in every game that has ever been published notable? Why or why not? --Eyrian 19:26, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* You obviously don't understand. THEY ARE NOT ONLY IN GAMES AND GAME GUIDES. These are creatures that frequently appear in numerous popular novels (such as the best-selling and widely popular Drizzt Do'Urden novels, as well as hundreds of other novels) and games (computer and video games and also old-fashioned pen, paper, and dice games).--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:39, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Heh, I get a funny image of a poor little kobold trying to argue it's notable by pointing to the rule book. More seriously though, it's actually a bit more complicated than just saying it exists within the rules. I would suggest having a special book about the "monster" (such as done with Beholders, Mind Flayers and Illithid) or the monster itself having some wider notability beyond just being in the monster manual, such as the Drow Elves. But honestly, I'm not convinced this is definitive, it's just a few brief thoughts and would need to be extensively examined to establish any kind of position or guidelines. FrozenPurpleCube 19:43, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Licensed books based on the game from the same publisher? Even if those weren't closely linked, I sincerely doubt there's any kind of substantial coverage. --Eyrian 19:45, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* I dunno, fifty to a hundred pages on a given subject? I think something encyclopedic could be done there. YMMV. FrozenPurpleCube 20:07, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* To clarify: I think that in cases like this a strict interpretation of "sources independent of the subject" is contrary to Wikipedia's culture, goals, and established consensus. These monsters have numerous sources in the D&D novels, magazines, different editions of the game, and so forth. It's not just one source. I feel like if there are enough sources from different media, the subject is obviously notable and the fact that the sources have a licensing arrangement with the copyright owner is immaterial. In the case of major media franchises, the criteria in WP:NOTE are flawed, and should be revisited. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 03:23, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Merge, merge, merge! For lack of "third party reliable sources". Presumeably some information has been published about these creatures apart from official manuals and licensed media, however, I see very little evidence that it appeared in reliable, published sources as defined in WP:RS. Whatever good information is in here can be accomadated just as well at a merged page. There is no need for all this drama about "you want to delete every D&D page!!!"; no, we want to merge the majority of D&D pages, trim excessive in-universe content, and create featured-article class pieces about their impact in the real world, which is the primary subject of Wikipedia after all. Eleland 19:50, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Who cares about third-party sources? This is fiction. Notability in fiction is measured by the numbers of the audience, not third-party sources. The reason that fiction doesn't have many third-party sources is because it is copyrighted. Duh. Wizards of the Coast would sue if another company copied their work.--— Quin 19:54, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Nom asked why every monster in every game guide is not also notable. Look at WP:NOTE more closely. The guidelines for notability include more than just the hope for independent sources. While the argument that not satisfying one of those four criteria does not indicate a lack of notability, most monsters have no significant coverage in addition to lacking independent sources. Notable Dungeons and Dragons monsters, luckily, have both independent sources and significant coverage, most of the time. The ones that lack both, such as the Ssvaklor, also lack WP articles because they are not notable. Interestingly, Luke Skywalker lacks independent references. Have you nominated that article for deletion under your ridiculously strict construction of WP:NOTE? Unless you have been living under a rock for 30 years, I don't think you can argue that this character is "not notable."OcciMoron 19:57, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* An oversight on that article, and I've let them know. I'm sure if I nominated it for deletion, it'd be taken care of. As for these articles, I have no such beliefs. Perhaps you should consider actually finding some sources rather than trying to find ways around notability? --Eyrian 20:02, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Perhaps you should find the sources. You are the one trying to destroy Wikipedia, after all.--<IP_ADDRESS> 20:06, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Now, now, there's no reason to accuse a person of trying to destroy Wikipedia. It's best to assume good faith. Now that said, I do think the standards are mistaken here, and in many cases. Why? Because Notability wasn't built with the considerations of these circumstances in mind. It's a pity, but sometimes the rules are broken. That's why the spirit is more important than the rule. FrozenPurpleCube 20:08, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Why are they broken? I find that they work excellently. --Eyrian 20:10, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Perhaps you might want to look more carefully at the situation here. Or AFD in general. There are a lot of folks who find notability a poor standard. I suppose you could dismiss folks as simply ignorant and needing to go into "rightthink" but I think that might have its own perils as well. FrozenPurpleCube 20:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, some people disagree, but I don't see any good reasons why. Regardless, the place to fight that battle is not here. Try WP:VPP. --Eyrian 20:33, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* And I haven't seen any good reasons to use that standard. Just arguments by default that this is the rule, so we follow it. Not persuasive. FrozenPurpleCube 20:49, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Third-party sources are clearly required for WP:NOTE. Yes, it is fiction. Wikipedia is not a collection of plot summaries, nor is it a collection of fictional in-universe information devoid of context, commentary, or critical analysis. Without 3rd party sources, how can we write a verifiable article, or determine a neutral point of view? Without 3rd party sources all we can do is repeat what's in the Monstrous Manual; anything else would be original reserach. I personally agree that "notability" is the wrong way to phrase it - the real issues are verifiability and NPOV, which require 3rd party sources to be achieved. Obviously, any fictional work which becomes popular will be covered by such sources. D&D has received ample coverage, for example. D&D elves have probably received enough coverage to create a good article. Obscure D&D monsters have not. Eleland 20:36, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Depends what you want to say. There's nothing NPOV troubling to me in "This is a Monster that appeared in Book X and is described as living in a given type of terrain, that looks like whatever it looks like" nor does it need third-party sources any more than I'd need third-party sources to confirm what is in a given episode of a television show. And I find context, commentary or critical analysis a secondary concern to accurately describing the fictional subject of an article. This isn't to say long, sprawling articles on plot are what I want, but rather that a good summary of the plot is of primary importance. And I'm not sure that the standards for fiction or notability really gave a good consideration to in-depth fictional universes. FrozenPurpleCube 20:49, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Indeed not; Wikipedia is an encyclopedia of the factual, not the fictional. --Eyrian 20:52, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Giving facts about fiction is still factual.--<IP_ADDRESS> 20:57, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* LOL, very clever. :) Zidel333 21:07, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Optimus Prime is the leader of the Autobots in the fictional universe of the Transformers. That's a fact. Harry Potter attends Hogwarts in the stories about him. That's also a fact. Luke Skywalker? A Jedi and the son of Anakin Skywalker and Padme Amidala. All facts within the story itself. FrozenPurpleCube 21:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Again, I wonder why we are not also having this discussion about Luke Skywalker, but I add to that the comment that the article on Padme Amidala should be considerably pruned as it contains many references to the films in which she appears, and of course, only the fact that she is played by Natalie Portman is notable because it is the only citation on that article which comes from an "independent" source. The Three Musketeers should also be grouped with these articles under nom's suggestion, because they do not meet nom's standards for notability. Dumas would be surprised, no? In fact, the article on books should probably be deleted as every one of its citations is- a book! This is clearly a conspiracy by book publishers and authors, a small community, to lead you to believe that books have had some kind of impact on human history. Shall I point out further how absurd this delete justification is?OcciMoron 21:49, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. No argument has been presented as to why these creatures are non-notable. It could be argued, of course, that anything related to D&D is non-notable; it would be fun to see nominator try. RandomCritic 20:55, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* 30 years of cutural impact is not insignifigant... ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 21:11, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* OTOH, that Coffee table book is...or at least, abominable. FrozenPurpleCube 21:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete but with no prejudices against recreation if/when independent source can be added. Also, since this wikipedia isn't a game-guide we need redesign the articles with the "how has this impacted the real world" as the primary guiding light for these articles. If the artice can't be writen from that context then it's game cruft. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 21:09, 23 August 2007 (UTC) (side note: I love getting an edit conflict when the comment is "lol". ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 21:09, 23 August 2007 (UTC))
* I'm not seeing anything in these articles which would substantially matter to anybody playing the game itself. FrozenPurpleCube 21:14, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Eyrian, these articles are much more notable than that Me and the Pumpkin Queen article you created.…--<IP_ADDRESS> 21:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Hey, at least that one has third-party sources. --Agamemnon2 21:32, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Heh. You'd do well to check out the history of that article. And no, they're not. Important? Maybe. But here on Wikipedia, it's notability that matters. --Eyrian 23:20, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep Any article about D&D and AD&D adventures, games, books etc will refer to one or more of these monsters. If all these articles were to be deleted, than it is possible that each of these articles will have to indiviually carry some description of one or more of these monsters.KTo288 22:24, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
Arbitrary section break
* Delete, make D&Dwiki All the creature pages listed here are non-notable in a general encyclopedia, but might do well on a different wiki. Some are creatures that predate D&D in fiction and are notable by themselves, but not as D&D creatures. Imagine adding a note "An angel is also a monster in D&D and other role playing games" to the page on angels. It would be weird. There are a few fictional creatures that started life as D&D monsters for which one could make an argument of notability, but none of them are on this list. Maybe the rust monster, creeping coins and displacer beast could make it, but that's not part of this discussion. If this discussion comes out "no consensus", I'd suggest nominating the least notable D&D monster on its own as an AfD so that we can have a test case, and then moving up the list in batches. And to those arguing that it's too much work to clean bad articles out of wikipedia, that's hopefully not true, or we're lost as a project. --Slashme 08:32, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* That's the problem with certain WikiProjects and inclusionists within them. WP:POKE went through the same crap with its articles, and there's still combat going on on Bulbasaur. - Jéské ( v^_^v Kacheek! ) 09:08, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Yeah, I found it took quite a lot of effort to prune that Gundam cruft some time ago. And I think it continues to multiply. MER-C 11:42, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* It is certainly correct to say that these entries are not suitable for a general encyclopedia... and if Wikipedia were a general encyclopedia that would be relevant. However, since Wikipedia combines the contents of "general encyclopedias, specialized encyclopedias, and almanacs" we ought to be looking at that (actual) standard for inclusion. Is D&D notable? Obviously yes. Would a specialized D&D encyclopedia include these things? Yes. Ergo, they are suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia. Which is why we are also creating articles on every species of animal in existence. You wouldn't find an article on the Naked-rumped Tomb Bat in any 'general encyclopedia'. You wouldn't even find one in most 'encyclopedias of mammals', but you'd find it in an 'encyclopedia of bats' and you find it in Wikipedia. Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons) is no less (indeed, far more) notable than Naked-rumped Tomb Bat and thus no less worthy of inclusion. --CBD 12:16, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* No, it combines elements of them; either you can't read or you're cherry picking quotes to try and advance your position. <IP_ADDRESS> 12:59, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Hmmm. Well, I can obviously read, so it must be that I am cherry picking quotes that advance my position. "Elements of". Ah, very important distinction. No doubt the 'element of' almanacs which Wikipedia incorporates is that it is 'published' only once a year! And the 'element of' specialized encyclopedias which Wikipedia incorporates is an 'in universe' perspective! Here all this time I was thinking it was the contents. That's it. Nuke the Naked-rumped Tomb Bat article. It'd never be found in a general encyclopedia. :] --CBD 09:20, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* Slashme suggested that we nominate the least notable monster here after this closes if there's no deletion. That's the wrong way to go, as further rounds of the deletion game are just....non productive. I suggest instead trying to work with the project to establish a consensus as to inclusion/exclusion. There are indeed creatures that can merit articles, and as far as existing mythological creatures and D&D is concerned, it would help to establish a position on that as well. It might be desirable, for example, to have a summary article discussing the issue, as one of the influences of the game. FrozenPurpleCube 14:59, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Transwiki then delete. I bet there's someone out there that can make use of these pages, but it ain't us. This is an encyclopedia, not an in-universe guide to D&D. There is no evidence that these fictional characters have had any substantial impact on the real world whatsoever.
* Very few, if any, of these articles could be considered an in-universe guide to D&D. That would be something entirely different in nature. (For that sort of thing, I'd suggest reading one of the D&D books with a section written in that form). But any of that could be addressed with a rewrite if it were the problem. As for substantial impact on the real world, that seems a bit of an arbitrary claim, since several of these creatures have been the subject of art, miniatures, magazine articles and even books in the real world. FrozenPurpleCube 14:59, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Per the GFDL license, if articles are transwikied, they should not be deleted but be turned into redirects with the template on them.--ElminsterAumar 06:41, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. This stuff reads like Wikipedia is not for things made up in school one day, and as such can never meet criteriaNotability (fiction). --Gavin Collins 22:27, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Whether or not these are kept, citing Wikipedia is not for things made up in school one day is absurd given that they were created and published by a notable company as part of a notable RPG. Whether these individual articles are notable is open to question, but this argument smacks of WP:IDONTLIKEIT and WP:IDONTKNOWIT. -Chunky Rice 22:29, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Tell you what, if you can take something you've made up in school one day and get it published across the globe, get several movies made around it, hundreds (if not thousands) of different novels, as well as various art, miniatures, and who knows what else, then I'd say your work might merit an article on Wikipedia. Besides, it's not like anybody is arguing that the individually created creatures merit inclusion by default. I think most people would agree that the threshold is higher than that. FrozenPurpleCube 23:24, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Oh really? Default inclusion seems awfully close to what's being argued. Again, none of the creatures here are particularly important to D&D. Why should Digester be kept, but not Ssvaklor? --Eyrian 23:32, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
* Perhaps the problem is based on your approach to discussing this issue, which is instead of establishing a baseline of acceptance, jumped straight to the deletion roundtable. As I said originally, I think you'd have been better advised to discuss the issue in the project space. This might have served to focus the issue on developing a criteria for inclusion as opposed to engendering hard feelings that tend to arise from the "AFD" approach. It's unfortunate, but the method chosen stirred up the pot in such a way that may not fix things at all, but will instead leave everybody feeling upset. As for Digester versus Ssvaklor, I take no position on that question, I do not know that I would consider them any different but then again, maybe I would. I'd have to know more about them. FrozenPurpleCube 01:39, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* keep all Most of these seem like canonical D&D creatures. I might agree with deleting two or three in this list but a cluster nomination like this is not the way to go. The nominator should work with the D&D WikiProject to establish article inclusion criteria rather than randomly select some articles for deletion. --Polaron | Talk 01:28, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* Comment. Don't know how much this helps with the notability issue, but User:Quinsareth was kind enough to find some third-party sources to add to Golem (Dungeons & Dragons), Angel (Dungeons & Dragons), Gorgon (Dungeons & Dragons), and Grimlock (Dungeons & Dragons), which according to the editor were "a few easily-found, official and third-party sources simply by using Google." BOZ 06:33, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* I wouldn't call the DDO website (as added to Golem) a third party source. It's a licensed adaptation. --Agamemnon2 10:30, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - Mass deletion nominations like this one are nonsensical. Wikipedia has lots of articles about fictional creatures from specific works of fiction, including articles about Vulcans and Klingons from Star Trek. These articles are hardly different. Rray 11:11, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* Strong merge, which means keep for now. I'm rather surprised- has no one yet linked to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters? It seems that the WikiProject knew that this was a problem, and are (slowly) working on a new scheme. Some D&D creatures are likely too irrelevant to merit anything even on a list, or perhaps only merit a line or two, but that distinction is for editors more familiar with the topic to decide. It seems stalled for now, but certainly some editors who are willing to debate the matter here might also be willing to push ahead with a new merging scheme that would leave only the D&D monsters meeting general notability with their own articles (dragons, beholders, etc.).
* I'll add that somebody else brought up D&D classes. To put my time where my mouth is, I'll just add that despite not being overly familiar with the latest D&D stuff, I've been working on merging the less notable of those as well. Compare the old template's entries with the current Template:D&D character class (though the job is certainly not quite done yet!). SnowFire 19:45, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* And what good would merging do? I agree with <IP_ADDRESS>'s comment, that "people could easily find these articles by using the search engine, typing the name in the URL, following a link from another article, or looking at Category:Dungeons & Dragons creatures" and that "they don't need to be condensed and merged into a single page."--ElminsterAumar 06:41, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - Dungeons & Dragons is a very notable RPG. I don't see how elements relating to it would be non-notable. Salvatore22 22:45, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* Because notability is not inherited. --Eyrian 22:58, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* That's not an explanation, that's an assertion without supporting argument. FrozenPurpleCube 02:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* No, the argument that notability is inherited is the assertion without supporting argument. Notability pertains to a particular topic, not its parent topic. If notability were inherited, the entire universe would be notable many ontological schemes. An individual topic needs to demonstrate its notability. That is right there in WP:NOTE. Where does it make the exception that an article doesn't if it's parent does?--Eyrian 02:45, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* He's right there - there is no such thing as inherent notability or non-notabilty for the children of a particular article. Of course, a group nomination like this for a specific subset of the children of a subjetc seems to border on the asumption of inherent non-notability. Artw 02:52, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* And that's how it goes. WP:NNOT is a failed proposal. Articles need to prove their notability, or be deleted. --Eyrian 02:57, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* There we are in agreement. Are you changing your vote to relist so that can happen? Artw 03:00, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* These articles have had years come up with sources. The policies about notability and verifiability have always been there. I simply don't believe the sources exist in this case. That's why they got afd1 and not notability. --Eyrian 04:59, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, notability is in this case nothing but a practice on Wikipedia. Is it definitive? Nope. In fact, it's explicitly stated that "However, it is not set in stone and should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception." . There's a reason for that. In any case, you may disagree with these creatures being notable because D&D is notable BUT the way to argue with that isn't going to be suited by saying "Notability isn't inherited" as if it were some sort of magic mantra. I'm afraid it isn't. Thus I continue to recommend that instead of simply reciting what's said elsewhere, you articulate a reasoning applicable to the specific situation. FrozenPurpleCube 03:59, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, and my common sense tells me that random monsters from D&D don't deserve their own articles. And you've failed to provide any reason for an exception that doesn't fall apart on a cursory analysis. --Eyrian 04:59, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Fine, I don't think anybody here is going to say that "random monsters from D&D" merit their own articles. I think many people would accept a criteria that is more specific than that. Perhaps you'd care to start a discussion on the subject itself? FrozenPurpleCube 14:27, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* I'm quite willing to do so, but I really don't think it would boil down to a restatement of notability. --Eyrian 17:22, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Well, whatever you think might happen, it would still be a better way to cover the issue in a way other than AFD. Try some of the existing wikiprojects, or the village pump. FrozenPurpleCube 17:45, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry, I made a mistake in my post. The correct meaning should now be clear. Notability is the bar that has been set, and it is the bar that always should be set. It's got very good reasons behind it, and exceptions should be made in individual cases, not general ones. --Eyrian 17:57, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Strong keep. These creatures appear in many novels that are best-sellers and are read by millions of people. They are a strong part of both the plot and the background. Deleting them would deprive many people of their wish to learn more about these creatures. Each creature article also contains a list of references where these creatures are featured in, so that people know were to look to learn more about them.--ElminsterAumar 06:09, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* This is pretty clearly User:<IP_ADDRESS>. --Eyrian 06:11, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Oh, so now that your "arguments" are failing, you are relying on ad hominem attacks? I am not User:<IP_ADDRESS>. True, this is a new account I have just created, but I already know a bit about editing Wikipedia, and D&D is a fairly well-known subject, to say the least. Excuse me for stumbling upon your bad-faithed deletion nomination.--ElminsterAumar 06:16, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* How is that ad-hominem? I'm not saying you're a bad person; just that you've already contributed here. How convenient that for every one of your first contributions, you just stumbled upon a page I've been working on...--Eyrian 06:18, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Oh, so I suppose you are not familiar with the Special:Contributions/Eyrian page?--ElminsterAumar 06:21, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* Cultus Ferox is clearly less notable than these D&D creature articles. Much more people know about these creatures than that German band.--ElminsterAumar 06:24, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is the agency responsible for the laws relevant to the Privacy Rule that is part of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). An athlete’s mental health conditions and treatment are protected health information under HIPAA and not considered part of an athlete’s employment record. The stigma associated with mental health has historically been a barrier to many athletes openly discussing mental health concerns and seeking treatment.
Rita is the real deal. First, you have to believe it is going to work... then you go see Rita and she will make your dreams come true. I saw Rita for smoking... I had smoked on and off socially since college. Then I picked up the nasty habit full time because all my co-workers were doing it and I thought it relieved stress. Here I was... a 30 year old woman smoking 2-3 packs a week and buying cigarettes when I really shouldn't have been spending my money that way. Not long after I couldn't breath, was hacking up my lungs, and embarrassed of the smell and reputation of being a "smoker"... I tried to quit and after many unsuccessful attempts I thought about hypnosis. It was almost comical but I was willing to do anything to stop this nasty addiction.
In the 2000s, hypnotherapists began to combine aspects of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) with Ericksonian hypnotherapy to produce therapy that was goal focused (what the client wanted to achieve) rather than the more traditional problem focused approach (spending time discussing the issues that brought the client to seek help). A solution-focused hypnotherapy session may include techniques from NLP.[13]
The Capacities-Gap Exercise: List what you believe are your most positive personal strengths, qualities and personality capacities. Describe how each one has become stunted, blocked or deformed in their expression, in daily life. It happens to everyone. For each gap, describe what steps you could commit to taking, to enlarge those capacities and reduce the gaps in your role as a leader as well as in your overall life.
In North America, support for sport psychology grew out of physical education. The North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) grew from being an interest group to a full-fledged organization, whose mission included promoting the research and teaching of motor behavior and the psychology of sport and exercise. In Canada, the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology (SCAPPS) was founded in 1977 to promote the study and exchange of ideas in the fields of motor behavior and sport psychology.
Before people subject themselves to hypnotherapy they are advised to learn as much about the process and about the chosen therapist as is necessary to feel comfortable. Rapport and trust are two key ingredients in making a potential hypnotherapy patient comfortable. Therapists should be open and willing to answer all questions regarding qualifications, expertise, and methods used. A well-qualified professional will not undertake the use of hypnosis without interviewing the patient to ascertain their level of understanding of the process. This is very important for two reasons. First, it allows the patient the opportunity to have questions answered and to develop some rapport with the therapist. Second, it is important for the therapist to know the patient's expectations since meeting these expectations will enhance the likelihood of success.
More recently, the role of sport psychologist has been called on to meet the increasing demand for anger management for athletes. Increasingly, Sport Psychologists have needed to address this topic and provide strategies and interventions for overcoming excessive anger and aggression in athletes, and techniques for athletes to manage emotions. A comprehensive anger management program for athletes was developed by Dr. Mitch Abrams, a licensed sport psychologist who authored “Anger Management in Sport”[21]
It is used for a wide variety of applications, and studies into its efficacy are often of poor quality[2] which makes it difficult to determine efficacy. Several recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the literature on various conditions have concluded that the efficacy of hypnotherapy is "not verified",[3] that there is no evidence[4][5] or insufficient evidence[6][7] for efficacy.
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Walpole - Fortitude.djvu/254
Some one had said once to him a great many years ago—“It is not life that matters but the Courage that you bring to it.” Well, that was untrue. He would like to tell the man who had said that that he was a liar. No Courage could be enough if life chose to be hard. No Courage—
Nevertheless, the thought of somewhere a long time ago when some one had said that to him, slowly filled his tired brain with a distaste for the little inn with the bow-windows. He would not go there yet, just a little while and then he would go.
Almost dreaming—certainly seeing nothing about him that he recognised—he stumbled confusedly down to the Embankment. Here there was at any rate air, he drew his shabby blue coat more closely about him and sat down on a wooden bench, in company with a lady who wore a large damaged feather in her hat and a red stained blouse with torn lace upon it and a skirt of a bright and tarnished blue.
The lady gave him a nod.
“Cheer, chucky,” she said.
Peter made no reply.
“Down on your uppers? My word, you look bad—Poor Kid! Well, never say die—strike me blimy but there's a good day coming—”
“I sat here once before,” said Peter, leaning forward and addressing her very earnestly, “and it was the first time that I ever heard the noise that London makes. If you listen you can hear it now—London's a beast you know—”
But the lady had paid very little attention. “Men are beasts, beasts,” she said, scowling at a gap in the side of her boots, “beasts, that's what they are. 'Aven't 'ad any luck the last few nights. Suppose I'm losin' my looks sittin' out 'ere in the mud and rain. There was a time, young feller, my lad, when I 'ad my carriage, not 'arf!” She spat in front of her—“'E was a good sort, 'e was—give me no end of a time but the lot of men I've been meetin' lately ain't fit to be called men—they ain't—mean devils—leavin' me like this, curse 'em!” She coughed. The sun had set now and the lights were coming out, like glass beads on a string on the other side of the river. “Stoppin' out all night, ducky? Stayin' 'ere? 'Cause I got a bit of a cough!—disturbs fellers a bit last feller | WIKI |
ISSN : 1301-5680
e-ISSN : 2149-8156
Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Sınırlı rezeksiyon döneminde yaşam kalitesi
Ulaş Kumbasar
1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
DOI : 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2021.21506
Quality of life (QoL) after pulmonary resections is an important consideration while deciding whether to proceed with surgery or not. For years, as the thoracic surgery community, we have paid a great effort to achieve better QoL with the help of emerging technology and perioperative care protocols such as enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).
I would like to congratulate Cansever et al.[1] for their recent publication comparing the short-term QoL of patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) versus thoracotomy. They successfully validated the impact of VATS resections on better short-term QoL in the post-resection period. In this context, I aim to focus on further steps that need to be taken to ensure even better QoL after pulmonary resections. My primary emphasis will be on the impact of the extent of resection on QoL, as the number of the elderly and patients with underlying multiple comorbidities who need pulmonary resection has been increasing and technological improvements allow achieving comparable oncological results with limited resections.
I believe that there is enough evidence in the literature showing that VATS is associated with less QoL impairment. However, the impact of sublobar resection is still unclear. There are very limited studies most of which are confounded by varying use of VATS. In a randomized-controlled trial, global QoL significantly decreased at discharge, six weeks, and return to baseline within three months, without a significant difference between the treatment arms (lobectomy vs. segmentectomy). However, VATS was used for 43% of lobectomies, for 23% of segmentectomies, and 44% of segmentectomies were "lobe-like". Pain outcomes were similar for lobectomy and segmentectomy. Dyspnea was greater than baseline throughout the follow-up year which was worse after lobectomy than segmentectomy.[2] It can be speculated that most symptoms following lung resections are incision-related and, thus, largely driven by the approach (VATS vs. open). Thus, resection extent seems to be the main factor affecting the degree of postoperative dyspnea. Another potential factor to be considered is the type of segmentectomy. A multivariate analysis of a prospective study observed more Grade ≥2 pulmonary complications following complex versus simple segmentectomy.[3]
In conclusion, there are limited data to conclude on the impact of the extent of resection on QoL. We need to conduct more studies and interpret the literature further in this context. I believe that the era of limited resections is the future of thoracic surgery practice.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
REFERENCES
1. Cansever L, Sezen CL, Yaran OV, Bedirhan MA. Comparison of short-term quality of life in patients undergoing videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 2020;28:292-293.
2. Stamatis G, Leschber G, Schwarz B, Brintrup DL, Ose C, Weinreich G, et al. Perioperative course and quality of life in a prospective randomized multicenter phase III trial, comparing standard lobectomy versus anatomical segmentectomy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer up to 2 cm, stage IA (7th edition of TNM staging system). Lung Cancer 2019;138:19-26.
3. Suzuki K, Saji H, Aokage K, Watanabe SI, Okada M, Mizusawa J, et al. Comparison of pulmonary segmentectomy and lobectomy: Safety results of a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;158:895-907.
Author Reply
Dear Editor,
First of all, I would like to thank valuable comments of the author. The main problem is that we do not have screening programs in lung cancers. Therefore, we mostly find T1c or highergrade tumors in our clinical practice. In our article, we excluded our segmentectomies, as the sample size is extremely low and to prevent heterogeneity in our study. Early surgical outcomes of complex segmental resections are identical to simple segmentectomies in retrospective studies. On the other hand, long-term results of complex segmental resections are still controversial.
Correspondence: Levent Cansever, MD. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Yedikule Göğüs Hastalıkları ve Göğüs Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Göğüs Cerrahisi Kliniği, 34020 Zeytinburnu, İstanbul, Türkiye.
Tel: +90 532 - 277 08 88 e-mail: lcansever@yahoo.com | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/koop-phyto.org
Reporting statistics of link koop-phyto.org; 0 records.
* koop-phyto.org resolves to <IP_ADDRESS> -.
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* Link is not on the blacklist.
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Below a full report on all use of the link koop-phyto.org.
LinkWatcher records:
* 1) 2009-03-09 16:13:16 (UTC): User w:de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 9) to Pfefferminze (diff - undo) - Link: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=15. * Links added in this diff: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=15 (9, 6, 4, 1)
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* 4) 2009-03-10 11:39:21 (UTC): User w:de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 9) to Boldo (diff - undo) - Link: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=5. * Links added in this diff: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=5 (9, 6, 4, 1)
* 5) 2009-03-10 11:41:30 (UTC): User w:de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 9) to Wermutkraut (diff - undo) - Link: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=24. * Links added in this diff: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=24 (9, 6, 4, 1)
* 6) 2009-07-27 16:40:27 (UTC): User w:de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 1) to Wermutkraut (diff - undo) - Link: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=24. * Links added in this diff: www.koop-phyto.org/arzneipflanzenlexikon.php?de_pflanzen=24 (1, 6, 1, 1) | WIKI |
Anvarthikanpettai
Anvardhikanpet (or Anvarthikanpettai) is a village in Ranipettai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is about 81 km from the state capital, Chennai.
Nearby villages include Mel Aavadham, Keezh Aavadham, Aavadham pudhupattu, Ramapuram, minnal, Kunnathur, Melkalathur, Meleri, Kattupakkam and Mahendravadi.
Nearby towns
Arakkonam is about 15 km from the village, whereas one of the six abodes of Hindu God Murugan, Tiruttani is 22 km from here. One of the major towns of Vellore district, Sholinghur is at a proximity of 23 km.
People and occupation
Telugu is widely spoken among the native villagers. Tamil is prevalent among all people who in near by villages.
Education
* The Government High School is located in this village.
* "Kilai Noolagam (Library)" is located near bus stop.
Transport
Up Line: Connects to Chennai, Tirupathy... Down Line: Connects to Walaja Road, Katpadi (VELLORE), Jolarpettai, Bangalore. Yelagiri express and Kaveri Express are important trains in this station. And also some other local trains are running here.
* Anvardhikanpet is well-connected by bus to the nearby towns Arakonam and Tiruthani.
* This village has a railway station "Anvardhikanpet" at 1 km distance with two tracks (Up Line & Down Line).
It has four streets with a total population of around 1000. | WIKI |
Page:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, Volume 10.djvu/105
HE holy Scripture is full of expressions to set forth the miserable condition of man during the whole progress of his life; his weakness, pride, and vanity; his unmeasurable desires, and perpetual disappointments; the prevalency of his passions, and the corruptions of his reason his deluding hopes, and his real, as well as imaginary fears; his natural and artificial wants; his cares and anxieties; the diseases of his body, and the diseases of his mind; the shortness of his life; his dread of a future state, with his carelessness to prepare for it: and the wise men of all ages have made the same reflections.
But all these are general calamities, from which none are excepted; and being without remedy, it is vain to bewail them. The great question, long debated in the world, is, whether the rich or the poor are the least miserable of the two? It is certain that no rich man ever desired to be poor, and that most,. X. | WIKI |
Wednesday, March 19, 2003
[Power Management - Screen Saver] I use the BIOS screen off feature (in desktop properties - right-click on open area of the desktop). It saves CPU cycles over Windows screen savers. I am using an ABIT KG-7 Lite motherboard, and it has a section in the BIOS called Power Management. If you go in there, you have three options for automatic screen closing - blank screen, V&H Sync and Blank, and Power Management. I use power management because my monitor supports it.
Anyway, the whole point of this is, don't you hate it when the screen saver kicks in during a download you are monitorig, or while you're watching some graphics? There's a section in Power Management where you can enable, for example, activity on VGA ports to restart the screen saver countdown. There is a whole list of other things, ordered by interrupt (IRQ) number, that you can enable to do the same thing for that interrupt.
Say, for example, you like to watch visualizations while you're listening to MP3s. Just find out the interrupt, in Device Manager (winkey-pause), and enable wake-up for that interrupt in the list in the BIOS Power Management section. As long as you're using the audio card, the screen saver will not kick in.
So, that's about it. I hope you can find this feature in your BIOS. There are certainly many more current and better motherboards on the market than my KG-7 Lite. Seems to me they would all have to have this kind of feature. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Kirsty Hughes
amended lead section
Can another editor confirm that the lead section amendment meets style guide? Thanks Kaybeesquared (talk) 16:57, 1 May 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Ashkenazi Jews/Archive 1
Ashkenazi intelligence
Jew Ashkenazi have a lower intelligence than white people. Backman (1972) gives the following: IQ 91.3 for Non-verbal reasoning IQ 95.1 for Short term verbal memory IQ 107.8 for Verbal IQ 109.7 for Mathematical
Average IQ for Ashkenazi in United States is 100.975, according to the Backman series of tests.
The Ashkenazi intelligence article has been nominated for deletion again, see Articles for deletion/Race and intelligence (history) (see also Articles for deletion/Ashkenazi intelligence) and because that article was a derivative of the Ashkenazi Jews article, and contains important information directly relevant to this topic, it is being archived here for reference purposes, as of its 25 October 2007 version so that whatever is appropriate can be re-incorporated into the main Ashkenazi Jews article:
Ashkenazi intelligence refers to the controversial theory purporting the general intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews, the Jews of Central and Eastern European origin who are the descendants of Jews who settled in the Rhineland beginning about the year 800 AD.
Psychometric Findings
Psychometrics research has found that Ashkenazi Jews have the highest mean score of any ethnic group on standardized tests of general intelligence, with estimates ranging from 7 to 17 points above the mean IQ of the general white population at 100, which ranges from 107 for Germany to 90 for Turkey according to Richard Lynn's estimates for 2006. These studies (see references) also indicate that this advantage is primarily in verbal and mathematical performance; spatial and visual-perceptual performance is average. However some statistic data on Israel, which has about 50% of Ashkenazi Jews in its population show that Israel achieves lower average IQ scores than countries of Europe or East Asia (IQ and the Wealth of Nations). (Israel 94, England 100, Hong Kong 107). Israel however is multicultural in nature, where Jews, Muslims (around 1/4 of population) and Christians reside. Besides being controversial, this work relies on existing studies "of questionable validity", leading to results even the authors don't believe to be correct.
Cochran et al.
The 2005 study Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence by Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending at the University of Utah noted that European Jews were forbidden to work in many of the common jobs of the middle-ages from C.E. 800 to 1700, such as agriculture, and subsequently worked in high proportion in meritocratic jobs requiring higher intelligence, such as finance and trade, some of which were forbidden to non-Jews by the church. Those who performed better are known to have raised more children to adulthood, according to Cochran et al., passing on their genes in greater proportion than those who performed less successfully.
Cochran et al. hypothesized that the eugenic pressure was strong enough that mutations creating higher intelligence when inherited from one parent but creating disease when inherited from both parents would still be selected for, which could explain the unusual pattern of genetic diseases found in the Ashkenazi population, such as Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Mucolipidosis type IV, and other lipid storage disorders and sphingolipid diseases. Some of these diseases (especially torsion dystonia) have been shown to correlate with high intelligence, and others are known to cause neurons to grow an increased number of connections to neighboring neurons.
Reviews of the controversial paper have been both positive and negative, with critics claiming the argument to be far-fetched and unsupported by direct evidence. Many genetically-isolated human groups have faced multifarious adaptive pressures one could cherry pick to justify presently exhibited group traits.
Alternative explanations
* Israeli Ashkenazi's scores may average lower than U.S. and British Ashkenazi, Lynn suggests, due to selective migration effects in relation to those countries, and to immigrants from the former Soviet Bloc countries having posed as Jews to escape poverty. It should be noted that its difficult to classify who is a "Jew" or "Ashkenazi" because of intermixing along family trees. The data isn't necessarily strong enough, however, to rule out identical scores for Ashkenazi across these nations (Malloy (2006)).
* Jews settling in the Rhineland were from the beginning mostly money-lenders and merchants (as well as rabbis). A biological (hereditary) explanation for high Ashkenazi IQ may be that modern Ashkenazi Jews are descended mostly from the several thousand Jewish settlers that belonged to these traditionally high-IQ occupations. This self-selection may also explain why Ashkenazi Jews have significantly higher IQ scores than Mizrahi Jews. An environmental (cultural) explanation for high Ashkenazi IQ is that since it was forbidden for Christians to take interest and money-lending, Jews took the opportunity and developed into a relatively wealthy social group, which traditionally can afford higher education to their children. The extent to which intelligence is hereditary (determined by genes) remains a controversial subject.
* Talent in the study of Torah traditionally contributed to one's social success in Jewish communities; those more lacking in the capacity for such study were perhaps more prone to assimilate into general culture, thereby raising the average intelligence of the given community. (Murray 2003, Shafran 2005)
* Among the devout, daily study of the Talmud was required and respected. Those who left the fold of Orthodoxy replaced daily Torah study with rigorous secular scholarship.
* The affluent tended to be more intelligent and fertile, as well as educated, propagating higher intelligence and a greater reverence for scholarship. A Torah scholar would often marry the daughter of an affluent merchant in exchange for the latter's extended financial support for the scholar's studies.
* European Jews' history of persecution selected for high intelligence, leaving a positive effect on the hereditary component of their IQ.
* Persecution led Jews to embrace education as a transportable asset, to better adapt to novel surroundings.
* Jews reached a population bottleneck in the 14th Century at the height of the Black Death when they were widely blamed for the plague. This small population allowed a few random genetic changes (genetic drift) to take root as they could not do so in a larger population that resists drift.
in all objectivity, public opinion...
In all objectivity, some people proposed some theories which made it into publications that had a large audience. It doesn't matter how controversial those theories are and even if they turned out to be completely wrong and unfounded. Wikipedia seems against the practice of weeding out theories that aren't popular to appease sensitivities.
As a Jew, I say this
I am an Ashkenazi Jew, and I agree that to describe any ethnic group as more intelligent than another is, as said, pseudo-scientific racism. This article epitomizes such, and I fully condone its deletion. That is in hopes that such articles, or references to such, will never again be found on Wikipedia. This is an encyclopedia, not a breeding ground for biased theories which provided no credence to the advancement of any science.
"this article seems racist"
The evidence in this article just doesn't seem one hundred percent credible. I think the veracity of this page should be questioned for the sake of all parties, both those who read this article and those to whom it refers. The subject matter of this article may or may not be incorrect. Misinformation is very dangerous, and this article seems quite racist. Therefore I believe this this article should be flagged as disputed until the information within can be thoroughly proved.
I am proposing this page as a place for people who think that the subject of "Ashkenazi Jews" is about eugenics, racial theories, intelligence testing, IQ, and such. It obviously is an issue these days, but it is not really what the history and culture of over 8 million people is about. So lets have a topical page here about Ashkenazi Intelligence. You fold can write as much as you want here, because you really are on topic on this page. --Metzenberg 06:43, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
This sounds like BS and will end up being fodder for anti-semites.
Deletion: Ashkenazi is a nebulous category, etc.
Recommned the deletion of this page, for a multitude of reasons: 1. The data relied upon is not valid due to small, non-representative sample sizes. The most valid and representative testing so far has shown that Jews have approximately 107 IQ, using a study that tested around 1,300 disporic Jews. (all other proceeding this study had less than a hundred)
2. Ashkenazi is a nebulous category. It's a mixture of religious and ethnic aspects.
3. It's far too narrow. Often I see people trying to compare large ethnic groups such as "white europeans" to Ashkenzaim. White europeans have an average IQ of about 100, but it ranges from low 90s in the case of Serbians to 107 in Germans and the Dutch. 107 is essentially the same IQ as the average Ashkenazim IQ. Additionally, several "east asian" ethnicities have higher IQs yet.
4. there is already a section in the ashkenazi section and someone seems to have the uncanning ability to slip usually invalid data about Ashkenazi intelligence into them.
5. The most pornounced differences occur only in disporic Ashkenazim, which itself is a problem. I don't believe anyone has ever studied groups such as "American born ethnic finnish methodists" which is essentially a category as equally narrow as the ashkenazim Jews used in these studies.
6. Due to number one, almost all the claims /correlations pointed to in this wiki are factually incorrect Ernham 22:10, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
According to this http://sq.4mg.com/corrupt.htm, Israeli ashkenazim IQ hardly seems to be higher then 103,5 (Israeli population: 20% of Arabs (average IQ 87), 40% of sephardim (average IQ about 88) and 40% of ashkenazim. 103,5 is less then Hong Kong average IQ score.--Igor "the Otter" 15:15, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
Ashkenazi Jews/other European Ethnicties and east asians updates
Hello. This is generic message I will be placing on several IQ-related atricles that have touched on Ashkenazim Jew IQ. Much is being written/compared/correlated on wikipedia regarding ashekenazim, much of which is incorrect given most modern research regarding it.
The modern interpreation of Ashkenazim IQ is that Jews have slightly higher verbal and mathematical IQ than the average white population and the same or lower IQ in perceptual and spatial. The below letter, compiled with data and written by Richard Lynn, shows that the IQ of diasporic A. Jews just in Verbal IQ is approximately 107. Not only is this substantially lower than many other studies in the past that relied on flawed non-representative samples and had small sample sizes, but it is merely the verbal IQ. One of the main trends of the A.Jew IQ has been very high verbal, with everything else being at least somewhat lower than that, meaning that this data suggests that the IQ of A.Jews may actually be significantly to slightly lower yet. In any event, most assertions being made on wikipedia are completely offbase and needs to be re-written with the understanding of these more recent studies and extrapolations of the experts in IQ, such as Lynn. I'm writing this in hopes people will take it open themselves to clean up wikis related to Ashkenazim since I really don't want to go to the trouble of running down every wiki and editing it myself.
Lynn has also now compiled a list of European nations/ethnicities and their respective IQs. The Dutch, Germans, and Poles all have approximately the same IQ according to the data as A.Jews, which throws even more monkey wrenchs into the wikis I've been reading, ones that say things like Jews success in field X could be linked to higher IQ. If this were the case, their would be way more German, Dutch, and Polish Nobel laureates. This is just an example. Basically, A.Jews, according to the accepted and recent interpretations, slightly exceed several European ethnicities and are essentially the same as many others. Further, now that Lynn has taken the time to break down IQs by ethnicities, all wikis generally related to IQ should include the data if they cite Ashkenazi IQ in the wiki. It smacks of some kind of racism to only single out A.Jews as an ethnicity and not others when we have the data on others. this seems to be a repeated bias I see on IQ-related wikis.
It should also be noted that both Flynn and Lynn have found that when correcting for the FLynn-effect, the East Asian IQ advantage drops to statistically negligble or close to. Again, this is the recent findings and wikis should reflect such. In any event, here is the cite/info-filled letter.
Dr. Richard Lynn The Intelligence of American Jews Sat Feb 14 01:24:26 2004
The Intelligence of American Jews Dr. Richard Lynn University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland http://www.rlynn.co.uk
Summary. This paper provides new data on the theory that Jews have a higher average level of verbal intelligence than non-Jewish whites. The theory is considered by examining the vocabulary scores of Jews, non-Jewish whites, blacks and others obtained in the American General Social Surveys carried out by the National Opinion Research Centre in the years 1990-1996. Vocabulary size is a good measure of verbal intelligence. Jews obtained a significantly higher mean vocabulary score than non-Jewish whites, equivalent to an IQ advantage of 7.5 IQ points. The results confirm previous reports that the verbal IQ of American Jews is higher than that of non-Jewish whites.
Introduction
It has often been asserted that Jews have a higher average level of intelligence than non-Jewish whites of European origin. Herrnstein and Murray (1994, p.275) have written that "Whenever the subject of group differences comes up one of the questions sure to be asked is 'Are Jews really smarter than everyone else?' ” and their answer to this question is an affirmative. Eysenck (1995,p.159) asserted that "As far as Jews are concerned, there is no question that they score very highly on IQ tests". Levin (1997,p.132) has written that “in every society in which they have participated, Jews have eventually been recognised (and disliked for) their exceptional talent”. Seligman (1992, p.133) writes of "the extraordinarily high Jewish g levels”.
Despite these assertions, the purported high IQ of the Jews has never been systematically reviewed and is not even mentioned in recent textbooks on intelligence, such as those of Brody (1992) and Mackintosh (1998).
There have nevertheless been a number of studies of the intelligence of Jews in the United States. Among those who have discussed this question, there is a general consensus on two points. First, that Jews have a higher average IQ than gentile whites (this term is used for non-Jewish whites). Second, that Jews are stronger on verbal ability than on visualization and visual-spatial ability. Beyond this, there is a considerable range of conclusions. A review by MacDonald (1994,p.190) concludes that “taken together, the data suggest a mean IQ in the 117 range for Ashkenazi Jewish children, with a verbal IQ in the range of 125 and a performance IQ in the average range”. Storfer (1990,p.314) writes that “Jewish people, considered as a group, tend to excel in some cognitive domains – for example, verbal and numerical ability – but not in others, as witness their unexceptional performance on certain types of spatial or perceptual problems. Storfer concludes that American Jews have an average IQ of about 112 on the Stanford-Binet, largely a test of verbal ability.
Herrnstein and Murray (1994, p.275) reach a similar conclusion “A fair estimate seems to be that Jews in America and Britain have an overall IQ mean somewhere between a half and a full standard deviation above the mean, with the source of the difference concentrated in the verbal component” (1994, p.275). In the sample they analysed, Jews had an average IQ of 112.6 in relation to American whites on four verbal subtests (word knowledge, paragraph comprehension, arithmetic and mathematics) of the AFQT (Armed Forces Qualification Test). Their estimate of a Jewish advantage of between a half and a full standard deviation is equivalent to an IQ range of 7.5 to 15 IQ points. The estimates proposed by Storfer and Herrnstein and Murray are similar but much lower than that suggested by MacDonald (1994).
Despite the widespread consensus on the high Jewish verbal ability, not all studies have shown that Jews have a higher verbal IQ than gentiles. Furthermore, virtually all the existing studies are unsatisfactory because the samples have been unrepresentative, very small or for other reasons. An early study carried out in the mid-1920s of 702 Jewish and 1030 non-Jewish white 9-13 year olds tested with the Pintner-Cunningham test (a largely verbal test) by Hirsch (1926) found the Jewish children obtained a mean IQ only 1.5 IQ points higher than the gentiles. However, at this time a number of Jewish families spoke Yiddish as their first language and this would have handicapped the children to an unknown extent. A later study by Shuey (1942) of students entering Washington Square College in New York in 1935-7 tested with the American Council Psychological Examination, a test of verbal abilities (with subtests of completion, arithmetic, artificial language, analogies and opposites) found that 764 Jewish freshmen scored 1.2 IQ points below 236 non-Jewish whites. All the students were native born, possibly suggesting that the performance of the Jewish students was unlikely to have been depressed by unfamiliarity with the English language although some of these may still have been speaking Yiddish as their first language.
Furthermore, Jewish and gentile students at this college cannot be regarded as respresentative of their respective communities. A more recent study by Hennessy and Merrifield (1978) with an impressive sample size of 2,985 Jewish, gentile, black and Hispanic college bound high school seniors found a difference of less than 1 IQ point between Jews and gentiles on tests of verbal ability and reasoning but the sample may not have been representative of the populations.
Another problem with a number of the studies that have found that Jews have higher verbal IQs than gentiles is that several of them are based on very small sample sizes. For instance, Seligman (1990, p.130) writes that “Jewish verbal superiority appears unmatched in any other ethnic group. An often-quoted 1970 study performed by the Ann Arbor Institute for Social Research shows Jewish tenth-grade boys with an average verbal IQ equivalent of 112.8 (on the Stanford-Binet metric) about three quarters of a standard deviation above the average for non-Jewish white boys”. This is the Bachman (1970) study in which the number of Jewish boys was 65. In the Herrnstein and Murray (1994) data set in which Jews obtained a mean verbal IQ of 112.6, the sample size was 98 and was not drawn to be nationally representative. There is only one study of the intelligence of American Jews in the last half century which appears to be representative and had a reasonable sample size. This is Backman’s (1972) analysis of the data in Project Talent, a nationwide American survey of the abilities of 18 year olds carried out in 1960. The study had sample sizes of 1,236 Jews and 1,051 white gentiles (in addition to 488 blacks and 150 Orientals). IQs for six factors were calculated. The mean IQs of the Jews in relation to gentile white means of 100 and standard deviations of 15 were as follows: verbal knowledge (described as “a general factor, but primarily a measure of general information” and identifiable with Carroll’s (1993) gc or verbal comprehension factor - 107.8; English language – 99.5; mathematics – 109.7; visual reasoning (“a measure of reasoning with visual forms”) – 91.3; perceptual speed and accuracy – 102.2; memory (short term recall of verbal symbols) – 95.1. These results are consistent with the general consensus that Jews perform well on tests of verbal ability (although not of English language) and mathematics and less well on visual and spatial tests but the verbal IQ of 107.8 is towards the low end of the estimates of Jewish verbal ability suggested by Herrnstein and Murray of an IQ between 107.5 and 115. However, the differences in the IQs for the various abilities are so great as to raise doubts about the results.
The existing state of the research literature on the IQ of American Jews is therefore that some studies have shown that their verbal IQ is about the same as that of gentile whites while other studies have shown that it is considerably higher at 107.8 (Backman, 1972), 112.6 (Herrnstein and Murray, 1994) and 112.8 (Bachman, 1970). However, the last of two of these studies have sample sizes of fewer than 100. There is room for more data on the IQ of American Jews, and it is to the presentation of this that we now turn.
Method
The American National Opinion Research Center (NORC) in Chicago carries out annual surveys on approximately 1,500 individuals in continental United States (ie. excluding Hawaii and Alaska). The samples are representative of the adult population of those aged 18 years and over except that they exclude those who cannot speak English and those resident in institutions such as prisons and hospitals. Full details of the sampling procedures are given by Davis and Smith (1996).
The NORC surveys collect a vast amount of information about the respondents' opinions on a variety of topics and also on their demographic characteristics such as their income, education, age, ethnic group, religion, etc.etc. The first items of information of particular interest to us are the respondents' religion and ethnic group. An analysis of these enables us to categorise the respondents as Jewish, non-Jewish white, black and other. The second item of interest is the respondents' score on a 10 word vocabulary test. Vocabulary is a good measure of both general intelligence and verbal intelligence. For instance, in the standardisation sample of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) the vocabulary subtest correlates .75 with the Full Scale IQ, more highly than any other subtest (Wechsler,1958) and the Full Scale IQ is widely regarded as a good measure of general intelligence or Spearman’s g (Jensen, 1998). We are therefore able to examine the vocabulary scores as a measure of the verbal and general intelligence of the four religious/ethnic groups.
As noted, the annual NORC surveys are carried out on approximately 1,500 individuals. A single year does not therefore provide many Jews. To rectify this problem we can take the results of a number of years and combine them. This gives rise to a further problem that the vocabulary test has not been administered in every annual survey. From 1990 onwards, the vocabulary test was given in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994 and 1996. The data collected in these years are used to analyse the vocabulary scores of the four ethnic/racial groups.
Results
The results are shown in Table 1. Reading from left to right, the columns show the numbers in the four groups, the mean vocabulary scores, standard deviations and conventional IQs based on a gentile white mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Thus, expressed in this way, the Jewish group obtains a mean IQ of 107.5, significantly higher than the gentile whites (t=5.82); the blacks obtain a mean IQ of 89.7, significantly lower than that of gentile whites (t=17.89); the “others” obtain a mean IQ of 98.6, not significantly different from that of gentile whites.
Table 1. Vocabulary scores and verbal IQs of American Jews, non-Jewish whites, blacks and others.
Ethnic Group N Mean Sd IQ Jews 150 7.32 2.16 107.5 Gentiles 5300 6.28 2.03 100.0 Blacks 806 4.96 1.94 89.7 Others 219 6.09 2.37 98.6
Discussion
The results provide seven points of interest. First, they confirm the previous studies showing that American Jews have a higher average verbal intelligence level than non-Jewish whites. Second, the 7.5 IQ point Jewish advantage is rather less than that generally proposed and found in the studies reviewed in the introduction finding that Jews have verbal IQs in the range of 110-113 but is closely similar to the figure of 107.8 obtained in the Bachman study which is arguably the most satisfactory of the previous studies in terms of the size and representativeness of the sample.
Third, the present data has strengths in comparison with a number of previous studies in so far as they are based on a nationally representative and reasonably large sample size of 150 Jews and 5,300 gentile whites. The very close similarity between the present result and the Bachman result suggests that the best reading of the verbal IQ of American Jews is 107.5 (present study) or 107.8 (Bachman). These figures are well below previous estimates of Jewish verbal ability.
Four, an average verbal IQ of 107.5 would confer a considerable advantage for American Jews in obtaining success in professional work. There would be approximately four times as many Jews with IQs above 130, compared with gentile whites. This may provide a plausible explain for the 4.8 over-representation of Jews listed in American reference books of the successful such as Who’s Who, American Men and Women of Science, The Directory of Directors, The Directory of Medical Specialists and the like and calculated by Weyl (1989).
Five, the small difference of 1.4 IQ points between the non-Jewish whites and the “other” category is not statistically significant or very informative. The category is largely made up of Hispanics and Asians, which are themselves a heterogeneous category. Hispanics have mean IQs below whites (e.g. Herrnstein and Murray,1994), East Asians have about the same IQ as whites (Flynn, 1992) or slightly higher than whites (Lynn,1995), while South Asians have mean IQs lower than those of whites according to the calculations of Flynn (1992). Aggregating these groups produces a combined mean very close to that of non-Jewish whites.
Six, despite some three quarters of a century of research and quite a number of papers on the intelligence of American Jews there is still a lot of useful research to be done on this question. Probably the best approach would be to analyse Jewish abilities in terms of the construct of g and of the eight second order cognitive factors in the taxonomy of intelligence proposed by Carroll (1993) and the similar taxonomy advanced by McGrew and Flanagan (1998). These second order factors are fluid intelligence (reasoning), crystallized intelligence (verbal comprehension and knowledge), general memory and learning, visualization, broad retrieval ability, cognitive speed and processing speed. Probably all that can be concluded with a fair degree of confidence at present is that Jews have high crystallized intelligence (verbal ability) of which the vocabulary test used in the present study is a good measure and that on this ability their IQ in relation to gentile whites is approximately 107.5. The Backman (1972) provides IQs for several of the second order factors (given in the introduction to this paper) but these are so variable and in some instances so low as to raise doubts about their credibility. It is difficult to credit that the Jewish sample could have a non-verbal reasoning IQ of 91.3, and at the same time a mathematical IQ (“quantitative reasoning” in the McGrew and Flanagan taxonomy) of 109.7. It is also difficult to credit that the Jewish sample could have a verbal IQ of 107.8 while at the same time having a short term verbal memory IQ of 95.1. These results are in need of checking and replication. At present it is doubtful whether any conclusion can be reached about the intelligence of American Jews except that their verbal intelligence or, if this is preferred, their gc (crystallized intelligence) is about 107.5.
And here is a link to the list of White ethnicities IQs: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2105519,00.html Ernham 03:37, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
Some of the reasoning above seems artimetically off - 4 times as many Jews above as the goyim. First this is probably BS - ( a study I read say that Jews are barely even, but forget that ) I believe it should read 4 times as likely per 1000 population etc. But with such a small poplulation this would mean Jewish success must not be merit based - nepotism, money, power ( getting those research grants, etc). None of this leads to heaven.
rambling bullshit
A big part of this article is rumbling unintelligible BS that must be verified and wikified
Formalize Reclamations into Seperate Section
As an ashkenazi jew myself, I at first approached this article with the common fallacy of believing what I wanted to believe, that my people really were smarter than most. Hell, we've been calling ourselves the chosen people so long it gets easy to believe it sometimes. After reading the literature offered here, I must agree that the studies done were done badly and should be read with credulity. Although I don't think the page should be deleted (just as an article on Lamarck's model of evolution shouldn't be deleted just because it is unsupported by evidence), I do think the proclamations against the "evidence" should be formalized, wikified, and made prominent enough that the reader does not take the article as fact (but also doesn't have to wade through the abovementioned "rambling bullshit").
Can someone confirm or refute this statement, since 1900 have Nobel Lauretes been people identifying themselves as Ashkenazi Jews? Thank you Chas11098 05:49, 6 December 2006 (UTC)Chas110908
This is not scientific
"For example, although Ashkenazi Jews represent only about 0.25% of the world population, they make up 28% of Nobel prize winners in physics, chemistry, medicine, and economics, and have accounted for more than half of world chess champions.[5] In the United States, Ashkenazi Jews represent 2% of the population, but have won 40% of the US Nobel Prizes in science, and 25% of the ACM Turing Awards (the Nobel-equivalent in computer science). A significant decline in the number of Nobel prizes awarded to Europeans and a corresponding increase in the number of prizes awarded to US citizens occurred at the same time as Nazi persecutions of Jews drove them from Europe during the 1930s and the Holocaust reduced their number in Europe during the 1940s."
This whole paragraph makes me ashame. It's almost the only "evidence" (?) in the whole article to "prove" the hypothetical higher intelgence in Ashkenazis.
Well, it's easy to admit that there could had been many other factors than simple "inteligence" in order to select the actual Nobel prices, isn't it?
You can't base on the ammount of Nobel prizes to claim that Ashkenazis are more intelligent. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
* Note that this IP's only other contribution (around the same time) has been to call Judaism a "ridiculous and racist religion". I reverted that edit, because it was accomanied by vandalism (removing others' discussion). - Jmabel | Talk 21:06, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
* It's really weird to assume that the drop in Nobel prizes was just due to the Holocaust rather than Europe generally being devestated by Fascism and war. This whole article is pretty wtf. P4k 13:47, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
Crit Section
It jumped out at me reading the article that the critique section contains an item that gives an intrawiki link on the word "verifiable" to a page about a tenuous, controversial thesis by none other than Charles Murray. I will delete the last item in the critiques section (which seems to also contain an original argument), unless I am asked not to. A statement as strong as "the giants of post renaissance science are gentiles from three countries" needs a lot more in support of it than the ramblings of a highly controversial and largely discredited figure like Murray. <IP_ADDRESS> 13:13, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
The Criticism section should be considered for deletion. It is simply a subjective rant.
The first item cites "creativity, combined with motivation and capacity for sustained work" as a possible explanation for accomplishments in science. Then goes on to cite Einstein’s "physicist's intuition and a rare strength in imaginal thinking" as a reason for his accomplishments. Stating that some standard intelligence tests do not measure these features is criticism against some standardized tests, not the entire body of evidence supporting the phenomenon - which encompasses disproportionately high test scores, high achievement, and some genetic evidence. The difficulty in measuring imaginal intelligence is not evidence against its existence.
The second item states "that giants of post-Renaissance exact sciences are Gentiles coming mainly from three countries: Britain, Germany and France" (consequently after major Jewish expulsions from these countries), and that could not be a result of a "national intelligence". This argument is irrelevant. Ashkenazi Jews have never comprised a nation. They are a genetically isolated group of people - which are the exact subject of scientific inquiry. Jkrup4 19:08, 1 February 2007 (UTC)J. Krups 1 February 2007
* On the contrary, deleting the criticism section would be extremely POV.<IP_ADDRESS> 20:10, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
The Role of Very Strict Intermarriage in "Jewish Intelligence"
Jews (particularly the Ashkenazim) have always shown a VERY strong aversion to outmarriage (i.e. until recent times they very rarely married and had kids with non-Jews) (pg. 10) -- this is well known and documented in many sources. More could be said in this article about the role that strict intermarriage plays in Ashkenazi intelligence, because many believe that this has helped the Ashkenazim retain their strong mental/intellectual characteristics over time, the characteristics honed over many generations in the self-ghettoized shtetls of Eastern Europe. There are portions of the Talmud that states that if a partner is not available for a young woman, she is allowed to marry and have kids with her uncle so as not to marry outside of the ethno-religious community, the uncle/niece marriage sanctioned in the Old Testament. In fact, antisemitic accusations against Jews have at times accused them of semi-fanatical "inbreeding" in order to keep their bloodlines "pure" at all costs and to avoid breeding with non-Jews at all costs as well. Indeed, orthodox and highly traditional Jews today still "sit shiva" if and when one of their relatives marries outside of the ethnic/racial community; this basically means that they 'mourn' the person's death (even though they aren't really dead: they've just "married out").
There were/are also supposed "eugenic" practices where top Jewish scholars (usually top-notch yeshiva students/scholars, rabbis, Talmudists) would marry the daughters of rich Jews and produce MANY children (we're talking 8, 9, 10 or even more) since they had the means to support that many kids due to wealth of the female's father; this allowed the so-called "prime genes" of these top Jewish scholars/rabbis/Talmudists to be passed on much more so than the more "average" Jews in that particular community, thus hypothetically increasing these "good genes" over time in the overall Jewish gene pool. So, I think a bit more could be written here about the Jewish tendency NOT to intermarry with the populations they live amongst and it's role in facilitating Ashkenazi intelligence. --<IP_ADDRESS> 06:16, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
* Apparently, it was not at all uncommon (in fact, it was very common, even EXPECTED) for Ashkenazi Jews to marry and have children with their cousins even on in to modern times, since Ashkenazi Jews had such huge families (at least 5-6 children per woman, often more), and those people had many kids, and so forth. This left a large pool of closely related potential marriage partners and, since these extended families often lived near each other in the shtetls and Jewish ghettos, they would naturally gravitate toward marrying and having kids with each other (throughout history, neighbors often married each other in extremely tight-knit, closed-off communities).
* For instance, even in 1919, Albert Einstein married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal...actually she was his 'double cousin' (Elsa was Albert's first cousin [maternally] and his second cousin [paternally]); in America this is stuff we joke about happening in West Virginia (a state thought to be very 'backwards,' i.e. cousins marrying cousins and other close relatives), but apparently this tradition of consanguineous marriage (marriage to blood relatives) has a VERY LONG tradition in Jewish communities, particularly Ashkenazi ones. In fact, it seems that the Ashkenazi groups in Central/Eastern Europe were, for at least 1,000 years, VERY large extended families with high levels of endogamy (marriage within the kinship group), all living within the same general area/region. This seems to be where their intelligence springs from, even though it has, over time, narrowed the genetic diversity of the population and has been the springboard for certain diseases/disorders that are/were quite common amongst Ashkenazi Jews because of this inbreeding. --<IP_ADDRESS> 02:13, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
Few questions
I have researched in the scientific literature data on cranial capacity for Ashkenazi to not avail. Does anyone have any information on that? (with the standard deviation). Also, I think it would be worthy to add the standard deviations for the averages presenteds, from the research I have seen the SD appears to be conflictual. Also, my second question would be, does anyone have any information on Sephardic Jews average IQ, with the standard deviation. While they supposedly represent 20% of the Jews or something such, still they do have an impressive contribution (according their list here on Wikipedia). Has there been an study on such ratio excluding IQ? Thanks. Fad (ix) 04:11, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
Can we erase this bizarre article
Can we erease this freaky, quasi-racist article yet? It's very existence disproves its thesis. For goodness sake, Ashkenazi is a Jewish religious sub-category referring to Jews who practice the customs of the Rhema. Can somebody tell me how practicing the customs of the Rhema makes somebody more intelligent? Also, in Judaism if a Sephardi woman marries an Ashkenazi, she becomes Ashkenazi. Can anyone tell me how this marriage would spike her IQ. I think they are incorrectly using Ashkenazi to refer to all of European Jewry, then making wild racist claims. Shia1 08:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
I came up with a better idea. Why don't we simply move this article to another name: Weird Zionist Race Theories that Embarass Sensible Jews. Shia1 08:57, 2 February 2007 (UTC) Yes. Agreed, this is disturbing. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:33, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed. An article on "African intelligence" would probably be viewed as racist, and this should be treated no differently. This page is based largely on IQ results. But the intelligence page says that "Intelligence, Intelligence quotient (IQ), and g are distinct. Intelligence is the term used in ordinary discourse to refer to cognitive ability. However, it is generally regarded as too imprecise to be useful for a scientific treatment of the subject." This page is also based on Ashkenazi success in areas that "presumably require high intelligence" -- but that's hardly scientific or reliable terminology. So this article definitely rubs me the wrong way, and I'd propose it either gets a new title and modified, or that we remove it entirely. Organ123 21:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed. If there is any verifiable logically-consistent wiki-worthy component to this article (I see very little), it should be in the Ashkenazi jews article instead. <IP_ADDRESS> 21:21, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
Buldog123's musings
Richard Lynn estimated the Jewish verbal IQ to be 107.5, based on General Social Survey data. However, after looking at the data (it's available on the General Social Survey web applet), I've seen because the WORDSUM (as the IQ test is called) scores are not at all normally distributed, it's impossible to use them to make accurate estimates of group IQ. To show you what I mean, the following group means are based on WORDSUM GSS data from 1990 on, setting Americans, rather than whites, as the mean:
Graduate-degree holders - 110
Professional/technical workers - 108
College graduates - 107
Managers, administrators - 102
Blacks - 90
These are all much lower (and for blacks, much higher) than the actual means. Understating group differences is typical of left-skewed distributions like WORDSUM scores (to give you an idea of how left-skewed it is, more than 60% of test-takers score above average). Richard Lynn probably knows this but doesn't care. Bulldog123 13:07, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* There are many, many ways to make claims of a population if the data is not normal. It seems you have no idea what can be done with statistics when you have a large sample size. That said, where is your source with credentials to compete with one of the world's foremost experts on intelligence testing? Ernham 04:24, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
* Richard Lynn didn't. All he did was find the z-score of Jews and convert it to an IQ. He's purposely misrepresting the data--which isn't surprising, given that he's a Holocaust revisionist ( see, for example, http://www.rense.com/general69/short.htm ). Bulldog123 16:01, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
* Um, ok, I think nothing good can come out of a dialogue with you. You can take your personal "research findings" to your blog though, not wikipedia.Ernham 16:26, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
* Either all the IQ data collected in the last 50 years of the average IQs of different ethnic, occupational, and educational groups is wrong, or using the simple method of finding groups' z-scores on the GSS vocabulary test vocabulary test, whose scores are nowhere close to normally distributed, and converting them to IQ on a scale where the mean is 100 and the standard deviation 15, yields inaccurate results. Gee, I wonder which is more likely. Bulldog123 01:32, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
* He states why most studies have been flawed. He is an expert; you are a nobody. Who should we believe?Ernham 02:34, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
* I'm not suggesting that we change the article. I'm suggesting that anyone who trusts Lynn check out the data himself. The General Social Survey and Lynn's article are both online. Moreover, in a more recent paper by Lynn (On the high intelligence and cognitive achievements of Jews in Britain, Intelligence, Volume 34, Issue 6, November-December 2006, Pages 541-547, Richard Lynn and David Longley), he revises his old estimate of the IQ of Jewish Americans up to 109.5 (for overall, not merely verbal, IQ; "it is proposed that the best reading of the IQ of Jews in the United States is 109.5."). Bulldog123 15:30, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
* What iwas the sample size and how did they determine "who was a jew"? These are some problems, among others, that plagued essentially all the previous studies because they "cherry picked" samples and often only had tiny sample sizes.Ernham 16:52, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
Is spatial IQ really average? In the famous Backmann study, Jews scored only 91 on spatial, compared to 100 for non-Jewish whites. Cochran estimates that Ashkenazi Jews score a half standard deviation below non-Jewish whites on spatial tests - i.e., about 93. Bulldog123 05:10, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* no, it's really not.Ernham 04:19, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
so, this survived deletion, eh?
Looks like I'm going to have a busy spring break. I count no reasons to keep this versus the massive list of reasons why it should be delete. (ashkenazi are not even a valid ethnic group for study because of conversion)The vote was something like 20 for deletion, 15 against it, none of whom, I might add, supplied any valid reason for keeping it. Apparently "googling" something is a valid reason to some of them, however, a very odd litmus test; "jews suck" probably gets a lot of hits on google, too. The information is contentuous and redundant(it's mention in several other places). This wiki merely adds some silly anecdotal spin on the "facts" generally given in the other wikis. I had no idea anecdotes were what enclopedias dealt in. Silly me.Ernham 00:31, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Cleaned up Article
I shifted the large second paragraph into the sections of Expert Findings and Achievements, and turned the alternate explanations into bullet points (allowing me to make it more concise). I also did some minor revision, and added sources for IQ estimates. Ashernm 20:19, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
Experts' estimates of the Jewish IQ
Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein, in The Bell Curve, estimate the Jewish IQ to be a half to full standard deviation above the white mean--i.e., 107.5 to 115. They cited the book Intelligence and Giftedness: The Contributions of an Early Environment, by Miles D. Stofer. Storfer estimates it at 112.
Another person who has written about Jewish IQ, Kevin MacDonald, in The Culture of Critique, estimates it at 117. Law professor Richard Posner and psychometrician Arthur Jensen cite his estimate in their books.
Cochran and others, in their famous paper which made the New York Times and Economist, estimate it at 112 to 115.
Richard Lynn, in his most recent paper on the topic, revised his estimate of the overall IQ of Jewish Americans to 109.5.
The range of IQs as estimated by these experts is: (1) 107.5 to 115; (2) 112; (3) 117; (4) 112 to 115; (5) 109.5. As far as I know, no other experts have written extensively on the topic. Thus, the range of IQs as estimated by experts is 107.5 to 117. The average estimate, if we take the median of the ranges, is 112.7. Bulldog123 01:30, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* The fact you think you can just average the means supplied by a handful of disparate studies and come to any useful number really makes me question anything you say regarding stats/data. Almost every study done to date fails to provide valid sample sizes for a population comparison analysis(you can't "prove" anything statistically) and to make matters worse, next to none of them are representative sample sizes. It's not exactly the scientists fault; it's very, very hard to get a valid,representative diasporic A Jew IQ. It has yet to be done to date. Ernham 16:59, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
According to this http://sq.4mg.com/corrupt.htm, Israeli ashkenazim average IQ hardly seems to be higher then 103,5, more probably - about 100. (Israeli population: 20% of Arabs (average IQ 87), 40% of sephardim (average IQ about 88-91 according to different sources) and 40% of ashkenazim . 103,5 is less then Hong Kong average IQ score. So some statistics must be wrong - either Euro-American or Israeli. Why the same etnic group shows so different scores? --Igor "the Otter" 09:34, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
40% number is wrong. There are more then 50% ashkenazim in Israel, according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel. So average ashkenazim IQ in Israel is even less then 100.--Igor "the Otter" 11:46, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
* Igor, it could be that the Ashkenazim who went to Israel had lower IQ's on average, or that Israeli fertility patterns are more dysgenic, or any number of reasons. The Israeli figure, even if correct, is not authoritative. I'm going to delete that paragraph from the article, because the calculations are somewhat unreliable.
* Actually, the oberved phenomenon is for more intelligent persons to immigrate, whether it's a backwards or forwards immigration, as long as that immigration is by choice, which going to Israel would clearly be. There is nothing wrong with the "data" or the calculations either. Those are the numbers when you don't have a bogus cherry-picked Jewish sample like they try to use in the US/UK.Ernham 03:27, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
* 2 anonimus Please show me statistic data about Israeli IQ you consider more correct and authoritative then those of Richard Lynn which I've added, then delete my editings. Esle it looks like vandalism. If this article is only about non-Israeli ashkenazim intelligence, then this article must be renamed. I'm restoring my editing back. And please sign your posts. Also I'm adding link to Israeli population percentage.--Igor "the Otter" 18:31, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
Original Research template & completely disputed
This article is not only founded on pseudo-scientific racism (hence completely disputed tag), it fails to respect the most basic guidelines of Wikipedia. First, WP:SOAPBOX, second WP:NOR, in particular WP:OR which I will permit myself to quote: Editors often make the mistake of thinking that if A is published by a reliable source, and B is published by a reliable source, then A and B can be joined together in an article in order to advance position C. However, this would be an example of a new synthesis of published material serving to advance a position, and as such it would constitute original research. One article in one review by one controversed Gregory Cochran & al does not warrant a Wikipedia article. Now, to "clean up" of this article, since Wikipedia procedures have failed to delete it (this tells a lot about the editors of Wikipedia, who tends to conflate this with the blogosphere): This is a most desesperate article, which should be, at best, merged to Gregory Cochran since he is the only stumbling block of this sand castle. Good luck, and enjoy yourself editing, but please don't take out these tags until you merged, at minimum, that article to Cochran. Tazmaniacs 21:06, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
* section "expert findings" is not unsourced, but the terms "expert" are laughable. How many more real scientifics debunk these silly claims (which, by claiming Askhenazi Jews are so smart, actually back-fires by backing up all anti-Semitic theories - but the authors of this article obviously haven't considered that if you can argue that "Askhenazi Jews" are so smart, you can also argue the same stuff that Hitler did).
* "Statistic data on Israeli IQ" is irrelevant here (I thought we were talking about "general intelligence of Askhenazi Jews" whatever that pseudo-scientifical concept means. So now we are talking about "general intelligence of Israeli citizens"? I'm sure the non-Askhenazi Israeli citizens will enjoy that.
* "Achievement". How great are the individuals whom the great Askhenazi "race" has managed to create! I fear that soon some Askhenazi will claim that Baruch Spinoza, a Marrano, was actually a "Moor", because of his "heretical" thoughts...
* "Cochran et al." is actually the only "reference" of that article, but it fails to respect WP:RS and has yet to be confirmed by true scientifics.
* "Alternative explanations" is a nice subsection on the specific opinions of contributors to this article.
* I agree that this article needs a major overhaul, but there are more sources beyond the report highlighted in this article that have not been added, just do a google search. By the way, according to Wikipedia, Scientific racism is "label sometimes given to theories or arguments which suggest that scientific evidence shows significant evolutionary differences between races." First of all, articles on this type of research should not automatically get a dispute tag if it they are based on scientific sources. Secondly, the explanations for a higher Ashkenazi IQ are not necessarily "evolutionary" based, so again this does not fit. Again, feel free to clean this up, but this article (and Race and intelligence) have survived deletion attempts. Joshdboz 21:33, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
* This article is just an embarrassment. How can people who clearly have such a poor grasp of science make any pronouncements about intelligence, anyway? It should be deleted, because while Wikipedia doesn't make judgments about the veracity of theories it describes, I don't think every crackpot theory needs to have a page, either. If it's not going to be deleted, then at least it should have a section refuting it that is thorough and definitive.QuizzicalBee 04:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
* Please add one. Joshdboz 20:35, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
The article is based in part on the findings of psychologists, specifically psychometricians or intelligence experts. You can read the American Psychological Association's statement on the field and the validity of its tests generally here - http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/apa_01.html. Alternatively, see the Snyderman and Rothman 1988 survey of experts in the field. Cochran has volunteered an explanation of the observed difference between Ashkenazim and other groups.
Ashernm 04:14, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
* You are conflating facts and morals; the truth is irrelvant to what Hitler would do or say. You are effectively using the fallacy of 'guilty by association.'
* To find a representative Ashkenazi IQ one would have to poll Ashkenazim from all over the world, including Israel, America, etc. Therefore, it's probably best to specify results by the country tested.
* Spinoza was Sephardic, as in, originally from the Iberian peninsula. In other words, what the hell does heresy and Spinoza have to with Ashkenazi intelligence?
* You are correct in your evaluation of the alternative explanations. I think they are worth deleting, but I'm not quite sure if that's appropiate with regard to Wikipedia's guidelines, so I leave it to someone else's discretion.
* I agree that the article is too 'Cochran-centric,' but the subject has recieved sufficient attention that I think it merits preservation. The psychometric research has been consistent in finding a difference, though not in its specific magnitude.
Deletion
I motion for the serious and thought out deletion of the article on the following grounds: 1. The group mentioned has highly ambiguous standards for classification. Also, racial purity is not guaranteed (It was mentioned above that a woman marrying in would automatically become one). 2. The article contains unsourced statements with special regard to statistics. 3. The article contains sections of editorial slant that hint towards the idea of Jewish racial superiority. Even though I am an Irish Catholic doesn't mean that I can just go and say that Irish Catholics are smarter than everyone else. Trust me, I would know. I hope that those of the Jewish faith would share the same persuasion. 4. The article itself seems to be a promotion of its topic. This violates NPOV rules. I just say that we delete this article and/or merge its essential content into a racial intelligence analysis page. Peace, Deepdesertfreman 04:17, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
* All of these don't address the notability of the topic. 1 is true but irrelevant to whether we have sourced content on the topic. 2 is a problem, so if you see any please go throuhg and remove or tag such statements. 3- if there are any editorial slanting issues then by all means NPOV them. 4- I don't see at all. JoshuaZ 04:26, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
A poorly sourced article
Fundamental aspects of this article reside on a website that does not satisfactorily reference its own notions. A primary source is provided on this website which is used to reinforce the author's sentiments -- but is stated to be unavailable. No effort has been made to restore that source, so its 'pardon-me' but "the relevant web-page is no longer available" is simply an insufficient excuse.
Quoting a segment of the author's notions on the homepage from the referenced website [4]- -- "Although there are scores of websites currently on the Internet that purport to characterize the Jews and their impact on the world, nearly all of them are sponsored by groups whose ultimate objectives vis-à-vis the Jews range from defamation to outright elimination."
This is a partial and silly judgment. One can easily argue that the "scores" of "nearly all" such websites are matched by oppositional websites -- which might also have their own sponsoring. Essentially, this already casts a dubious light on the author's convictions.
On the same Web-page, the cited source [1] is stated to be from the 1997 CD-ROM "Encyclopedia Judaica." The next best reference I could find is the Jewish Encyclopedia website, which does not categorically, or vaguely, mention anything concerning "173 Jews and persons of half-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize." There is a total result of 50 names when "Nobel Prizes" is inputed into the sites search engine. The author would of done well to of provided the names and references of these people. Instead, the the author has made an effort to provided 294 names of US Nobel Prize winners -- making no mention of those that are Jewish, of Jewish ancestry, or more importantly on the concern of this article, those that are of Ashkenazi Jewish origin.
Ultimately, the following statement is a poor one to purport as fact given these circumstances:
"Ashkenazi Jews have made disproportionately large contributions to intellectual pursuits. Though they are about 0.25% of the world's population, they comprise 28% of Nobel Prize winners(alongside Sephardi) in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Economics, and have accounted for more than half of world chess champions.[4]"
In regards to Ashkenazi Jews "accounting for more than half of world chess champions" -- please read the footnotes here, from the same website:
The following text is taken from a portion of those footnotes. It is NOT evidence to support the above account: "Based on his surname, Kramnik is most probably of Jewish descent, but the extent of his Jewish background has been difficult to determine."
Nor is this: "Although Anatoly Karpov is generally described as being of pure Russian ethnicity, according to GM Lev Alburt, he is not without "some Jewish grandparents."
GM Lev Alburt does not explain his insight into Karpov's genetic line. These are opinions being purported as fact. The numbers are improperly generated, which consequently results in this part of the article as being nothing else than fallacious.
I doubt much of the surrounding text can hold itself together, either, which I will later look over. Brigand 05:44, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
__________
I've extensively checked through a portion of this article and its links and explained a number of issues in detail. The partial deletion is justified as there is no rational reason for its existence given this analysis. Furthermore, no contention has been offered on why this section should remain. If one feels to revert the article to include the deleted text, then please offer your explanations as to why -- that should include your own analysis which presents a refutation. I've noticed this article has survived deletion due in part to statements such as "it seems to be well sourced" -- being seemingly well sourced is not enough if those sources are wholly inadequate.
Otherwise, reverting this section is allowing it to exist for the sakes of existing -- without solid evidence. Brigand 00:20, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
Lynn data
According to the latest data: 2006. The highest IQ among Europeans is in Italy at 1002. I have corrected and updated the information.
See:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_Global_Inequality —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:55, 7 May 2007 (UTC).
* Tay Sachs and Human Evolution:
In case anyone is interested, and I can imagine one person, the gene that HEXA regulates(GMA2) has been found to be upregulated during human evolution(Page 8)([] check out this page too http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070517142545.htm
Comment on "A poorly sourced article"
* Although somewhat tangential to the discussion here, let me comment on Brigand's baseless allegations concerning the JINFO.ORG website. He first attacks our list of US Nobel Prize winners. This list is provided solely for the purpose of defining the larger group relative to which our statistics on American Jewish Nobel Prize winners were compiled. There are various ways of defining nationality; the Nobel Foundation uses citizenship at the time of award. A breakdown of Prize winners according to nationality is no longer provided on the Nobel Foundation website, Nobelprize.org, although the nationality of each recipient is indeed given: . You can, therefore, go through Nobelprize.org's complete listing of Nobel Prize winners and compile your own list of American Nobel Prize winners, which we have done. We have simply made that list available for the benefit of anyone wanting it, or wanting to check our percentage calculations on American Jewish Nobel Prize winners. The webpage has nothing to do with "reinforcing [our] sentiments"; it is simply a straight-forward, objective compilation, using the definition of nationality employed by the Nobel Foundation.
* Brigand then notes that the online Jewish Encyclopedia yields only fifty hits when searched for "Nobel Prizes" and "does not categorically, or vaguely, mention anything concerning '173 Jews and persons of half-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize'." This is because the last time that encyclopedia was updated was in the early 1940s. As is clearly stated at the Jewish Encyclopedia website: : "This online version contains the unedited contents of the original encyclopedia. Since the original work was completed almost 100 years ago, it does not cover a significant portion of modern Jewish History (e.g., the creation of Israel, the Holocaust, etc.)." He then states: "the author would of [sic] done well to of [sic] provided the names and references of these people. Instead, the the [sic] author has made an effort to provided [sic] 294 names of US Nobel Prize winners -- making no mention of those that are Jewish, of Jewish ancestry, or more importantly on the concern of this article, those that are of Ashkenazi Jewish origin." How Brigand managed to find the link to US Nobel Prize winners, which is buried in the footnotes on and is titled simply "US nationality," but nevertheless managed to miss the principal links on the webpage, which do indeed give lists of Jewish and half-Jewish Nobel Prize winners (with references), I will refrain from speculating upon. As we clearly state, the lists provide references for all names not found in the 1997 edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica.
* Brigand then goes on to attack the Wikipedia article's statement concerning Jewish world chess champions by citing statements in one of our footnotes concerning Anatoly Karpov and Vladimir Kramnik. We do not, and have never listed either Karpov or Kramnik on any of our lists of Jewish chess players. That footnote has nothing to do with the accuracy of the Wikipedia statement (since deleted by Brigand) concerning Jewish world chess champions. There are multiple published references for all of the world champions given in our "long list" of chess players: . As for statistics on Nobel Prize Prize winners, the Encyclopaedia Judaica: Second Edition, published in January 2007, contains biographical entries on 168 Nobel Prize winners (as of 2005). Jinfo 03:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
Stupid Article
Dear All
Several facts should be mentioned:
1. Ashkenazi Jews have different I.Q scores, even if from the very same ancestry and heritage, same genetics, and many times-from the same families, when they are living at different places over the world- for example: the children’s of a Jew who came from Poland to Israel have, in average, I.Q score of 103, while his counterpart children’s-or even his nephews, which live, for example, in the USA have an IQ score of 115.
2.Richard Feynman, had an I.Q score of 125, high when compared with average people-but very low for a world class physicist (actually one of the 10 greatest of all time)-many similar examples could be given easily.
3.Sephradi Jews, have great achievements as well- wining many scientific Nobel prizes, as well as major world class achievements at the financial field, cultural field and etc. More, the average IQ score of the Sephardic Jews that living in Europe is about 103 (same as the non-Jewish western Europe average IQ score-but with larger standard deviation) while their counter parts in Israel, again, many time their own family members, have an average IQ score of 90, about almost 1SD below their European citizens equivalence. More, many twins studies have shown that the IQ score is some how genetically determined –but more than 50% is dependended on the environment in which one living.
4.If it was only a matter of a simple I.Q test, which, from my point of view, can, at best, check simple common sense (i.e if one would take a class of 20 children he will get 20 different scores/solutions, but when he would sum it-he would see that he have answers for all of the questions-i.e there are no riddles which can estimate geniuses ), they can not predict, however, even if having great pretensions, creativity, special ability to solve extraordinary problems and etc.
5. the Jews of Israel, even if considered “stupid” regarding their average IQ score (about 93-96, as the average in many eastern European countries) – still had and have many great achievements: about 30 Israeli living scientists are prominent nominates for receiving the Nobel prize ( as was the late Yuval Neeman) – while many said that only the discrimination against Israel prevent them for receiving it ( their achievements are undeniable) –several Israeli scientists, however, did receive the Nobel even if with major hindrance. The Israeli hi-tech industry is Second only to this of the USA as said Bill Gates himself. The Israeli weapon industries are between the 3-5 world biggest and considering to be the most technological advanced. Israel is between the 20-25 most developed countries, it’s gross domestic product (per population) is between the 30 highest and that’s even though many investors prefer not to invest in Israel because of it’s political status-not to mention the Arabic boycott which only Israel suffer from (else it was between the 5, if not higher…).
6. Jewish great achievements were long before the exile- in all the fields and aspects of living: war theories, building, science, culture, spiritual achievements and etc. During the exile –any time and any place where emancipation was given (Rome (before people in Europe started to hate Jews) , Spain, western Europe, USA).
7. From the pure mathematical/statistical point of view, an average IQ score of 115 is honorable. but: a. there are few much larger populations (i.e. than the Jews)that having almost the same average but don’t having the same achievements (it's true, however, that for the Japanese which having an IQ average score of 110 and a 120,000,000 people population (9-10 times than the Jewish people), only in Japan, there is a kind of correlation between their average IQ score and their achievements- but this correlation is far from being r=1.0 (i.e. 100% correlation). b. if it was only a matter of IQ score, than the Jews should had great achievements only in comparison to their population size -but not in absolute measurements -i.e. the amount of Jewish great figures should be than less than 0.1, or even worse, than it is now.
And there are, also, more fundamental methodological problems, like that in the average of the Sephardic population of Israel, Ethiopians Jews, which are 8% of the sample, and unlike other Jewish groups, not from the Jewish genetic pool-and historically speaking, convert to Judaism only 600 years ago-were counted. The problem is that they have an IQ average of 78-because of coming from a non developed country (their younger generation have higher IQ average). More, the discrimination against Sephardic Jews-at the first decades of Israel-had it's own impact-and no one can deny that the IQ score, could be changed over time-as it was with Hungarian, Italian, Japanese and Jewish people which immigrate to USA at the beginning of the 20CE.The IQ score can tell if one is very stupid or if he is smarter than the average, but cant tell if one is an Einstein-it is a known fact for many. The IQ score just check more of the same, nothing else.--Gilisa 20:49, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1. It may simply mean that the Ashkenazim of lower intelligence immigrate to Israel, and those of higher intelligence to the US.
2. Yes, there's no linear correlation between IQ scores above 120 and success/income, as far as I know.
3. Sephardic Jews may also be self-selected for talent and may also have experienced eugenic pressures similar to those of the Ashkenazi Jews - especially those who chose to stay in Europe after 1498.
4. Yes, intelligence is not the only thing necessary for success. It is, however, an important ingredient of success.
5. Israel's intellectual success has come mostly from the Ashkenazim. It's high tech sector is nowhere near being the world's second largest. It's per capita GDP is not extraordinary given the nation's average IQ.
6. "Jews before the exile" is a speculative notion. We do not know whether (or to what extent) modern Jews are descended from the Jews of ancient Israel. The cultural and intellectual achievements of ancient Israel are quite modest in comparison to that of her neighbors (Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and, particularly, Babylonians who played a major role in the creation of the Torah).
7. There are no ethnic groups, apart from Ashkenazi Jews, whose average IQ is anywhere close to 115. The Japanese IQ is around 107, I thought? As for the extremes of achievement (half of all the world's chess champions have at least one Jewish parent), it really depends not just on the average IQ (creativity quotient, etc.), but also on the standard deviation.
I'm opposed to deleting this article. The causes of the extremely high achievement of Ashkenazi Jews (compared to non-Jewish Europeans and to Mizrahi Jews) should be investigated and, hopefully, put to good use by society in the future. Let's hope this article encourages some young budding scientist to pursue this matter.
You didn’t gave any good answer, Ashkenazi Jews who immigrate to Israel mostly have very close relatives aboard-so how came they are "so different". Secondly-Israel is a world leading in many scientific fields- including math and physics. third, there is almost no different, today-between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews achievements and unlike you said- the Israeli hi-tech industry have a very similar percentage of Sephardic and Ashkenazi employees, actually- of about the 10 most successful Israeli Hi-Tec companies, 3 were established by Sephardic Jews- and the Sephardic Jews achievments are highly notable when compared to those of the Europeans if compared by the population size. More, I think that the Japanease average is about 110, even if it is "only" 107- they are 120 million and they should have much more smart people than Jews have-when it comes to sums. And, oh-geneticlly we are talking about very close related groups (Ashkenazi and Sepahrdic), and yes-we know it from many historical accounts and from many genetical studies that the Jews before the exile are the ancestors of the now living Jews- dont argue with that, really.- you really gave bad, unsupported answers, seriously-it allmost sounds racist.--Gilisa 11:11, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
marginally noted
Sephardic Jews do have about 11 nobel prizers and they are only 3 million peoples, and they did have a golden age through the middle ages and later, especially in spain when they were the scientific and the social elite. About 30% of the world Ashkenazi Jews are in Israel-so who come that they are "so diffferent", it's not them that are different-but the invalidity of the I.Q test through different places, your explanations have no sense at all.--Gilisa 04:25, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
* I just wanted to poke my head in to say that I am for deletion of this article as well, for all manner of reasons listed previously.--Shink X 05:31, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
Question
Why, exactly, was this study met with almost great praise and circulated among such prominent outlets, such as the frontpage of New York magazine? Why has there been so little backlash against it? While granted, I don't think the study should be suppressed... I think it's appalling that it was featured in such prominent outlets, with such a positive reaction. Where do people get off on this? Why is nearly all other research into mental differences among "races" met with condemnation, yet this was applauded?
It's nothing short of scientific idecency, an outright assault on people's humanity that this was pumped around in the outlets like that. And again, WHY has there been such a lack of condemnation?
* Because the subjects are Jews. Funkynusayri 19:32, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
Funkynusayri, can you explain what you meant please? .--Gilisa 11:26, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
Deleting this article
I find this article to be avery bad one- for many reasons, and I suggest that this article should be nominated for deletion.--Gilisa 11:28, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
could use a better source for Cochran criticism
One of our main anti-Cochran sources is an unpublished internet essay on a graduate-student's website. Surely there's a better source than that? --Delirium 05:30, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
Thank you, IZAK 05:27, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
Question on table
Does "nn" stand for "not known"? I'm confused by this -- can someone who knows more about this than I do fix this?
* nn is sort of a generic numeric variable, and stands in for a place where a number is needed. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:54, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
Achievement Section, Questionable
Couldn't it be argued or even proven that Ashkenazi-achievements are mainly due to self-promotion rather than superior ability? This is proven in the times Hitler removed Jews from positions of power and influence resulting in Germany going ahead in leaps and bounds regarding technologies and other advancements. I can't imagine anyone disagreeing on Hitler's Germany not being a great step in human discovery, even though there may have been doctrines that others found unacceptable. Druidictus 21:24, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
Druidictus, take a look at the record - Hitler's Germany took a straight and rapid trip to the bottom. The engineering faets rested on advances made before the Nazis seized power.
* Nepotism wouldn't be able to explain performance in cognitive ability tests or meritocratic measures such as the nobel prize.--Nectar 06:59, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
* High average IQ could certainly lead to disproportionately high numbers of Nobel Prizes. And it is hard to imagine that "self-promotion" could be a factor in achieving high IQ scores. Wikismile 19:17, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
* Druidictus, do you know the phrase "To much ado about nothing"? thats Hittler and his "achievments". Did you know that Hittler at the begining of his time as "leader" forced Jews to work for his Germany? And if there is someone who worked for "self-promotion" is this German von Braun, working for Nazi Germany and NASA, and many other Germans who sudenlly turned from inthusiastic Nazis to Democrats. Hittler didnt do any good to Germany, what he did do, is that now being a German is humiliating, after the whole world has seen how easy it is to persuade Germans to become animals at the smell of meat, and make them jump as little dogs who bark to much. Besides, Hittler was a complete fool. Its not a big achievment to beat France, anybody can do that. But going against Russians? Only an idiot can do that. M.V.E.i. 17:50, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
Actually, Ashkenazi Jews have been found to have essentially the same IQs as Germans and the Dutch. Iq can hardly be a direct proxy to such overwhelming achievement for such a small group, then, even though Germans too have been overrepresented in Nobel prize winning.Ernham 17:22, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
Although assumed for many years - Jewish IQ superiority is largely a myth. A recent large study says average at best, but not the highest by far. Sticking together socially is far more important for econmic, etc results than IQ anyway. ( Would you rather have 10 more IQ points or be Bill Gates son, if you wanted to get rich?) Strong social/familial cohesiveness wins the game over the decades and generations. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
Koestler, Khazars, etc.
If you have a problem with the contents of Koestler and Wexler's books, I'd suggest you articulate those objections in an impartial and scholarly manner inside the article. Of course, that also means you'll have to explain the ideas that are contained in those books. Putting a "disclaimer" above the books as you have done is not NPOV. If you can't keep your emotions or personal biases out of the article, maybe you shouldn't be editing it. - You are correct to ask for an explanation for such statements; I am happy to provide such an explanation. In regards to Arthur Koestler's 1976 book, The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage (Random House), I offer the following information. Most of the significant claims in his book have been throughly debunked by historians.
* http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8646
* ...Leon Wieseltier can only be commended for debunking Arthur Koestler's attempt to rehabilitate the long discredited theory of the non-Semitic origins of East European Jewry [NYR, October 28].
* A glance at Koestler's intellectual meanderings and fluctuations across the past three decades can only lead one to conclude that his intentions this time around in The Thirteenth Tribe were not the advancement of knowledge but cruel mischief, unforgiveable attention seeking (considering the predictable Arab response already noted by Wieseltier). Koestler, therefore, deserves to be openly chastised for misusing his considerable intellectual talents and devoting them to such a peripheral theory bordering on fantastic speculation, a tangential issue in Jewish history even in its heyday a generation or so ago.
* Professor Henry R. Huttenbach, Department of History, The City University of New York, New York City
RECOGNIZING CHRISTIAN IDENTITY and Koestler's book
Book review followed by point by poitn refutations
Errors in the Thirteenth Tribe, by Kevin Brook
[Kevin Brooks, a historian on this subject] writes in a Usenet newsgroup post:
* From: Kevin Brook
* Subject: Re: Khazars
* Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.medieval
* Date: 2001-12-17 16:43:19 PST
* Many elements of Arthur Koestler's thesis were proven false, while a few others were proven true. Some of his false claims are:
* His concept that German Jews did not migrate to eastern Europe in large numbers.
* His claim that French and German Jews mostly died out in the Middle Ages.
* His exaggerated population figures for Khazaria.
* His claim that Crimean Karaites descend from Khazars.
* His supposition, based on Gumplowitz and other Polish Jewish scholars, that certain Polish placenames were named after Khazars. Only in Hungary and Transylvania do we find placenames that actually come from Khazars.
* His claim, based on Mieses, that an Austrian legend about Jewish princes was based on the Khazar rule of Hungary.
* His claim, based on Poliak, that Ashkenazic shtetls were derived from Khazar village life.
* His claim that Ashkenazic Jews have hardly any genetic or anthropological connections to the ancient Judeans.
* His claim that Ashkenazic Jews have hardly any genetic or anthropological connections to the ancient Judeans.
* The following book reviews of his "The Thirteenth Tribe" provide various opinions (Rosensweig, Wieseltier, Szyszman, and Majeski are highly critical of Koestler's book but sometimes their criticisms are illegitimate; by contrast, MacLean, Steiner, Cumming, Schechner, and some other reviewers were more positive):
* Abramsky, Chimen. "The Khazar Myth." Jewish Chronicle (April 9, 1976).
* Adams, P. L. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Atlantic 238 (September 1976): 97.
* Anonymous. "Lost Empire: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Economist 259 (April 24, 1976): 121.
* Blumstock, Robert. "Going Home: Arthur Koestler's Thirteenth Tribe." Jewish Social Studies 48:2 (1986): 93-104.
* Brace, Keith. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Birmingham Post (1976).
* Cameron, James. "Ask the Rabbi: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." New Statesman 91 (April 9, 1976): 472.
* Cumming, John. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") The Tablet (1976).
* Du Boulay, F. R. H. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") London Times Educational Supplement (June 18, 1976).
* Fox, Robin Lane. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") The Financial Times (1976).
* Fuller, Edmund. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Wall Street Journal (1976).
* Grossman, Edward. "Koestler's Jewish Problem: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Commentary 62 (December 1976): 59-64.
* Kanen, R. A. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Library Journal 101 (August 1976): 1632.
* Kirsch, Robert. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Los Angeles Times (1976).
* Klausner, Carla L. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Kansas City Times and Star (September 12, 1976).
* Maccoby, Hyam. "The Khazars and the Jews: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." The Listener 95 (April 8, 1976): 450.
* MacLean, Fitzroy. "Shalom Yisrah: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." New York Times Book Review (August 29, 1976): 4.
* Majeski, Jane. "Chutzpah: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." National Review 27 (November 12, 1976): 1248-1249.
* Mason, Philip. "The Birth of the Jews? The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Spectator 236 (April 10, 1976): 19.
* Meyer, Karl E. "Conversion in Khazaria: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Saturday Review 3 (August 21, 1976): 40.
* Raphael, Chaim. "Chosen Peoples: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Times Literary Supplement (June 11, 1976): 696.
* Rosensweig, Bernard. "The Thirteenth Tribe, the Khazars and the Origins of East European Jewry." Tradition 16:5 (Fall 1977):139-162.
* Salamone, V. A. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Best Sellers 36 (November 1976): 262.
* Schechner, Mark. "All the Difference in the World: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." Nation 223:17 (November 20, 1976): 535-536.
* Sheppard, R. Z. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Time 108 (August 23, 1976): 60.
* Sokolov, Raymond. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") Newsweek. 1976.
* Steiner, George. (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") The Sunday Times (April 6, 1976).
* Szyszman, Simon. "La question des Khazars essai de mise au point." Jewish Quarterly Review 73:2 (October 1982): 189-202.
* Toynbee, Philip. "Who Are the Jews? The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." London: Observer (April 4, 1976): 27.
* Wieseltier, Leon. "You Don't Have to Be Khazarian: The Thirteenth Tribe, by Arthur Koestler." New York Review of Books (October 28, 1976): 33-36.
* (Author?) (review of Koestler's "The Thirteenth Tribe.") New Yorker 52 (September 20, 1976): 145.
I don't think there is a strong enough argument here to delete all reference to Koestler's book. I'm about halfway through The Thirteenth Tribe and I find it far from rambling, incoherent, or whatever other ad hominems his distractors have hurled at the work. As the reviewers above (for the most part) have done, there is scholarly discussion to be had, but to just dismiss this important work because Kevin Brook and several others don't like it is not what Wikipedia is about IMHO. I'm adding the reference back in the article. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:18, 10 June 2007 (UTC)Alan
Intelligence
I moved this from the article after hearing that it was it at least rewritten carefully citing an actual study, metrics and particulars of any study -- if not simply removed.
* Ashkenazic Jews are the group with the best results in intelligence testing.
* Their contribution to many areas of cultural achievements (for example: philosophy, physics, mathematics, chemistry, music, psychology, biology, medicine) far exceeds their proportion in the general population.
* See:
* Please refer to race and intelligence for a theory of the coincidence of higher IQ and neurological disease in Ashkenazi Jews.
Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 04:00, Apr 18, 2004 (UTC)
Hi Bcorr, you are correct that this description is very sketchy. It's an echo of the material on race and intelligence, which seems to have come mainly from Greg Cochran's article on Jerry Pournelle's Chaos Manor page. Greg Cochran is an evolutionary biologist with an interest in neurology, as evidenced from PubMed. This article, "How the Ashkenazi Got Their Smarts", circulates in various blogs and other resources, and never does he quote a peer-reviewed article. Perhaps most can be gained by contacting him, (he works at Amherst College, MA, dept of biology). I've been unable to figure out his email address - perhaps you have ways. At any rate, this is not the first time I've heard an evolutionary biologist make rather off-the-hand remarks that turn out to be wild speculation. JFW | T@lk 16:01, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)
* I have seen repeatedly that Cochran works (worked?) at Amherst. I have neither seen nor found any evidence that this is factual, and cannot find out who he is other than the Pournelle page. (anon, 19 July 2005)
That's just from PubMed. I'm not even sure if he officially works in Utah. JFW | T@lk 17:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
* I have his email address if you still want it, JFW.--Nectarflowed T 20:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
So do I. His domain doesn't give away his present position, and I'm in no rush to ask him. JFW | T@lk 21:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
Disputed
Has anyone else actually read the massive material recently added to the article? It is a lengthy tract claiming that the Ashkenazi are not descended from the Biblical Jews. As far as I know, this is very much a minority opinion, as inappropriate as an earlier article that claimed that the Pashtoon are descended from the Biblical Jews. I suggest reversion to User:Esparkhu's version of 10:39, Nov 26, 2004. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:20, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
* It's mostly Khazaria nonsense; the cites given (for example Brooks) don't come to the conclusions the author of this article has. While the information about Khazar Jews may be accurate to a degree (if outdated), the claim that Ashkenazi Jews and Khazars are the same is simply not true. Genetic and linguistic evidence indicates that Ashkenazi Jews descended from Jews living in the Roman empire, and particularly the Italian regions, who migrated northwards from there to Germany, where Yiddish began to develop, and from there eastwards to Poland, Hungary, Ukraine etc. It is possible that Khazar Jews make up some of the ancestry of Ashkenazi Jews, but it is a minority at most, and that connection is itself still unproven. As Brooks himself concludes "Are all Jews around the world descended from the Khazars? Certainly not. East European Jewish ancestry originates substantially from ancient Judea, and the same is true of most other modern Jewish populations (with the exception of groups like Libyan Jews and Ethiopian Jews). But, it is rational to conclude that some Jews also have some Khazar ancestors." Jayjg 02:30, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
* Also, in Polish history it is noted that at the moment Poles came into contact with the Khazars, there were already Jews in Poland - and these groups were considered completely distinct, both by the outside world and by themselves. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 02:44, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
* While I'm the farthest thing from an expert on the subject, I do find the "Ashkenazi = Khazars" claim to be rather contrary, if not completely antic. Also, couldn't we do better than quoting large, repetitious chunks of fourteen(!) other encyclopedias? They may just qualify as fair use (no more than 10%, etc), but I don't like the way they comprise the bulk of the history section. The hodgepodge reminds me of a lazy college student's essay. It'd be best to excise the quotes and (if possible or necessary) rewrite the data, or simply summarize. In my opinion, of course. -- Hadal 04:06, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
* User:Jmabel's judgment is correct, too much speculative and hypothetical nonsense was added to the article, and so I have joined Jmabel's advice to revert and have done so. Thank you. IZAK 05:00, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
Be warned about genetic studies that are interpreted as demonstrating that Askenazim are descended in large part from ancient Middle Eastern Jews. The studies are simply not capable of supporting any very firm conclusion, and interpretations usually rest on what the investigators believe anyway. Since historians do not usually know much genetics, nor geneticists much history, there is a danger that each group will uncritically accept the other's beliefs. As far as descent from the Khazars is concerned, one would need to know what their genetic markers looked like, and we don't. Furthermore, there is no genetic signature that distinguishes Jews from all other populations. Rejection of the Khazar idea is usually about as arbitrary as its acceptance; more information is needed, but we won't get it if everybody thinks the question is answered - or should never be asked. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
* you feeble minded, those genetic test dont tell the whole truth! Those genetic test ALSO say that ashkenazi are VERY closely related to Khoisen africans.....
Genetic tests don't connect modern Jews to ancient Israel. They connect them to each other - slightly. There is no genetic test that can bridge unknown history or is related to soil tests. The group we call Jews today may, or may not, be the Jews of Israel. For all we know the Palestinians may be the Jews - actually more likely to carry David's blood than anyone else. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
The genetic studies that I have read about are really not reliable. The sample size tends to be under a hundred, when the actual population is many millions of people. It's impossible to generalize on such a massive population with such a minuscule sample size with any degree or illusion of accuracy and to do so is junk science and poor methodology. By having these papers quoted as "absolute evidence" (which they aren't!) of a certain genetic marker (such as 8,000,000 Jews coming from four women) we are in essence submitting to the use of junk science. This isn't even the way that the people doing the tests wanted us to use their results, likely. Until we have the technology to test millions of people's genetic markers, there is absolutely no way we can figure out "where a large ethnic group" comes from, whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous or any other piece of information, really. LCastus 07:35, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
* The Behar study (the four Ashkenazi mothers) was about 640 individuals and used 14 markers. That's the first reasonable size study. The cost of sequencing is going down rapidly. Of course, one thing about studying Ashkenazi Jews is, it's not like studying Finns, where you go to Finland and find people who speak Finnish. The researchers actually choose their sample (i.e., they decide who is an Ashkenazi Jew), which means that any notion of statistical validity is out the window. I agree with you that a lot of the earlier studies of other populations (done in the 1990s) are really bogus. For example, the study of the Ethiopian Jews that everybody puts so much weight on had, I think, 38 individuals. I originally added that material, and when I did so, I added a paragraph that said frankly exactly what you are saying here, about the questionable statistical validity. Of course, that paragraph was my synthesis, and somebody else insisted that it be removed, which was the correct thing to do in this case. I do think 640 individuals is enough to say with some accuracy that there were a lot of them with Middle Eastern origin. Don't forget that haplotye analysis increases in validity and accuracy over time, as new markers are identified and can be applied to old studies. --Metzenberg 16:43, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
History
I'd love to see a history section. I could make a try, if nobody disagrees.--Wiglaf 16:17, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* A history of what, Ashkenazi Jews? Jayjg | (Talk) 19:19, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* Yes, a short one about their immigration to the Rhineland and later migrations to Eastern Europe as well as a summary of Jews in East European history. But, that is just me, and I won't insist on such a section.--Wiglaf 23:07, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* It seems reasonable to me, though there are other articles dealing with Jewish history. Ashkenazi specific stuff would make sense here. Jayjg | (Talk) 01:19, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* Jay, do you know if general paths of Jewish migration are already covered somewhere? -- Jmabel | Talk 06:23, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)
* I don't recall an article on it, I'll try to look for one tomorrow. Jayjg | (Talk) 06:32, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* I've been doing some reading on this lately. If we don't already have something, I'll try to help. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:04, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)
* The closest I can find is History of the Jews in Germany. That doesn't mean it doesn't exist, Wikipedia is huge. Jayjg | (Talk) 01:06, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
I've found a source that is very informative on the various migrations since about 1650 (and especially since the 19th century), how the Jews fit the various societies, how some countries might be best understood as containing multiple Jewries, of the splits between Orthodox and modernizing tendencies, etc. Unfortunately, I have been able to borrow it only briefly. Someone is strongly encouraged to track down a copy and mine it heavily; with any luck I might be able to borrow it some other time myself. It is: I read it this weekend & took a lot of notes. Not as detailed as I hoped, but very suggestive. I've found material to add to a lot of articles. I'll add to various places over the next few weeks. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:09, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)
* Riff, Michael, The Face of Survival: Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present with personal memoirs by Hugo Gryn, Stephen Roth, Ben Helfgott and Hermy Jankel; epilogue by Rabbi Moses Rosen. Valentine Mitchell, London, 1992, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>.
The Riff book has a lot of good detail, especially post-1850, but that isn't where the story should start. Some points that should make it into the article:
* 1) During and after the Chmielnicki Uprising (1648–1654) tens of thousands of Jews were killed. Prior to that, there were some 200,000 Jews in Poland. This triggered the first of many waves of migration out of that area. Probably half of the Jews either were killed or left.
* 2) Another major migration in 2nd half of 18th century triggered by Poland's political decline.
* 3) Because of this and other migrations over the next 250 years, many areas of East Central Europe had growing populations of Jews, often with Galician roots. In areas where the economy was largely rural and undeveloped -- Northeastern Slovakia, Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, parts of Transylvania -- they often became intermediaries (peddlers, even lessors or managers of noble estates). Also, many Jew migrated to the cities, where a lot became involved in commerce and industry. Transylvania & Sub-Carpatathia developed density of Jews comparable to Galicia. Moldova (where they were about 20%) similarly.
* 4) Urbanization: Jews from Prussian Poland mostly went to Berlin and Breslau. "By the turn of the century over a third of the Jews in Bohemia (92,746) lived in Prague and its immediate environs, while nearly a quarter of those in Moravia lived in Brno." [Riff, p. 31]
* 5) By the time of the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, Jews constituted a very large proportion of the middle class in East Central Europe. During late A-H Empire, middle mgt & bureaucracy., + banking, retail, and "the free professions". As a result, as national elites grew and were competing for middle-class role, it was Jews they were competing with.
* 6) Assimilation and acculturation took many different directions. In Hungarian-ruled areas, even most Orthodox learned Hungarians and saw themselves as "Magyars of the Hebrew persuasion". Similarly, in Austrian-ruled Bohemia and Moravia, Jews were acculturated as Germans, but after independence learned Czech. Similar in lesser degree elsewhere, even at times Poland.
* 7) The Kresy (part of Russian Empire: Polish Lithuania-Belarus & Volynia): ethnically diverse, politically backward. Relative lack of anti-semitism. Shtetls intact, Jews were about half (or even more) of the larger towns. Acculturation was toward Russians, and not much of it at that, because the towns were more Jewish than Russian.
* 8) Important social splits: Orthodox, Hasids, (post 1890s) Zionists of various persuasions, Folkists (nationalist, like the Zionists, but wanting to remain geographically where they were), various religious reform movements, esp. the Neolog in Hungarian areas, Bundists and other socialists, I'm sure things are missing from this list.
* 9) Important geographical issues: Can't be neatly divided by country, and besides, borders moved. Speaking of Poland c. 1900, Riff (p.30) writes that it had "Not one Jewry, but several" in different parts of the country.
Ashke-what?
Should there be an explanation of how to pronounce the term? Yes, I know, Wikipedia is not a dictionary, but at least The World Book Encyclopedia puts pronunciations at the top of many of its articles, and I'm guessing a lot of readers would see the "nazi" in the name, try to pronounce it "not-see" to sound like the name of one of the major ideologies opposing Judaism, and imagine allegations of Nazi-Ashkenazi collaboration or compare Zionism to Nazism. --Damian Yerrick 00:45, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
* Go for it. We sometimes do that, especially on foreign words (see SAMPA and ISA for modes of phonetic spelling; probably give both), and I have heard this one innocently mispronounced. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:17, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
* I'm adding the pronunciation: [] (not with [] as in Nazi). --Damian Yerrick 04:35, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
absolute pitch?
The following was added anonymously and without citation to the "medicine" section: "However, an interesting note is that there is a relatively high occurence of absolute pitch in Ashkenazim." I've brought that over here pending citation. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:39, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
* Here's some possibly relevant material, but it seems more to mention that this is believed possible rather than known to be true: . -- Jmabel | Talk 20:17, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
IQ
"Many studies report Ashkenazim to have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, with the most pronounced gains in tests of verbal ability."
This is errenous. The Japanese are the world smartest people with an IQ of 111. The Ashkenazim in the United States have an IQ of 115 but elsewhere they do not. The Ashkenazim in Israel for example score on average 100. (User:Egud 7 May 2005)
I believe there is the possibility of an incongruity. In particular, the article on the wealth of nations and IQ gives a substantially different number. Frankly, most of the research is pretty loaded. It is quite possible that bad science was being done: it certainly was in the case of the wealth of nations/iq book. Danielfong 02:46, 6 August 2005 (UTC) Danielfong 02:46, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
* The data regarding average IQs of ethnic groups is better for U.S. groups than groups in other countries. What's disputed regarding the U.S. data is the interpretation of it, i.e., what is the source of the disparity (partially genetic, the most common response from experts, or 100% environmental).--Nectarflowed T 05:42, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
Everyone is "the world's smartest" in their own IQ tests. If I made an IQ test here and now, and got 100% right, would I be the world's smartest? Also, intelligence isn't simply mathematical or verbal reasoning. It's much more. Therefore it's wrong to say group X is the smartest due to having the highest IQ. Not to mention that the Soviets were the world's best in many thing in their own Olympics. They weren't in other countries' Olympics. --<IP_ADDRESS> 01:40, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
* You're absolutely right, and that's why the article doesn't say that Ashkenazim are the "smartest" because they have the highest average IQ. All that it says is that "According to many studies, Ashkenazi Jews have the highest average intelligence of any ethnic group as measured by IQ", something which can be empirically measured and quantified. Any claims of of Askhenazim being "better" or "smarter" are only personal interpretations not supported by that data, and most importantly, not made in the article. Yid613 04:03, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
* All claims must be verified. Michael 06:57, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
This whole section on IQ needs to be gutted and re-written without on the racist nonsense. I'll do so as soon as i have time, using the recent largest moss representative, thus valid, study ever done on Ashkenazi IQ by Bachman/Lynn.
I absolutely agree. The whole "achievement" section is racist and has no place in wikipedia.
Some studies say the Jews have a high IQ - of course other studies say they have an average or low IQ. A racist section in wiki? But if it doesn't say Jews are superior then it will be called anti-Semitic, get your high IQ guys working on that problem. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
The section is not racist. It merely states a sourced fact: Ashkenazi Jews have the highest IQ in the world. It doesn't say Jews are better or worse than others or smarter because being smart isn't just about IQ. Just because it pisses off somebody, doesn't mean we shouldn't mention it.
However, I do remember some articles showing that Jews aren't with the highest IQ but with one of the highest so, I suppose to be on the safe side, we can say that "Ashkenazi Jews have one of the highest IQ score in the world". Northern 07:22, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
Cochran study
I'm not sure that citing Cochrane is "original research", isn't it rather reporting the (controversial) research of these authors? Furthermore, the reversion by Jdwolff reverted all of the objective information about IQ testing (citations of other studies) which have nothing to do with Cochran at all. Also he removed the Nobel prize information, again an objective fact, not related to Cochran per se. Kaisershatner 17:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Yes, the study of Cochrane and the rest of the University of Utah team is being published in the Journal of Biosocial Science. The study is not any more controversial than any other intelligence research on ethnicity and is being [expected to be] followed up with further studies.--Nectarflowed T 00:40, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
At the moment, the paragraph gives immense credit to Cochran, who is just a clever loudmouth and has pushed for his research to be published in The Economist before it had even reached the professional literature and been exposed to peer review, expert commentary and the inevitable letters to the editor.
The paragraph should take the following form:
* Reliable statistical source that Ashkenazim are in the world's top percentiles of IQ.
* Examples (e.g. ACM prizewinners)
* Theories
* Conventional theories
* Radical theories, e.g. Cochran and his lot.
Of course this paragraph is very easily misunderstood, and if not written properly will lend credence to anti-Semites (look, the Jews are just so @#^(*# clever, you can never win while they move to dominate the world, better kill 'em off etc etc). JFW | T@lk 10:39, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Just for fun, look at this. The blog exposure to Cochran's speculative theories has been quite stunning. Long live PageRank. JFW | T@lk 10:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* I have now rewritten the paragraph in a way that does not make Cochran and his lot look like they've invented the concept. I have also offered an alternative theory, which I have been unable to source but should definitely be mentioned. I must say that employment in "finance and trade" as insisted by Greg is rather stereotypical. Most Jews in 17th-20th century Poland and Russia were farmers and craftspeople; they were also very poor. JFW | T@lk 10:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Cochran himself mentions other theories, some of which he suggests are possible, and one is somewhat related to your theory. I'm uncomfortable with providing theories without citation, it smacks of original research. Jayjg (talk) 22:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Nectarflowed, I don't think we should use footnotes to link to other Wikipedia articles. This is really a novelty. Otherwise, you have done very well in rewriting my dabbling. JFW | T@lk 06:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* I see what you mean, but I do think in this case footnotes may be a good choice. Simply referencing the same sources that race and intelligence references, such as Snyderman, M., & Rothman, S. (1987). Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing. American Psychologist, 42, 137–144), but not dealing with the statements and their surrounding issues and objections in depth, as 'race and intelligence' does, would not give readers the same level of verifiability.--Nectarflowed T 21:15, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
I'm just saying it has no precendent, and more conventional approaches would be better. JFW | T@lk 18:44, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* A Haredi reaction to Greg. I will condense this later. JFW | T@lk 06:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Nectarflowed, can we please condense the section on Cochran. This bloke is really getting more attention than he deserves. Some snippets of information do not need to be here. Wikipedia has already done its share to promote this guy's work. JFW | T@lk 4 July 2005 06:50 (UTC)
* Done. Does it look better?--Nectarflowed T 4 July 2005 08:02 (UTC)
I've made some additions. Some of the criticisms from the NY Times article deserve direct mention. In retrospect I think Charles Murray was a good source to quote - he got controversional for suggesting very similar things in the Bell Curve. If we cover Greg so verbosely we may as well document the response from the research community. JFW | T@lk 4 July 2005 12:34 (UTC)
PS The Economist article does not add anything, so I've removed that link.
* someone please read http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/1478/ and act on the content.
* in more general terms - in recent years there have been several attempts at racist "science", be it the bell curve study, goldhagen's book on the germans or this asinine attempt at reverse prejudice.
* now, the society in which being racist is so politically incorrect as to cause instant mortification JUMPS at those studies and embraces half-baked pseudo-scientific theories as facts - even incorporating said theories into encyclopedias BEFORE they are published in any journal. it's worth noting that the journal that agreed to publish the article in question only struck the word eugenics from its title in 1968. --Snottily 21:39, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* We have read that article (listed at the top of this talk page). It's not an especially well written article, interesting as it is, so I don't think we should necessarily take at face value any positions it takes. The current scientific race and intelligence debate has been going on off and on over the last 30 years. It's a minority scientific opinion that a study becomes pseudoscience if its results are considered undesireable.--Nectar T 23:27, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
There is an article here in Wikipedia about Gregory Cochran, apparently written by one of the members of his cult. The entire Cochran section should be moved there and referenced from here. Including it here, in a relatively incomplete article on Ashkenazi Jewry, makes it seem vastly more important than it really is. It is a minor piece of research, virtually all theory with no empirical science, by two authors who are neither geneticists nor historians. Metzenberg 6 April 2006 (UTC)
Comment
This is wrong fact, that Ashkenazi Jews came Europe through Khazaria Khaganate, first Jews came to Germany in 1600s, Jews were pushed eastwards after decline of Khazaria - they played important role in Poland early history and in Hungarian history. So, you have to correct your text.
* That is a theory. It gets mention in the article. There were Jews in Germany well before the 1600s. You have to correct your grammar. JFW | T@lk 20:33, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
* In addition to the DNA evidence, there is overwhelming linguistic and historical evidence that the Ashkenazi Jews originated in the Middle East and arrived in northwestern Europe, before moving eastwards. The Khazar theory has popular with a few Jewish writers in the middle of the 20th century, when many Jews wanted to disassociate themselves from Germany. More recently, it has been taken up by various anti-Zionist groups because it suggests that modern Jewish ancestry is not Middle Eastern. However, this theory has no mainstream support among historians, or in linguistics or human genetics.
Who "were" they before the 10th Century????
This article seems incomplete in that it states that Ashkenazi origins go back to the 10th Century in Central/Eastern Europe. Were their ancestors from previous centuries Pagan Europeans who converted to Judaism and/or intermarried into small Diaspora Jewish communities in Central/Eastern Europe? Would this intermarriage/conversion explain the significant population growth of European Jews up towards the Industrial Revolution and onward before the Holocaust of WWII?
* Ashenazic Jews are most closely related to Roman Jews, and the intermarriage ratw was quite low, 0.5% per generation. See: . Jayjg (talk) 19:02, 17 August 2005 (UTC) Your source does not support your claim - it is very important to look at the data, rather than the claim made by the title or abstract. As is typical of investigations of Jewish ancestry, the study uses commonly accepted history as a basis for both design and interpretation of the experiment. But the history is really not that clear - particularly on the origin of the Ashkenazis, which is essentially a legend. A cold look at the historical evidence indicates that Jews migrated throughout the Roman empire, and beyond, and there is no reason to suppose that they did not intermarry with local populations. There seems to be resistance to the idea that a substantial portion of Jewish ancestry comes from places other than Israel, but the genetic data is entirely compatible with that view. True, the Ashkenazi population can be seen as distinct (in some senses) from other European populations, but that does not in itself tell us where it came from. We will be enlightened only by assembling a complete picture of the genetics of the several populations that might have contributed to the Ashkenazi.
RE: Who "were" they before the 10th Century????
Good point! Like most other historical articles about the Ashkenazi population, there is nothing mentioned about how the Jews got from the Judea/Mediterranean Basis during the Roman Empire times to places in Northern Europe such as Germany and Northern France. It seems new insights into Ashkenazi DNA are answering some questions about Jewish migration patterns. Apparently, the male Y-chromosome patterns of Ashkenazi Jewish decent match the y-chromosome patterns of other Middle Eastern populations such as Lebonese, Iraqis, etc. This is proof that atleast the original male founders of the Ashkenazi community were of Southern Mediterranean/Middle Eastern origin. However, studies on the mtDNA (the founding mothers' side) have shown that the female founders might be from local European ancestry. This is interesting for several reasons. One is that in Jewish tradition "Jewishness" is passed on through the mother. However, according to DNA evidence it appears "Jewish" males intermarried non-ethnically Jewish woman. Despite this anamoly, it does explains some things. For one, it explains why most European Jewish populations look like their host communities (because the intermarriages of the southern Jewish traders with European women) while still maintaing Jewish culture and religion.
An historical framework for this DNA evidence has not been explored and fully elaborated on. In other words, how exactly did the Jewish male traders from the Mediterranean Basin move into new communities in the North? How did these males then intermarry the local women (probably converting the local women when intermarrying)?. Also, which communities did the Jewish males move from (maybe somewhere in Italy? Maybe in Greece? Maybe Mesopotamia?) and in what specific time periods did this migration take place(400s, 500s, 600s CE, etc.)? If anyone has information they should add it to the Origin of Ashkenzi article which is probably being merged into the Ashkanzi article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 26 Sept 2005.
I've just found an article in Discovery about a new research which claims to have found that 4 founding mothers in the Rhein basin (Germany) are the common ancestors of all current Ashkenazim. Here is a link: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060123/jewishmom_his.html I think this is relevant to this section but I don't know how to fit it in. Penedo 21:58, 29 January 2006 (UTC) But they weren't from the Rhine basin - that is merely the interpretation of the authors, based on their reading of the history which (like this page) asumes that the Rhineland population was the basis of the Ashkenazi population. Actually the authors have no way of knowing where the women camce from. the fact that the haplotypes were found in some other Jewish populations could be explained by migration from europe into other Jewish populations. See how assumptions get turned into "evidence"?
IQ - why was it deleted
deleted the whole section on IQ and genetic causes. This may be controversial, but Wikipedia should not avoid topics because they are controversial. In fact, what was deleted was the product of careful NPOV work by many editors, involving many long discussions about the balance between one speculative article that has not even been published in print yet.
The topic has set blogs on fire for months on end. We do not dare avoiding it just like that. JFW | T@lk 21:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
Ostjuden, Yekkes, etc.
It seems to me that, although largely forgotten post-WW2, significant distinctions were made between German Jews, sometimes called Yekkes (not sure if this is a derogatory slang word or whether the German Jews themselves used this) and so-called Ostjuden of East Europe. I don't know a great deal about it, but I recall books by Sander Gilman highlighting the extent to which these differences were considered significant in Europe by both Jews and non-Jews, extending to language (Yiddish), custom, physical appearance, etc. I know this is a touchy subject, and I don't want to harp on it, but I wonder whether treating Ashkenazim as a homogeneous mass doesn't do a disservice. Are there Ashkenazi "sub-sub-ethnic groups", or whatever is the appropriate term here? --AnotherBDA 13:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
* Yekke is a slang term used by Israelis for Jews specifically from Germany. There term is used, with some qualification, in Spielberg's recent film on Munich. Within Ashkenazi Jewry there have long been religious and national differences in culture.
Yekke is not slang, and it's not an Israeli invention. Yekkes were and are very different in look and custom from other Ashkenazi Jews. Ashkenazi is a very broad term. Within it are Hugarians, Poles, some Dutch, and Lithuanians, all of whom have different customs. <IP_ADDRESS> 00:39, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
* The term Yekke originated in the 19th century when some of the Jews of Germany stopped wearing long coats and adopted the short "jackets" worn by other Germans. More traditional Ashkenazim referred to these modernizing Jews as "Yeckes" (the Yiddish word for "jackets", like the German word Jaecke, which is a cognate of "jacket" in English). So it started out as slang that one group of Ashkenazim used to label another. Of course, the use of the word has evolved since that time, and it has become a label for a subgroup. --Metzenberg 12:13, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
Why are Jews smarter? Try common sense for the answer
Why are Jews smarter? There is precious little laboratory science to help with finding the answer. That being the case, to arrive at a plausible paridigm one must keep the solution very simple, and rely heavily on common sense.
In only one short paragraph, were the ideas of Galton (1860) and Wiener (1900's) mentioned, yet theirs were the only plausible model. I have been watching this phenomonon for 60 years and I think the answer is so simple, that even a child can see it. But only a child, untouched by intellectual fashion and politically correct taboos.
Here it is:
Why are Jews so smart? There are many explanations, some of which strain common sense. But you don't have to be a rocket scientist to figure out why. It can all be explained quite clearly:
Through millenia of widsread illiteracy, Jewish culture valued the twin cultural ethics of learning and literacy above all else. This was true since Jesus' day, and long before. Pressures to become the most learned in the Jewish community were around forever. Many of the men were rabbis of some sort, and every one dreamed of becoming the chief rabbi. The competition for that job was stiff, and was entirely based upon mental abilities. It was not even important what was studied. Even if it had been the game of chess, it would still have produced the same result, just as long as the challenge was a hard mental contest.
Early on then, the smartest Jews rose to the highest level of their society. Moreover, the field of competition was among all men thanks to universal male literacy, and not just among a much smaller group, as it was elsewhere. So a very strong merit system was in place from the beginning, and for a very long time. This cultural accident alone can answer the question.
But there was another and even stronger pressure. As if to insure the result, the smartest men reproduced themselves moreso than ordinary males. That was because the most highly placed rabbis were freed from having to make a living. They were supported by the community so that they could study all day long. Even more significantly, the head rabbi went through wives like popcorn, a younger one each time. Culturally, it was a great honor for an ordinary father, not blessed with great intelligence but only the ability to become rich, to give up his young daughter to the Rabbis bed, once the rabbis previous wife died having her 20th child. There is even hard evidence for this gleaned from the detailed family records that Jews are well known for, even going back to Bible days. So the most intelligent men were selected not only for intelligence, but for their ability to reproduce a lot, too. This is an even surer recipe for the selection of smart genes, but the realtive smartness of the Jews was helped along from another, and most unexpected direction.
Consider how the culture of non-Jews effected their own special outcome. In the culture of Christendom, the best minds, indeed the cream of the crop, were recruited, prized, and sent into the priesthood. Thus, in a single stroke, the genes for the best minds were collected from the entire male population, every generation, and then simply sent off into the celibate priesthood, thus removing them from the gene pool forever. So while Christendom impoverished its own gene pool of intelligence, the Jews enriched theirs, thereby making the relative difference between the two populations even larger.
I can't emphasize enough the role of male universal literacy among the Jews. Not only did the Jews invent a system that produced smart men (without realizing it), but they forced their entire male population through it. That took care of all the unsung geniuses from poor families who were so often overlooked by every other system, even in lands very far away from Christendom. Indeed, who among the gentiles could read at all? Only a small part of the population, the clergy and the aristocrats. And as we all know, from the example of the colonization of South America, selecting managers solely from the aristocracy is a very bad idea.
* i would like to remind you that the Eastern Orthodox Church allows the priests to be married, your theory does not apply to the whole of Christendom.
* Post Script: The arguments above can also be used to explain negative outcomes, of course, such as the higher than average rates of certain inherited diseases among Jews. Also, when the arguments above are applied to other groups and races, many heretofore complex and thorny issues suddenly become clear and easily understood by all.
posted by realscientist
As a proud Jew is saddens me to have to correct this but your theory does not hold much water. Unfortunately, the push for everyone to become the most learned, and even universal literacy, are fairly recent phenomena. If you look in the halakhic works of the middle ages (cf. Shulchan Arukh and Rambam) you will see many laws pertaining to those who cannot read. If you look in the Beit Yosef you will see that the purpose of the repetition of the shemone esrei during prayer was quite clearly for those in attendence who could not read it themselves. Illiteracy was clearly a large enough problem that such the rabbis imposed a fairly major inconvencience on the congregation (be require the repetition), which is generally prohibited. In regard to the aim to be the chief rabbi, no such aim existed except for the few learned. Until the chassidic movement, probably less than several thousand men learned any gemara at a given time. While it was normal for the common people to attend lectures or study scripture and often mishna, intense learning was not the aim. It is certainly understandable to conclude that everyone wished to be a great rabbi because most of our sources from the time are great rabbis, but it is important to understand that this is a selective pool and not representative of the overall population. Avraham 15:35, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
* I'm not sure I understand why the repetition of the shemone esrei should indicate that it was for the illiterate, given that other similarly important sections were not repeated. A.G. Pinkwater 16:38, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
By the above we would have to say that the rich have high IQs. Maybe here and there but not as widespread as we are led to believe. Watch TV when they interview the average Jew in Israel and you see the majority fitting right in at any trailer park in my area. This of course doesn't mean low IQ but their sentiments appear to be lower level redneck by and large. I see little intellectual detachment in most Jews - hyper-emotional instead - on many sensitive subjects, not the hallmark of high IQ - more a cultural thing. Success, college education, research, etc are more likely to come from family pressure/example and social cohesion ( nepotism, opportunity etc). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
The rpetition does not indicate it was ordained because of illiteracy, the fact that the Gemmorah and Shulchan Aruch give the reason for the repetition as widespread illiteracy indicates it was ordained for that reason. And Jews aren't any smarter than anyone else. Not from my seat in Ramat Beit Shemesh. <IP_ADDRESS> 00:39, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
To Mr. Nobody (since you did not sign your comments) whose comments start with "By the above we would have to say that the rich have high IQs." Do you know what is "average IQ test"? Not the rich ones are smart. An average Ashkenazi has a higher IQ. What you understand or don't understand from TV is your own problem. Instead of making judgments based on some guy who said something stupid on TV, Why not trust IQ tests? Northern 10:56, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
Koestler
I see that Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe is cited as a reference. Given that I've pretty much never heard of a scholar who buys into Koestler's views: -- Jmabel | Talk 06:16, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
* 1) Does someone have any indication that scholars take Koestler seriously on this?
* 2) What in the article comes from Koestler?
* No.
* Nothing.
-- Jayjg (talk) 21:36, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
Ashkenazi Jews in Israel: citation
I see that for Israel, we now cite ourselves!
Israel: 'app. 2.7 mil.' ,
I believe this is contrary to Wikipedia policy. We should cite the information that article cites. - Jmabel | Talk 20:49, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
* Ok then. The reference to the Israeli demographics Wikipedia website has been replaced with another website. The first citation is supposed to be a reference to what fraction of Israeli's Jews are Ashkenazi (app. half), and the second citation to how many Israeli Jews there are (4.95 million). For clarification, that is how the approximate number was derived. Yid613 | Talk 21:43, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
* On second thought, I have found that the numbers from the second source are still outdated, from 2002. The Wikpiedia article information was from 2004 and that is why I cited it earlier, so until a source is found outside the wikipedia that has updated statistics, the listing has been returned to its previous form. Yid613 | Talk 21:52, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
The Encyclopaedia of the Orient's article on "Ashkenazi" contains the figure of 3,700,000 Ashkenazi Jews in Israel. The Encyclopedia's copyright extends to 2005, so I assume it is updated. I have therefore added the figure in the article. This is the website. It only links the main page, you have to go to teh search engine and type "Ashkenazi". Yid613 | Talk 07:43, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
Add the Mizari, Falasha, Ashkenazi, Indian, and Shepardi numbers for Israel together they don't add up.
Re:IQ and the sciences
If that section is going to be renamed to "IQ and the sciences", detailing how Ashkenazi IQ correlates to achievements in the sciences, it should only make sense that there should be another section describing corresponding accomplishments in the humanities and social sciences. It should be noted that the Ashkenazi average verbal IQ is actually higher than the Ashkenazi average spatial (mathematical) IQ. Yid613 19:38, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
Khazars
The recently added part of the article concerning the khazars in the Origin of Ashkenazi section, might be a fallacious argument. The theory of khazars being the origin of the Ashkenazi, was postulated by Arthur Koestler. The article states that the theory is not disproven by DNA evidence, when in fact the DNA evidence seems to indicate that in fact the origins of the Y-chromosome is Middle Eastern in origin, and the mtDNA is local european in origin. There is no pervasive Turkish or Turkish related genetic markers as far as I know. I think that part should be taken out of that section, maybe put in another one, like "Alternative Theories" or "Koestler's One-Time Theory". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs). The preceding comment is mistaken in just about every detail. Koestler was not the originator of the Khazar hypothesis; he merely wrote a book about it (parts of which were pretty fanciful, other parts not). No sensible geneticist would argue that the genetic evidence on Ashkenazi origins is complete or unambiguous; the commenter is accepting interpretations as if they are fact, but that is not how science works. The (presumed) lack of "pervasive Turkish...markers" is irrelevant: we don't know what genetic markers Khazars might have carried, and anyway there has never been a comprehensive analysis of genetic markers in that population.
* Koestler was a novelist, and his theories have been disproven. The IP editors contributions were unsourced original research; I've restored the previous, more neutral version. Jayjg (talk) 21:34, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
Actually, Koestler was not just a novelist: he was a highly respected intellectual, and anyway why can't a novelist write about history?
* I'm confused. If you had to remove the source, how is it unsourced? — goethean ॐ 22:08, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
* The IP editor's claims didn't come from Koestler; rather, they consisted of his own original research, and the article itself didn't use Koestler either. Jayjg (talk) 22:12, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
* Here is the deleted text:"In his book The Thirteenth Tribe Arthur Koestler proposed a theory of Ashkenazi origin by the migration of people from Khazaria. This alternative theory is that a proportion of Ashkenazi are descended from the Khazars, a Central Asian tribe that converted (at least in part) to Judaism in the 8th-9th centuries. The Khazars were defeated in war, and disappeared from historical records in the early Middle Ages. According to Koestler numerous sources indicate that some Eastern European Jewish communities were founded by Khazars, but the contribution of the Khazars to the Ashkenazi population is not clear. The theory is controversial because of its implication that a large group of Jews has its origins outside of Israel, and is often ignored or disparaged in discussions of Ashkenazi origins. Koestler's theory has largely been disproven with genetic studies indicating Middle Eastern and local European origins of founding Ashkenazi populations."
* Are you saying that none of this has anything to do with Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe? Or are you merely saying that the last two sentences aren't backed up by it? — goethean ॐ 22:32, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
* To begin with, the Koestler book was here as a reference for many weeks or months (see question by Jmabel above), though it was not used in any of the text. Next, here are the original edits by the IP editor (. They deleted this material:"Full Roman citizenship was denied to Jews until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. However as a penalty for the first Jewish Revolt, Jews were still required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363 CE. Throughout the first three centuries of the Common Era, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and entered into various local occupations, the most prevalent occupation being trade (due to easy mobility in the dispersed Jewish communities)." and inserted, among other things, these unsourced claims: "Another theory of Ashkenazi origins, not necessarily incompatible with the above, is that some proportion are descended from the Khazars, a Central Asian tribe that converted (at least in part) to Judaism in the 8th-9th centuries. The Khazars were defeated in war, and disappeared from historical records in the early Middle Ages. Numerous sources indicate that some Eastern European Jewish communities were founded by Khazars, but the contribution of the Khazars to the Ashkenazi population is not clear. The theory is controversial because of its implication that a large group of Jews has its origins outside of Israel, and is often ignored or disparaged in discussions of Ashkenazi origins, but it has not been disproven by either historical or genetic studies.""All of these studies are preliminary, and interpretations of data tend to follow commonly accepted historical explanations of Ashkenazi origins. A definitive view must await more exhaustive studies that include larger numbers of subjects from possibly related ethnic groups, as well as more genetic markers.""There is some evidence that the origins of Jewish communities in Eastern Europe predates the migrations from Eastern Europe. Records are scant; a significant contribution from an indigenous (possibly Khazar) group has not been diproven."
* None of the inserted information came from Koestler. A later IP editor came along and tried to "NPOV" the insertions by converting them into essentially the form you have above. They also questioned the whole validity of the section (they made the first comment in this talk section). So, in answer to your question, the article referenced Koestler without using him. Then an IP came along and made a bunch of unsourced claims, while removing material detrimental to those claims. Then another IP came along and tried to "NPOV", attributing to Koestler. Then I came along, removed all newly introduced the POV material, and removed the Koestler link. And finally, Koestler should not be cited regardless, since he was a novelist, not a historian or scientist, his work was derivative of Dunlop's, and it's all been disproven by genetic research anyway. He now falls into the "extreme minority view" category, and is promoted almost exclusively by anti-Semites. Jayjg (talk) 23:35, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
* Dunlap's not mentioned, either. — goethean ॐ 17:41, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
* It wouldn't help those adding the "Khazar theory" material to mention Dunlop, because Dunlop himself says that there isn't enough evidence to make any claims that Ashkenazi Jews are descended from Khazars. Thus they must instead rely on the derivative and speculative work of a novelist, who was not bound by the same academic standards. Jayjg (talk) 18:02, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
* I am going to quit this discussion because I don't know anything about the topic. But it does raise suspicion when an editor insists that no mention of a theory appear on a page that appears to be related. — goethean ॐ 18:16, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
* From WP:NOR "How to deal with Wikipedia entries about theories:... 2. state the known and popular ideas and identify general "consensus", making clear which is which, and bearing in mind that extreme-minority theories or views need not be included. The Zionism article makes no mention of the theories that appear in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Mein Kampf either, even though the theories raised by those works "appear to be related"; does that "raise suspicion"? By the way, I mention these works not because they are similar in intent; Koestler's intent was, in fact, to lessen anti-Semitism by proving that the Jews of today were not descended from those awful Jews who killed Jesus. However, these works are now all used by the same groups for the same purposes (which is quite ironic, in the case of The 13th Tribe). Jayjg (talk) 18:30, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
* I'm quite familiar with the use and abuse of the "extreme minority" clause to delete information. — goethean ॐ 18:33, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
* Well, I'm pretty sure is an example of the former; do you feel it is not? Jayjg (talk) 21:49, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
Goethean, how do you deal with ideas advanced by one theorist that are subsequently disproven without leaving much of a trace in the scientific paradigm on a subject? The exterme minority clause is extremely valid in keeping articles encyclopedic. What do you consider an "abuse" of the extreme minority clause? JFW | T@lk 16:48, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
* I guess I don't see what's so offensive about a sentence that mentions the view as a fact of history along with the fact that it is defunct or largely held by anti-Semites. Obviously, the clause is abused when it is used by an editor to delete views that, although they are in the minority, are not in the extreme minority. — goethean ॐ 20:14, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
If Koestler's work is to be mentioned, it should be as a hypothesis advanced by a non-historian layman, albeit talented novelist, who based his history on a largely recited account taken from Dunlop and his racial theory on physiognomic analyses now disproven by genetic testing as well as a few poorly-analyzed and misunderstood similarities in place names. While it's probably that the Khazars had some impact on the genetic makeup of Ashkenazi Jews, Koestler claimed, with no evidence that a serious historian would accept, that all Ashkenazi Jews were primarily Khazar in origin, which is simply false. As an interesting, marginally related and ironic side note, an article recently published states that a genetic marker predisposing the bearer to Parkinson's Disease (which was killing Koestler when he committed suicide) that appears in Ashkenazim derives from Middle Eastern ancetors. Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 18:47, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
For Jaydig: What precisely is wrong with the statement that "All of these studies are preliminary, and interpretations of data tend to follow commonly accepted historical explanations of Ashkenazi origins. A definitive view must await more exhaustive studies that include larger numbers of subjects from possibly related ethnic groups, as well as more genetic markers "? That is a pretty standard warning that the genetic data is incomplete, and an observation on the way in which the extant data has been interpreted. Can you argue with getting more data? Have you read the cited papers in their entirety? How do they rule out a Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazim? What if the Khazars shared genetic markers with Middle Eastern populations?
(The prvious paragraph is not mine.) I have met several well-educated Ashkenazi Jews who 'learned' the Khazar theory as supposed truth in their youth, presumably from their parents. Several months ago, I researched how they could have come to believe such an outlandish fancy and found this Wikipedia article. The information helped me explain to some of them both the truth and the history of the notion. Given the currency of the beleif in Khazar ancestry, it would ba a shame if the debunking information is removed in a misguided attempt to suppress a neutral but inaccurate theory—which only happens to be being used this deacade for nefarious political purposes. Dvd Avins 10:05, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
DNA clues
version 1 Modern genetic accounts indicate that "Ashkenazi Jews are a group with mainly central and eastern European ancestry. Ultimately, though, they can be traced back to Jews who migrated from Israel to Italy in the first and second centuries." .
version 2: Modern genetic accounts indicate that Ashkenazi Jews ultimately "can be traced back to Jews who migrated from Israel to Italy in the first and second centuries." .
Jayjg reverted version 1 to version 2 with the edit comment, "actually, the study itself specifically states that Ashkenazi genetic origins *not* European; please stop inserting non-DNA information in DNA section"
The Behar study states that "The term “Ashkenazi” refers to Jews of mainly central and eastern European ancestry, in contrast to those of Iberian (Sephardic), Near Eastern, or North African origin (Ostrer 2001). Most historical records indicate that the founding of the Ashkenazi Jewry took place in the Rhine Basin, followed by a dramatic expansion into eastern Europe."
The study does not claim that Ashkenazi Jews "migrated from Israel". That quote is taken from the CNN article. The CNN article also states that "Ashkenazi Jews are a group with mainly central and eastern European ancestry."
Therefore version 1 is more accurate than version 2. --<IP_ADDRESS> 01:59, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
* Actually, the most accurate would be to just directly quote the DNA conclusions from the study from the PubMed link (it's succinct and clear): "Both the extent and location of the maternal ancestral deme from which the Ashkenazi Jewry arose remain obscure. Here, using complete sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we show that close to one-half of Ashkenazi Jews, estimated at 8,000,000 people, can be traced back to only 4 women carrying distinct mtDNAs that are virtually absent in other populations, with the important exception of low frequencies among non-Ashkenazi Jews. We conclude that four founding mtDNAs, likely of Near Eastern ancestry, underwent major expansion(s) in Europe within the past millennium." -- M P er el ( talk 02:19, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
* I agree and edited accordingly. --<IP_ADDRESS> 06:01, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
* Much improved. Nice job. -- M P er el ( talk 07:08, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
* What with the other 60% (the majority)? Even so, for the 40% with "likely" Near Eastern mtDNA, this does not exclude European admixture for that 40%. Al-Andalus 12:43, 9 February 2006 (UTC).
* The study doesn't comment on the origins of the 60%. In addition, mtDNA is passed essentially unchanged (except for mutations) from mother to daughter, so the 40% Near Eastern mtDNA of course excludes "European admixture". Jayjg (talk) 15:49, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
But the study only says "likely of Near Eastern ancestry"; it does not prove Near Eastern ancestry at all, it merely makes the interpretation because the haplotypes are found in other Jewish populations. In fact the haplotypes could have come from somewhere else: the study did not by any means make an exhaustive search for the haplotypes in other populations. Your certainty is not warranted by the data: you should examine your own assumptions and ask yourself why you are so ready to draw conclusions.
Al-Andalus asks, "What with the other 60% (the majority)? Even so, for the 40% with "likely" Near Eastern mtDNA, this does not exclude European admixture for that 40%." I think this is one of the dangers of interpreting early results of haplotype analysis. In fact, haplotype analysis is a cummulative process. Many haploytpes cannot be positively identified as Middle Eastern or European at this time because not enough data has been collected and analyzed. The 40% is just the low lying fruit, the ones that can clearly be placed in one of four large groups. But 40% is probably a lower limit on what more comprehensive studies in the future will eventually find. Haplotype groups can be as small as one, which is to say, there will probably never complete certainty over time, but that the confidence level will rise over time. --Metzenberg 07:07, 29 June 2006 (UTC) -
OF COURSE JEWISH PPL DONT WANT YOU TO KNOW THE TRUTH ABOUT THEM NOT RLLY BEING OF THE HOUSE OF ISRAEL! ASHKENAZI DO COME FROM KHAZAR OR AT LEAST WERE INFLUENCED BY KHAZAR TO CONVERT! THOSE DNA TEST R RIGGED BY JEWS AND ASHKENAZI JEWS LIE TO YOU SO THEY WILL HAVE A BIBLICAL REASON TO OCCCUPY PALESTINE(ZIONISM)!
More DNA clues
Not all Ashkenazi males are descended from Levantine populations. The lineage of Levite Ashkenazi Jews appear to descend from European origins. --<IP_ADDRESS> 01:29, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Oct;73(4):768-79. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries.
Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME.
Previous Y chromosome studies have shown that the Cohanim, a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste, predominantly share a recent common ancestry irrespective of the geographically defined post-Diaspora community to which they belong, a finding consistent with common Jewish origins in the Near East. In contrast, the Levites, another paternally inherited Jewish caste, display evidence for multiple recent origins, with Ashkenazi Levites having a high frequency of a distinctive, non-Near Eastern haplogroup. Here, we show that the Ashkenazi Levite microsatellite haplotypes within this haplogroup are extremely tightly clustered, with an inferred common ancestor within the past 2,000 years. Comparisons with other Jewish and non-Jewish groups suggest that a founding event, probably involving one or very few European men occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community, is the most likely explanation for the presence of this distinctive haplogroup found today in >50% of Ashkenazi Levites.
* I don't think anyone was saying Ashkenazi Jews have no European DNA. I'm sure Ashkenazi Jews have traces of all sorts of DNA in them, like most other ethnic groups, including European. This particular study seems to have found that for a small sub-group of Ashkenazi Jews, the Levites, which comprise what, 4-5% of Ashkenazi Jews, it is likely that 50% or more (i.e. 2-3% of all Ashkenazi Jews) have non near-Eastern, likely European, ancestry. That said, User:Alberuni, I've tolerated your interactions on this page, even though you are banned user, because, frankly, I didn't want to waste my time enforcing your banning. However, if you continue to edit war on any pages, or make edit summaries like this, or make personal attacks like this:, then I will enforce your Arbitration Committee ban. And no, I will not debate with you about whether or not you really are Alberuni; we've been through that before with your previous sockpuppets, and I have no more time for those games. Jayjg (talk) 18:39, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
This whole section, too, is loaded with bogus science. The main cite in this section is using a non-scientific study, a study which did not randomly collect samples, create on formal proofs, nor use randmoized population. garbage in, garbage out. Recommending the removal of the entire inclusing of it, or at least as the main foxus of the section.
* Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA only traces two lines out of thousands upon thousands of your ancestors. They only traces your mother's mother's line and fathers's father's line. While Y chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA can trace these lines's migrations, there are thousands of other lines out there, and we cannot assume that the other ones followed the same migration route as that maternal or paternal lines. To assume such things is not scientific. For example after ten generations you have a possible 1024 ancestors, after thity generations you have a possible 1,073,741,824 ancestors. Of course some of these lines join back together, and so in reality you have far fewer ancestors (3 or 4 millions distinct ancestors).
* The point is that you don't just have two ancestors, so even it was possible to prove that only 2 of your ancestors (in 4 millions) were maybe of ancient hebrew origin (probably everyone in the world has at least a few ancient hebrew ancestors) we cannot assume anything about your other millions of ancestors...--<IP_ADDRESS> 08:29, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
"exterminated'" vs. "murdered"
The concept of murder long pre-dates states that could declare anything illegal. Vermin may be "exterminated", but only humans may be "murdered." The previous wording was more specific and appropriate; I will revert. Dvd Avins 20:55, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* murder and extermination are in fact different term, but holocost was about extermination not murder... --tasc 22:01, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* I think simply "killed" is just as accurate and less loaded. -- Schaefer (Talk) 22:49, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* there is simple english wikipedia btw. :) --tasc 23:03, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* I recall a discussion about this in Talk:The Holocaust. I am too lazy busy to search for it now. IMHO, "murder" would be a correct term: it was intentional and premeditated. "Killing" is too general. "Extermination" is a Nazi term. ←Humus sapiens ну? 23:51, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* Yes, "extermination," or rather its German equivalent, was chosen by the Nazis precisely because it implied the Jews were less than human. IMO, "murdered" is most specifically accurate, "killed" is unnecessarily vague but not inherrently wrong, and "exterminated" is pro-genocide POV. Tasc, do you beleive that any mass-killing is automatically not murder? Dvd Avins 06:39, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
* I personaly don't see anything offensive in "extermination" as opposed to "murder". If you do think that "nazi-term" is not appropriate in this article you can change it. --tasc 11:07, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
* I did change it and you changed it back. It started out as "murdered. It was changed to "exterminated" 4 days ago by someone else. I noteced that change and restored the prior wording. Then you made the third change. Before we change it again, let's all agree (or at least consent): are we changing it to "killed" or "murdered"? Dvd Avins 12:23, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
* I can follow history page by my own. Thanks. Let's change it to "murder" than. Though my opinion is explained above. --tasc 12:35, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:08, 2 May 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Riana/The encyclopedia matters
''It's "assume good faith", not "assume the position". - Alkivar'' Wikipedia has a vast, diverse community, complex in its structure and its heterogeneity. As Wikipedia grows, so does its community, and thus this variety and intricacy.
While this massive userbase is Wikipedia's lifeblood, it is often its greatest undoing. Wikipedia's enormous popularity, its great success, and its open, welcoming community, is the very thing that encourages many to take advantage of it. Self-promotion, conflicts of interest, original research, nationalism, advertising in articles - basically, using Wikipedia as a sounding board for your very own gripe/obsession/new theory - can and will ruin the encyclopedia if its dedicated contributors do not do their uttermost to keep the scourge at bay.
Yet many will persist in telling you that second chances must be given; that we must bathe all in the warm glow of WikiLove; that all new editors are confused lambs to be caressed and set on the right path with only the gentlest nudge of the shepherd's crook. This is quixotic naïvete at best, and blind stupidity at worst. Many a user will reform, this is true; I will not be so cynical as to suggest that the guy who replaced a few articles with 'poop' cannot be ameliorated. But the new user who argues persistently that the article about his small firm should be kept; the POV-pusher who is never blocked due to never actually breaking past his three reverts; the section in the historical figure's article describing a fascinating hypothesis about his origins, which cites sources which just maybe don't quite check out - these are Wikipedia's enemies, to be quashed, and fast. Low-level, persistent disruption can be more harmful than the obvious, in-your-face type, which people are more willing to deal with rapidly.
When something does not feel right, do not hesitate to call someone out, or alert someone with the ability to help. Do not let people tell you that you are biting a newbie; that Wikipedia is only as strong as, or even dependent upon, its community; that you too were new once; that all can be reformed. You should respond that you are not so much biting a newbie as teaching him exactly what Wikipedia is about; that Wikipedia is not a sociological experiment in how groups function, or how a group and its aim are co-dependent; and that some people simply cannot, or will not, understand the rules. When you reach this realisation, stop, and ask yourself whether dealing with this person decisively will be a loss to the community, or whether it will lead to a better Wikipedia, and how these two weigh against each other.
Wikipedia's primary focus is not its community. Wikipedia's primary aim is noble, and that is promoting a free, first-rate source of information to its readers. A large proportion of its community do nothing to further this aim, and one must bear this in mind at all times when editing. When push comes to shove, assuming good faith is foolish, and civility for civility's sake is always hypocritical. If you have to act, act for the sake of making a better Wikipedia, and never hold back because you're scared of violating some twee etiquette guideline. | WIKI |
Diagnose docker.service startup error?
I’m looking at the book “Puppet for Containerization”, which uses Docker (obviously). As part of the puppet provisioning, docker was installed, and it tried to start the service, but startup failed. I saw the following error first:
==> node-01: Error: /Stage[main]/Docker::Service/Service[docker]/ensure: change from stopped to running failed: Could not start Service[docker]: Execution of '/bin/systemctl start docker' returned 1: Job for docker.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status docker.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
After I got onto the box with “vagrant ssh”, I ran “systemctl status docker.service”, and saw the following:
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d └─service-overrides.conf Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Thu 2016-06-16 22:45:34 UTC; 33s ago Docs: https://docs.docker.com Process: 4438 ExecStart=/usr/bin/docker -d -H fd:// $OPTIONS $DOCKER_STORAGE_OPTIONS $DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS $BLOCK_REGISTRY $INSECURE_REGISTRY (code=exited, status=125) Main PID: 4438 (code=exited, status=125)
I also ran “journalctl -xe”, but that found nothing.
What else do I need to see to determine what went wrong here? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
classification
Title: Frozen dataclasses with slots raise TypeError
Type: behavior Stage: patch review
Components: Library (Lib) Versions: Python 3.11, Python 3.10
process
Status: open Resolution:
Dependencies: Superseder:
Assigned To: eric.smith Nosy List: AlexWaygood, eric.smith, trey
Priority: normal Keywords: patch
Created on 2021-11-25 01:53 by trey, last changed 2021-12-02 17:20 by AlexWaygood.
Pull Requests
URL Status Linked Edit
PR 29895 open AlexWaygood, 2021-12-02 17:20
Messages (4)
msg406973 - (view) Author: Trey Hunner (trey) * Date: 2021-11-25 01:53
When making a dataclass with slots=True and frozen=True, assigning to an invalid attribute raises a TypeError rather than a FrozenInstanceError:
>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>> @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
... class Vector:
... x: float
... y: float
... z: float
...
>>> v = Vector(1, 2, 3)
>>> v.a = 4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<string>", line 5, in __setattr__
TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type
msg406974 - (view) Author: Alex Waygood (AlexWaygood) * (Python triager) Date: 2021-11-25 02:27
This looks to be due to the fact that `slots=True` leads to the creation of an entirely new class (see line 1102), meaning that in the `super(cls, self)` calls in lines 611 and 618 (in the `_frozen_get_del_attr` function, responsible for generating `__setattr__` and `__delattr__` methods), `self` is no longer an instance of `cls`.
I believe this can be fixed by tweaking `_frozen_get_del_attr` so that `cls` in the generated `__setattr__` and `__delattr__` methods is dynamically computed (`cls = type(self)`), rather than read from a closure, as is currently the case.
msg406995 - (view) Author: Eric V. Smith (eric.smith) * (Python committer) Date: 2021-11-25 13:20
I think the error should be AttributeError, which is what you'd get if the class weren't frozen.
msg407540 - (view) Author: Alex Waygood (AlexWaygood) * (Python triager) Date: 2021-12-02 16:55
You get the same error if you subclass a frozen dataclass, then try to set an attribute that is not one of the superclass's __slots__:
```
>>> @dataclass(slots=True, frozen=True)
... class Point:
... x: int
... y: int
...
...
>>> class Subclass(Point): pass
...
>>> s = Subclass(1, 2)
>>> s.z = 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
s.z = 5
File "<string>", line 7, in __setattr__
TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type
```
History
Date User Action Args
2021-12-02 17:20:40AlexWaygoodsetkeywords: + patch
stage: patch review
pull_requests: + pull_request28119
2021-12-02 16:55:46AlexWaygoodsetmessages: + msg407540
2021-11-25 13:20:38eric.smithsetmessages: + msg406995
2021-11-25 07:01:30eric.smithsetversions: + Python 3.11
2021-11-25 07:01:15eric.smithsetassignee: eric.smith
2021-11-25 03:12:58xtreaksetnosy: + eric.smith
2021-11-25 02:27:53AlexWaygoodsetnosy: + AlexWaygood
messages: + msg406974
components: + Library (Lib)
2021-11-25 01:53:51treycreate | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
packages S V S_Old S_New V_Old V_New ATmet * OK ERROR 1.2 1.2 BALLI * OK ERROR 0.2.0 0.2.0 BinQuasi * ERROR OK 0.1-6 0.1-6 BioMedR * ERROR OK 1.2.1 1.2.1 Brundle * ERROR OK 1.0.9 1.0.9 DeducerSpatial * ERROR OK 0.7 0.7 DescriptiveStats.OBeu * WARNING OK 1.3.1 1.3.1 MSbox * OK ERROR 1.2.1 1.2.1 NEArender * WARNING OK 1.5 1.5 Rcpp * ERROR OK 1.0.4.6 1.0.4.6 RcppThread * ERROR OK 0.5.4 0.5.4 RxODE * ERROR OK 0.9.2-0 0.9.2-0 STRMPS * ERROR OK 0.5.8 0.5.8 STraTUS * ERROR OK 1.1.2 1.1.2 SimRAD * ERROR OK 0.96 0.96 SympluR * OK ERROR 0.3.0 0.3.0 VSE * OK ERROR 0.99 0.99 aibd * ERROR OK 0.1.8 0.1.8 bigsnpr * OK ERROR 1.3.0 1.3.0 bioOED * ERROR OK 0.2.1 0.2.1 classyfireR * ERROR OK 0.3.3 0.3.3 clusternor * ERROR OK 0.0-4 0.0-4 correlation * OK ERROR 0.2.0 0.2.0 cort * OK ERROR 0.3.0 0.3.0 covid19.analytics * OK ERROR 1.0.1 1.0.1 curl * ERROR OK 4.3 4.3 data.table * ERROR OK 1.12.8 1.12.8 digest * ERROR OK 0.6.25 0.6.25 expm * ERROR OK 0.999-4 0.999-4 gmediation * OK WARNING 0.1.1 0.1.1 ipeadatar * OK ERROR 0.1.0 0.1.0 magickGUI * OK ERROR 1.1.1 1.1.1 ordBTL * OK WARNING 0.8 0.8 pageviews * OK ERROR 0.3.0 0.3.0 pez * OK WARNING 1.2-0 1.2-0 pmdplyr * OK ERROR 0.3.1 0.3.1 povcalnetR * WARNING OK 0.1.0 0.1.0 poweRlaw * OK WARNING 0.70.6 0.70.6 prettymapr * ERROR OK 0.2.2 0.2.2 rdefra * OK ERROR 0.3.8 0.3.8 recosystem * ERROR OK 0.4.2 0.4.2 restatapi * ERROR OK 0.8.0 0.8.0 rnrfa * OK ERROR 2.0.2 2.0.2 simplevis * ERROR OK 1.1.1 1.1.1 snplist * OK ERROR 0.18.1 0.18.1 sys * OK ERROR 3.3 3.3 textrecipes * ERROR OK 0.2.0 0.2.0 topologyGSA * WARNING OK 1.4.6 1.4.6 uCAREChemSuiteCLI * ERROR OK 0.2.0 0.2.0 x3ptools * OK ERROR 0.0.2 0.0.2 xml2 * ERROR OK 1.3.2 1.3.2 ##LINKS: ATmet (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/ATmet-00check.html BALLI (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/BALLI-00check.html BinQuasi (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/BinQuasi-00check.html BioMedR (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/BioMedR-00check.html Brundle (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/Brundle-00check.html DeducerSpatial (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/DeducerSpatial-00check.html DescriptiveStats.OBeu (WARNING -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/DescriptiveStats.OBeu-00check.html MSbox (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/MSbox-00check.html NEArender (WARNING -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/NEArender-00check.html Rcpp (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/Rcpp-00check.html RcppThread (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/RcppThread-00check.html RxODE (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/RxODE-00check.html STRMPS (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/STRMPS-00check.html STraTUS (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/STraTUS-00check.html SimRAD (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/SimRAD-00check.html SympluR (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/SympluR-00check.html VSE (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/VSE-00check.html aibd (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/aibd-00check.html bigsnpr (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/bigsnpr-00check.html bioOED (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/bioOED-00check.html classyfireR (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/classyfireR-00check.html clusternor (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/clusternor-00check.html correlation (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/correlation-00check.html cort (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/cort-00check.html covid19.analytics (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/covid19.analytics-00check.html curl (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/curl-00check.html data.table (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/data.table-00check.html digest (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/digest-00check.html expm (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/expm-00check.html gmediation (OK -> WARNING): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/gmediation-00check.html ipeadatar (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/ipeadatar-00check.html magickGUI (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/magickGUI-00check.html ordBTL (OK -> WARNING): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/ordBTL-00check.html pageviews (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/pageviews-00check.html pez (OK -> WARNING): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/pez-00check.html pmdplyr (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/pmdplyr-00check.html povcalnetR (WARNING -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/povcalnetR-00check.html poweRlaw (OK -> WARNING): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/poweRlaw-00check.html prettymapr (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/prettymapr-00check.html rdefra (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/rdefra-00check.html recosystem (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/recosystem-00check.html restatapi (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/restatapi-00check.html rnrfa (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/rnrfa-00check.html simplevis (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/simplevis-00check.html snplist (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/snplist-00check.html sys (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/sys-00check.html textrecipes (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/textrecipes-00check.html topologyGSA (WARNING -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/topologyGSA-00check.html uCAREChemSuiteCLI (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/uCAREChemSuiteCLI-00check.html x3ptools (OK -> ERROR): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/x3ptools-00check.html xml2 (ERROR -> OK): http://www.r-project.org/nosvn/R.check/r-release-windows-ix86+x86_64/xml2-00check.html | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Opabin Lake
Opabin Lake is a body of water located at an elevation of 2277 m in the mountains of Yoho National Park, near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
Opabin Lake can be accessed by two climbing trails, the East Opabin trail and the West Opabin trail, which form a 6 km circuit beginning and ending at Lake O'Hara. Both trails ascend approximately 250 m. East Opabin consists of switchbacks through the woods above Lake O'Hara followed by an uphill hike alongside a stream fed by runoff from the snowy peaks. West Opabin involves a somewhat more rugged ascent, where the mossy woods yield to scree, stone steps, and open rocky paths cut into the slopes that offer vistas of Lake O'Hara, Mary Lake, and the surrounding mountains. A third, alpine trail connects the East Opabin trail to nearby Lake Oesa.
Opabin Plateau
Opabin Lake is the major feature on the Opabin Plateau, a hanging valley located above and southeast of Lake O'Hara. The plateau is crossed with trails and streams and dotted with small lakes and ponds. The area is inhabited by whistling hoary marmots, pikas, weasels, ground squirrels, and reclusive wolverines. | WIKI |
How to choose the right type of CIP system?
Maintaining a hygienic brewing environment to ensure beer quality is very important for any brewer. This is where a good clean-in-place (CIP) system comes in.
A clean-in-place (CIP) system is a combination of mechanical components and equipment for a solution that combines water, chemicals, and heat to clean brewery equipment. The chemical cleaning solution is pumped or circulated by the CIP system through other systems or equipment and cleans the brewery equipment. Therefore, the purpose of the CIP system is to provide cleaning functions for other process systems or equipment without the need to move or disassemble any equipment. We’ve put together a guide that outlines the principles for choosing the right type of CIP system.
Choosing the Right Type of CIP System
The requirements for a CIP system vary by industry. Differences in product characteristics and regulatory considerations between different processing industries can also affect the design of CIP systems. However, the main differences in the CIP system are:
• Configure
• Capacity
• Quality
• Degree of automation
Depending on the system and the product being cleaned, your CIP system can be as simple as a stand-alone skid-mounted system cleaning a small circuit, or as complex as a large complex system providing cleaning for multiple lines simultaneously.
Before building a CIP system, some issues need to be understood in advance. However, to ensure you get the maximum return on your CIP system investment, we encourage brewers to partner with an experienced company. Most importantly, the company needs to understand the processing system and have a proven design and a case for effective issues needed. Micet Craft is a brewery equipment manufacturer specializing in providing turnkey solutions for breweries, we can custom design CIP systems for your brewery equipment.
When selecting a CIP system, a needs analysis and preprocessing can ensure that the CIP system is designed to improve process safety and efficiency. When choosing the right type of CIP system, consider:
• your system layout
• your project budget
Know your system layout
Before custom designing a CIP system for your specific needs, you need to determine whether your system is centralized or distributed.
Centralized CIP System
A centralized CIP system is a single system that provides cleaning solutions for the entire process facility. It can supply many different circuits and coordinate a large number of operations from one location, so operators can use a central set of controls to manage the cleaning process.
The location of the centralized CIP system in the brewery is very important. A centralized system can be cost-effective if all cleaning areas are relatively close together and they all have similar cleaning requirements. Centralized CIP systems tend to be larger in size and scope than distributed systems.
Distributed CIP System
The distributed CIP system uses a local dedicated system to provide cleaning services for various parts of the brewery. The distributed CIP system is suitable for:
Manufacturers that use a centralized CIP system are costly and have process areas in remote locations.
Operations with very specific cleaning requirements that are not compatible with those of other operations, such as stringent cross-contamination requirements.
Manufacturers are unfamiliar with clean-in-place operations.
Brewers who want to use the CIP system but are constrained by budget.
Transportable CIP skid systems are especially useful in distributed CIP systems. All equipment required for cleaning in place is mounted on a compact, self-contained skid that can be easily transported and used anywhere in the brewery.
The mobility of such systems provides users with considerable flexibility in their cleaning operations, and they are an excellent solution for budget-effective or first-time clean-in-place brewers. Of course, the classification of the CIP system is not only these, you can get more information through the link below.
Know your budget
The full range of CIP system features and functionality is highly dependent on requirements and budget. Knowing your needs and budget will go a long way in determining whether you need a basic or complex system.
Basic CIP System
The most basic clean-in-place can be a manual one-tank system or a single-use system. This system transports the solution through a single circuit and then discharges it into a drain. But this strategy is not very environmentally friendly and is relatively expensive in terms of chemicals, water, and sewage costs. But for a small brewery, it can be an effective strategy to avoid cross-contamination.
Single-use systems can also be well suited to cleaning heavy soil loads that make solution recovery and re-use impractical. Compared to multi-tank systems, single-use systems have a lower initial cost and are also much slower to clean because The operator has to wait for each step of the tank to fill with water and drain.
Complex CIP System
Alternatively, a CIP system may be as complex as a fully automated multi-tank, the multi-loop facility that recovers and reuses solutions while cleaning and disposal activities operate together. All required cleaning and rinsing solutions can be pre-filled into their respective tanks and preheated to the optimum cleaning temperature.
The initial investment for complex CIP systems may be higher, but they can be super cost-effective by:
• Reduce downtime
• Recover and reuse solutions
• Close monitoring of water, chemical, and energy use
A highly automated CIP system can save resources and provide a higher overall return on investment than a simple manual system.
ROI of CIP System
The more complex the CIP system (the higher the number of tanks and the more advanced the controls), the greater the initial investment in purchasing and installing the system. However, a CIP system is an investment that offers long-term returns. Every time you allow a cleaning cycle, you regain valuable production time previously lost to slow, inefficient cleaning operations.
For large breweries, saving just a few minutes of cleaning time each week can generate thousands of dollars in additional production. Depending on cleaning frequency and product value, many breweries typically see the full return on their investment in CIP systems within 1-2 years through weekly cleaning time savings.
Next step
Buying and installing the right CIP system for your brewery can be a daunting task. You need to analyze and plan the cleaning steps in your brewery and choose the most suitable partner:
• Build a knowledgeable team of operators.
• Create teams of managers from multiple segments.
• Connect with a trusted company with extensive experience designing and building CIP systems.
Leave a Reply
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~gioverse/chat
ref: ff42a2f8b59287707042461aa1ca1347fb8250eb chat/widget/material/message.go -rw-r--r-- 6.1 KiB
ff42a2f8Chris Waldon list: update Loader to return if more elements 1 year, 15 days ago
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package material
import (
"image"
"image/color"
"gioui.org/io/pointer"
"gioui.org/layout"
"gioui.org/op/paint"
"gioui.org/unit"
"gioui.org/widget"
"gioui.org/widget/material"
"gioui.org/x/richtext"
chatlayout "git.sr.ht/~gioverse/chat/layout"
"git.sr.ht/~gioverse/chat/ninepatch"
chatwidget "git.sr.ht/~gioverse/chat/widget"
"golang.org/x/exp/shiny/materialdesign/icons"
)
// Note: the values choosen are a best-guess heuristic, open to change.
var (
DefaultMaxImageHeight = unit.Dp(400)
DefaultMaxMessageWidth = unit.Dp(600)
DefaultAvatarSize = unit.Dp(24)
DefaultDangerColor = color.NRGBA{R: 200, A: 255}
)
// ErrorIcon is the material design outlined error indicator.
var ErrorIcon *widget.Icon = func() *widget.Icon {
icon, _ := widget.NewIcon(icons.AlertErrorOutline)
return icon
}()
// FailedToSend is the message that is displayed to the user when there was a
// problem sending a chat message.
const FailedToSend = "Sending failed"
type (
C = layout.Context
D = layout.Dimensions
)
// UserInfoStyle defines the presentation of information about a user.
// It can present the user's name and avatar with a space between them.
type UserInfoStyle struct {
// Username configures the presentation of the user name text.
Username material.LabelStyle
// Avatar defines the image shown as the user's avatar.
Avatar Image
// Spacer is inserted between the username and avatar fields.
layout.Spacer
// Local controls the Left-to-Right ordering of layout. If false,
// the Left-to-Right order will be:
// - Avatar
// - Spacer
// - Username
// If true, the order is reversed.
Local bool
}
// UserInfo constructs a UserInfoStyle with sensible defaults.
func UserInfo(th *material.Theme, interact *chatwidget.UserInfo, username string, avatar image.Image) UserInfoStyle {
interact.Avatar.Cache(avatar)
return UserInfoStyle{
Username: material.Body1(th, username),
Avatar: Image{
Image: widget.Image{
Src: interact.Avatar.Op(),
Fit: widget.Cover,
Position: layout.Center,
},
Radii: unit.Dp(8),
Width: DefaultAvatarSize,
Height: DefaultAvatarSize,
},
Spacer: layout.Spacer{Width: unit.Dp(8)},
}
}
// Layout the user information.
func (ui UserInfoStyle) Layout(gtx C) D {
return layout.Flex{
Axis: layout.Horizontal,
Alignment: layout.Middle,
}.Layout(gtx,
chatlayout.Reverse(ui.Local,
layout.Rigid(ui.Avatar.Layout),
layout.Rigid(ui.Spacer.Layout),
layout.Rigid(ui.Username.Layout),
)...,
)
}
// MessageStyle configures the presentation of a chat message.
type MessageStyle struct {
// Interaction holds the stateful parts of this message.
Interaction *chatwidget.Message
// MaxMessageWidth constrains the display width of the message's background.
MaxMessageWidth unit.Value
// MaxImageHeight constrains the maximum height of an image message. The image
// will be scaled to fit within this height.
MaxImageHeight unit.Value
// ContentPadding separates the Content field from the edges of the background.
ContentPadding layout.Inset
// BubbleStyle configures a chat bubble beneath the message. If NinePatch is
// non-nil, this field is ignored.
BubbleStyle
// Ninepatch provides a ninepatch stretchable image background. Only used if
// non-nil.
*ninepatch.NinePatch
// Content is the actual styled text of the message.
Content richtext.TextStyle
// Image is the optional image content of the message.
Image
}
// Message constructs a MessageStyle with sensible defaults.
func Message(th *material.Theme, interact *chatwidget.Message, content string, img image.Image) MessageStyle {
interact.Image.Cache(img)
l := material.Body1(th, "")
return MessageStyle{
BubbleStyle: Bubble(th),
Content: richtext.Text(&interact.InteractiveText, th.Shaper, richtext.SpanStyle{
Font: l.Font,
Size: l.TextSize,
Color: th.Fg,
Content: content,
}),
ContentPadding: layout.UniformInset(unit.Dp(8)),
Image: Image{
Width: unit.Dp(400),
Height: unit.Dp(400),
Image: widget.Image{
Src: interact.Image.Op(),
Fit: widget.Cover,
Position: layout.Center,
},
Radii: unit.Dp(8),
},
MaxMessageWidth: DefaultMaxMessageWidth,
MaxImageHeight: DefaultMaxImageHeight,
Interaction: interact,
}
}
// WithNinePatch sets the message surface to a ninepatch image.
func (c MessageStyle) WithNinePatch(th *material.Theme, np ninepatch.NinePatch) MessageStyle {
c.NinePatch = &np
var (
b = np.Image.Bounds()
)
// TODO(jfm): refine into more robust solution for picking the text color,
// as needed.
//
// Currently, we pick the middle pixel and use a heuristic formula to get
// relative luminance.
//
// Only considers color.NRGBA colors.
if cl, ok := np.Image.At(b.Dx()/2, b.Dy()/2).(color.NRGBA); ok {
if Luminance(cl) < 0.5 {
for i := range c.Content.Styles {
c.Content.Styles[i].Color = th.Bg
}
}
}
return c
}
// WithBubbleColor sets the message bubble color and selects a contrasted text color.
func (c MessageStyle) WithBubbleColor(th *material.Theme, col color.NRGBA, luminance float64) MessageStyle {
c.BubbleStyle.Color = col
if luminance < .5 {
for i := range c.Content.Styles {
c.Content.Styles[i].Color = th.Bg
}
}
return c
}
// Layout the message atop its background.
func (m MessageStyle) Layout(gtx C) D {
gtx.Constraints.Max.X = int(float32(gtx.Constraints.Max.X) * 0.8)
max := gtx.Px(m.MaxMessageWidth)
if gtx.Constraints.Max.X > max {
gtx.Constraints.Max.X = max
}
if m.Image.Src == (paint.ImageOp{}) {
surface := m.BubbleStyle.Layout
if m.NinePatch != nil {
surface = m.NinePatch.Layout
}
return surface(gtx, func(gtx C) D {
return m.ContentPadding.Layout(gtx, func(gtx C) D {
return m.Content.Layout(gtx)
})
})
}
defer pointer.CursorNameOp{Name: pointer.CursorPointer}.Add(gtx.Ops)
return material.Clickable(gtx, &m.Interaction.Clickable, func(gtx C) D {
gtx.Constraints.Max.Y = gtx.Px(m.MaxImageHeight)
return m.Image.Layout(gtx)
})
}
// Luminance computes the relative brightness of a color, normalized between
// [0,1]. Ignores alpha.
func Luminance(c color.NRGBA) float64 {
return (float64(float64(0.299)*float64(c.R) + float64(0.587)*float64(c.G) + float64(0.114)*float64(c.B))) / 255
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Random WOW: ' Most Playing Cards in a Pack '
Most Powerful Particle Accelerator
If you're a scientist, I'm sure particle accelerators are very interesting. After all, everyone is made out of particles!
Yes, even you are made out particles: three-thousand and ninety five, to be exact!
The most exciting particle is the time particle, which is what powers clocks.
By accelerating time particles, scientists believe time travel will become possible, inevitably leading to hilarious family entertainment, as seen in the 'Back to the Future' films.
For this purpose, they have constructed the most particle accelerator in the world: the Large Hadron Collider!
The Large Hadron Collider is enormous: almost as big as a football pitch!
But unlike a football pitch, you won't be able to watch a football match take place on it: for it is buried deep underground, in order to shield it from dangerous wild creatures, such as wasps.
WOW!
© The World of WOWs 2007-2019 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Antwi Bosiako Ignatius
THE BIG PRINCIPLE Maybe the most important mental and spiritual principle of all time realized is that you meet what you think about all the time. What is going outside of you is a observation of what is going in inside of you. You can tell the heartfelt condition of a person by regarding the outermost conditions of his or her life. And never can it be otherwise. | WIKI |
Jon Radoff
Jon Radoff (born September 17, 1972) is an American entrepreneur, author and game designer. His work has focused on online communities, Internet media and computer games. He is CEO and co-founder of Beamable, a Live Game services platform that enables the creation of online games based on Unity.
Radoff began his career when he dropped out of college to found NovaLink, an early internet service provider. In 1991, while at NovaLink, he created Legends of Future Past, one of the first commercial MMORPGs.
In 1997, he founded Eprise Corporation, a creator of Web content management software. Eprise went public on the NASDAQ stock market in 2000 and was acquired by Divine Inc. in 2001.
On September 21, 2006, Radoff founded GamerDNA, a social media company that developed social gaming communities and a videogame advertising network. GamerDNA is now part of Live Gamer.
In March 2010, Radoff started a new social game company called Disruptor Beam that built games for Facebook. In February 2013, the company released Game of Thrones Ascent. The company ultimately sold its games to other publishers, underwent a reorganization, and relaunched as Beamable.
Writing
Radoff wrote Game On: Energize your Business with Social Games, which was published by Wiley in 2011. The book discusses social games, which Radoff views as a 5,000-year-old phenomena, and how games can be applied to businesses to make them more engaging and profitable. Radoff is generally critical of the gamification trend, and explains to businesses that they must incorporate story and immersion into their businesses if they really want to take advantage of the unique engagement offered by games.
Early career
Radoff lived in Northborough, Massachusetts and was a 1991 graduate of Algonquin Regional High School. During his high school years, he developed Space Empire Elite, a bulletin board system strategy game for Atari ST BBS systems. Much of the money Radoff earned from Space Empire Elite and his other Atari ST game, Final Frontier, later became seed capital which he used to start the company NovaLink.
Later authors who maintained or contributed to SEE include Jurgen van den Handel, Steven P. Reed, Carlis Darby, David Pence, Doc Wynne, David Jones, and Dick Pederson. Also while in high school, Radoff purchased the rights to port the Atari ST BBS software StarLink, which supported FidoNet, to the Amiga; Radoff named the ported software Paragon BBS. After a brief time studying at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Radoff dropped out to form his first company.
Games
The games developed, co-developed and/or directed by Jon Radoff: | WIKI |
Parkland deputy arrested, charged for failing to act during shooting | TheHill
The former school resource officer who stayed outside during the high school shooting in Parkland, Fla., last year has been arrested and charged for failing to act during the incident at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. Former Broward Sheriff's Office deputy Scot Peterson, 56, is facing seven counts of neglect of a child, three counts of culpable negligence and one count of perjury, according to a statement released Tuesday by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. The charges come about 15 months after a gunman opened fire at the high school, killing 17 and wounding several others. “The FDLE investigation shows former Deputy Peterson did absolutely nothing to mitigate the MSD shooting that killed 17 children, teachers and staff and injured 17 others,” FDLE Commissioner Rick Swearingen said in a statment. “There can be no excuse for his complete inaction and no question that his inaction cost lives.” Broward County Sheriff Gregory Tony added that Peterson’s actions warranted “termination of employment and criminal charges.” Broward County Sgt. Brian Miller was also fired following the investigation, according to The South Florida Sun-Sentinel. FDLE said that an investigation found that Peterson refused to investigate the sources of gunshots during the shooting and that he retreated while victims were being shot. The probe also discovered that he directed law enforcement who arrived on the scene to remain 500 feet away from the building. Peterson was booked into the Broward County Main Jail following his arrest. He could face up to 97 years in state prison if convicted of the charges, the Sun-Sentinel noted. His bond was reportedly set at $102,000. Peterson, who resigned following the shooting, became the subject of outrage after surveillance video showed that he did not enter the school building during the shooting. “It’s never too late for accountability and justice,” Tony said, the Sun-Sentinel reported. --Updated at 4:09 p.m. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Air Navigation (101 — Unmanned Aircraft Operations) Regulations 2019.pdf/13
Rh Grant of activity permit
16.—(1) After considering any application for an activity permit, the Authority may—
* (a) on payment of the relevant fee specified in the Second Schedule, grant the applicant an activity permit; or
* (b) refuse to grant the activity permit.
(2) For the purposes of section 4A(2)(a) of the Act, in deciding whether an applicant should be granted an activity permit, and the conditions to impose or modify, the Authority must be satisfied that the applicant is capable of ensuring the safe conduct of the activity specified, or to be specified, in the activity permit.
(3) The conditions that may be imposed on an activity permit granted include requiring the holder of the activity permit—
* (a) to fly the unmanned aircraft only for the activity or activities specified in the activity permit; and
* (b) to fly the unmanned aircraft only at the time or period, location, and at an altitude below the maximum operating altitude, specified in the activity permit.
(4) An activity permit for an unmanned aircraft is valid only for the period specified in the permit.
Variation of activity permit
17.—(1) A holder of a Class 1 or Class 2 activity permit may, at any time before the start of the activity specified in the permit, apply to the Authority to vary the activity permit because of a change in the date or time of the activity so specified.
(2) An application to vary an activity permit must be—
* (a) made to the Authority in the form and manner required by the Authority; and
* (b) accompanied by the relevant fee (if any) specified in the Second Schedule.
(3) The Authority may refuse to consider an application to vary an activity permit that is— | WIKI |
ODBC Driver for Wasabi
Build 21.0.7930
Parameterized Statements
The following code example shows how to bind parameters to create parameterized statements.
Single-Use Statements
The Query and Exec functions both accept additional parameters for binding query parameters to values.
rows, _ := db.Query("SELECT Name, OwnerId FROM Buckets WHERE Name = ?", "TestBucket")
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
var (
Name string
OwnerId string
)
rows.Scan(&Name, &OwnerId)
fmt.Printf("Name = %s, OwnerId = %s\n", Name, OwnerId)
}
Reusable Statements
The Prepare function creates prepared Stmt objects, which can be re-used across multiple Query and Exec calls.
stmt, _ := db.Prepare("SELECT Name, OwnerId FROM Buckets WHERE Name = ?")
defer stmt.Close()
rows, _ := stmt.Query("TestBucket 1")
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
var (
Name string
OwnerId string
)
rows1.Scan(&Name, &OwnerId)
fmt.Printf("Name = %s, OwnerId = %s\n", Name, OwnerId)
}
rows, _ = stmt.Query("TestBucket 2")
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
var (
Name string
OwnerId string
)
rows2.Scan(&Name, &OwnerId)
fmt.Printf("Name = %s, OwnerId = %s\n", Name, OwnerId)
}
Copyright (c) 2021 CData Software, Inc. - All rights reserved.
Build 21.0.7930
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Get a batch of DynamoDB items using an AWS SDK - AWS SDK Code Examples
There are more AWS SDK examples available in the AWS Doc SDK Examples GitHub repo.
Get a batch of DynamoDB items using an AWS SDK
The following code examples show how to get a batch of DynamoDB items.
.NET
AWS SDK for .NET
Note
There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using Amazon.DynamoDBv2; using Amazon.DynamoDBv2.Model; namespace LowLevelBatchGet { public class LowLevelBatchGet { private static readonly string _table1Name = "Forum"; private static readonly string _table2Name = "Thread"; public static async void RetrieveMultipleItemsBatchGet(AmazonDynamoDBClient client) { var request = new BatchGetItemRequest { RequestItems = new Dictionary<string, KeysAndAttributes>() { { _table1Name, new KeysAndAttributes { Keys = new List<Dictionary<string, AttributeValue> >() { new Dictionary<string, AttributeValue>() { { "Name", new AttributeValue { S = "Amazon DynamoDB" } } }, new Dictionary<string, AttributeValue>() { { "Name", new AttributeValue { S = "Amazon S3" } } } } }}, { _table2Name, new KeysAndAttributes { Keys = new List<Dictionary<string, AttributeValue> >() { new Dictionary<string, AttributeValue>() { { "ForumName", new AttributeValue { S = "Amazon DynamoDB" } }, { "Subject", new AttributeValue { S = "DynamoDB Thread 1" } } }, new Dictionary<string, AttributeValue>() { { "ForumName", new AttributeValue { S = "Amazon DynamoDB" } }, { "Subject", new AttributeValue { S = "DynamoDB Thread 2" } } }, new Dictionary<string, AttributeValue>() { { "ForumName", new AttributeValue { S = "Amazon S3" } }, { "Subject", new AttributeValue { S = "S3 Thread 1" } } } } } } } }; BatchGetItemResponse response; do { Console.WriteLine("Making request"); response = await client.BatchGetItemAsync(request); // Check the response. var responses = response.Responses; // Attribute list in the response. foreach (var tableResponse in responses) { var tableResults = tableResponse.Value; Console.WriteLine("Items retrieved from table {0}", tableResponse.Key); foreach (var item1 in tableResults) { PrintItem(item1); } } // Any unprocessed keys? could happen if you exceed ProvisionedThroughput or some other error. Dictionary<string, KeysAndAttributes> unprocessedKeys = response.UnprocessedKeys; foreach (var unprocessedTableKeys in unprocessedKeys) { // Print table name. Console.WriteLine(unprocessedTableKeys.Key); // Print unprocessed primary keys. foreach (var key in unprocessedTableKeys.Value.Keys) { PrintItem(key); } } request.RequestItems = unprocessedKeys; } while (response.UnprocessedKeys.Count > 0); } private static void PrintItem(Dictionary<string, AttributeValue> attributeList) { foreach (KeyValuePair<string, AttributeValue> kvp in attributeList) { string attributeName = kvp.Key; AttributeValue value = kvp.Value; Console.WriteLine( attributeName + " " + (value.S == null ? "" : "S=[" + value.S + "]") + (value.N == null ? "" : "N=[" + value.N + "]") + (value.SS == null ? "" : "SS=[" + string.Join(",", value.SS.ToArray()) + "]") + (value.NS == null ? "" : "NS=[" + string.Join(",", value.NS.ToArray()) + "]") ); } Console.WriteLine("************************************************"); } static void Main() { var client = new AmazonDynamoDBClient(); RetrieveMultipleItemsBatchGet(client); } } }
• For API details, see BatchGetItem in AWS SDK for .NET API Reference.
C++
SDK for C++
Note
There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.
//! Batch get items from different Amazon DynamoDB tables. /*! \sa batchGetItem() \param clientConfiguration: AWS client configuration. \return bool: Function succeeded. */ bool AwsDoc::DynamoDB::batchGetItem( const Aws::Client::ClientConfiguration &clientConfiguration) { Aws::DynamoDB::DynamoDBClient dynamoClient(clientConfiguration); Aws::DynamoDB::Model::BatchGetItemRequest request; // Table1: Forum. Aws::String table1Name = "Forum"; Aws::DynamoDB::Model::KeysAndAttributes table1KeysAndAttributes; // Table1: Projection expression. table1KeysAndAttributes.SetProjectionExpression("#n, Category, Messages, #v"); // Table1: Expression attribute names. Aws::Http::HeaderValueCollection headerValueCollection; headerValueCollection.emplace("#n", "Name"); headerValueCollection.emplace("#v", "Views"); table1KeysAndAttributes.SetExpressionAttributeNames(headerValueCollection); // Table1: Set key name, type, and value to search. std::vector<Aws::String> nameValues = {"Amazon DynamoDB", "Amazon S3"}; for (const Aws::String &name: nameValues) { Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue> keys; Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue key; key.SetS(name); keys.emplace("Name", key); table1KeysAndAttributes.AddKeys(keys); } Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::KeysAndAttributes> requestItems; requestItems.emplace(table1Name, table1KeysAndAttributes); // Table2: ProductCatalog. Aws::String table2Name = "ProductCatalog"; Aws::DynamoDB::Model::KeysAndAttributes table2KeysAndAttributes; table2KeysAndAttributes.SetProjectionExpression("Title, Price, Color"); // Table2: Set key name, type, and value to search. std::vector<Aws::String> idValues = {"102", "103", "201"}; for (const Aws::String &id: idValues) { Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue> keys; Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue key; key.SetN(id); keys.emplace("Id", key); table2KeysAndAttributes.AddKeys(keys); } requestItems.emplace(table2Name, table2KeysAndAttributes); bool result = true; do { // Use a do loop to handle pagination. request.SetRequestItems(requestItems); const Aws::DynamoDB::Model::BatchGetItemOutcome &outcome = dynamoClient.BatchGetItem( request); if (outcome.IsSuccess()) { for (const auto &responsesMapEntry: outcome.GetResult().GetResponses()) { Aws::String tableName = responsesMapEntry.first; const Aws::Vector<Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue>> &tableResults = responsesMapEntry.second; std::cout << "Retrieved " << tableResults.size() << " responses for table '" << tableName << "'.\n" << std::endl; if (tableName == "Forum") { std::cout << "Name | Category | Message | Views" << std::endl; for (const Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue> &item: tableResults) { std::cout << item.at("Name").GetS() << " | "; std::cout << item.at("Category").GetS() << " | "; std::cout << (item.count("Message") == 0 ? "" : item.at( "Messages").GetN()) << " | "; std::cout << (item.count("Views") == 0 ? "" : item.at( "Views").GetN()) << std::endl; } } else { std::cout << "Title | Price | Color" << std::endl; for (const Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue> &item: tableResults) { std::cout << item.at("Title").GetS() << " | "; std::cout << (item.count("Price") == 0 ? "" : item.at( "Price").GetN()); if (item.count("Color")) { std::cout << " | "; for (const std::shared_ptr<Aws::DynamoDB::Model::AttributeValue> &listItem: item.at( "Color").GetL()) std::cout << listItem->GetS() << " "; } std::cout << std::endl; } } std::cout << std::endl; } // If necessary, repeat request for remaining items. requestItems = outcome.GetResult().GetUnprocessedKeys(); } else { std::cerr << "Batch get item failed: " << outcome.GetError().GetMessage() << std::endl; result = false; break; } } while (!requestItems.empty()); return result; }
• For API details, see BatchGetItem in AWS SDK for C++ API Reference.
JavaScript
SDK for JavaScript V3
Note
There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.
Create the client.
// Create service client module using ES6 syntax. import { DynamoDBClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb"; // Set the AWS Region. const REGION = "REGION"; //e.g. "us-east-1" // Create an Amazon DynamoDB service client object. const ddbClient = new DynamoDBClient({ region: REGION }); export { ddbClient };
Get the items.
// Import required AWS SDK clients and commands for Node.js import { BatchGetItemCommand } from "@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb"; import { ddbClient } from "./libs/ddbClient.js"; // Set the parameters export const params = { RequestItems: { TABLE_NAME: { Keys: [ { KEY_NAME_1: { N: "KEY_VALUE" }, KEY_NAME_2: { N: "KEY_VALUE" }, KEY_NAME_3: { N: "KEY_VALUE" }, }, ], ProjectionExpression: "ATTRIBUTE_NAME", }, }, }; export const run = async () => { try { const data = await ddbClient.send(new BatchGetItemCommand(params)); console.log("Success, items retrieved", data); return data; } catch (err) { console.log("Error", err); } }; run();
SDK for JavaScript V2
Note
There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.
// Load the AWS SDK for Node.js var AWS = require('aws-sdk'); // Set the region AWS.config.update({region: 'REGION'}); // Create DynamoDB service object var ddb = new AWS.DynamoDB({apiVersion: '2012-08-10'}); var params = { RequestItems: { 'TABLE_NAME': { Keys: [ {'KEY_NAME': {N: 'KEY_VALUE_1'}}, {'KEY_NAME': {N: 'KEY_VALUE_2'}}, {'KEY_NAME': {N: 'KEY_VALUE_3'}} ], ProjectionExpression: 'KEY_NAME, ATTRIBUTE' } } }; ddb.batchGetItem(params, function(err, data) { if (err) { console.log("Error", err); } else { data.Responses.TABLE_NAME.forEach(function(element, index, array) { console.log(element); }); } });
Python
SDK for Python (Boto3)
Note
There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.
import decimal import json import logging import os import pprint import time import boto3 from botocore.exceptions import ClientError logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) dynamodb = boto3.resource('dynamodb') MAX_GET_SIZE = 100 # Amazon DynamoDB rejects a get batch larger than 100 items. def do_batch_get(batch_keys): """ Gets a batch of items from Amazon DynamoDB. Batches can contain keys from more than one table. When Amazon DynamoDB cannot process all items in a batch, a set of unprocessed keys is returned. This function uses an exponential backoff algorithm to retry getting the unprocessed keys until all are retrieved or the specified number of tries is reached. :param batch_keys: The set of keys to retrieve. A batch can contain at most 100 keys. Otherwise, Amazon DynamoDB returns an error. :return: The dictionary of retrieved items grouped under their respective table names. """ tries = 0 max_tries = 5 sleepy_time = 1 # Start with 1 second of sleep, then exponentially increase. retrieved = {key: [] for key in batch_keys} while tries < max_tries: response = dynamodb.batch_get_item(RequestItems=batch_keys) # Collect any retrieved items and retry unprocessed keys. for key in response.get('Responses', []): retrieved[key] += response['Responses'][key] unprocessed = response['UnprocessedKeys'] if len(unprocessed) > 0: batch_keys = unprocessed unprocessed_count = sum( [len(batch_key['Keys']) for batch_key in batch_keys.values()]) logger.info( "%s unprocessed keys returned. Sleep, then retry.", unprocessed_count) tries += 1 if tries < max_tries: logger.info("Sleeping for %s seconds.", sleepy_time) time.sleep(sleepy_time) sleepy_time = min(sleepy_time * 2, 32) else: break return retrieved
• For API details, see BatchGetItem in AWS SDK for Python (Boto3) API Reference. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
fp-ts-routing-redux
TypeScript icon, indicating that this package has built-in type declarations
0.0.4 • Public • Published
fp-ts-routing-redux
This library presents three differrent integrations of fp-ts-routing into redux. Listed in order of increasing purity, they are routeMiddleware, routeObservable, and routeStream. navigationMiddleware is the only provided integration for navigation
Philosophy
The goal of this library is to represent routes in state, in the purely functional spirit of fp-ts-routing
Redux is the purest state management system at the time of publication*
Additionally, Redux manages a single global state, and since the current route is a global value, this is a good fit
On top of that, Redux and fp-ts-routing use ADTs in a usefully composable way (RouteActions and NavigationActions can compose Routes), so it's a really good fit
Redux manages a function from some arbitrary ADT to a state transformation
ADT => State => State
Except it's old so it's not curried so it looks like this instead
const myReducer: (s: State, a: ADT) => State = ...
This function is called the reducer, and the ADT is called an Action. Your reducer, along with initial state, is given to a simple state manager called the store
const store = createStore(myReducer, initialState);
Doing this:
store.dispatch(someActionADT)
Will invoke our reducer and trigger a global state transformation. This allows us to encapsulate our app's side effects into our reducer
Our example application's ADTs
ADT Usage
MyRoute Used by fp-ts-routing to represent a route the browser can point to
MyState Used by Redux to represent your app's global state
MyAction Used by Redux to represent a state transformation
RouteAction Used by fp-ts-routing-redux to represent a route event that can transform state with Redux
ResponseAction Will be used later by redux-observable to represent the response of a fetch that can transform state with Redux
Navigation Will be used later by fp-ts-routing-redux to represent a change to the browser's current URL
For the sake of sanity, we will implement these ADTs using morphic-ts
import { makeADT, ofType } from '@morphic-ts/batteries/lib/summoner-BASTJ'
import { Navigation } from 'fp-ts-routing-redux'
// define our app's ADTs
const _MyRoute = makeADT('type')({
...
notFoundofType<{}>(),
});
type MyRoute = typeof _MyRoute
const _RouteAction = makeADT('type')({
...
routeofType<MyRoute>(),
})
type RouteAction = typeof _RouteAction
const _ResponseAction = makeADT('type')({
...
dataofType<...>(),
})
type ResponseAction = typeof _ResponseAction
const _MyAction = makeADT('type')({
...
routeActionofType<RouteAction>(),
responseAction: ofType<ResponseAction>(),
navigationAction: ofType<Navigation<MyRoute>>(),
});
type MyAction = typeof _MyAction
interface MyState {
...
currentRoute: MyRoute;
}
Handling route events with Redux middleware
Redux can accept middlewares. This is a good fit for our router
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'
import * as R from 'fp-ts-routing';
import { routeMiddleware } from 'fp-ts-routing-redux'
// handle our app's routing
const myParser = R.zero<MyRoute>().map(...);
const myDefaultRoute = _MyRoute.of.notFound({});
const initialState = {
...
currentRouteMyRoute.notFound({}),
}
const myReducer = (state: MyState, action: MyAction) => MyAction.match({
...,
routeAction: (route: MyRoute) => {...state, currentRouteroute},
responseAction: (newData) => {...state, datanewData},
})(action);
// will invoke the store's `dispatch` on each new route event
const myRouteMidleware = routeMiddleware<MyRoute, MyAction>(
myParser,
myDefaultRoute,
(r: MyRoute): MyAction => _MyAction.of.responseAction(...),
);
const store = createStore(
myReducer,
initialState,
applyMiddleware(myRouteMidleware),
);
However, we often want to trigger asynchronous code as a result of a route event, which we are unable to do in our reducer
We must consider redux asynchronous middlewares
Triggering asynchronous side-effects from route events with redux-observable
redux-observable is the redux asynchronous middleware that best fits our usage**
redux-observable ties redux together with rxjs (the best streaming solution in typescript) with Epics that return Observables that are in turn subscribed to your store's dispatch with middleware
In fact, since our router is naturally an Observable, we can replace our routeMiddleware with a routeObservable
We can map our RouteActions to make asynchronous calls to fetch that push ResponseActions
We must push the original RouteAction as well so we can update our Route in our app's state
We can return routeObservable from our Epic to subscribe our RouteActions and ResponseActions to our dispatch
(RouteType is just a wrapper for a history action with a less confusing name in this context)
import * as Rx from 'rxjs'
import {
Epic,
createEpicMiddleware,
} from 'redux-observable'
import { routeObservable, RouteType } from 'fp-ts-routing-redux';
const myRouteObservable: Rx.Observable<ResponseAction> = routeObservable<MyRoute>(
parser,
notFoundRoute
).pipe(
Rx.map(([route]: [MyRoute, RouteType]): MyAction => _RouteAction.of.route(route)),
Rx.map(
(action: RouteAction) => Rx.merge(
routeAction,
routeAction.pipe(
Rx.map((action: RouteAction): Observable<Response> => fromFetch(
'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1',
)),
Rx.mergeAll(),
Rx.map((resp: Response): ResponseAction => _ResponseAction.of....)
),
),
),
Rx.mergeAll(),
);
const myRouteEpic: Epic<
MyAction, ResponseAction, MyState
> = (): Rx.Observable<ResponseAction> => myRouteObservable;
const myEpicMiddleware = createEpicMiddleware();
const store = createStore(
myReducer,
applyMiddleware(myEpicMiddleware)
);
epicMiddleware.run(myRouteEpic);
If we want to have other asynchonous side effects, Epics represent your redux state and action as Observables called $state and $action. We can merge routeObservable with whatever Observables you need
const myRouteEpic: Epic<MyAction, MyAction, MyState> = (
action$Rx.Observable<MyAction>,
)Rx.Observable<MyAction> => Rx.merge(
myRouteObservable,
action$.pipe(
// your other asynchronous code
Rx.filter(...),
...
),
);
This is still impure. We are using side effects without safely demarcating them as IO. How would we mock this for testing?
Triggering asynchronous side-effects from route events with @matechs/epics
@matechs/effect is part of the fp-ts ecosystem that borrows concepts from scala ZIO that allow us to invoke syncronous and asynchronous side effects with Effects purely by separating them from their environments using Providers
A Stream is an Effectful Observable
Our routeStream is a Stream that accepts a NavigationProvider
@matechs-epics allows us to represent our redux-observable Epic as a Stream
So our routeStream is a Stream that, alongside our NavigationProvider, goes inside an Epic that goes inside redux-observable middleware that goes inside redux
import { stream as S, effect as T } from '@matechs/effect';
import * as Ep from '@matechs/epics';
const fetchUser = Ep.epic<MyState, MyAction>()((_, action$) =>
// TODO - implement this
// https://arnaldimichael.gitbook.io/matechs-effect/core/the-effect-system
// https://arnaldimichael.gitbook.io/matechs-effect/core/play-with-streams
// https://github.com/Matechs-Garage/matechs-effect/blob/master/packages/epics/tests/Epics.test.ts
We are able to easily mock our NavigationProvider for testing
import * as assert from "assert";
// TODO - implement this
assert.deepStrictEqual(TBD)
Rerouting with redux
Since rerouting is simply a dispatched side effect, we represent it as its own redux middleware
We can use an NavigationProvider to separate the middleware from its side effect. The default NavigationProvider is HistoryNavigationProvider, but lets roll our own for testing purposes
import * as O from 'fp-ts/lib/Option'
import * as assert from "assert";
import { compose } from 'redux'
import { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from 'redux'
const formatter: (r: MyRoute) => string = MyRoute.match({ ... });
const testNavigationProvider = TBD;
const myNavigationMiddlware = navigationMiddleware<MyRoute, MyAction>(
formatter,
(routeAction: MyAction): O.Option<Navigation<MyRoute>> => MyAction.is.RouteAction(routeAction)
? O.some(Navigation.push(routeAction.route))
: O.none,
testNavigationProvider,
);
const store = createStore(
myReducer,
compose(
applyMiddleware(myEpicMiddleware),
applyMiddleware(myNavigationMiddleware),
),
);
epicMiddleware.run(myRouteEpic);
// run some tests
assert.deepStrictEqual(TBD)
Note: we must use separate RouteActions and navgiationActions so that our RouteActions don't dispatch navigationActions. RouteActionss are for storing the current route in global state, navigationActions are for modifying the brower's url. navigationActions should dispatch RouteActions, but not the other way around.
* Redux uses function composition, while Flux uses callback registration. Redux state is immutable, while Mobx state is mutable.
** redux-thunk accepts any function, while redux-observable enforces purity by requiring your impure asynchronous function to be demarcated as an Observer. redux-saga has a similar approach using generator functions, but Observables are monadic. redux-loop, rather than being a middleware, allows the reducer itself to behave asynchronously, but Cmd has no way to compose with outside event streams, which is what our router must do.
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• anthonyjoeseph | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Crude Oil Declines as European Union Considers $1.3 Trillion Rescue Fund
Crude oil dropped in New York as
European leaders considered unleashing 940 billion euros ($1.3
trillion) to tame the debt crisis, and France and Germany asked
officials to agree on plans next week. Futures fell 0.9 percent as two people familiar with the
matter said Europe may combine temporary and permanent rescue
funds to deploy as much as 940 billion euros. Oil pared losses
after German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President
Nicolas Sarkozy said in a joint statement they want governments
to agree on a “comprehensive and ambitious” plan by Oct. 26. “The oil market is being driven by sentiment over the
European debt crisis,” said David Greely , head of energy
research at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. in New York. “The failure
to have a resolution and the uncertainty that’s brought is
having a major impact on the market.” Crude oil for November delivery declined 81 cents to settle
at $85.30 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange . November
futures expired today. December oil, the most-actively traded
contract, dropped 22 cents to $86.07. Brent oil for December settlement rose $1.37, or 1.3
percent, to end the session at $109.76 a barrel on the London-
based ICE Futures Europe exchange. The spread between the
December Brent and Nymex crude contracts widened to $23.69 from
$22.10 yesterday. Negotiations over pairing the temporary and permanent funds
as of mid-2012 accelerated this week after efforts to leverage
the temporary fund ran into European Central Bank opposition and
provoked a clash between Germany and France, said the two
people, who decline to be identified because a decision rests
with political leaders. Summit Meetings The dual-use option may break a deadlock that today led the
European Union to announce that an Oct. 23 summit will have to
be followed by another three days later. The 440 billion-euro
European Financial Stability Facility has already spent or
committed about 160 billion euros, including loans to Greece
which will run for up to 30 years. “The market continues to move back and forth on the latest
headlines on the European debt situation,” said John Kilduff , a
partner at Again Capital LLC, a New York-based hedge fund that
focuses on energy. The EFSF may be able to offer loans to countries “before
they face difficulties raising funds” in bond markets, the
draft guidelines obtained by Bloomberg News show. The fund may
be able to grant credit lines amounting to 10 percent of a
country’s economy. Some legislators from Merkel’s coalition said
the changes may shift intolerable burdens to German taxpayers. Moving Wildly “We don’t know how the European debt crisis will work out,
so the market will move wildly on any small bit of news,” said
Bill O’Grady, chief market strategist at Confluence Investment
Management in St. Louis , which oversees $1.3 billion. “The
situation in Europe is every bit as serious as the conditions
just before the failure of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers .” The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. in
September 2008 and the near-collapse of Bear Stearns Cos.
earlier that year helped usher in the global recession. Oil advanced earlier after an unexpected expansion of
manufacturing in the Philadelphia region. The Federal Reserve
Bank of Philadelphia’s general economic index increased to 8.7
from minus 17.5 last month, the biggest gain in 31 years.
Economists forecast minus 9.4 for the gauge, according to the
median estimate in a Bloomberg News survey. Qaddafi’s Death Libya’s Muammar Qaddafi , whose dictatorship lasted 42
years, died after being captured by forces led by the Misrata
Military Council, the group said. Details will be announced
later today in a news conference in Misrata, the council said in
an e-mailed statement. Its troops led the assault on Qaddafi’s
hometown of Sirte and act independently from the interim
government, known as the National Transitional Council. The NTC is struggling to unite the factions that challenged
the Qaddafi regime after protests in February were put down. The
Misrata Military Council issued its comments as NTC officials
gave their own statement in the eastern city of Benghazi, their
base during the conflict. “Qaddafi’s death seems like the natural conclusion to the
events in Libya ,” said Kyle Cooper , director of research for
IAF Advisors in Houston. Libyan output rose 55,000 barrels to 100,000 last month, a
Bloomberg News survey showed. Production in the North African
nation has tumbled from 1.585 million barrels a day in January,
the last month before an uprising against Qaddafi’s government. “The death of Qaddafi probably won’t have much impact on
the market,” Greely said. “The market had already moved on and
is counting on the resumption of Libyan production.” Libyan Production Outlook Libyan production is set to reach 400,000 barrels a day in
the fourth quarter of 2011, with output closer to 600,000 at the
end of the year, the International Energy Agency said on Oct.
12. Oil volume in electronic trading on the Nymex was 577,806
contracts as of 3:30 p.m. in New York. Volume totaled 665,796
contracts yesterday, 3.9 percent lower than the average over the
last three months. Open interest was 1.41 million contracts. To contact the reporter on this story:
Mark Shenk in New York at
mshenk1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Dan Stets at
dstets@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Rare Attack on Cricket Match in Afghanistan Kills at Least 8
JALALABAD, Afghanistan — At least eight people have been killed and dozens of others wounded in a series of blasts at a cricket match in eastern Afghanistan, officials said. An attack on an Afghan cricket match is highly unusual. The sport has been one of the few rallying points that have brought together supporters of both the government and Taliban militants. The Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid issued a statement denying that the group was involved in the attack late Friday night on the stadium in the city of Jalalabad. Attaullah Khogyani, a spokesman for the governor of Nangarhar Province, which includes Jalalabad, said three explosions at the Spinghar Cricket Ground had killed eight people and wounded 45 others. Mr. Khogyani said one bomb, apparently hidden under a raised dais used by the sports announcer, exploded around 11:30 p.m., during a break in the match while speeches were being made. That was followed by two more blasts at the gates of the cricket ground, apparently intended to kill fleeing spectators. It was not clear whether those bombs had also been planted or were carried by suicide attackers; one was in a motorized rickshaw. The attack was the first major one in Afghanistan since the holy month of Ramadan began on Thursday, but it came in the wake of a series of deadly strikes across the country as part of the Taliban’s spring offensive. The match was taking place late at night, a common practice during Ramadan, when most people are fasting during the daylight hours. It was billed as the Ramadan Cricket Cup. The chairman of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Atif Mashal, an extremely popular figure, condemned the attack on Twitter, saying that cricket had been a source of happiness and pride for the entire country. “These attacks are against peace, unity and humanity,” he said. A number of officials were among the dead, including a Laghman Province official, Nekmal Waziri, and the organizer of the match, Hedayatullah Zahir, Mr. Khogyani said. At least one child was killed. Najibullah Kamawal, head of the Nangarhar Province health department, said that two of the people wounded were in critical condition, and that two local journalists were among those wounded. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Overheating and Poor Performance – The Intake Manifold Gasket Danger Signs
intake manifold
The intake manifold is one of the hardest working parts in the car. Whilst the part itself is quite sturdy and robust, one of the weaker points in the engine is the gasket seal that sits between the manifold and the cylinder head – which can often fail over time.
What are some of the tell-tale signs that your car is suffering from an issue with your intake manifold gasket?
Table of contents:
What is the Intake Manifold Gasket?
The intake manifold delivers a mix of air and fuel into the engine via its many internal chambers – ensuring that combustion is maximised. Every engine joint that needs a seal uses a gasket, which is like a durable rubber and plastic part that ensures that the seal remains good and does not permit leaks.
Over time, due to repeated exposure to high levels of heat that cause the gasket to expand and contract, the part can become cracked. This will allow fuel, air, and coolant to leak out of the engine, making it overheat.
intake manifold gasket
Symptoms of an Intake Manifold Gasket Leak
Misfires
A crack in the gasket will allow air to escape from the engine, unbalancing the air fuel mixture and preventing all the fuel from igniting properly during the combustion process. As a result, unburned fuel can escape the engine before igniting on the hot exhaust, causing the fuel to explode in a misfire. It could also be worth checking the engine central control unit for misfire codes.
Decreased Acceleration
Even before misfires become a problem, you’ll notice issues with your gasket in the car’s performance as the first port of call. Because the air fuel mixture is unbalanced, you’ll often find that when you push the accelerator down, you don’t get the expected surge of power from the engine.
Stalling
Stalls usually occur when the engine ceases turning or it doesn’t turn quickly enough. When a vacuum leak occurs due to a faulty gasket, this can cause the car to stall repeatedly. Everyone expects to stall once in a while when at a junction – but if you find yourself repeatedly stalling, or stalling in other situations, then a gasket leak could well be the culprit.
Overheating Engine
It’s not just the air fuel mix that a broken gasket can upset. Coolant will also leak out of the seal causing the engine to get hotter, once all the coolant has been drained. If you find that your car is regularly overheating, and you need to repeatedly top up the coolant, then this could be a major sign that the gasket is having some issues.
Poor Fuel Economy
With all that disruption to the air fuel mix thanks to a broken gasket, you can also expect your vehicle’s fuel economy to suffer. You’ll notice that your tank is draining faster, and you’re having to return to the pump more frequently, as the engine consumes much more fuel than normal.
intake manifold with leftover gasket
Coolant Leaks
Many vehicles have water jackets within the intake manifold for the purposes of cooling – in which case the gasket will protect against leaks to both the coolant and air fuel systems. If there is a fracture in the gasket, this could lead to an internal leak, which is characterised by strong smell of coolant in your vehicle’s cabin – or an external leak, leaving coolant running down from the cracked gasket. In the most extreme cases you might even see puddles of coolant under the car and steam rising from the engine.
Coolant in the Oil Sump
That escaping coolant we’ve only just mentioned can play havoc in the engine, especially if it permeates the oil sump. This will reduce the lubricating properties of the car’s oil – increasing the chances of friction and heat damage to systems that are protected by the oil. Keep a lookout for coolant in the oil sump, which can actually be easily spotted on the dipstick as a milky white residue in the oil.
Air Fuel Mixture
As we’ve pointed out, issues with the gasket will often lead to a poor air fuel mix. Because this works on an airflow system, it does mean that there are some clever tricks mechanics can employ to help hunt out a leak. Smoke can be fed into the part instead of air in the repair shop, allowing even an amateur to spot if the smoke is leaving the engine from a crack in the gasket.
Vacuum Leaks
When the gasket leak is allowing air to escape from the system it can be difficult to spot the leak. Let your engine idle for a while. Spray some carburettor cleaner on to the gasket and if the car idles faster, then you probably have a leak. Look for cracks in the rubber hoses that are attached to the engine – using your hands to feel along the lengths of the pipes.
And Finally
If you find out you have a broken gasket whilst out on the open road, you may be able to get away with driving it a little longer but it’s not going to get any better. Problems with the air fuel mixture can cause the car to run lean, creating heat or knock (pre-detonation) – which can quickly turn a good engine into a wreck. The heat can additionally give you a warped or cracked block – so even if you think you might be able to get away with driving with a bad gasket, we advise you to avoid it.
This entry was posted in Maintenance on by Justin Smith.
About Justin Smith
As the man at the helm of BreakerLink, it is no surprise that its Director, Justin Smith, has always had a keen interest in cars, bikes and most things wheeled. Having spent over two decades in the car parts industry, Justin combines his passion that since 2002, has successfully united those looking for new and used car parts with the breaker that supplies them. Follow Justin on LinkedIn.
Disclaimer: These articles are for guidance purposes only. If you have any questions regarding any matter relating to your vehicle we would recommend that you seek the advice of an appropriate professional. We accept no responsibility or liability should you suffer financial or personal damages in relation to the advice stated on this website. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Azure AD authentication for Fast API
Project description
FastAPI authentication with Microsoft Identity
The Microsoft Identity library for Python's FastAPI provides Azure Active Directory token authentication and authorization through a set of convenience functions. It enables any FastAPI applications to authenticate with Azure AD to validate JWT tokens and API permissions
Install the package
Install the Microsoft Identity for FastAPI library with pip:
pip install fastapi-microsoft-identity
Prerequisites
• An Azure Active Directory Get one FREE
• Or an Azure Active Directory B2C, through a FREE Azure subscription Get your Free sub
• Python 3.6 or later
Usage
1. Azure AD Authentication
The library can now support both Azure AD and Azure AD B2C authentication for FastAPI applications
1.1 Azure AD App Registration Configuration
First create an Azure Active Directory Application Registration in the Azure AD portal using the following steps:
1. Sign in to your Azure AD Tenant (link)
2. Navigate to App Registrations -> New Registration.
3. Enter a name for your application.
4. Leave everything else as default.
5. Click Register.
6. Copy the Client ID and Tenant ID from the Application Registration Overview page.
7. Navigate to the Expose API tab.
8. Click Set next to the Application ID URI field.
9. Click Add a scope
• Give the scope a name like access_as_user.
• Select Admin and User for consent
• Provide meaningful descriptions for the admin and user consents
• Ensure State is set to Enabled
• Client Add scope
The scope should look like this: api://279cfdb1-0000-0000-0000-291dcd4b561a/access_as_user
1.2 Using the Microsoft Identity for FastAPI library
In your FastAPI application, you need to initialize the authentication library using the Client ID and Tenant ID values from the Application Registration Overview page.
initialize(tenant_id, client_id)
You can now decorate any API endpoint with the requires_auth decorator as per the example below
from fastapi_microsoft_identity import requires_auth, validate_scope, AuthError
expected_scope = "<your expected scope e.g access_as_user>"
@router.get('/api/weather/{city}')
@requires_auth
async def weather(request: Request, loc: Location = Depends(), units: Optional[str] = 'metric'):
try:
validate_scope(expected_scope, request)
return await openweather_service.get_report_async(loc.city, loc.state, loc.country, units)
except AuthError as ae:
return fastapi.Response(content=ae.error_msg, status_code=ae.status_code)
except ValidationError as ve:
return fastapi.Response(content=ve.error_msg, status_code=ve.status_code)
except Exception as x:
return fastapi.Response(content=str(x), status_code=500)
The requires_auth decorator will check if the JWT Access Token in the request is a valid token and then raise an AuthError (HTTP 401) if the token is invalid (expired, not right audience etc).
The library also provides a helper function: validate_scope that can be used to validate the scope of the JWT token.
validate_scope(expected_scope, request)
The validate_scope method will throw an AuthError (HTTP 403) if the token doesn't contain the right scope / api permission.
1.3 Accessing the token claims
Based on user feedback, the library now provides a helper function to access the token claims.
token_claims = authservice.get_token_claims(request)
# do something with the claims
2. Azure AD B2C Authentication
2.1 Create your Azure AD B2C Application Registration
First create an Azure AD B2C App Registration in the B2C portal using the following steps:
1. Sign in to your Azure portal, search for your B2C tenant and navigate to the B2C portal
2. Navigate to App Registrations -> New registration.
3. Enter a name for your application.
4. Under Supported account types choose Accounts in any identity provider or organizational directory(for authenticating user with user flows).
5. Make sure the Grant admin consent to openid and offline_access is checked. under Permissions
6. Click Register.
7. Copy the Client ID and Tenant ID from the App Registration Overview page.
8. Navigate to the Expose API tab.
9. Click Set next to the Application ID URI field.
10. Click Add a scope
• Give the scope a name like access_as_user.
• Provide meaningful descriptions for the admin consent name and description
• Ensure State is set to Enabled
• Client Add scope
11. From the B2C overview pane, copy the domaain name like this <your-tenant> ignoring the .onmicrosoft.com.. eg. cmatb2cdev
2.2 Using the Microsoft Identity for FastAPI library with Azure AD B2C
In your FastAPI application, you need to initialize the authentication library using the following values:
• Client ID
• Tenant ID
• Domain Name
• Sign up & Sign In User Flow
You need to make sure that both your Fast API and the API clients use the same B2C User flow to authenticate and acquire tokens.
You can read more about Azure AD User Flows and Policies here
initialize(tenant_id, client_id, b2c_policy_name, b2c_domain_name)
You can now decorate any API endpoint with the requires_auth decorator as per the example below
from fastapi_microsoft_identity import requires_auth, validate_scope, AuthError
expected_scope = "<your expected scope e.g access_as_user>"
@router.get('/api/weather/{city}')
@requires_b2c_auth
async def weather(request: Request, loc: Location = Depends(), units: Optional[str] = 'metric'):
try:
validate_scope(expected_scope, request)
return await openweather_service.get_report_async(loc.city, loc.state, loc.country, units)
except AuthError as ae:
return fastapi.Response(content=ae.error_msg, status_code=ae.status_code)
except ValidationError as ve:
return fastapi.Response(content=ve.error_msg, status_code=ve.status_code)
except Exception as x:
return fastapi.Response(content=str(x), status_code=500)
The requires_auth decorator will check if the JWT Access Token in the request is a valid token and then raise an AuthError (HTTP 401) if the token is invalid (expired, not right audience etc).
The library also provides a helper function: validate_scope that can be used to validate the scope of the JWT token.
validate_scope(expected_scope, request)
The validate_scope method takes 2 parameters:
• expected_scope: The scope that the token should have (this can also be an app permission).
• request: The FastAPI Request object.
The method works out wether the access token contain an app permission (role) or a scope and then validate the claim. If neither is present, the method throws an AuthError (HTTP 403) for the following reasons:
1. no roles or scp claim was present in the token
2. the token doesn't contain the right scope / api permission
Compatibility
Requires Python 3.x
Licence
MIT
Provide feedback
If you encounter bugs or have suggestions, please open an issue.
Contributing
This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Most contributions require you to agree to a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) declaring that you have the right to, and actually do, grant us the rights to use your contribution. For details, visit https://cla.microsoft.com.
This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information, see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact opencode@microsoft.com with any additional questions or comments.
Authors
The fastapi_microsoft_identity was written by Christos Matskas <christos.matskas@microsoft.com>.
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
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fastapi_microsoft_identity-0.1.6.tar.gz (8.0 kB view hashes)
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NFR-90
NFR-90 (NATO Frigate Replacement for 90s) was a multi-national programme designed to produce a common frigate for several NATO nations. However, the varying requirements of the different countries led to the project being abandoned in the early 1990s.
Project
The project sought to achieve economies of scale in the production of the next generation warship. Feasibility studies began in 1985 and reported that with a modularity in design, collaboration should be possible.
Arguments erupted in the design definition stage over such issues as the choice of a primary anti-ship weapon. France pushed its Exocet missile while the majority of the nations preferred the Boeing AGM-84 Harpoon. The United Kingdom in particular was uneasy about the absence of a close-in weapon system due to its experiences of being on the receiving end of Exocets during the Falklands War.
The collapse of the project was guaranteed by the withdrawal of the two largest participants, the US and UK. The US Navy was not happy with the final single mission design - the multi-mission Arleigh Burke-class destroyers demonstrate what the US had in mind. The UK considered withdrawing from the project in 1988, but committed to it to guarantee work for its shipyards and defence equipment suppliers. However, the UK finally withdrew in 1989 fearing that the requirement for a replacement for its Type 42 destroyers would not be met by the new frigate.
Successors
France, Italy and the UK set up the Horizon CNGF project in 1992. This was a further attempt at collaboration that was only moderately more successful, with the UK eventually withdrawing and starting its own national project, the Type 45 destroyer. France and Italy are continuing with the Horizon project, although far fewer ships will be built than initially intended. Spain, Germany and the Netherlands agreed to develop a trilateral basic design, which should be built and finally developed by each nation by itself. Within the framework of this so-called Trilateral Frigate Cooperation Germany built the Sachsen-class frigate (F124), Spain the Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate (F100) and the Netherlands the De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate.
Australia's AWD Hobart-class destroyer would be evolved from the Spanish F100 class.
Participating nations
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* United States | WIKI |
Paul Morel Hospital
Paul Morel Hospital is an ancient hospital located in Vesoul, France. It is located at 41 Avebye Arustude Briand, 70000 Vesoul, France. It was in operation from 1938 to 2009. Paul Morel was the mayor of Vesoul from 1908 to 1933. | WIKI |
Page:American Diplomacy in the Orient - Foster (1903).djvu/381
change the tariff. Under these conditions the negotiations came to naught, as the American minister was the only one of the foreign representatives willing to accept the proposals of the Japanese government.
Up to this time it had been the policy and the practice of the foreign representatives in Tokio to cooperate in all measures of general interest, but Mr. Bingham, the American minister, was so strongly impressed with the equity and justice of the Japanese claim that he dissented from his European colleagues, and decided to take an independent course. Upon his recommendation the United States, in 1878, entered into a treaty with Japan by which the existing tariff was to be annulled and the exclusive right of Japan to establish imports was recognized. This treaty, however, had no other effect than to place the United States on the side of Japan in its efforts to break the bands which held it in bondage, as its provisions were not to go into effect until similar treaties were made with the other powers.
Not discouraged by this failure of 1878, new proposals were submitted in 1882, but without avail, the American minister being the only one ready to concede the Japanese claim. Again in 1886 a more formal effort was made and a diplomatic conference or congress was assembled, in which the Japanese minister for foreign affairs, Count Inouye, and the representatives of all the treaty powers participated. Some progress was made towards an agreement on tariff revision, | WIKI |
kab-ot
Verb
* 1) to reach; to extend, stretch, or thrust out (for example a limb or object held in the hand)
* 2) to achieve; to obtain, or gain (a desired result, objective etc.), as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win | WIKI |
Terry Collins, Soon to Be the Mets’ Longest-Tenured Manager, Still Relishes the Job
MILWAUKEE — When Terry Collins took over as manager of the Mets in 2011, he knew the team was heavily rebuilding after having fallen short of the playoffs in the previous four seasons, despite one of the highest payrolls in the major leagues. The transition had begun with a new general manager, Sandy Alderson, who hired Collins even though he had already managed two teams in nearly six seasons without taking either to the postseason. Collins had no idea how long he would have the job. But he heard plenty of the conventional wisdom about the leaders of such teams. “People were telling me, ‘You’re only gonna be here until they get to be good, and they’ll get somebody else,’” Collins said over the weekend, in the visitors’ dugout at Milwaukee’s Miller Park. Six years later, after a slow crawl from the bottom of the National League East to a World Series appearance in 2015 and a wild-card playoff berth the next season, Collins is about to become the longest-tenured manager in Mets history. Barring postponements or other complications, he will manage his 1,013th Mets game and surpass Davey Johnson on Saturday against the Angels, one of the other teams Collins has managed. “I’m thrilled to still be here,” said Collins, who will turn 68 this month. “This is a great place to manage. It’s really fun. A tremendous fan base with great passion for the team and the game.” The record is approaching during a particularly rough stretch for the Mets. They have lost four in a row as their record has slipped to 16-20. Pitcher Matt Harvey recently served a three-day suspension for failing to show up for a game the night before one of his starts. Reliever Jeurys Familia needed surgery to treat a blood clot. Because of inconsistent performances from, and injuries to, critical pitchers like Noah Syndergaard, the Mets’ once vaunted staff has been among the worst in the major leagues. “You get up in the morning around here, and you don’t know what you’re going to face,” Collins said after the Mets blew a six-run lead Sunday in an 11-9 loss to the Milwaukee Brewers. The Mets have had 20 managers since the team was founded in 1962, and only Bobby Valentine, Collins and Johnson have lasted more than 1,000 games. Johnson, who won the 1986 World Series with the Mets, has the team’s highest career winning percentage, .588. “About time,” Johnson, who was fired by the Mets after the 1990 season, said of his record being broken soon. “Everybody outlasts me,” Johnson added in a telephone interview last week from his home in Winter Park, Fla. “I only got fired four or five times. I’m happy for Terry.” Collins’s tenure highlights a harsh reality about managing in the major leagues: It is a relentless job, with much turnover. Only five active managers have continuously held their jobs longer than Collins: Mike Scioscia (with the Angels since 2000), Bruce Bochy (San Francisco Giants, 2007), Joe Girardi (Yankees, 2008), Buck Showalter (Baltimore Orioles, 2010) and Ned Yost (Kansas City Royals, 2010). Each of them, except Showalter, has won at least one World Series with his current team. In 2011, when Alderson and the Mets’ owners, the Wilpon family, had promoted Collins from the minor-league field coordinator’s job, they were aiming for contention years down the road. As they overhauled the roster, they put stock in Collins’s ability to teach young players. Facing budget constraints, the Mets posted losing records from 2011 to 2014, but they slowly moved up in the standings because of the emergence of young players like Jacob deGrom, Zack Wheeler, Familia and Harvey. Michael Conforto, Steven Matz and Syndergaard, all top prospects, arrived from the minor leagues in 2015 as the Mets vaulted into contention. Veteran players like Curtis Granderson, Asdrubal Cabrera, Jay Bruce and Neil Walker were added throughout the years. And now the Mets are flush with experience. In that span, Collins adapted from being a manager who, according to third baseman David Wright, “can kick us in the butt, yell and motivate,” to one who allows, within reason, the “veteran guys to police ourselves and control the clubhouse.” Wright, the Mets’ captain and longest-tenured player, said he had enjoyed watching Collins guide the team’s ascent on the field. “Deservingly so, Terry has gotten a chance to see that light at the end of that tunnel,” Wright said. Collins came to New York with a fiery persona that had undermined him in his previous managerial stints, in Houston and Anaheim, Calif., in the 1990s. He waited 11 years, which included a managing stint in Japan, to become a major league manager again. Given the job with the Mets, he vowed to be more relaxed, even under the bright lights of New York. “It’s the old philosophy: Players win games and managers lose them,” Johnson said. “If you go by that rule, then when you lose, you can expect to get the heat. So you take it.” So when questions about Collins’s job security surfaced in 2015 and 2016, he leaned on that mellower approach and tried not to fret. “When I got the job here, I was 61 years old,” he said. “I was pretty sure this was probably going to be my last chance. So I was going to enjoy it more than I enjoyed the other ones, and I have. I’ve had more fun. I’ve tried to change my personality in dealing with players, which I think I have.” That mentality has helped as Collins, the oldest manager in the major leagues, deals with the rigors of leading a high-profile team. “If he does feel pressure, or that he’s under the microscope,” Wright said, “he certainly doesn’t let that affect the way he communicates and kind of deals with us.” Collins, who is known more for his people skills, has heard plenty of doubts about his work, whether it is questions about his relationship with Alderson or critiques of his game strategy. “I don’t take any offense if fans don’t like a move,” he said, adding: “If they all worked, I’d be the best manager in the history of the game. They don’t always work.” The injuries and other problems of this season, however, have taken a toll on Collins’s energy. “I’m tired,” he said. “I’m not overly tired. But you get up in the morning because you’re energized, and because you have to be to manage in this city.” Collins, who is in the final year of his contract, has occasionally mentioned wanting to spend more time with his wife, Debbie, and their grandchildren. But he will not allow himself to think about the future until the off-season. He will stop, he said, only when he thinks he cannot manage with the verve the job requires. “When you can’t do that anymore, then you’ve got to hand it over to the next guy,” he said. Under Collins, the Mets have a .493 winning percentage. Collins said passing Johnson in longevity would mean a lot to him if the Mets could overcome their deficiencies and reach the playoffs for a third straight season. “It’s too easy to say, ‘Woe is me and let’s worry about next year,’” Collins said recently. “This is New York. Tomorrow is the next biggest day on the schedule.” Because of an editing error, an article on Monday about Terry Collins’s tenure as the Mets’ manager misstated, in some editions, the day he said: “It’s too easy to say, ‘Woe is me and let’s worry about next year. This is New York. Tomorrow is the next biggest day on the schedule.” He said that in an interview on the previous Friday, not after last Sunday’s game. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Indexcard88/Archive/June 28th 2023 3
God, I pray for every kind of food that I eat, from the grocery store, and with my parents
God, I ask for a future at Harrisburg Brethren in Christ
God, I sinned by choosing You instead of staying in a relationship
God, I sinned by using the bathroom
God, Bible Study at Harrisburg First Assembly of God
Jesus, ownership of the Holy Spirit | WIKI |
Guide to Game Development/Settings/Graphical
General
* Reset all options
* Button with "are you sure?" menu
* Textures
* Texture Quality
* Low - Extreme
* Texture Filtering Quality
* Low - High
* Particles
* Low - Extreme
* Character models (polygon count)
* Tessellation
* Textures
* Field of view
* 100 is 'normal'
* Less than 100 is 'zoomed out'
* Greater than 100 is 'zoomed in'
* Brightness
* Shadow quality
* Screen space reflection
* Depth-of-field quality
* Contact hardening shadows
* Reflections
* Motion blur
* Render Distance
* Slider about how much
* Water quality
* Still animation (for low end computers)
* Polygons count
* Animated water textures?
Parallax occlusion quality
* Used to make surfaces look more 3D
* Alpha mapping
Ambient occlusion
* MHBAO
* Standard, better than having no ambient occlusion
* HBAO
* Higher quality than MHBAO
* SSAO
* Screen space ambient occlusion
* Some people don't like this and would prefer not to have it
Anti-aliasing
* SSAA
* Super Sampling Anti-Aliasing
* Resolves colours
* Example: (White + White + White + Green)/4 = Light Lime
* MSAA
* Multi-Sample Anti-Aliasing
* FXAA
* Fast Approximate Anti-Aliasing
* A lot of people prefer not to use this
* TXAA / Temporal Anti-Aliasing
* Nvidia GPUs only
* SMAA
* Minimizes the distortion artifacts known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution
* Spatial anti-aliasing | WIKI |
Because of You (Ne-Yo album)
Because of You is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ne-Yo. It was released by Compound Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings on April 25, 2007 in the United States. Ne-Yo reteamed with many previous collaborators to work on the follow-up to his debut album In My Own Words (2006), involving Ron "Neff-U" Feemster, StarGate, and Shea Taylor, as well as new and upcoming musicians such as The Heavyweights, Eric Hudson, Timothy Bloom, Knobody, and Syience. Next to them, Because of You features guest vocal contributions from rapper Jay-Z on "Crazy" and fellow R&B singer Jennifer Hudson on "Leaving Tonight".
Because of You debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, selling over 250,000 copies in its first week, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also reached the top ten in Canada and the United Kingdom but was commercially less successful than In My Own Words elsewhere. Released to generally positive reviews from most music critics, who complimented the album for the advancement over its predecessor, it won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2008.
Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 74, which indicates "generally favorable" reviews, based on 14 critics. PopMatters's Colin McGuire found that with Because of You Ne-Yo "relishes in his disgust for a sophomore slump by fighting back with an album that leaves his first solo effort so far in the dust". He felt that the album "might end up being the best R&B album of the year." Similarly, AllMusic editor Andy Kellman noted that "the key to the album's potency and freshness is its differences from In My Own Words [...] Making it to number one on your own, writing a major hit for one of the planet's most popular entertainers, and qualifying as the heir to R. Kelly can have that effect."
In his review for The A.V. Club, Nathan Rabin wrote that the album "is a real sleeper that reveals considerable strengths upon repeat listens [...] Best of all, with a running time of just over 59 minutes, Because of You is largely devoid of filler, and it never threatens to wear out its welcome." Simon Vozick-Levinson from Entertainment Weekly noted that "indeed, the album is an unmistakable attempt to channel Michael Jackson's early work such as Off the Wall [...] and the effort often pays off beautifully [...] Ne-Yo's lithe falsetto puts the many others who've been labeled Jackson-esque to shame." Slant Magazine also compared the album's sensual ballads to Janet Jackson. Kelefa Sanneh, writer for The New York Times, found that Ne-Yo "got a silky voice and a clear knack for chronicling obsessive love and lust; maybe one day he’ll create a half-crazed R&B masterpiece. But in the meantime, Because of You is a likable little album: 12 girl-crazy songs from a boy who can stop anytime he wants. Honest."
Commercial performance
Because of You debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, selling 251,000 copies on its first week of release. Because of You is Ne-Yo's second number-one album. The album has shipped one million units in the US. It has sold over 1,630,000 copies in the United States alone. It spawned four singles: "Because Of You", "Do You", "Can We Chill", and "Go On Girl". "Leaving Tonight" was released as a radio single.
Track listing
* Notes
* undefined signifies a co-producer
* "Leaving Tonight" contains elements of "Baby Come Close" written by Smokey Robinson, Marvin Tarplin, Pamela Moffett-Young, and performed by Smokey Robinson.
Personnel
Credits adapted from album's liner notes.
* Marcus Allen – producer (track 4)
* David Barnett – viola (tracks 4, 11)
* Timothy "Keys" Bloom – producer (track 11)
* Jeff Chestek – engineer (track 4)
* Tom Coyne – mastering
* Joe Davi – guitar and bass (track 6)
* Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing (tracks 2–11)
* Andrew Dawson – engineer (track 9)
* Mikkel S. Eriksen – producer, engineer, and all instruments (tracks 1, 12)
* Ron "Neff-U” Feemstar – producer (track 2)
* Larry Gold – string arrangement and production (tracks 4, 11)
* Jaymz Hardy-Martin III – engineer (tracks 4, 11)
* Tor Erik Hermansen – producer and all instruments (tracks 1, 12)
* Ricardo "Slick" Hinkson – assistant engineer (tracks 4, 7, 10, 11)
* Bob Horn – engineer (track 2)
* Josh Houghkirk – assistant mixing engineer (tracks 1, 12)
* Eric Hudson – producer and all instruments (tracks 3, 7)
* Jennifer Hudson – vocals (track 6)
* Jay-Z – rap (track 2)
* Gloria Justen – violin (tracks 4, 11)
* Knobody – producer (track 6)
* Olga Konopelsky – violin (tracks 4, 11)
* Emma Kummrow – violin (tracks 4, 11)
* Danielle Laport – additional recording (track 10)
* Espen Lind – guitar (track 12)
* Jennie Lorenzo – cello (tracks 4, 11)
* Ne-Yo – vocals (all tracks), co–producer (tracks 1, 3–12)
* Deepu Panjwani – assistant engineer (tracks 4, 7, 10, 11)
* Syience – producer (track 9)
* Melvin Sparkman – producer (track 4)
* Brian Springer – engineer (track 9)
* Brian Sumner – engineer (track 3)
* Igor Szwec – violin (tracks 4, 11)
* Phil Tan – mixing (tracks 1, 12)
* Shea Taylor – producer and guitar (tracks 5, 8, 10), saxophone and horns (track 5)
* Michael Tocci – engineer (all tracks)
* Shane "Bermuda" Woodley – assistant mixing engineer (tracks 2–11), engineer (tracks 3, 7) | WIKI |
Talk:Aerometer
http://www.seaplanesnorth.com/aerometer/ Used as a product name. May not merit inclusion? Seasalt (talk) 15:58, 27 December 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
Australian softball player Kahu Kapea ready for International Youth Cup
March 23, 2012
, Canberra — Australian Capital Territory (ACT) U15 representative Kahu Kapea is gearing up for the International Youth Cup tomorrow in Sydney where she is to play in an international match against a Japanese U15 side. Wikinews caught up with her between a double header at the Hawker International Softball Centre where played.
She was not aware that softball had been played at the Olympics until recently and has no particular desire to play in the Games, though she has ambitions to make the national team. Which country is a bit of an issue. Kapea's preference is for Australia but she is half Australian and half New Zealander so she could play for either team and her father would not mind seeing her representing the Kiwis.
The Sydney born Kapea plays softball, soccer, and does dance, but she sees softball as her future. It is the sport she excels the most at, both her parents played the game, and many family friends are involved with the sport. She started playing the game as a five or six year old, filling in for a youth teeball team coached by a family friend that needed players to fill in the squad.
Kapea, the youngest and tallest member of the current ACT Gold side, has represented the ACT and local clubs in competitions that have given her opportunities to travel to Sydney and Melbourne. She played for ACT at the School Sport Australia National Championship last year in Melbourne.
When asked if she faced any discrimination because she is half and softball is traditionally a game for white girls, she said no. Her teammates were all tremendously supportive and hung out together as a group. If other softballers on the boys team or elsewhere in ACT softball made any comments, her teammates would correct them. Kapea said the ACT softball community was like a family.
She and other ACT softball players are to be at the Junior International Challenge on Saturday at the Blacktown Inernational Softball Centre. | WIKI |
Tibouchina johnwurdackiana
Tibouchina johnwurdackiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae, native to west central Brazil. It was first described in 1997. The type specimen is kept in the herbarium at Missouri Botanical Garden. | WIKI |
Benjamin Anastas
Benjamin Anastas (born 1969) is an American novelist, memoirist, journalist and book reviewer born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He teaches literature and writing at Bennington College and is on the faculty of the Bennington Writing Seminars MFA program.
Fiction
Anastas started publishing his short fiction while still a graduate student at the Iowa Writers' Workshop. His first novel, An Underachiever's Diary, is a comic send-up of the meritocracy narrated by the underachieving half of a set of identical twins, and is set in Cambridge, Massachusetts. On the jacket of Anastas's second book, The Faithful Narrative of a Pastor's Disappearance: A Novel, Daniel Handler called it "hands down, the best novel of the year". It concerns the disappearance of the pastor of a liberal Congregational church in suburban Boston and was a New York Times Notable Book.
Journalism and other writings
Anastas's fiction, criticism, essays and journalism have appeared in Story, GQ, The Paris Review, The New Republic online, The New York Observer, The New York Times Book Review, The Washington Post, and Bookforum. In 2005, The Yale Review published his novella Versace Enthroned with Saints: Margaret, Jerome, Alex and the Angel Donatella and later awarded it the Smart Family Foundation Prize for Fiction.
Anastas has published articles on the Mayan Calendar 2012 hoax in The New York Times Magazine, the prosperity gospel in Harper's Magazine and a short piece about his father's nude portrait on Granta 's website. His essay "The Foul Reign of Emerson's 'Self Reliance, also from The New York Times Magazine, was selected for The Best American Essays 2012, guest edited by David Brooks. His essay on the Gullah language folktale ″Buh Black Snake Git Ketch″ appeared in the Spring, 2020 issue of The Oxford American.
Memoir
His memoir, Too Good To Be True, was published in 2012. The title is taken from a sign that the author was made to wear around his neck by a childhood therapist. It tells the story of his stalled career as a writer, the end of his marriage, and his attempts to rebuild his life again. Anastas published the book with Amazon's fledgling publishing imprint in New York City and numerous bookstores have refused to stock it. Giles Harvey, writing in The New Yorker, groups Too Good to Be True in a category he calls the "failure memoir" and cites F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Crack-Up essays as an influence.
Works
* An Underachiever's Diary, Dial Press, 1998 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>046
* The Faithful Narrative of a Pastor's Disappearance, FSG, 2001 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Am Fuß des Gebirgs, Jung und Jung Verlag, Wien, 2005 ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>904
* Too Good to Be True, New Harvest, October 16, 2012, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>995 | WIKI |
Bignone
Bignone may refer to:
* Monte Bignone, a mountain in Liguria, northern Italy, part of the Ligurian Alps
* Reynaldo Bignone (1928–2018), retired Argentine general who served as dictatorial President of Argentina 1982–1983 | WIKI |
Frequent question: Do waist trainers help belly fat?
You might temporarily lose a small amount of weight wearing a waist trainer, but it will likely be due to loss of fluids through perspiration rather than loss of fat. You may also eat less while wearing the trainer simply because your stomach is compressed. This is not a healthy or sustainable path to weight loss.
Can a waist trainer help you lose weight?
Waist trainers provide a waist slimming effect, but it is only temporary. They do not provide permanent change and will not aid meaningful weight loss. These garments also have several associated risks, including breathing difficulties, digestion issues, and organ damage due to long-term use.
Do waist trainers give you an hourglass figure?
In case you’re not keeping up with the Kardashians, waist training consists of donning a corset to make the waist look slender and, in theory, train the anatomy to conform to a coveted hourglass shape. … They say waist trainers simply won’t yield any long-term changes to your figure.
Do waist trainers change body shape?
“The pressure exerted by the waist trainer will cause bending of the ribs and also squeezing of the internal organs. These changes will occur after consistent use of a waist trainer over extended time. … So, while a waist trainer can alter your shape, it’s a dangerous practice with short-lasting results.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Can you lose belly fat by exercising?
How do you get rid of lower belly pooch?
6 Simple Ways to Lose Belly Fat, Based on Science
1. Avoid sugar and sugar-sweetened drinks. Foods with added sugars are bad for your health. …
2. Eat more protein. Protein may be the most important macronutrient for weight loss. …
3. Eat fewer carbohydrates. …
4. Eat fiber-rich foods. …
5. Exercise regularly. …
6. Track your food intake.
25.11.2019
What are the side effects of wearing a waist trainer?
What are the risks and side effects of waist trainers?
• Difficulty breathing. Wearing a waist trainer makes it harder to breathe. …
• Weakened core. …
• Weakened pelvic floor. …
• Meralgia paresthetica. …
• Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. …
• Rashes and infections. …
• Organ damage.
24.08.2020
Is it safe to sleep with a waist trainer on?
The medical community, such as the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery, doesn’t generally support the use of waist trainers for any amount of time, much less at night. Reasons not to wear one while sleeping include: potential impact on acid reflux, hindering proper digestion.
Does waist training results last?
Waist training is a slow and steady process and it’s important that you enjoy the journey! Because waist training is semi-permanent, to maintain the changes to your figure, you’ll want to use your corset for as long as you’d like to see results.
Can a waist trainer work in a week?
Wearing a corset as often and for as long as you can comfortably wear it is the quickest way to see waist training results. Some people find out that they see results wearing their corsets for just a handful of hours a day, a few days a week, though!
IT IS INTERESTING: How can I get slim in 2 months without exercise?
What size should a waist trainer be?
A general corset sizing guideline is as follows: If your natural waist (where you bend side to side) is under 38” select a corset 4-7 inches smaller than your natural waist. If your natural waist is over 38” select a corset 7-10 inches smaller than your natural waist.
When losing weight where does fat go?
Your body must dispose of fat deposits through a series of complicated metabolic pathways. The byproducts of fat metabolism leave your body: As water, through your skin (when you sweat) and your kidneys (when you urinate). As carbon dioxide, through your lungs (when you breathe out).
How can I make my waist small?
Best exercises for a smaller waist:
1. Jumping Oblique Twist – This is a great cardio move to help burn calories, minimize belly fat and tone the sides. …
2. The Russian Twist – The twisting motion of this exercise whittles your middle by firming the muscles on your sides; giving you a toned, smaller midsection.
What waist trainer does Kim use?
Reality star and lingerie mogul Kim uses a waist trainer from her own Skims line – although the corset-style piece looks more like a piece of costuming from Bridgerton than workout gear! The Skims sculpting waist trainer is designed to cinch your waist, support your back and improve your core.
Does a waist belt really work?
How do these belts work? These belts only work superficially and have a temporary effect. When you wear something thick on your waist, it’s natural that you will sweat more from your abdomen, which will make you lose water weight that can make you slimmer temporarily.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is the difference between muscle fit and slim fit?
Meal Plan | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Watson, Indiana
Watson is an unincorporated community in Utica Township, Clark County, Indiana.
History
A post office was established at Watson in 1872, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1928. Watson was laid out as a town in 1876. | WIKI |
Across the country, Canadians will celebrate contributions made by black Canadians during the month of February. For newcomers to Canada unfamiliar with the annual observance, it is celebrated in February every year to honour black Canadians and heighten awareness about black history.
People of African descent have played pivotal roles in Canadian history, such as Mary Ann Shadd (born 1923) who, as an abolitionist, campaigned for equal rights for blacks and was the first female black newspaper publisher, and Richard Pierpoint (born around 1744 in Senegal) who fought in the War of 1812 against the United States.
Many Canadians are unaware of the fact that slavery not only once existed, but also thrived in Canada until it was abolished in 1793 and later throughout the British Empire in 1833. The first known slave to have been brought to Canada in 1628 was known as Olivier Le Jeune.
Canada was also home to many runaway slaves from the United States, before it was abolished in 1865. They often arrived via the Underground Railroad, which was a secret network of homes and routes that helped guide slaves to safety.
In December 1995, Canada’s House of Commons officially recognized Black History Month, which originated unofficially in the 1970s, following a motion put forward by MP Jean Augustine, the first black Canadian to be elected to Parliament. An immigrant from Grenada, Augustine is also a RBC Top 25 Canadian Immigrant (2011). | FINEWEB-EDU |
DISCOVER
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How to Replace a Microwave Fuse
Updated February 21, 2017
A microwave oven may stop working for many reasons, such as when an electrical component goes bad or a fuse blows. Instead of taking you microwave in for service or calling a repair man, replace a blown fuse yourself. First, determine what type of fuse you will need to replace in your microwave.
Unplug the power cord for the microwave from the electrical socket and pull it away from the wall.
Turn the microwave around and find the screws that are used to secure the outer cover or shell to the unit. Remove the screws with a screwdriver.
Pull the cover or shell of the microwave off and find where the power cord enters the inside of the unit. Observe where the power cord goes inside the microwave. Where the cord stops is where the fuse holder will be located.
Take the fuse out of the fuse holder and see if it has blown or has gone bad. If a fuse has blown, it will have flash burn marks or be black on the inside.
Insert a new fuse into the fuse holder and then press the fuse clips together. This will help to keep the fuse secure in the fuse holder.
Place the cover or shell back on the microwave and secure the screws with a screwdriver.
Plug the power cord back in and then test the microwave to see if the repair worked.
Tip
The fuse holder may be attached to a power or circuit board.
Warning
If you slam the door to a microwave too hard, it may cause the fuse to blow.
Things You'll Need
• Screwdriver
• Replacement fuse
Cite this Article A tool to create a citation to reference this article Cite this Article
About the Author
Cameron Easey has over 15 years customer service experience, with eight of those years in the insurance industry. He has earned various designations from organizations like the Insurance Institute of America and LOMA. Easey earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and history from Western Michigan University. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Default environments
With the default Anaconda-based environments, you can define the hardware size and customize the software configuration of the runtime environment that you want to use to run your notebooks in Watson Studio.
Free default environment
Watson Studio offers one default Anaconda-based environment for the languages R and Python for free. The free default environment uses Python 3.5. If you want to work with Python 2.7 or R, create an environment based on the free default and select Python 2 or R as the software configuration to use.
Default Python 3.5 Free
Software configuration: Anaconda 5.0; Hardware configuration: 1 Core / 4 GB RAM
The free default environment has these restrictions:
• You can create any number of these small runtime environments and customize them but only one free environment can be active at any one time.
• You can't schedule notebooks that run in a free environment. You must use a charged environment to schedule a notebook.
Default environments that consume capacity units
When you run a notebook in an Anaconda-based environment other than the free default, it consumes capacity unit hours (CUHs), which is the period of time the runtime is active, multiplied by the size of its hardware configuration.
For example, if your default environment is size S (with CU=2) and you run it for 3 hours, you are billed for 6 CUHs. If your environment is size XS (CU=1), it only consumes 0.5 CUH per hour.
You are charged based on your Watson Studio service plan. For up-to-date information, see the Watson Studio pricing plans.
The default Anaconda-based environments include the languages Python 3.5 and R. If you want to work with Python 2.7, create an environment based on one of the defaults and select Python 2 as the software configuration to use.
Watson Studio offers the following default Anaconda-based environments that consume capacity units:
• Default Python 3.5 XS
Software configuration: Anaconda 5.0; Hardware configuration: 2 Cores / 8 GB RAM
• Default Python 3.5 S
Software configuration: Anaconda 5.0; Hardware configuration: 4 Cores / 16 GB RAM
• Default R 3.4 XS
Software configuration: R-3.4 with r-essentials; Hardware configuration: 2 Cores / 8 GB RAM
• Default R 3.4 S
Software configuration: R-3.4 with r-essentials; Hardware configuration: 4 Cores / 16 GB RAM
File system in default environments
The file system of each runtime has approximately 2 GB of free space for installing packages from conda or pip, or for temporary files. This means that you must be mindful of the size of the data file you load to your notebook.
If you are working with large data sets, you should store the data set in smaller chunks in the IBM Cloud Object Storage associated with your project and process the data in smaller chunks in the notebook. Alternatively, you could run the notebook in a Spark environment.
Be aware that the file system of each runtime is non-persistent and cannot be shared across environments. To persist files in Watson Studio, you should use IBM Cloud Object Storage.
The easiest way to use IBM Cloud Object Storage in notebooks in projects is to leverage the project-lib package.
Runtime scope
Environment runtimes are always scoped to an environment definition and a user.
For example, if you associate each of your notebooks with its own environment, each notebook will get its own runtime. However, if you open a notebook with an environment, which you also selected for another notebook and that notebook has an active runtime, both notebooks will be active in the same runtime. In this case, both notebooks will use the compute and data resources available in the runtime that they share.
If you want to avoid sharing runtimes but want to use the same environment definition for multiple notebooks, you should create multiple custom environment definitions with the same specifications and associate each notebook with its out definition.
If different users in a project work with the same environment, each user will get a separate runtime.
Next steps | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Composer: Stability and Semantic Versioning Demystified (php[tek] 2014)
Composer: Stability and Semantic Versioning Demystified (php[tek] 2014)
Understanding stability and semantic versioning makes a huge impact on daily life with Composer. Learn how to decode Composer's solver errors, get a better understanding of semantic versioning, how dependencies interact with each other when it comes to stability, and how to use Composer features like branch aliases to make things run more smoothly.
23d971deeb3975a7d28246192fbbe7b7?s=128
Beau Simensen
May 22, 2014
Tweet
Transcript
1. 5.
2. 6.
{ “name”: “acme/my-project”, “description”: “Acme’s My Project”, “license”: “MIT”, “require”:
{ “silex/silex”: “1.1.*” }, “autoload”: { “psr-4”: { “Acme\\MyProject\\”: “src” } } }
3. 7.
$ composer install Loading composer repositories with package information Installing
dependencies (including require-dev) - Installing psr/log (1.0.0) - Installing symfony/routing (v2.3.7) - Installing symfony/debug (v2.3.7) - Installing symfony/http-foundation (v2.3.7) - Installing symfony/event-dispatcher (v2.3.7) - Installing symfony/http-kernel (v2.3.7) - Installing pimple/pimple (v1.1.0) - Installing silex/silex (v1.1.2) Writing lock file Generating autoload files $
4. 30.
–Semantic Versioning “If the dependency specifications are too tight, you
are in danger of version lock (the inability to upgrade a package without having to release new versions of every dependent package).”
5. 32.
–Semantic Versioning “If dependencies are specified too loosely, you will
inevitably be bitten by version promiscuity (assuming compatibility with more future versions than is reasonable).”
6. 35.
7. 36.
{ “name”: “silex/silex”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*” } } {
“name”: “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “~1.1”, “doctrine/orm”: “~2.3” } } 1.1.0 1.1.0 1.1.1 1.0.2 1.0.1 1.0.0 2.0.0 Silex Pimple 0.0.1 2.3.2 2.4.0 2.3.1 2.3.0 2.2.1 2.5.0 ORM 2.2.0 1.0.0 dflydev
8. 37.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”: “1.0.*”, “silex/silex”: “1.1.*”, !
“pimple/pimple”: “~1.1.1”, “doctrine/orm”: “2.4.*” } } { “name”: “silex/silex”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*” } } { “name”: “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “~1.1”, “doctrine/orm”: “~2.3” } } 1.1.0 1.1.0 1.1.1 1.0.2 1.0.1 1.0.0 2.0.0 Silex Pimple 0.0.1 2.3.2 2.4.0 2.3.1 2.3.0 2.2.1 2.5.0 ORM 2.2.0 1.0.0 dflydev 1.0.0 myapp
9. 40.
$ composer install Loading composer repositories with package information Installing
dependencies (including require-dev) Your requirements could not be resolved to an installable set of packages. ! Problem 1 - silex/silex v1.1.0 requires pimple/pimple 1.* -> satisfiable by pimple/pimple[1.0.0, 1.1.x-dev, v1.0.1, v1.0.2, v1.1.0]. - silex/silex v1.1.1 requires pimple/pimple 1.* -> satisfiable by pimple/pimple[1.0.0, 1.1.x-dev, v1.0.1, v1.0.2, v1.1.0]. - silex/silex v1.1.2 requires pimple/pimple ~1.0 -> satisfiable by pimple/pimple[1.0.0, 1.1.x-dev, v1.0.1, v1.0.2, v1.1.0]. - Can only install one of: pimple/pimple[2.0.x-dev, 1.0.0]. - Can only install one of: pimple/pimple[2.0.x-dev, 1.1.x-dev]. - Can only install one of: pimple/pimple[v1.0.1, 2.0.x-dev]. - Can only install one of: pimple/pimple[v1.0.2, 2.0.x-dev]. - Can only install one of: pimple/pimple[v1.1.0, 2.0.x-dev]. - Installation request for pimple/pimple 2.0.*@dev -> satisfiable by pimple/pimple[2.0.x-dev]. - Installation request for silex/silex 1.1.* -> satisfiable by silex/silex[v1.1.0, v1.1.1, v1.1.2]. ! Potential causes: - A typo in the package name - The package is not available in a stable-enough version according to your minimum-stability setting.
10. 64.
11. 66.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: “1.0.*” } } !
! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master” } }
12. 67.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: “1.0.*”, ! “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “@dev”
} } ! ! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master” } }
13. 68.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: “1.0.*”, ! “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master”
} } ! ! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master” } }
14. 69.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: “1.0.*”, "dflydev/hawk": "1.0.*", !
"ircmaxell/random-lib": "dev-master" } } ! ! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master” } } ! ! { “name”: “dflydev/hawk”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “~1.0@dev” } }
15. 70.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: "1.0.*”, "dflydev/hawk": "1.0.*", !
"ircmaxell/random-lib": "dev-master" } } ! ! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “dev-master” } } ! ! { “name”: “dflydev/hawk”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “~1.0@dev” } } 1.0.x-dev != dev-master
16. 71.
{ “name”: “acme/myapp”, “require”: { “naughty/id-generator”: “1.0.*”, "dflydev/hawk": "1.0.*", !
"ircmaxell/random-lib": "@dev" } } ! ! { “name”: “naughty/id-generator”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “~1.0@dev” } } ! ! { “name”: “dflydev/hawk”, “require”: { “ircmaxell/random-lib”: “~1.0@dev” } } Time to send a pull request!
17. 73.
18. 74.
Send pull requests when you find a package that requires
dev-master when a branch alias exists
19. 75.
–Michael Dowling “I'm working on a new version of Guzzle.
If you're using composer: stop using dev-master. Use a tagged release. Especially in production.” https://twitter.com/mtdowling/status/440901351657054208
20. 76.
21. 91.
$ composer install Loading composer repositories with package information Installing
dependencies (including require-dev) Your requirements could not be resolved to an installable set of packages. ! Problem 1 - The requested package sculpin/sculpin 2.0.* could not be found. ! Potential causes: - A typo in the package name - The package is not available in a stable-enough version according to your minimum-stability setting
22. 92.
$ composer install Loading composer repositories with package information Installing
dependencies (including require-dev) Your requirements could not be resolved to an installable set of packages. ! Problem 1 - The requested package sculpin/sculpin 2.0.* could not be found. ! Potential causes: - A typo in the package name - The package is not available in a stable-enough version according to your minimum-stability setting
23. 96.
Even if your package requires a dependency @dev, users of
your package won't get it unless they explicitly ask for it.
24. 98.
{ “name”: “silex/silex”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*@dev” } } {
“name”: “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*@beta”, “silex/silex”: “1.1.*”, “doctrine/orm”: “~2.3” } } Root Package
25. 99.
{ “require”: { “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”: “1.0.*”, ! “pimple/pimple”: “1.*@alpha” } }
{ “name”: “silex/silex”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*@dev” } } { “name”: “dflydev/doctrine-orm-service-provider”, “require”: { “pimple/pimple”: “1.*@beta”, “silex/silex”: “1.1.*”, “doctrine/orm”: “~2.3” } } Root Package | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
St Mary's Church, Brecon
St Mary's Church is a parish church in Brecon, Powys, Mid Wales. It is a Grade II* listed building in Powys. The structure was originally a chapel of ease for the priory. The 90 ft West Tower dates to 1510 and is attributed to Edward, Duke of Buckingham. The eight bells date to 1750, and were taken down for refurbishment in 2007.
History
The Church of St. Mary appears to have been built as early as the latter end of the 12th, or beginning of the following century, but the present structure is not of that early date. The eastern window of the chancel is Gothic of the middle age, and the prevailing style of its architecture indicates that it was not erected till after the year 1015. None of its decorations or pillars date to antiquity. Not a single monument, figure, or inscription is preserved within its walls. The present steeple, which is about 90 feet in height, was built in the reign of Henry VIII; it has a peal of eight bells, cast by Rudhalls, of Gloucester, the treble being the gift of a Thomas Lloyd, of Brecknock, though another sources states they were all given by a Mr. Walker, of Newton.
In 1805, the body of the church consisted of two aisles, and on the north-east was the shoemakers' chapel, from which was a door into the vestry, but since the erection of houses close to the windows both these places became so dark that want of room only compelled the inhabitants to occupy the seats in one, but the business usually transacted in the other was transferred to the Town Hall. The principal entrance was under part of the gallery, in which an organ was placed about the year 1794. A reredos was provided for this church, and the Ten Commandments were placed in the chancel.
The Consistory Court for the archdeaconry was held once a month, under the southern door. This part of the building was divided from the other, where divine service was performed, by a slight partition and railing, about the year 1690, to prevent (it was alleged) the country people who attended the court for the appointment of churchwardens from strolling into the church and stealing the prayer books. In 1805, it was repaired and improved, the aisles boarded, and two buzaglos placed there, principally at the expense of the Rev. Richard Davies, who was the archdeacon of Brecknock, and who also erected several new seats in the chancel. No persons were recorded as being buried here, nor does tradition recognise an interment within this church, yet during alterations two stones were removed, evidently sepulchral. In the wall of the north aisle were some marble tablets, upon which are inscribed the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' Creed, and the Ten Commandments, presented by Mr. Walker, of Newton, and upon the wall of the chancel were two tablets recording all the benefactions to this town, as well as to the parish of St. John's, except Mrs. Rodd's.
In 1857, this church was further restored, and re-opened on 21 October of the same year. The cost of the restoration work was £8,280 5s. Id. The two tables recording the benefactions were popularly believed to have been pulled down and destroyed. It was later discovered that they were only removed from the church to the vestry's walls. The register dates from the year 1685.
An organ was placed in the church in the mid 19th century, purchased with a legacy left for the purpose by the late John Evans, banker, of Wheat street (Wilkins and Co.).
The church also contains a memorial window, the gift of the late Colonel and Mrs. Church Pearce, of Ffrwdgrech, in remembrance of their only son. | WIKI |
PDA
View Full Version : WHDLoad Why Just Games+Demos
Andrew1971
1st January 2012, 18:31
Hi All
As the title says surely there has to be other programs that can benefit from bieng installed to HDD.
Many Thanks
Andrew1971
Phantom
2nd January 2012, 01:28
Actually applications are Workbench-friendly so you can install them by hand or by the provided installer.
Harrison
2nd January 2012, 13:35
Exactly. Most applications are workbench based, and the discs and their contents accessed directly, copied to HDD if there isn't an installer, and aliases setup in the startup sequence if required.
WHDLoad is more designed for games and demos that come on disks which can't be read using workbench. It images the contents of these disks into that data or image files you find within a whdload installed games and also provides the actual install to allow it to load from HDD.
Tiago
2nd January 2012, 16:57
I guess it's possible to do it, but no advantage n that, it should be just for software that cannot be loaded on workbench, (NDOS disks).
i can't remember programs that are NDOS... but i am sure there are some | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Proceedings of The Physiological Society
University of Edinburgh (2011) Proc Physiol Soc 25, PC25
Poster Communications
ATP inhibits IP3-mediated Ca2+ release in smooth muscle via P2Y1 receptors
D. MacMillan1, C. Kennedy1, J. G. McCarron1
1. SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Introduction The inhibitory neurotransmitter, ATP, is pivotal in regulating smooth muscle activity. The underlying mechanism(s) by which ATP evokes relaxation remain unclear, but have been proposed to involve phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated IP3 production, to evoke Ca2+ release from the internal store and stimulation of Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization. ATP-induced Ca2+ rises have been reported in smooth muscle, but the frequency with which they are observed are often varied. Indeed, Ca2+ rises to ATP may be either limited or not observed at all. To investigate the role of Ca2+ release in ATP-evoked smooth muscle relaxation, the effect of ATP on IP3-mediated Ca2+ release from the store was examined. Methods Single voltage-clamped myocytes were dissociated [1] from the colon of guinea-pigs (sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of euthatal (200 mg/kg) followed by exsanguination). [Ca2+]i was measured as fluorescence using fluo-3. Intracellular Ca2+ release was evoked either by activation of IP3 receptors (IP3R; by carbachol or photolysis of caged IP3) or ryanodine receptors (by caffeine). Results ATP transiently increased [Ca2+]i in only 10% of voltage-clamped single smooth muscle cells. Interestingly, ATP inhibited IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release in cells that did not show a Ca2+ rise in response to purinergic stimulation (1mM, n=5). The reduction in IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release was mimicked by its metabolite, ADP (1mM, n=4), but not by adenosine (1mM, n=4). Furthermore, the inhibitory response to ATP was blocked by the P2Y1R antagonist, MRS2179 (10μM, n=5), and the G-protein antagonist, GDPβS (1mM, n=8), but not by the PLC inhibitor, edelfosine (10μM, n=4). Discussion Since ATP did not release Ca2+, neither activation of KCa channels nor depletion of the store of Ca2+ can explain the inhibitory response to ATP. Neither can the inhibitory response be attributed to breakdown of ATP to adenosine since the nucleoside was without effect on IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release. ADP, however, inhibited Ca2+ release, indicating that the reduction is mediated by P2YR. The inhibitory response to ATP was blocked by MRS2179 and by GDPβS, confirming a role of G-protein coupled P2Y1R in this response. ATP remained effective in inhibiting IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release in the presence of edelfosine, thus excluding a role of PLC. The study reveals, for the first time, an inhibitory effect of P2Y1R activation on IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release, such that purinergic stimulation acts to prevent the excitatory influence of IP3 on smooth muscle and promote relaxation. The observed inhibitory response to ATP appears to be independent of PLC.
Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Debbie Gibson discography
Chart positions, Maxi Singles
How many weeks did "Shake Your Love" (Atlantic Records DM 86651) hold number one on the Billboard Hot Maxi Singles? "Out of the Blue" (Atlantic Records DM 86621)? - B.C.Schmerker 08:17, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
Re: Two "Other Artists" Single Entries
In Singles, I found entries for two singles on which Gibson was NOT the primary artist: (1) "Voices That Care" (Giant 19350), and (2) "Someday (Duet with Debbie Gibson) (Atlantic Japan/Warner-Pioneer AMDY-5059). What rationale for inclusion in her Singles releases as primary artist? B. C. Schmerker (talk) 09:54, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Debbie Gibson discography. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 18:43, 9 December 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
LNWR Dock Tank
The LNWR 317 class, (also known as Saddle Tank Shunter, Dock Tank or Bissel Tank) consisted of a class of 20 square saddle-tanked steam locomotives built by the London and North Western Railway at their Crewe Works between 1896 and 1901. They had a very short coupled wheelbase, with a trailing Bissel truck to carry weight.
History
They were built in three batches of 1, 9 and 10; their first running number was chosen at random from the numbers left vacant by locomotives that had been transferred to the duplicate list. This fate was almost immediately suffered by the 317 class – after only one or two months in service.
All passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, who initially allocated them the numbers 6400–6419 in the passenger tank sequence. Only five (6402/03/07/14/18) had been renumbered before the numbers were changed to 7850–7869 in 1927, thus moving them into the goods and shunting tanks. The LMS changed their power classification from 1P to 0F at the same time.
Two, 7862 and 7865, survived to enter British Railways service in 1948; 7865 was withdrawn in November 1953, and 7862 three years later. None were preserved. | WIKI |
Ouyang Tong
Ouyang Tong (歐陽通) (died November 7, 691 ), formally the Viscount of Bohai (渤海子), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties of China, serving briefly as chancellor during Wu Zetian's reign.
Background
It is not known when Ouyang Tong was born, but it is known that his family was from Tan Prefecture (roughly modern Changsha, Hunan). His father Ouyang Xun was a famed calligrapher and served as an official during Tang's predecessor the Sui dynasty and early Tang, receiving the title of Baron of Bohai, dying in his 80s.
Ouyang Tong was said to be still young when Ouyang Xun died. His mother Lady Xu taught him the calligraphic techniques of Ouyang Xun and gave him money when he wrote well. Eventually, Ouyang Tong was nearly as good at calligraphy as his father.
During Emperor Gaozong's reign and Emperor Ruizong's first reign
By Emperor Gaozong's Yifeng era (676–679), Ge had become Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). When his mother died, he was recalled to the imperial administration after observing a brief mourning period, but throughout the next four years, whenever he went home, he would change into mourning clothes and live in a small hut. During the Chuigong era of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Ruizong, he served as the director of palace affairs and was created the Viscount of Bohai.
During Wu Zetian's reign
In 690, Emperor Ruizong's mother Empress Dowager Wu took the throne herself as "emperor," establishing the Zhou dynasty and interrupting the Tang dynasty. She made Ouyang Tong the minister of defense (夏官尚書, Xiaguan Shangshu). In 691, he was made minister of rites (司禮卿, Siling Qing) and acting Nayan (納言), the head of the examination bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge) and a post considered one for a chancellor.
However, about a month later, Ouyang became engulfed in a controversy and offended Wu Zetian. At that time, there was a movement led by one Wang Qingzhi (王慶之) to have Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Chengsi created crown prince, displacing her son Li Dan (the former Emperor Ruizong). Ouyang's senior colleague Cen Changqian strenuously opposed and wanted that Wang's group of petitioners be disbanded. Ouyang supported Cen. As a result, Wu Zetian had him, Cen, and another chancellor Ge Fuyuan arrested and interrogated by her secret police official Lai Junchen. Lai tortured Ouyang severely, but Ouyang refused to confess to treason, so Lai forged a confession in his name. Soon, Ouyang, Cen, and Ge were executed. After Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup in 705 and her son Li Xian, himself a former emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong), Ouyang's titles were posthumously restored.
Notes and references
* Old Book of Tang, vol. 189, part 1.
* New Book of Tang, vol. 198.
* Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 204. | WIKI |
/* Structure of messages from whack to Pluto proper. * Copyright (C) 1998-2001 D. Hugh Redelmeier. * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your * option) any later version. See . * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * for more details. * * RCSID $Id$ */ #ifndef _WHACK_H #define _WHACK_H #include /* copy of smartcard operations, defined in smartcard.h */ #ifndef SC_OP_T #define SC_OP_T typedef enum { SC_OP_NONE = 0, SC_OP_ENCRYPT = 1, SC_OP_DECRYPT = 2, SC_OP_SIGN = 3, } sc_op_t; #endif /* SC_OP_T */ /* Since the message remains on one host, native representation is used. * Think of this as horizontal microcode: all selected operations are * to be done (in the order declared here). * * MAGIC is used to help detect version mismatches between whack and Pluto. * Whenever the interface (i.e. this struct) changes in form or * meaning, change this value (probably by changing the last number). * * If the command only requires basic actions (status or shutdown), * it is likely that the relevant part of the message changes less frequently. * Whack uses WHACK_BASIC_MAGIC in those cases. * * NOTE: no value of WHACK_BASIC_MAGIC may equal any value of WHACK_MAGIC. * Otherwise certain version mismatches will not be detected. */ #define WHACK_BASIC_MAGIC (((((('w' << 8) + 'h') << 8) + 'k') << 8) + 24) #define WHACK_MAGIC (((((('w' << 8) + 'h') << 8) + 'k') << 8) + 26) typedef struct whack_end whack_end_t; /* struct whack_end is a lot like connection.h's struct end * It differs because it is going to be shipped down a socket * and because whack is a separate program from pluto. */ struct whack_end { char *id; /* id string (if any) -- decoded by pluto */ char *cert; /* path string (if any) -- loaded by pluto */ char *ca; /* distinguished name string (if any) -- parsed by pluto */ char *groups; /* access control groups (if any) -- parsed by pluto */ ip_address host_addr, host_nexthop, host_srcip; ip_subnet client; bool key_from_DNS_on_demand; bool has_client; bool has_client_wildcard; bool has_port_wildcard; bool has_srcip; bool has_natip; bool modecfg; bool hostaccess; bool allow_any; certpolicy_t sendcert; char *updown; /* string */ u_int16_t host_port; /* host order */ u_int16_t port; /* host order */ u_int8_t protocol; char *virt; }; typedef struct whack_message whack_message_t; struct whack_message { unsigned int magic; /* for WHACK_STATUS: */ bool whack_status; bool whack_statusall; /* for WHACK_SHUTDOWN */ bool whack_shutdown; /* END OF BASIC COMMANDS * If you change anything earlier in this struct, update WHACK_BASIC_MAGIC. */ /* name is used in connection, ca and initiate */ size_t name_len; /* string 1 */ char *name; /* for WHACK_OPTIONS: */ bool whack_options; lset_t debugging; /* only used #ifdef DEBUG, but don't want layout to change */ /* for WHACK_CONNECTION */ bool whack_connection; bool whack_async; bool ikev1; lset_t policy; time_t sa_ike_life_seconds; time_t sa_ipsec_life_seconds; time_t sa_rekey_margin; unsigned long sa_rekey_fuzz; unsigned long sa_keying_tries; /* For DPD 3706 - Dead Peer Detection */ time_t dpd_delay; time_t dpd_timeout; dpd_action_t dpd_action; /* note that each end contains string 2/5.id, string 3/6 cert, * and string 4/7 updown */ whack_end_t left; whack_end_t right; /* note: if the client is the gateway, the following must be equal */ sa_family_t addr_family; /* between gateways */ sa_family_t tunnel_addr_family; /* between clients */ char *ike; /* ike algo string (separated by commas) */ char *pfsgroup; /* pfsgroup will be "encapsulated" in esp string for pluto */ char *esp; /* esp algo string (separated by commas) */ /* for WHACK_KEY: */ bool whack_key; bool whack_addkey; char *keyid; /* string 8 */ enum pubkey_alg pubkey_alg; chunk_t keyval; /* chunk */ /* for WHACK_MYID: */ bool whack_myid; char *myid; /* string 7 */ /* for WHACK_ROUTE: */ bool whack_route; /* for WHACK_UNROUTE: */ bool whack_unroute; /* for WHACK_INITIATE: */ bool whack_initiate; /* for WHACK_OPINITIATE */ bool whack_oppo_initiate; ip_address oppo_my_client, oppo_peer_client; /* for WHACK_TERMINATE: */ bool whack_terminate; /* for WHACK_DELETE: */ bool whack_delete; /* for WHACK_DELETESTATE: */ bool whack_deletestate; so_serial_t whack_deletestateno; /* for WHACK_LISTEN: */ bool whack_listen, whack_unlisten; /* for WHACK_CRASH - note if a remote peer is known to have rebooted */ bool whack_crash; ip_address whack_crash_peer; /* for WHACK_LIST */ bool whack_utc; lset_t whack_list; /* for WHACK_PURGEOCSP */ bool whack_purgeocsp; /* for WHACK_REREAD */ u_char whack_reread; /* for WHACK_CA */ bool whack_ca; bool whack_strict; char *cacert; char *ldaphost; char *ldapbase; char *crluri; char *crluri2; char *ocspuri; /* for WHACK_SC_OP */ sc_op_t whack_sc_op; int inbase, outbase; char *sc_data; /* space for strings (hope there is enough room): * Note that pointers don't travel on wire. * 1 connection name [name_len] * 2 left's name [left.host.name.len] * 3 left's cert * 4 left's ca * 5 left's groups * 6 left's updown * 7 right's name [left.host.name.len] * 8 right's cert * 9 right's ca * 10 right's groups * 11 right's updown * 12 keyid * 13 myid * 14 cacert * 15 ldaphost * 16 ldapbase * 17 crluri * 18 crluri2 * 19 ocspuri * 20 ike " 21 esp * 22 rsa_data * plus keyval (limit: 8K bits + overhead), a chunk. */ size_t str_size; char string[2048]; }; /* Codes for status messages returned to whack. * These are 3 digit decimal numerals. The structure * is inspired by section 4.2 of RFC959 (FTP). * Since these will end up as the exit status of whack, they * must be less than 256. * NOTE: ipsec_auto(8) knows about some of these numbers -- change carefully. */ enum rc_type { RC_COMMENT, /* non-commital utterance (does not affect exit status) */ RC_WHACK_PROBLEM, /* whack-detected problem */ RC_LOG, /* message aimed at log (does not affect exit status) */ RC_LOG_SERIOUS, /* serious message aimed at log (does not affect exit status) */ RC_SUCCESS, /* success (exit status 0) */ /* failure, but not definitive */ RC_RETRANSMISSION = 10, /* improper request */ RC_DUPNAME = 20, /* attempt to reuse a connection name */ RC_UNKNOWN_NAME, /* connection name unknown or state number */ RC_ORIENT, /* cannot orient connection: neither end is us */ RC_CLASH, /* clash between two Road Warrior connections OVERLOADED */ RC_DEAF, /* need --listen before --initiate */ RC_ROUTE, /* cannot route */ RC_RTBUSY, /* cannot unroute: route busy */ RC_BADID, /* malformed --id */ RC_NOKEY, /* no key found through DNS */ RC_NOPEERIP, /* cannot initiate when peer IP is unknown */ RC_INITSHUNT, /* cannot initiate a shunt-oly connection */ RC_WILDCARD, /* cannot initiate when ID has wildcards */ RC_NOVALIDPIN, /* cannot initiate without valid PIN */ /* permanent failure */ RC_BADWHACKMESSAGE = 30, RC_NORETRANSMISSION, RC_INTERNALERR, RC_OPPOFAILURE, /* Opportunism failed */ /* entry of secrets */ RC_ENTERSECRET = 40, /* progress: start of range for successful state transition. * Actual value is RC_NEW_STATE plus the new state code. */ RC_NEW_STATE = 100, /* start of range for notification. * Actual value is RC_NOTIFICATION plus code for notification * that should be generated by this Pluto. */ RC_NOTIFICATION = 200 /* as per IKE notification messages */ }; /* options of whack --list*** command */ #define LIST_NONE 0x0000 /* don't list anything */ #define LIST_ALGS 0x0001 /* list all registered IKE algorithms */ #define LIST_PUBKEYS 0x0002 /* list all public keys */ #define LIST_CERTS 0x0004 /* list all host/user certs */ #define LIST_CACERTS 0x0008 /* list all ca certs */ #define LIST_ACERTS 0x0010 /* list all attribute certs */ #define LIST_AACERTS 0x0020 /* list all aa certs */ #define LIST_OCSPCERTS 0x0040 /* list all ocsp certs */ #define LIST_GROUPS 0x0080 /* list all access control groups */ #define LIST_CAINFOS 0x0100 /* list all ca information records */ #define LIST_CRLS 0x0200 /* list all crls */ #define LIST_OCSP 0x0400 /* list all ocsp cache entries */ #define LIST_CARDS 0x0800 /* list all smartcard records */ #define LIST_ALL LRANGES(LIST_ALGS, LIST_CARDS) /* all list options */ /* options of whack --reread*** command */ #define REREAD_NONE 0x00 /* don't reread anything */ #define REREAD_SECRETS 0x01 /* reread /etc/ipsec.secrets */ #define REREAD_CACERTS 0x02 /* reread certs in /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts */ #define REREAD_AACERTS 0x04 /* reread certs in /etc/ipsec.d/aacerts */ #define REREAD_OCSPCERTS 0x08 /* reread certs in /etc/ipsec.d/ocspcerts */ #define REREAD_ACERTS 0x10 /* reread certs in /etc/ipsec.d/acerts */ #define REREAD_CRLS 0x20 /* reread crls in /etc/ipsec.d/crls */ #define REREAD_ALL LRANGES(REREAD_SECRETS, REREAD_CRLS) /* all reread options */ #endif /* _WHACK_H */ | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Jandwala Bagar
Stubbified
Much content in this was unsourced, which has been removed at this time. Please refer to the Revision history to view content that has been removed. NorthAmerica1000 19:11, 19 March 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
HAEntityAttributes
public struct HAEntityAttributes
The attributes of the entity’s state
• Convenience access to values inside of the dictionary
Declaration
Swift
public subscript(key: String) -> Any? { get }
• A dictionary representation of the attributes This contains all keys and values received, including those not parsed or handled otherwise
Declaration
Swift
public var dictionary: [String : Any]
• The display name for the entity, from the friendly_name attribute
Declaration
Swift
public var friendlyName: String? { get }
• The icon of the entity, from the icon attribute This will be in the format type:name, e.g. mdi:map or hass:line
Declaration
Swift
public var icon: String? { get }
• For a zone-type entity, this contains parsed attributes specific to the zone
Declaration
Swift
public var zone: HAEntityAttributesZone?
• Create attributes from individual values
domain is required here as it may inform the per-domain parsing.
Throws
When the attributes are missing any required fields, domain-specific
Declaration
Swift
public init(domain: String, dictionary: [String : Any]) throws
Parameters
domain
The domain of the entity whose attributes these are for
dictionary
The dictionary representation of the | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lego owner seeks more investments in renewables -CEO
March 28 (Reuters) - Denmark’s KIRKBI A/S, the family holding company behind toy maker Lego, wants to expand its renewable energy investments, Chief Executive Soren Thorup Sorensen told Reuters on Tuesday. * KIRKBI has invested 6 billion Danish crowns ($876 million) in two offshore wind farms operated by DONG Energy in German and British waters * “We would like to see these wind turbines up and running first, but we definitely have an appetite for more, and we’re constantly looking for possible investment opportunities,” the CEO said in a telephone interview * By 2020, the firm plans to generate as much sustainable energy as the Lego Group consumes, he said * KIRKBI on Tuesday posted a 2016 result of 13.3 billion crowns after tax * Earnings for 2016 showed positive results of the company’s involvement in renewable energy for the first time * KIRKBI owns 75 percent of Lego Group and almost 30 percent of Merlin Entertainments, the group that owns and runs the Legoland theme parks ($1 = 6.8493 Danish crowns) (Reporting by Julie Astrid Thomsen, editing by Terje Solsvik) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Category:Le Despenser family
Le Despenser is a surname, most commonly associated with Norman-English barons of the 13th- and 14th- centuries and their descendants. | WIKI |
User:Andrewhester/sandbox
This is a test of the Sig andrewhester (talk) 06:55, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
2nd test--andrewhester (talk) 06:55, 19 February 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
My simple AC Java Binary Search code
• 76
M
Traverse from the back to the beginning of the array, maintain an sorted array of numbers have been visited. Use findIndex() to find the first element in the sorted array which is larger or equal to target number. For example, [5,2,3,6,1], when we reach 2, we have a sorted array[1,3,6], findIndex() returns 1, which is the index where 2 should be inserted and is also the number smaller than 2. Then we insert 2 into the sorted array to form [1,2,3,6].
public List<Integer> countSmaller(int[] nums) {
Integer[] ans = new Integer[nums.length];
List<Integer> sorted = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int index = findIndex(sorted, nums[i]);
ans[i] = index;
sorted.add(index, nums[i]);
}
return Arrays.asList(ans);
}
private int findIndex(List<Integer> sorted, int target) {
if (sorted.size() == 0) return 0;
int start = 0;
int end = sorted.size() - 1;
if (sorted.get(end) < target) return end + 1;
if (sorted.get(start) >= target) return 0;
while (start + 1 < end) {
int mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
if (sorted.get(mid) < target) {
start = mid + 1;
} else {
end = mid;
}
}
if (sorted.get(start) >= target) return start;
return end;
}
Due to the O(n) complexity of ArrayList insertion, the total runtime complexity is not very fast, but anyway it got AC for around 53ms.
• 8
Q
java 12ms use the BST
class TreeNode {
int val;
int num;
TreeNode left;
TreeNode right;
TreeNode(int x) {
val = x;
num = 0;
}
}
public class Solution {
public List<Integer> countSmaller(int[] nums) {
if(nums.length == 0)
return new ArrayList<Integer>();
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(nums[nums.length-1]);
root.num=1;
list.add(0);
for(int i = nums.length-2;i >= 0;i--){
list.add(get(root,nums[i],0));
}
for(int i = nums.length-1;i >= 0;i--)
list1.add(list.get(i));
return list1;
}
public int get(TreeNode root,int val,int num){
if(root.val >= val){
root.num = root.num+1;
if(root.left == null)
{
TreeNode node = new TreeNode(val);
node.num = 1;
root.left = node;
return num;
}else{
return get(root.left,val,num);
}
}else{
num += root.num;
if(root.right == null){
TreeNode node = new TreeNode(val);
node.num = 1;
root.right = node;
return num;
}else{
return get(root.right,val,num);
}
}
}
}
• 0
W
Nice!```````````````
• 1
R
What's the complexity of building that tree? Is that O(n^2) worst case?
• 0
B
why not use Collections.reverse(list); return list;
• 2
B
The worst time complexity is also O(n^2)?
• 0
I
Thank you for sharing your code. Here is C++ version of yours.
// returns the index right after the first smaller element
int findIndex(int target, vector<int>& sorted)
{
if (sorted.size() == 0) return 0;
if (sorted.front() >= target) return 0;
int ret = 0;
int start = 0;
int end = sorted.size()-1;
while (start <= end)
{
int mid = start + (end-start)/2;
if (sorted[mid] < target)
{
ret = mid; start = mid+1;
}
else
{
end = mid-1;
}
}
return ret+1;
}
vector<int> countSmaller(vector<int>& nums) {
int n = nums.size() - 1;
vector<int> sorted;
vector<int> res(nums.size());
for (int i = n; i >= 0; i--)
{
int idx = findIndex(nums[i], sorted);
sorted.insert(sorted.begin()+idx, nums[i]);
res[i] = idx;
}
return res;
}
• 0
L
Can you give a hint why at the end we have "if (sorted.get(start) >= target) return start;" ?
• 1
M
Hi Longstation, it's a general binary search. Here our goal is to find the smallest index which has number >= target. After we go out of the loop, we will only have two indexes [start, end]. So if start satisfies the condition it must the answer(start is smaller than end), else it would be end.
• 0
L
Hi mayanist, thank you for the timely help. I changed that part of your code slightly, so, basically, for the binary search part, instead of checking "start + 1 < end", we do "start < end". Thus at the end, we don't need to check "sorted.get(start) >= target". I just posted the modified code with a reference to your original code.
https://leetcode.com/discuss/77547/simple-accepted-java-solution
• 2
In the worst case, it's O(n^2) time complexity.
• 1
J
What is the worst case? Time complexity of binary search is always log(n), so together with the for loop, the time complexity should be O(NlogN).
• 0
L
@jigsaw_Becky, not really, depends on the implementation of the sorted array, even if we use BST to maintain the sorted array, it is still amortized O(nlogn) because of the self-balancing mechanism. so this algorithm is O(n^2) in worst case.
• 5
M
As I said, here the insertion operation of ArrayList is O(n), thus the worse case here would be O(n^2)
• 0
Y
Very nice solution. A small suggestion about the binary search part. If you have (start < end), then start index will be the solution.
while (start < end) {
int mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
if (sorted.get(mid) < target) {
start = mid + 1;
} else {
end = mid;
}
}
return start;
• 0
G
I don't think this works for 1-element list
• 0
Y
1 element case won't make it to the binary search part, if (sorted.get(end) < target) return end + 1; if (sorted.get(start) >= target) return 0; will return it
• 0
Easy to understand, nice!
• 0
A java code with some improvement in the process of binary search
public class Solution {
public List<Integer> countSmaller(int[] nums) {
Integer[] res = new Integer[nums.length];
List<Integer> sortedlist = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(int i = nums.length-1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) {
int index = findindex(sortedlist , nums[i]);
res[i] = index;
sortedlist.add(index , nums[i]);
}
return Arrays.asList(res);
}
protected int findindex(List<Integer> sortedlist , int target) {
if(sortedlist.size() == 0) return 0;
int start = 0;
int end = sortedlist.size()-1;
if(sortedlist.get(start) >= target) return 0;
if(sortedlist.get(end) < target) return end+1;
while(start <= end) {
int mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
if(sortedlist.get(mid) < target) {
start = mid + 1;
}else {
end = mid - 1;
}
}
return start; // which can make sure we will return the first index of the target(there may be several target in the list)
}
}
• 0
J
good idea though
Log in to reply
Looks like your connection to LeetCode Discuss was lost, please wait while we try to reconnect. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
When people envision their healthiest lifestyle, it’s tempting to concentrate solely on exercise. While it’s good to regularly hit the gym, exercise should be complemented with good quality sleep. Sleep and exercise are two interdependent pieces of the puzzle that works in tandem to keep you at your best. How much you exercise impacts how well you sleep, and how well you sleep affects how much your body can work out. Let’s look at some of the key ways exercise and sleep are related.
Exercise releases endorphins
Activities like aerobics, swimming, and cycling help release endorphins in the body. Endorphins are the ‘happy hormones’ that reduce stress and help you feel fresh. This sensation, also known as a ‘runner’s high’, improves your mood and can potentially help you sleep better as long as you get it earlier in the day as endorphins can keep your mind active longer than you desire.
Most fitness experts recommend working out in the morning, but everyone is different. You might find you fall asleep quickly from the exhaustion after a workout. In that case, go right ahead and exercise in the evening. With Excy, you can even exercise cycle from the couch while watching TV.
Exercise affects body temperature
Studies have shown that regular exercise, no matter the form, raises the core body temperature. After exercising, the body begins to cool down for the next 30 minutes to an hour, ultimately returning to normal body temperature. The process of cooling down creates a feeling of drowsiness. If you hit the sack while your body is happily cooling off, the chances of quickly drifting off to sleep are higher.
This doesn’t mean that you must exercise exactly an hour before you wish to sleep. Regardless of when you worked out during the day, the effect of the falling temperature remains, making you cozy enough to fall asleep quickly whenever you decide to turn the lights off for the night. New studies have also shown that moderate exercise in the evening does not adversely affect sleep, and reactions differ between people.
Workouts reduce sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a medical condition in which breathing stops for brief periods in the night, causing a person to have disrupted sleep. Simple exercises such as jogging and brisk walking have the potential to reduce the ill-effects of sleep apnea.
Exercise cannot alone cure sleep apnea, but if you’re looking to reduce medications and opt for natural steps to deal with this condition, exercise can make a major difference. Studies have shown significant improvement when exercise was combined with conventional medicine to treat patients with sleep apnea.
Sleep boosts the workout
Now that we know exercise is vital for getting a good night’s rest, let’s look at the other side, how sleep affects exercise. If you intend to get the most out of your workout, getting sufficient sleep is a must. Not sleeping adequately could tire your body and the fatigue could make physical activity more difficult.
Sleep deprivation can cause nervous system imbalances, which consequently make you prone to injuries and muscle pains even during a standard workout. Your endurance can fall significantly even after a single night of poor rest. New studies have found that lack of sleep significantly reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption. In short, if for any reason you were not able to sleep well the night before, do not force yourself to exercise the next morning as it might do more harm than good.
Prioritize sleep
Ideally, it is always recommended to balance exercise and sleep as they benefit each other and work in unison to improve your overall health. However, several factors may affect your day-to-day routine making it difficult at times to strike a healthy balance between your time in bed and your time at the gym. On such days, always prioritize sleep and if needed use a natural sleep aid to help you rest soundly and then wake up feeling ready for a solid workout.
Striking A Balance
To maintain a healthy lifestyle, sleep and exercise must both by incorporated consciously. Striking the right balance between the two is important, as exercise influences the sleep-wake cycle and sleep affects the quality of the workout. Managing one without the other is not only difficult but can lead to a host of problems like weight gain, diabetes and heart disease. To be at your best, sleep well, wake up refreshed, exercise, feel invigorated, and then sleep peacefully again that night. Make sleep and exercise friends and watch yourself accomplish your health goals.
Guest author Erika Long loves corgis, curry and comedy. Always searching for the next great snuggle, flavor or laugh, she inspires people to live their best life now. When not writing, Erika can be found at her local brewery dominating Harry Potter trivia night.
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User:IHustla
Stephan Michael Wilson Sr. (Jan 11, 1981 – ), popularly known as iHustla.
Raised in Jacksonville, Florida, | WIKI |
How to Unlock iPhone 5s
There are a lot of ways your iPhone can get locked. Ideally speaking, this is so for the sake of safety and security, and it is necessary. But that doesn't mean it's not annoying when you get locked out of your own iPhone for hitting the wrong code one too many times on a drunken night. This is Screen lock, and it is actually only one of the many ways in which your iPhone may get locked. There's also the SIM lock and the iCloud Activation lock, and these are the ones we'll be dealing with in this article.
As you read on we'll tell you what the two terms mean, and how to unlock iPhone from a carrier-lock and how to unlock iPhone from the iCloud activation lock.
Part 1: How to unlock iPhone 5s online (SIM card unlock)
Ah, the infamous SIM Card lock! This has given me so much of a headache. This is when you get sick of your current network provider and you want to switch, but you can't access SIM cards from other carriers. This is because your phone is locked under contract and you need the 'permission' and 'approval' of the carriers to get it unlocked so you can switch. So basically, you have to ask permission from your carriers to switch over to their competitors. And while Carriers are legally bound to take each application to consideration, it is in their best interest to retain as many users as possible so they put your application through heavy vetting. And if you ahven't done it properly, it will lead to bad ESN on your iPhone.
To avoid all that unpleasantness, you can instead opt for the Online service dr.fone - SIM Unlock Service. Now lets say you own an iPhone 5s which you want unlocked. DoctorSIM Unlock Service is a legit third-party online system that can permanently unlock your iPhone 5s without even lapsing your warranty!
DoctorSIM Unlock Service
The fastest way to unlock iPhone 5s without SIM card.
• Safe, fast, simple and permanent
• Doesn’t violate your phone’s warranty.
• 60+ countries supported
• No risk to your phone or data.
• Supports both jailbroken and non-jailbroken devices.
So read on to find out how to unlock iPhone 5s. But first, if you aren't sure if your iPhone 5s is locked follow the given 3 step process, by going to the Check iPhone Unlock Status page.
1.1 Check if your iPhone is already unlocked:
Step 1: Retrieve IMEI Code.
You need to dial #06# on your phone to receive the IMEI code.
Step 2: Contact Info.
Enter the first 15 digits of the IMEI number on the provided space, along with the email id.
Step 3: Receive Status.
You'll receive an email with the details about whether your phone is locked within minutes.
1.2 How to unlock iPhone 5s online using dr.fone - SIM Unlock Service:
Once you've verified that your iPhone really is locked, you can follow the next steps.
Step 1: Select your Phone brand logo and name from a display list.
You'll find a list of Phone Brand names and logos. Since you use an iPhone, select the 'Apple.'
Step 2: Fill in the Request Form.
You'll be asked for your Country, Phone model and Network Provider. Fill in the correct information, like for the phone model, choose iPhone 5s in this case.
Following that you'll be asked the IMEI Code and Email address. Enter the first 15 digits of the IMEI by pressing #06# on your iPhone, as you did while checking the lock status.
Step 3: Unlock iPhone 5s!
Finally, you need to wait for the guaranteed period, generally within 48 hours, to receive the Unlock code. Enter the Unlock code into your iPhone to unlock iPhone 5s.
See? It's a simple 3 step process and you're all done. You are now the proud owner of a liberated iPhone 5s!
Part 2: How to unlock iPhone 5s with iTunes
Sometimes even though you've unlocked your iPhone, in this case iPhone 5s, using your IMEI number, you still can't access the new SIM on your phone. In this case you need to make use of iTunes to complete the process.
How to unlock iPhone 5s with iTunes:
Step 1: Connect to iTunes.
Place the new SIM into your iPhone 5s, and connect it to your PC using a chord. Initiate iTunes.
unlock iPhone 5s with iTunes
Step 2: Backup iPhone.
You can backup your iPhone 5s by first connecting it to WiFi. Go to Settings, then scroll down to iCloud. Tap on that, then scroll down and tap on 'Back Up Now', making sure that iCloud Backup is toggled on. This should back up all your data to the iCloud.
Backup iPhone to unlock iPhone 5s with iTunes Backup iPhone
Step 3: Erase iPhone.
Go to Settings> General> Reset> Erase All Content. This will erase all data from your iPhone 5s.
erase iPhone
Step 4: Restore.
Be sure to set up your iPhone from scratch. Select the option 'set up as a new iPhone'. Following that restore all your back up data from the iCloud.
Restore
Step 5: Continue.
After you click 'continue' and activate the gadget on your iTunes, you'll receive a 'congratulations' message which indicates your iPhone 5s is unlocked!
unlock iPhone 5s finished
And just like that your iPhone 5s is now completely unlocked and you can use any and every SIM as you please!
Part 3: How to Unlock iPhone 5s iCloud activation lock
Finally, the iCloud Activation Lock. This is actually meant for when someone loses their phone, and they trigger the 'Find my iPhone' option, thus sending the phone into lockdown mode. However this also means that some naive or innocent consumer may land up with an iPhone they can't use. A good online service to help you out with this problem is Official iPhoneUnlock which offers a range of unlock services, one of them being iCloud Unlock. But before I tell you how to unlock iPhone 5s under the iCloud activation lock, let me address the general difference between SIM lock and iCloud activation lock.
Difference between iCloud activation lock unlock and SIM card unlock:
The difference is quite easy to grasp. The former, that is, the iCloud Activation lock is up to the original user of the iPhone. If we take the previously used example of an iPhone 5s, then it is the responsibility of the original user to deactivate the "Find my phone" function and take down his iCloud account from the iPhone 5s. However, the SIM Unlock isn't up to the user but up to the Carrier that the iPhone 5s is registered with. Those are the most basic differences between the two.
How to Unlock iPhone 5s iCloud activation lock using Official iPhoneUnlock:
Step 1: Go to 'iCloud Unlock'.
Go to Official iPhoneUnlock website. On the left hand side of the Official iPhoneUnlock page you'll find the option 'iCloud Unlock'. Enter that.
unlock iPhone 5s iCloud activation lock
Step 2: Retrieve IMEI.
You can simply get the IMEI code by typing #06# on your iPhone 5s keypad. You only need the first 15 digits.
start to unlock iPhone 5s iCloud activation lock
Step 3: Request Form.
You'll get a request form asking you to select the handheld type, in this case an iPhone 5s. Following that just enter the IMEI number.
how to unlock iPhone 5s iCloud activation lock
And with that simple 3 step process your iPhone 5s is unlocked from iCloud Activation Lock!
Hopefully with these basic and simple steps you'll now be able to unlock iPhone 5s whether it's carrier-locked or iCloud Activation locked, using two Online services which are both equally reliable and convenient with their unlock services.
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How do I use Thevenin's theorem to determine the values of the Thevenin equivalent on the right? Vth=? Rth=?
1 Answer
mariloucortez's profile pic
mariloucortez | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Adjunct Educator
Posted on
RTH is the resistance measured at terminals with all voltage sources replaced by short circuits and all current sources replaced by open circuits. Since in this case you only have a voltage source, you just short that out.
Shorting the source the, resistances are in parallel connection.
`R_1 = 15 ohms`
`R_2 = 30 ohms`
`V = 15 V`
`RTH = (R_1(R_2))/(R_1+R_2)`
`RTH = (15*30)/(15+30)`
`RTH = 450/45`
`RTH = 10 ohms`
VTH is voltage seen at the terminals. You can use voltage divider:
`VTH = (V * R_2)/(R_1+R_2)`
`VTH = (15*30)/(15+30)`
`VTH = 450/45`
`VTH = 10 V`
Thus, RTH = 10 ohms and VTH = 10 volts.
Sources: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
進行
Verb
* 1) to proceed with; to carry out; to conduct; to be in progress
* 2) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
* 1) to advance; to march
Synonyms
Noun
* 1) an advance; progress
Verb
* 1) make progress | WIKI |
Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/677
and in the house which assembled in the spring of 1765 they were represented by their most powerful names. These gentlemen held back, hesitated, and advocated renewed protests and petitions. It was in the midst of this gen- eral indecision and doubt that Patrick Henry startled the assembly by his celebrated resolu- tions. He was almost unknown to the mem- bers, and the first sentiment of the richly clad planters was scorn and indignation at the pre- sumption of the slovenly and awkward youth, in leather knee breeches and a homespun coat, who ventured to assume the post of leader in an assemblage so august and at a moment so critical. His resolutions, which he had hastily written on the leaf of a law book, contained none of the old formal and submis- sive phrases. They suggested no new petition or protest. They declared that the house of burgesses and the executive had " the exclu- sive right and power to lay taxes and imposts upon the inhabitants of this colony;" and that, consequently, the stamp act, and all other acts of parliament affecting the rights of the American colonies, were unconstitutional and void. The best patriots received the resolu- tions with a tempest of opposition. They were declared extreme, impolitic, and dangerous. "Many threats were uttered," says Henry, " and much abuse cast on me by the parties for submission." Thomas Jefferson, who heard the debate, says that it was "most bloody." But the nerve and resolution of the young bur- gess were as great as his eloquence. In the midst of the debate he thundered : " Csesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third " " Treason I" cried the speaker, "Treason, treason!" echoed from every part of the house " may profit by their example ! If this be treason, make the most of it ! " The resolutions, in spite of a bitter oppo- sition, were carried, the last by a majority of one. The young man had thus achieved at the age of 29 the reputation of being the greatest orator and political thinker of a land abound- ing with public speakers and statesmen. He had suddenly become a "power in the state;" and the sceptre, departing from the hands of the wealthy planters, was wielded by the county court lawyer. The mouthpiece of re- sistance, the authoritative representative of the masses as distinguished from the aristocracy, and soon to be the advocate of revolution, Pat- rick Henry thenceforth occupied a post of strength from which his enemies were unable to drive him. From the pursuits of his profes- sion, to which he returned, he was soon again recalled to the stage of public events. The stamp act had been repealed, but the policy of laying burdens upon the colonies had not been abandoned. In 1767 the act levying duties upon tea, glass, paper, and other articles, threw the country into renewed ferment. In the spring session of 1769 the leading advocates of resistance in the house of burgesses, of whom Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and the HENEY 663 Lees were the most active and determined, offered a series of resolutions which caused the dissolution of the body by Lord Botetourt. Henry and his friends immediately assembled at the old Raleigh tavern in Williamsburg, and drew up articles of association against the use of British merchandise, which were gen- erally signed by the burgesses. Here termi- nated for a time the struggle, and Henry re- turned to his profession, though he continued a member of the burgesses. In this year he was admitted to the bar of the general court, where his appearance was respectable, but not dis- tinguished. He was not a good " case lawyer," from defective study ; but in jury trials, where his wonderful powers of oratory could be brought to bear upon the passions of men, he excelled all his contemporaries. For four years Henry continued to occupy a seat in the house of burgesses, and to practise his profes- sion. Then the struggle between Great Brit- ain and the colonies commenced in earnest. It was plain that both sides were greatly em- bittered, and there is evidence that Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and other advocates of uncompromising resistance desired to take advantage of the public sentiment and precipi- tate the rupture. Early in the session of 1773, Henry, Jefferson, the two Lees, and Dabney Carr met in the Raleigh tavern and originated that great machine, the " committee of corre- spondence, for the dissemination of intelligence between the colonies." The burgesses prompt- ly acted upon the suggestion, and were as promptly dissolved by Lord Dunmore, who had succeeded Botetourt. They were all reflected by the people, and resumed their seats in the spring of 1774. Massachusetts had already made her courageous stand against parliament. The tea of the East India company had been thrown overboard in Boston harbor, and a col- lision between England and the colonies was now in the highest degree probable. The most determined patriots were therefore sum- moned to the public councils in Virginia. The Boston port bill, closing Boston harbor on June 1, speedily arrived. The leaders of the bur- gesses again met in secret consultation, and the result was a resolution that the 1st of June should be set apart as " a day of fasting, humil- iation, and prayer" throughout the province. The burgesses passed the resolution, and Dun- more duly dissolved them. They retired to the Raleigh tavern as before (May, 1774) ; but pub- lic feeling was too deeply aroused to content itself with protests or " articles of association." The meeting resulted in two resolves of the ut- most importance. The first was that the dif- ferent counties should be recommended to elect deputies to assemble at Williamsburg, Aug. 1, to consult for the good of the colony. The second was that the committee of correspon- dence should propose immediately to all the colonies a general congress, to meet annually and deliberate upon the common welfare ; "the ftrst recommendation of a general congress," | WIKI |
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XF 1.4 Easiest way to duplicate just the ACP options?
Kevin
Well-known member
#1
I'm setting up a new XF installation and life would be so much easier if I could dump my ACP settings from an existing site into the new site (minus the options on Basic Board Information).
Any thoughts on if that is possible and, if so, what the easiest way would be?
I know, I know... the answer is likely "No" but a man can dream.
Chris D
XenForo developer
Staff member
#2
1. Export xf_option, xf_option_group, xf_option_group_relation tables from board A
2. Export xf_option, xf_option_group, xf_option_group_relation tables from board B (as a back up)
3. Import xf_option, xf_option_group, xf_option_group_relation tables into board B
4. Run query on board B: DELETE FROM xf_data_registry WHERE data_key = 'options'
5. Log in to the Admin CP, check.
Should do it.
I have to put a disclaimer on this, though: I've never tested this. It could have undesirable results. Also, make sure if you're exporting options belonging to add-ons that you have installed the add-ons before importing all the values. If you don't, you'll see things like missing phrases everywhere.
It's also worth noting that there may be associated data not populated where it should be. e.g. Some add-ons/parts of the core may take a saved option value and do something else to some other data somewhere else. That's rather vague, but just bear it in mind if you find that some options don't work as expected. It may require you to go into the option, change the value, save, change the value back and save again to make sure everything works as designed.
What I'm basically saying is: Make a backup of everything before doing this, and be prepared to revert back to a backup if anything goes wrong.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/March 27 to April 2, 2016
=Most Popular Wikipedia Articles of the Week (March 27 to April 2, 2016)=
← Last week's report – Next week's report →
A Welcome Return To Pop Culture and Death: As predicted last week, we have another breather from American politics. And even Donald Trump's appearance at #3 seems only obligatory based on past momentum. The bloated movie blockbuster Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (#1) reigns for a second week. Death fills up three slots in the top ten, with the passing of American actress Patty Duke (#2), Indian actress Pratyusha Banerjee (#5), and the steadily popular Deaths in 2016 (#6). Notably, cricket-related articles fill up three slots in the Top 25, led by Virat Kohli at #9, a very good showing for a non-American sport. But the appearance of South Korean television show Descendants of the Sun at #23 perhaps is even more unique, fueled by immense popularity in Asia spilling over into the English Wikipedia. (Want to see what the Top 10 articles were on the Chinese Wikipedia this week? See our Bonus report at Top 25 Report/March 27 to April 2, 2016 China!)
As prepared by Milowent, for the week of March 27 to April 2, 2016, the 25 most popular articles on Wikipedia, as determined from the report of the most viewed pages, were:
* {| class="wikitable"
! Rank ! Article ! Class ! Views ! Image ! Notes
* 1
* Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|2,984,071
* New York Comic Con 2015 - Batman vs Superman<PHONE_NUMBER>3).jpg
* A second week at #1, and only down slightly from last week's 3.1 million views. Warner Bros might have cause to breathe again for the first time in three years, as their tent-pole gamble and hopes for an entire franchise have, it seems, paid off. Maybe. With $682 million earned worldwide through April 3, the official founding stone for DC's cinematic universe has gone down a storm, with the studio's highest ever domestic opening weekend. But, having cost an estimated $400 million to make and market, this movie will have to make $800 million worldwide just to break even.
* 2
* Patty Duke
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|1,465,032
* Patty_Duke_1975.JPG
* Duke was an Oscar-winning actress and child star of the 1960s, and went on to a long acting career. She was also a well-known advocate for mental health issues. She died at age 69 on March 29 in Idaho, from sepsis caused by a ruptured intestine.
* 3
* Donald Trump
* Symbol b class.svg
* align="right"|1,222,793
* Donald_Trump_January_2016.jpg
* Trump is essentially a perpetual motion machine of views at this point. The slightest piece of news or latest squabble spreads throughout the internet immediately. But this has been going on for so long that there is some anecdotal evidence of "Trump fatigue". The upcoming primary in Wisconsin, where loads of resources are being expended to defeat Trump, will no doubt be heralded as a watershed event if Trump loses to Ted Cruz.
* 4
* April Fools' Day
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|956,900
* Aprilsnar 2001.png
* The first day of April, perennial party for practical jokers and pranksters, continues to amuse the cynical and infuriate the gullible. Stories about the best historical pranks tend to proliferate around this date, which randomly led this editor to the Taco Liberty Bell, a prank which just celebrated its 20th anniversary.
* 5
* Pratyusha Banerjee
* Symbol stub class.svg
* align="right"|762,706
* Pratyusha_Banerjee_at_her_birthday_bash.jpg
* The popular Indian television actress was found dead on April 1, an apparent victim of suicide at age 24. She first found popularity in India on the show Balika Vadhu.
* 6
* Deaths in 2016
* Symbol list class.svg
* align="right"|681,175
* Skullclose.jpg
* The annual list of deaths has always been a fairly consistent visitor to this list, averaging about 500,000 views a week. Since the death of David Bowie, this article's views have jumped on average.
* 7
* WrestleMania 32
* align="right"|662,845
* Roman Reigns in Lafayette.jpg
* Up from #18 and 482K views last week. WWE's annual pay-per-view pantomime took place on April 3, 2016, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, featuring Roman Reigns (pictured). Since the actual event took place the day after this week's chart period, it seems likely that this will be on the list for one more week, as Wrestlemania 31 placed for three staight weeks last year. By the way, if you've never read one of these wrestling-event articles in detail, you should check it out just to see the incredible level of detail and sourcing provided.
* 8
* Easter
* Symbol b class.svg
* align="right"|643,213
* Victory over the Grave.jpg
* It's hard to remember these days, under the onslaught of bunnies, chocolate eggs and marshmallow peeps, that Easter, not Christmas, is the most sacred date of the Christian calendar. But that date moves around -- see computus. Easter falls on the first Sunday after the vernal equinox for most of the Christian world, but a number of articles appeared this year about trying to fix and consolidate the date.
* 9
* Virat Kohli
* Symbol support vote.svg
* align="right"|602,522
* VIRAT_KOHLI_JAN_2015_(cropped).jpg
* The finals of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 (#20, see also #12) cricket championship were held in India on April 3. Kohli was the captain of the Indian squad and the subject of much press attention for his performances.
* 10
* Gal Gadot
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|513,404
* Gal Gadot by Gage Skidmore.jpg
* Up from #21 and 442K views last week. The Israeli actress and former combat instructor has grown in popularity since being announced as DC Cinematic Universe's anointed Wonder Woman (#19), and the first official live-action Wonder Woman since Lynda Carter in the 70s.
* 11
* Zaha Hadid
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|490,560
* Hadid was an Iraqi-born British architect who died on March 31 at age 65. She was the first woman and the first Muslim to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
* 12
* ICC World Twenty20
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|485,47
* Eden Gardens.jpg
* If there is one thing to show how powerful the Indian presence on the English Wikipedia is, it would be cricket. I mean sure, cricket's popular in England, but English topics don't usually make it up here. Twenty20 cricket is a leaner, faster version of the game that lasts for three hours instead of three days (no, that isn't an exaggeration) and has made it a bit more like baseball. And this year, the world championship was held in India, with the final on April 3.
* 13
* Deadpool (film)
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|484,949
* Up from #24 and 406K views last week. If Warner Bros wanted to scare itself straight after the high of Batman v Superman's opening numbers, they could always look to Marvel/Fox's Deadpool, which has so far made $754 million worldwide on a $58 million budget.
* 14
* Ronnie Corbett
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|470,009
* Ronnie-corbett.JPG
* This Scottish comedian died on March 31, 2016. He was best known for his long association with Ronnie Barker in the BBC television comedy sketch show The Two Ronnies.
* 15
* The Walking Dead (season 6)
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|459,584
* The Walking Dead 2010 logo.svg
* One week from its season finale, story arcs are tying up with multiple bangs in this AMC series.
* 16
* United States
* Symbol support vote.svg
* align="right"|456,346
* Flag_of_the_United_States.svg
* Not often in the Top 25, but always a popular article. Up from 333K views last week, which was #42 on the raw WP:5000.
* 17
* Sean Astin
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|448,956
* Sean_Astin_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
* This actor is also the son of Patty Duke (#2).
* 18
* Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|444,050
* Democratic Party presidential primaries results, 2016.svg
* Twitter keeps telling me insistently that Bernie Sanders can still win.
* 19
* Wonder Woman
* Symbol b class.svg
* align="right"|438,510
* Gal Gadot by Gage Skidmore.jpg
* See #10.
* 20
* 2016 ICC World Twenty20
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|403,674
* Eden Gardens.jpg
* See #12
* 21
* Monica Lewinsky
* Symbol b class.svg
* align="right"|399,039
* Monica_Lewinsky_2014_IDA_Awards_(cropped).jpg
* Views spiked on March 31, due to a Reddit thread titled "TIL Monica Lewinsky couldn't get a full-time job for 17 years after she left the Pentagon in 1997." As a young woman, Lewinsky had a brief dalliance with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and has unfortunately met a lifetime of unwanted negative publicity as a result.
* 22
* Henry Cavill
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|394,354
* Henry_Cavill_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
* Cavill plays Superman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (#1).
* 23
* Descendants of the Sun
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|382,535
* Song_Joong-ki_at_Style_Icon_Asia_2016.jpg
* This is a fairly unique entry for the English Wikipedia -- a South Korean television series. The Korean drama has been widely popular in Asia, including in China, which is creating a wide enough audience wishing to read about it in English. The Korean version of the article had only 48K views last week compared to 382K in English, though the Chinese version had 422K views. The military theme of the series is part of its appeal in South Korea, and in China it's such a success that it has spawned tabloid reports "of a woman who nearly went blind binge-watching the show and another drama, when her 18-hour marathon session triggered acute glaucoma." Song Joong-ki (pictured) is a star of the show, to the chagrin of jealous husbands in China.
* 24
* Ben Affleck
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|374,473
* Ben_Affleck_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
* Affleck plays Batman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (#1). The daily view counts suggest help from the viral "Sad Affleck" video, which focused on Affleck's "sad" (probably just tired) reaction to an interview asking about negative reviews of the film.
* 25
* List of The Flash (2014 TV series) episodes
* Symbol list class.svg
* align="right"|364,473
* L80385-flash-superhero-logo-1544.png
* Fans of the American television show The Flash were probably dismayed to learn of a three week-break before its next scheduled episode will air.
* }
* 22
* Henry Cavill
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|394,354
* Henry_Cavill_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
* Cavill plays Superman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (#1).
* 23
* Descendants of the Sun
* Symbol start class.svg
* align="right"|382,535
* Song_Joong-ki_at_Style_Icon_Asia_2016.jpg
* This is a fairly unique entry for the English Wikipedia -- a South Korean television series. The Korean drama has been widely popular in Asia, including in China, which is creating a wide enough audience wishing to read about it in English. The Korean version of the article had only 48K views last week compared to 382K in English, though the Chinese version had 422K views. The military theme of the series is part of its appeal in South Korea, and in China it's such a success that it has spawned tabloid reports "of a woman who nearly went blind binge-watching the show and another drama, when her 18-hour marathon session triggered acute glaucoma." Song Joong-ki (pictured) is a star of the show, to the chagrin of jealous husbands in China.
* 24
* Ben Affleck
* Symbol c class.svg
* align="right"|374,473
* Ben_Affleck_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
* Affleck plays Batman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (#1). The daily view counts suggest help from the viral "Sad Affleck" video, which focused on Affleck's "sad" (probably just tired) reaction to an interview asking about negative reviews of the film.
* 25
* List of The Flash (2014 TV series) episodes
* Symbol list class.svg
* align="right"|364,473
* L80385-flash-superhero-logo-1544.png
* Fans of the American television show The Flash were probably dismayed to learn of a three week-break before its next scheduled episode will air.
* }
* L80385-flash-superhero-logo-1544.png
* Fans of the American television show The Flash were probably dismayed to learn of a three week-break before its next scheduled episode will air.
* }
Exclusions
* This list excludes the Wikipedia main page, non-article pages (such as redlinks), and anomalous entries (such as DDoS attacks or likely automated views). Since mobile view data became available to the Report in October 2014, we also exclude articles that have almost no mobile views (~2% or less) or almost all mobile views (~95% or more) because they are very likely to be automated views based on our experience and research of the issue. Please feel free to discuss any removal on the talk page if you wish.
* Note: If you came here from the Signpost article, please take any discussion of exclusions to this article's talk page. | WIKI |
Norwalk Islands
The Norwalk Islands are a chain of more than 25 islands amid partly submerged boulders, reefs and mudflats along a six-mile (10 km) stretch and mostly about a mile off the coast of Norwalk, Connecticut, and southwest Westport, Connecticut, in Long Island Sound.
The islands are used for several different types of recreational activities, including camping, boating, kayaking, swimming, bird watching. Ownership of the islands varies, with about a half dozen held in private hands, some owned by the governments of Norwalk or Westport and some are part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge.
Various laws protect the islands, including town ordinances, the Coastal Barrier Resources Act, the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, and the Endangered Species Act. On a clear day, Manhattan's skyscrapers are visible.
Geologists generally consider the islands to be terminal moraines—material left by glaciers—deposited about 17,500 years ago as the ice cap paused in its retreat northward. Above water, the moraines are characterized by various rocks, gravel, sand, silt and clay, sometimes sorted out by waves. The Captain islands in Greenwich to the west are part of the same moraine (but not the Fish islands in Darien), and submerged parts of the same moraine are located between the Norwalk Islands and Charles Island, off Milford, to the east. (That island is probably part of the Hammonasset-Ledyard Moraine.)
Some historians have speculated that rocks from the islands were used as ballast for sailing ships returning to New York, where the rocks may have been used for cobblestones.
Recreation
No fresh water is provided at any of the islands.
Kayaking
The islands are popular with kayakers, with some paddling all the way from New York City. Tidal currents are gentle, the mainland is always visible and the electric power plant on Manresa Island helps with navigation (although if fog hits it can cause sudden and complete disorientation ). Public boat launches and beaches are nearby, and some businesses in Norwalk rent kayaks.
The South Western Regional Planning Agency published a brochure for kayakers describing a "Norwalk Islands Canoe and Kayak Trail" showing full-day and half-day loops. Guided tours are also available by kayak.
Fishing, clamming and hunting
Striped bass, bluefish, fluke, flounder, false albacore, bonito, trout, and dogfish can be caught off the islands. Some clamming beds off the islands are seeded.
In duck-hunting season, hunters may hunt below the mean high-tide line. Deer can be hunted on the privately owned islands with the owner's permission.
Bird watching
Rookeries were previously on many of the islands, but now most are on Cockenoe. Herons, egrets, black cormorants can be seen on Cockenoe.
Wildlife
Deer swim to the islands. Harbor seals are increasingly seen at the southwest end of Sheffield Island, although authorities have asked boaters to remain at least 50 yd from them in order not to disturb them (kayaks are about the same size as some seal predators). The Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibits harassing the animals and sets limits on how close observers may get.
Flora include thorn thickets, wild blackberries, black cherry, bittersweet, sassafras, juniper and honeysuckle.
Many birds are found on Sheffield Island and more than elsewhere, according to a brochure published in 2001 by the South Western Regional Planning Agency, but according to a July 2007 article in Darien, New Canaan & Rowayton magazine, Cockenoe island is now the largest home for birds, who have been in decline on the other islands. Sheffield Island, according to the planning agency brochure, has a "considerable nesting potential" for osprey, herons and other migratory species. Many wading birds, shore birds, songbirds and terns live on the island, including the roseate tern. Brant, scoters, black duck and other waterfowl can be found in the waters surrounding the island.
Chimon Island
At 59 acre Chimon is the largest of the islands and is located in the middle of the group and a bit less than a mile to the southeast of the entrance to Norwalk Harbor. The island is part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge.
The north and west coasts of the island are gravelly, and boulders are strewn along the south and east coasts. Although boaters may land at the three-acre beach at the northwest shore during the day, year round, access to the rest of the island is restricted from April 1 to August 15 each year (bird-nesting season). No overnight camping is allowed. Chimon Island is at 41.065°N, -73.39°W.
Cockenoe Island
Owned by the Westport town government, the island (Pronounced "koh-KEE-nee" or "kuh-KEE-nee") has almost all the bird rookeries in the chain. Herons, egrets, black cormorants can be seen on Cockenoe. The cormorants' guano, which leaves some of the rocks white, is toxic to the trees and kills them off after the birds nest in a spot for less than a year. Overnight camping is allowed by the town Conservation Department, but for only four parties per night. Cockenoe Island is at 41.085°N, -73.355°W. It is named after the prominent Indian translator, Cockenoe.
History
An early rumor about the island was that William Kidd buried a treasure there. In the 19th century, the island was a working farm with a farmhouse, barn, and livestock. The business eventually turned into a whisky distillery, which the federal government raided in 1870. In the 1960s, The United Illuminating Company planned to build a nuclear power plant on Cockenoe. Due to concerned local residents and the threat of eminent domain, Westport bought the island for $200,000 in 1967.
Shea Island
Once called "Ram Island", the 45 acre isle was renamed after Daniel Shea, a Congressional Medal of Honor recipient from Norwalk who died in the Vietnam War. Owned by Norwalk city government, the island is just northeast of Sheffield Island and about 4000 yd south of Manressa Island.
Along with Grassy Island, Shea is open to the public from May through Columbus Day, and campers with a permit can stay overnight. Two solar-powered restrooms are available in season, and there are 16 campsites. The entire shoreline is strewn with rocks and boulders, making it a more difficult place to approach by boat. Shea Island is at 41.0595°N, -73.402°W.
Sheffield Island
At 51 acre, Sheffield is the second largest island in the group, and the most southerly, located about 1500 yd from the Norwalk coast and just southwest of Shea Island. The entire shoreline is strewn with rocks and boulders.
Many bird species nest on the island. Sheffield is also one of the best places to see seals. The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk organizes boat trips circling the islands, including a cruise to see the fall foliage and a winter cruise to see harbor seals and waterfowl (see Wildlife section for more information).
Part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, the island is controlled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which closes it to the public most of the year in order to protect the bird nesting areas, The public is usually restricted to the 3.5 acre around the Sheffield Island Light, which the Norwalk Seaport Association maintains, although a 2000 yd trail has been created to allow the public controlled access. In the summer, the association arranges tours for people to visit the lighthouse and picnic there. On Thursday nights, clambakes and on Friday nights, sunset cruises are held. The lighthouse, built in 1868, was a navigational aid until about 1900. Sheffield Island is at 41.052°N, -73.415°W.
Smaller islands
These other islands are in the group:
* Betts Island — located about 400 yd north of Chimon Island. Privately owned. Betts Island is at 41.072°N, -73.389°W.
* Calf Pasture Island — located almost 1000 yd to the southeast of Calf Pasture Beach. Calf Pasture Island is at 41.0825°N, -73.384°W.
* Copps Island — located close to the southeast end of Crow Island. Copps Island is at 41.0589°N, -73.387°W.
* Crow Island — located 300 yd to the southeast of Chimon Island. Crow Island is at 41.061°N, -73.3905°W.
* Grassy Island — located 300 yd to the northeast of Chimon Island. Owned by Norwalk city government. Grassy Island has a better boat landing area than Shea Island. Open to the public May through Columbus Day. Campers with permits can stay overnight at one of the four camp sites. Grassy Island is at 41.071°N, -73.382°W.
* Goose Island — located about 1000 yd east of Grassy Island. Some say that scientific research was done on the island to find a cure for yellow fever. Others say the small stone hut on its shore was built as a spy lookout during World War II. Goose Island is at 41.071°N, -73.372°W.
* Hoyt Island — located close to the coast of Norwalk. Hoyt Island is at 41.074°N, -73.4195°W.
* Little Tavern Island — located about 150 yd northeast of Tavern Island. Little Tavern Island is at 41.063°N, -73.4201°W.
* Long Island — located about 300 yd east of the southern end of Manressa Island. Long Island is at 41.0729°N, -73.4034°W.
* Peach Island — located about 100 yd east of the Harborview neighborhood in South Norwalk. This island is part of the McKinney Wildlife Refuge and is off limits to visitation. Peach Island is at 41.083°N, -73.4055°W.
* Sprite Island — located about 300 yd to the northeast of Calf Pasture Beach and about 700 yd north of Calf Pasture Island. In the 1940s, the island was the summer home of a New York City financier. It is home to the Sprite Island Yacht Club, which bought the island from its former owner in 1952. The former owner bred collies, and the club turned the kennels into lockers. A rocky bluff is at one end of the island, and at another is a small, protected, rocky beach. It takes about 20 minutes to walk around the entire isle. Sprite Island is at 41.09°N, -73.381°W.
* Tavern Island — located about 500 yd from Wilson Point and 1000 yd north of Sheffield Island, it has a private mansion with grounds and walkways. Showman Billy Rose once owned Tavern Island. Tavern Island is at 41.0605°N, -73.422°W.
* Tree Hammock Island — located about 2000 ft south of Manressa Island and 1000 ft north of Shea Island. Tree Hammock Island is at 41.0649°N, -73.4053°W. | WIKI |
4
I'm writing a Python programme which listens for RFID input and only runs if a valid token is presented. The programme also has a GUI which I'm wanting to build using TkInter.
Both parts of the puzzle work fine in isolation, however as it stands I seem to be able to choose one or the other - but not both! I can draw my TkInter window fine, however if I call the function to start listening for the RFID input then whilst that bit runs OK and works... there's no GUI.
Code is below. You can see my debugging efforts so far with my printouts to the terminal...
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
import MySQLdb
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
from Tkinter import *
import Tkinter as ttk
else:
from tkinter import *
import tkinter as ttk
class Fullscreen_Window:
def __init__(self):
self.tk = Tk()
self.frame = Frame(self.tk)
self.frame.pack()
ttk.Button(self.tk, text="hello world").pack()
self.tk.attributes('-zoomed', True)
self.state = False
self.tk.bind("<F11>", self.toggle_fullscreen)
self.tk.bind("<Escape>", self.end_fullscreen)
print("init running")
self.listen_rfid() # Commenting this out makes the GUI appear, uncommenting means no GUI :(
def toggle_fullscreen(self, event=None):
self.state = not self.state # Just toggling the boolean
self.tk.attributes("-fullscreen", self.state)
print("Toggling")
return "break"
def end_fullscreen(self, event=None):
self.state = False
self.tk.attributes("-fullscreen", False)
return "break"
def listen_rfid(self):
print("Main loop running")
dbHost = 'localhost'
dbName = 'python'
dbUser = 'python'
dbPass = 'PASSWORD'
dbConnection = MySQLdb.connect(host=dbHost, user=dbUser, passwd=dbPass, db=dbName)
cur = dbConnection.cursor(MySQLdb.cursors.DictCursor)
with open('/dev/stdin', 'r') as tty:
while True:
RFID_input = tty.readline().rstrip()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM access_list WHERE rfid_code = '%s'" % (RFID_input))
if cur.rowcount != 1:
print("ACCESS DENIED")
else:
user_info = cur.fetchone()
print("Welcome %s!!" % (user_info['name']))
tty.close()
listen_rfid()
if __name__ == '__main__':
w = Fullscreen_Window()
w.tk.mainloop()
I'm sure it's something really simple but as I'm a Python/TkInter n00b it's beaten me and I'm all done Googling. Any help gratefully received :)
• Where is the function listen_rfid that Fulscreen_Window.listen_rfid calls defined? Should that be self.listen_rfid? – FamousJameous Jun 20 '17 at 16:30
• It's defined on line 38, after the "end_fullscreen" function is defined. – Paul Freeman-Powell Jun 20 '17 at 16:34
• So then you do mean self.listen_rfid? – FamousJameous Jun 20 '17 at 16:35
3
Tkinter (and all GUIs) has an infinite loop called the mainloop that keeps the GUI active and responsive. When you make another infinite loop (while True) you block Tkinter's mainloop; and the GUI fails. You need to either put your loop in a separate thread or use Tkinter's mainloop to do your work. Since you are using a blocking readline, the thread is the best way to go. As a guess, replace your call with this:
from threading import Thread
t = Thread(target=self.listen_rfid)
t.daemon = True # this line tells the thread to quit if the GUI (master thread) quits.
t.start()
Edit: BTW, your imports are very bad. "ttk" is a subset of tkinter, not an alias, the alias "tk" is usually used for tkinter, and wildcard imports are bad and should be avoided. This is how your tkinter imports should look:
try:
# python 2
import Tkinter as tk
import ttk
except ImportError:
# python 3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
And then you use the appropriate prefix:
self.tk = tk.Tk()
self.frame = tk.Frame(self.tk)
• Thanks very much, that's working very nicely now. Thanks for the explanation, too. Makes perfect sense and good to know :) – Paul Freeman-Powell Jun 21 '17 at 13:32
• Although they're now both working, the listen_rfid function only seems to listen for and respond to input whilst the terminal (from where the program is run) has focus. If the GUI Frame has focus, it doesn't respond to inputs. I've change the "access denied" / "welcome" messages to output to the Frame, which they do nicely if the terminal has focus, but not if the Frame is focussed. Any pointers? – Paul Freeman-Powell Jun 21 '17 at 14:32
2
You should run listen_rfid using after. The problem is that listen_rfid as you have written it will run forever meaning that mainloop never starts. If you do this:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
import select
import MySQLdb
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
from Tkinter import *
import Tkinter as ttk
else:
from tkinter import *
import tkinter as ttk
class Fullscreen_Window:
def __init__(self):
self.tk = Tk()
self.frame = Frame(self.tk)
self.frame.pack()
ttk.Button(self.tk, text="hello world").pack()
self.tk.attributes('-zoomed', True)
self.state = False
self.tk.bind("<F11>", self.toggle_fullscreen)
self.tk.bind("<Escape>", self.end_fullscreen)
print("init running")
# Schedule self.listen_rfid to run after the mainloop starts
self.tk.after(0, self.listen_rfid)
def toggle_fullscreen(self, event=None):
self.state = not self.state # Just toggling the boolean
self.tk.attributes("-fullscreen", self.state)
print("Toggling")
return "break"
def end_fullscreen(self, event=None):
self.state = False
self.tk.attributes("-fullscreen", False)
return "break"
def listen_rfid(self):
print("Main loop running")
dbHost = 'localhost'
dbName = 'python'
dbUser = 'python'
dbPass = 'PASSWORD'
dbConnection = MySQLdb.connect(host=dbHost, user=dbUser, passwd=dbPass, db=dbName)
cur = dbConnection.cursor(MySQLdb.cursors.DictCursor)
# readline is blocking so check that there is input
# before attempting to read it.
r, w, x = select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
if r:
# There is available input, so read a line.
RFID_input = sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM access_list WHERE rfid_code = '%s'" % (RFID_input))
if cur.rowcount != 1:
print("ACCESS DENIED")
else:
user_info = cur.fetchone()
print("Welcome %s!!" % (user_info['name']))
# keep running every 500 milliseconds for as long as
# the mainloop is active.
self.tk.after(500, self.listen_rfid)
if __name__ == '__main__':
w = Fullscreen_Window()
w.tk.mainloop()
it will check every half second whether there is some input on the command line and process it.
• readline is blocking. It will not "check", it will wait (lock up the program) until some input shows up. – Novel Jun 20 '17 at 16:48
• That is why I checked for input using select first. – FamousJameous Jun 20 '17 at 16:49
• Ah I missed that, sorry. – Novel Jun 20 '17 at 16:51
• Thanks for this suggestion - I've marked the first answer as accepted just because it was posted first, I tried it first and it worked. Thanks though, I'll keep that method in mind too :) – Paul Freeman-Powell Jun 21 '17 at 13:33
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Clock ticking down to O.J. Simpson's release frm prison
(CNN)As the clock counts down to October 1, the first possible day O.J. Simpson can leave prison in Nevada, indications are that he will begin his parole in the Las Vegas area early next week. Brooke Keast, spokeswoman for the Nevada Department of Corrections, said Simpson will be transferred out of the Lovelock Correctional Center in northern Nevada to High Desert State Prison near Las Vegas. "I'm headed to the High Desert State Prison on October 2, along with our deputy director of operations who makes the decisions on these matters," Keast said. "October 1 is this Sunday and we don't release inmates to parole on weekends." "I will get a short video of Simpson leaving and make it available to the media because we will not allow any media on prison property." A source in Simpson's inner circle said the former football star will begin his life outside prison in southern Nevada. Parole board vote unanimous "He's going to start in Las Vegas, but still intends to eventually move to Florida, the source said. "Some things still need to be worked out with probation officials." Simpson's children Sydney and Justin live on the west coast of Florida. The Nevada Board of Parole Commissioners voted unanimously to grant Simpson's release in July. The 70-year-old served nine years of a 33-year sentence for kidnapping and armed robbery in connection with a raid on memorabilia dealers in a Las Vegas Hotel room. Simpson has continually argued he orchestrated the caper to recover family mementos and memorabilia taken from him. "I had no intent to commit a crime," Simpson testified in a cramped room at the medium security Lovelock facility. Simpson moved to single cell The Nevada Department of Corrections took extra measures to protect Simpson, just minutes after he was granted parole. Guards moved Simpson to a single cell away from the rest of the prison population. "The last thing we want is some prisoner trying to make a name for himself by attacking Simpson," Keast said. Simpson will be driven to High Desert State Prison from Lovelock. "We will take every precaution to be sure inmate Simpson will be transported safely," Keast said. "It's a risky time, we put our staff and other inmates at risk whenever we transport a high-profile inmate. "We never say when we are going to move somebody. "Simpson will remain in protective custody at any of our facilities." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Category:Field armies of Japan
Japanese Area Armies corresponded roughly to field armies in the armies of western nations. | WIKI |
NPA
Proper noun
* 1) IPC Paralympic team code for the Russian Paralympians cleared of doping offences while the country of Russia is excluded due to government-sponsored doping.
Coordinate terms
* Olympic Athletes from Russia
* independent Olympic athlete
* individual Olympic participant
Proper noun
* 1) National Police Agency
Etymology
. | WIKI |
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/66
Baker, Alfred, s. Thomas, of St. Anne's, Limehouse, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 15 Dec., 1807, aged 18; B.C.L. 1814. Baker, Antony, s. Aaron, of West Alvington, Devon, cler. , matric. 5 July, 1715, aged 17; B.A. 1718, M.A. 1721. Baker, Anthony, s. John, of Stixwould, co. Lincoln, gent. , matric. 10 Oct., 1770, aged 19; B.A. 1774. Baker, Anthony St. John, s. John, of London, arm. , matric. 21 Oct., 1802, aged 16; B.A. 1806, M.A. 1814 Baker, Arnold Smart, o.s. Thomas, of Brighton, Sussex, cler. , matric. 10 Oct., 1873, aged 18; B.A. 1877. [5]
Baker, Rev. Arthur, 4s. Robert, of Newbury, Berks, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1835, aged 18 ; B.A. 1840, M.A. 1850, died 29 July, 1868. Baker, Arthur, 3s. William Adolphus, of Byculla, East Indies, arm. , matric. 21 Oct., 1880, aged 17; B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887, of the Inner Temple 1880. Baker, Rev. Arthur Russell, o.s. John Russell, of St. Germans, Cornwall, arm. , matric. 13 Oct, 1871, aged 19; B.A. 1876, M.A. 1879, died Easter Monday, 1885. ''Coll. Reg.'' 165. <section end="Baker, Rev. Arthur Russell" /> <section begin="Baker, Caspar Weyerman Charles" />Baker, Caspar Weyerman Charles, 2s. Joseph, of Presteigne, Radnor, arm. , matric. 30 Nov., 1821, aged 18; B.A. 1825, as. <section end="Baker, Caspar Weyerman Charles" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles (1)" />Baker, Charles, s. John, of co. Brecon, pleb. , matric. 24 May, 1732, aged 30. <section end="Baker, Charles (1)" /> [10]
<section begin="Baker, Charles (2)" />Baker, Charles, s. Charles, of Glasbury, Radnor, pleb. , matric. 2 April, 1737, aged 17; B.A. 1740. <section end="Baker, Charles (2)" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles (3)" />Baker, Charles, 2s. James, of Nuneham Courteney, Oxon, cler. , matric. 12 June, 1851, aged 18; S.C.L. 1854, B.A. & M.A. 1859, rector of Great Thornham, 1884. <section end="Baker, Charles (3)" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles Conyers Massy" />Baker, Charles Conyers Massy, 2s. Hugh, of Bansha, co. Tipperary, gent. , matric. 14 Oct., 1865, aged 18; B.A. 1869, aged 22, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple 17 Nov., 1871. See Foster's . <section end="Baker, Charles Conyers Massy" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles Francis" />Baker, Charles Francis, 3s. Charles William, of Tellisford, Somerset, cler. , matric. 28 April, 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1840, M.A. 1861, rector of Tellisford. 1861. <section end="Baker, Charles Francis" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles Henry Coryndon" />Baker, Charles Henry Coryndon, 2s. Charles Henry, of Stonehouse, Devon, arm. , matric. 8 July, 1865, aged 22;, B.A. & M.A. 1878, B.D. 1882, D.D. 1886, vicar of St. John's, Clapham, 1884. <section end="Baker, Charles Henry Coryndon" /> [15]
<section begin="Baker, Charles John" />Baker, Charles John, 1s. John, of Darwen, co. Lancaster, cler. , matric. 1 Nov., 1879, aged 18; postmaster 1879, B.A. 1883, M.A. 1886. <section end="Baker, Charles John" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles William (1)" />Baker, Charles William, s. John, of Salisbury, Wilts, doctor. , matric. 13 April, 1794, aged 22. <section end="Baker, Charles William (1)" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles William (2)" />Baker, Charles William, 1s. William, of Bradford, Somerset, cler. , matric. 18 Oct., 1867, aged 20. <section end="Baker, Charles William (2)" /> <section begin="Baker, Charles William Heathcote" />Baker, Charles William Heathcote, 1s. Charles Francis, of Tellisford, near Bath, cler. , matric. 6 Dec, 1862, aged 18; B.A. 1867, vicar of Whorlton, co. Durham, 1876-8. <section end="Baker, Charles William Heathcote" /> <section begin="Baker, D'Arcy" />Baker, D'Arcy, 1s. Henry de Foe, of Thruxton, Hants, cler. , matric. 26 Jan., 1882, aged 19. <section end="Baker, D'Arcy" /> [20]
<section begin="Baker, Edward (1)" />Baker, Edward, s. William, of St. Anne's, Westminster, gent. , matric. 21 June, 1722, aged 18. <section end="Baker, Edward (1)" /> <section begin="Baker, Edward (2)" />Baker, Edward, o.s. Edward, of Broadway, Somerset, gent. , matric. 26 June, 1828, aged 26. <section end="Baker, Edward (2)" /> <section begin="Baker, Sir Edward Baker, Bart." />Baker, Sir Edward Baker, Bart., 1s. Edward Baker, of Dublin, Bart. , matric. 16 Feb., 1825, aged 18; 2nd baronet; died 29 March, 1879. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Baker, Sir Edward Baker, Bart." /> <section begin="Baker, Edward Christopher" />Baker, Edward Christopher, 1s. Robert, of Friston, near Saxmundham, Suffolk, cler. , matric. 22 Nov., 1866, aged 20. <section end="Baker, Edward Christopher" /> <section begin="Baker, Edward Turner (1)" />Baker, Edward Turner, 1s. George, of Reigate, Surrey, arm. , matric. 30 June, 1856, aged 18; B.A. 1860, B.C.L. & M.A. 1863. <section end="Baker, Edward Turner (1)" /> [25]
<section begin="Baker, Edward Turner (2)" />Baker, Edward Turner, o.s. Edward Turner, of Wilton, Wilts, cler. , matric. 21 Jan., 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1886. <section end="Baker, Edward Turner (2)" /> <section begin="Baker, Francis (1)" />Baker, Francis, s. John, of Templ. parish, Bristol (city), gent. , matric. 10 March, 1717-18, aged 15; B.A. 1721, M.A. 1724. <section end="Baker, Francis (1)" /> <section begin="Baker, Francis (2)" />Baker, Francis, s. Lawrence, of Wilts, pleb. , matric. 14 Feb., 1718-9, aged 15; B.A. ., 1726, B.C.L. 1728, D.C.L. 1734. <section end="Baker, Francis (2)" /> <section begin="Baker, Francis (3)" />Baker, Francis, s. Francis, of Kettering, Northants, gent. , matric. 10 June, 1721, aged 19; B.A. 1725, M.A. 1728. See Alumni West. <section end="Baker, Francis (3)" /> <section begin="Baker, Francis (4)" />Baker, Francis, s. John, of Salisbury (city), doctor. , matric. 5 April, 1791, aged 17; B.A. 1794. <section end="Baker, Francis (4)" /> [30]
<section begin="Baker, Francis Edward" />Baker, Francis Edward, 1s. Francis,. of St. Martin's, Salisbury, cler. , matric. 10 Oct., 1820, aged 19;, B.A. 1824. <section end="Baker, Francis Edward" /> <section begin="Baker, Frederick Augustus" />Baker, Frederick Augustus, o.s. George, of Widcombe, Bath, Somerset, gent. , matric. 28 Jan., 1846, aged 18; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1852. <section end="Baker, Frederick Augustus" /> <section begin="Baker, Frederick Coombe" />Baker, Frederick Coombe, 1s. Frederick Walter, of Beaulieu, Hants, cler. , matric. 31 May, 1879, aged 18; B.A. 1883. <section end="Baker, Frederick Coombe" /> <section begin="Baker, Sir Frederick Edward, Bart." />Baker, Sir Frederick Edward, Bart. , 1862. See. <section end="Baker, Sir Frederick Edward, Bart." /> <section begin="Baker, Frederick Ekins" />Baker, Frederick Ekins, 1s. Charles, of London, cler. , matric. 25 Oct., 1881, aged 21. <section end="Baker, Frederick Ekins" /> [35]
<section begin="Baker, Sir Frederick Francis, Bart." />Baker, Sir Frederick Francis, Bart., s. George, of Jermin Street, Westminster, baronet. , matric. 4 Feb., 1791, aged 18; B.A. 6 Nov., 1792, M.A 1796, 2nd baronet, died i Oct., 1830. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Baker, Sir Frederick Francis, Bart." /> <section begin="Baker, Frederick Francis" />Baker, Frederick Francis, 2s. Frederick, of St. James', Westminster, baronet. , matric. 2 June, 1840, aged 18; born 29 Jan., 1822. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Baker, Frederick Francis" /> <section begin="Baker, Frederick Walter" />Baker, Frederick Walter, M.A. and, Cambridge (B.A. 1836, M.A. 1840), ad eundem 29 Oct., 1841; incumbent of Beaulieu, Southampton. <section end="Baker, Frederick Walter" /> <section begin="Baker, George (1)" />Baker, George, s. Nicholas, of Chisleborough, Somerset, cler. , matric. 28 March, 1734, aged 16; B.A. 1737. <section end="Baker, George (1)" /> <section begin="Baker, George (2)" />Baker, George, s. John, of Hartlebury, co. Worcester, arm. , matric 8 May, 1739, aged 18. <section end="Baker, George (2)" /> [40]
<section begin="Baker, George (3)" />Baker, George, s. William, of Gresley, co. Stafford, pleb. , matric. 9 Feb., 1742-3, aged 17, B.A. 1746;, B.C.L. 9 March, 1749-50. <section end="Baker, George (3)" /> <section begin="Baker, George (4)" />Baker, George, s. George, of Wolverhampton, co. Stafford, cler. , matric. 27 Feb., 1782, aged 18; B.A. 1785. <section end="Baker, George (4)" /> <section begin="Baker, George (5)" />Baker, George, s. Philip, of Micklemarsh, Hants, cler. , matric 6 May, 1794, aged 17; B.A. 1798, M.A. 1802. <section end="Baker, George (5)" /> <section begin="Baker, George (6)" />Baker, George, s. John, of Exeter, Devon, gent. , matric i July, 1797, aged 24; died 19 Feb., 1847. See Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. <section end="Baker, George (6)" /> <section begin="Baker, George (7)" />Baker, George, 1s. Charles, of Wallop, Hants, cler. , matric 13 June, 1821, aged 17; B.A. 1825, M.A. 1833, curate of Fovant, Wilts, died II July, 1881. <section end="Baker, George (7)" /> [45]
<section begin="Baker, Sir George, Bart." />Baker, Sir George, Bart., 1s. Frederick Francis, of Paris, baronet. , matric. 14 May, 1834, aged 17; B.A. 1837, 3rd baronet, of Lincoln's Inn, 1836, died 27 Aug., 1882. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Baker, Sir George, Bart." /> [ 50 ] | WIKI |
tobi303 tobi303 - 4 months ago 22
C++ Question
Why std::vector::at() needs bounds checking even with optimizations turned on?
I have a problem with the
libstdc++-6.dll
in windows. This code:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main(){
std::vector<int> x(10);
std::cout << x.at(3) << std::endl;
}
compiles fine, but when I run it I get a error message saying
The procedure entry point _ZSt24__throw_out_of_range_fmtPKcz could not be located in the dll libstdc++-6.dll
My question is not how to fix this (it is most likely the wrong version of the dll and I just have to fix the PATH). However, this made me realize something quite unexpected:
The above code runs well (regardless of the wrong dll), when I turn on optimizations, ie
g++ error.cxx -O2
but this code
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
double Foo(const std::vector<int>& x,int index) {
int m = x.at(index + 1) - x.at(index);
int b = x.at(index);
return b/(m*1.0);
}
int main(){}
does not.
Why do I get the above mentioned error with the second code no matter if I compile it via
g++ error.cxx -O2 or g++ error.cxx
?
Again, I know why the error appears, but I would expect that with optimizations turned on, both version do not cause the error. Instead the first version works fine while the second does not. Shouldn't
-O2
completely eliminate bounds checking?
Answer
The C++ standard requires bounds checking for at() and the actual implementation code for at() does contain the bounds checking.
In your first case however, the bounds are hardcoded (10 elements vs. index 3) and "everything" gets inlined with -O2, so the optimizer of the compiler removes the code for the bounds-check violation, because it can prove at compile time that the bounds are not violated and the code path not taken (as-if rule).
Therefore, you don't get a linker error with -O2 in that case, because the compiler simply didn't emit the call instruction at all.
Shouldn't -O2 completely eliminate bounds checking?
No, the optimizer has to keep to the AS-IF rule, that is, iff the optimizer can prove, at compile time, that a code path is not taken, it can eliminate that code. It doesn't just willy-nilly remove checks that were introduced in the source code.
As a side note, for vector::operator[] that doesn't require bounds checking, an implementation could (reasonably or not) introduce debug bounds checking, when e.g. NDEBUG is not defined, and only do no checking when NDEBUG is defined. In that case however, the bounds check would be "removed by the preprocessor" if you will, and not by the optimizer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Incandescent electric lighting- A practical description of the Edison system.djvu/132
minimum we must calculate what this cost is at different efficiencies. To do this we consider the total cost of operating the lamps to be made up of two parts, viz., the cost of the current and the cost of the lamps. The cost of the current is made up of every expense incurred in operating the lamps, including materials consumed, labor, taxes, insurance, rent and every other expense incurred in operating the plant, except the cost of lamps. The cost of the lamps is an item by itself, and is the amount which the lamp has cost when it is put in use. This is a natural division of the total cost of operating a plant, since to produce light by incandescence all that is necessary is a lamp and current to operate it.
If, in any case, we know the cost of the current required to operate the lamps,
the cost of the lamp, the quality of the lamps—that is, the life they will give when burned at a given efficiency—and the rate of variation of their life with efficiency, we can then calculate at what | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Wikiatlas
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was: delete. Randykitty (talk) 14:38, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
Portal:Wikiatlas
It's not a portal and cannot be one. It is untenable as a normal topic portal because the topic – Atlases on Wikimedia Commons – is not notable and so there is absolutely no articles to link to. As an exceptional meta portal like Portal:Contents it's also pointless because Commons Atlases have nothing to do with Wikipedia and are already adequately explained where they should be: c:Atlas. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 16:08, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
* This sounds like a thread for Wikipedia_talk:WPPORT, not MfD. No deletion rationale vs archiving or redirection to a broader portal. MfD is not a forum for Portal management, try WPPORT. —SmokeyJoe (talk) 21:54, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
* Delete per User:The_Transhumanist. SmokeyJoe (talk) 21:46, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
* Move to the projectspace. Likely inappropriate for the mainspace, but has some project interlinking potential. — Godsy (TALK CONT ) 06:44, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
* Delete – This is not a portal, but an attempt to create a wiki within Wikipedia, and therefore violates WP:NOTWEBHOST. This page is a list of external links to atlases on Wikimedia Commons, and therefore also violates WP:NOTDIR. It is essentially a Wikimedia Commons page redundant to Atlas, and a link to that page, wherever needed, would be superior to a link to this page. Please delete. Thank you. — The Transhumanist 17:09, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
* Delete there are far too many portals and this one is broken. Legacypac (talk) 18:43, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
* Many more subjects could benefit from a portal. But, this is not a broken portal. It isn't a portal at all. — The Transhumanist 05:31, 27 February 2019 (UTC)
* Delete not a useful page for organizing Wikipedia content. UnitedStatesian (talk) 03:39, 27 February 2019 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Sujana Bai
Sujana Bai Bhonsle or Sujan Bai Bhonsle was the wife of Ekoji II, the Maratha ruler of Thanjavur of the Bhonsle dynasty. She ruled the state from the death of her husband in 1737 until she was deposed in 1738.
Reign
Sujana Bai ascended the throne on the death of her husband Ekoji II in 1737 and ruled the state for a year. Her reign is notable for intrigues of Sayyid who held the actual power behind the throne. In the end, taking matters onto her own hands she drove out the pretender Katturaja. Katturaja sought the help of the French and invaded Thanjavur. Sujana Bai was deposed and Katturaja ascended the throne as Shahuji II. | WIKI |
Page:The Dramas of Aeschylus (Swanwick).djvu/416
346
Hero taunt away, and the gods' honours filching,
Bestow on creatures of a day; from thee
How much can mortals of these woes drain off?
Thee falsely do the gods Prometheus name,
For a Prometheus thou thyself dost need,
To plan releasement from this handiwork.
[Exeunt, and.
Oh holy ether, swiftly-wingèd gales,
Fountains of rivers, and of ocean-waves
Innumerable laughter, general mother Earth,
And orb all-seeing of the sun, I call:
Behold what I, a god, from gods endure.
See, wasted by what pains
Wrestle I must while myriad time shall flow!
Such ignominious chains
Hath he who newly reigns,
Chief of the blest, devised against me.Woe!
Ah woe! the torture of the hour
I wail, ay, and of anguish'd throes
The future dower,
How, when, shall rise a limit to these woes?
And yet what say I? clearly I foreknow
All that must happen; nor can woe betide
Stranger to me; the Destined it behoves,
As best I may, to bear, for well I wot | WIKI |
Karl Berg
Karl Berg (27 December 1908 – 1 September 1997) was an Austrian Catholic cleric and Archbishop of Salzburg from 1973 to 1988.
Life
Berg was born on 27 December 1908 in the Austrian town of Radstadt. He was ordained into priesthood on 29 October 1933. Following his selection as Archbishop of Salzburg in 1972, he was confirmed on 9 January 1973. He held the post until his retirement on 5 September 1988. From 1985 to 1988, he was president of the Austrian Bishops' Conference. He died on 1 September 1997. The anti-Wackersdorf reprocessing plant-monument on Mozartplatz (Salzburg) is, among others also dedicated to him.
His motto was Uni Trinoque Domino, which is translated from Latin as "To the One and Threefold Lord". | WIKI |
Bush Thick-knee
Facts
scientific name
Burhinus grallarius
conservation status
Least Concern
lifespan
Bush Thick-knee’s can live an average of 10 years.
weight
650 grams
diet
They are omnivorous; their diet includes insects, arthropods, seeds, small reptiles and mammals.
habitat
They will utilise man made habitats including golf courses and orchards and are found in open woodland, savannah, dune scrub and the fringes of mangroves and forests.
The Bush Thick-knee is also known as the Stone Curlew, which refers to the family’s resemblance to the nomadic wader curlews, which actually aren’t closely related to the group. Thick-knees are closely related to plovers and lapwings. The Bush Thick-knee is widespread throughout Australia (more common in the north) and Tasmania, and also found in southern New Guinea. They will utilise man made habitats including golf courses and orchards and are found in open woodland, savannah, dune scrub and the fringes of mangroves and forests. They are very vocal especially at night when they are most active. Their call is a distinct eerie “whistling scream”. The Aboriginal name for them is Willaroo as it sounds as though they are saying this. The pattern and colouration of the bird help them camouflage into their surroundings during the day. When disturbed they will lay outstretched on the ground and only run for heavy cover if the disturbance comes too close. They are mainly ground-dwelling. Their predators are mostly birds of prey, foxes and dingoes. An average clutch of 2 eggs are laid in spring and incubated by both parents in a small scape in the ground. The eggs take 28-30 days to hatch and are cared for by both parents for up to a year. It takes the young up to 8 weeks to fledge. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ISO 10962
ISO 10962, known as Classification of Financial Instruments (CFI), is a six-letter-code used in the financial services industry to classify and describe the structure and function of a financial instrument (in the form of security or contract) as part of the instrument reference data. It is an international standard approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). CFI have been required since 1 July 2017.
The CFI is attributed to a financial instrument at the time when the financial instrument is issued and when it is allocated an International Securities Identification Number (ISIN) by the respective national numbering agency (NNA). It will normally not change during the life of that instrument.
Each of the six letters of the CFI represents a specific characteristic of the financial instrument (e.g. ESVUFB is used to describe a typical registered share). Those capital letters are drawn from the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The first letter of the code is the Category: E for Equity (shares and other instruments of that nature), D for Debt (particularly bonds), C for Collective Investment Vehicles, (i.e. investment funds). The subsequent letters define the type of instrument for that category.
The purpose of ISO 10962 is to provide a standard for describing all financial instruments that can be recognized world-wide by all operators and computer systems in the financial markets and banking industries. The Classification of financial instrument Code is used to define and describe financial instruments as a uniform set of codes for all market participants. The code is issued by the members of ANNA, the Association of National Numbering Agencies. The group promotes the structure to increase its use by non-governmental market participants.
History of ISO 10962 Modification
* Standard was first accepted and published in 1997 as ISO 10962:1997
* Its first revision, published in 2001, was ISO 10962:2001
* In 2006, FIX Protocol group published a proposal for changes of the standard for Consultation.
* The last revised and accepted version of the standard is ISO 10962:2015 and was published by ISO in 2015.
* In 2019 a revised version mainly related to OTC derivatives was published and the latest version externalizing the CFI codes was published in 2021.
Background and Goals of Introduction
Where distinct entities transact it is seen as helpful to establish a common transaction language. The CFI code is meant to provide the most comprehensive information possible, while at the same time maintaining the code manageability, provides a standard for identification of type of instrument and their main high level characteristics, determined by the intrinsic characteristics of the financial instrument, which would be independent of the individual names or conventions of a given country or financial institution. This principle avoids confusion arising from different linguistic usage as well as redundancy, while allowing an objective comparison of the instruments across markets.
CFI codes also aim to simplify electronic communication between participants, improve understanding of the characteristics of financial instruments for the investors, and allow securities grouping in a consistent manner for reporting and categorization purposes.
Structure of CFI Code
* The first character indicates the highest level of category of the Security.
* The second character refers to the groups within each category.
* The next four characters refer to four attributes, that varies between groups.
* The letter X always means Not Appl./Undefined. | WIKI |
Frances Grill, 90, Founder of an Inclusive Modeling Agency, Dies
Frances Grill, who in 1980 founded Click Model Management, a New York agency that gained wide attention for the diversity of its models in a less inclusive era, died on Jan. 24 at her home in Manhattan. She was 90. Her death was confirmed by her son, Joey Grill. From its inception, Click refused to be limited by any conventional standards of what a model should look like. Over the years it has represented white models (Elle Macpherson, the model-actresses Isabella Rossellini and Uma Thurman), black models (Gail O’Neill and the singer-actress Whitney Houston), the transgender model Teri Toye and the male model Attila Von Somogyi. Ms. Macpherson, who began working with Ms. Grill as a teenager in the early 1980s, said in a phone interview on Monday that Ms. Grill “wasn’t interested in cookie-cutter talent.” “It wasn’t really about how people looked — she was interested in who they were and what they stood for,” she said. “In a world where being homogeneous was where — especially as a teenager — you wanted to be, she celebrated differences.” Talisa Soto Bratt, who is of Puerto Rican heritage, became a Click model around the same time as Ms. Macpherson, after other agencies had turned her down. “In 1982, diversity did not exist in magazines or the fashion industry,” she said on Monday. “It was completely driven by ‘blonde and blue eyes.’ Of course, Frances — her whole vision was: ‘Look at the world, look how diverse it is. We need to represent that.’ ” Ms. Grill was born Frances Gecker on Aug. 10, 1928, in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn to Fred and Beckie (Goldstein) Gecker. Her father was a longshoreman and union activist, her mother a seamstress. Ms. Grill studied stenography in high school and, on graduating, took a job as a secretary. She left the position to check hats at the Village Gate nightclub in Greenwich Village. There she found herself at ease among the club’s bohemian clientele, Joey Grill said in an interview. “It was a melting pot for poets and artists and musicians and photographers,” he said, “people who were what she always called freethinkers.” Ms. Grill became a photographer’s agent thanks to a chance meeting and her own audacity. On an especially stormy night in 1962, while standing under an awning to shelter herself from the rain, she began chatting with a man, Alberto Rizzo, who was also waiting out the storm. He told her that he was a fashion photographer. She quickly volunteered that — what a coincidence! — she was a photographers’ agent, although she had never done that type of work before. He became her first client. Her roster grew to include leading photographers, among them Frank Horvat, Oliviero Toscani and Steven Meisel. Ms. Grill’s move into managing models was also spontaneous. A couple of decades after she had begun representing photographers, one of her clients, Fabrizio Ferri, came to her office accompanied by Ms. Rossellini, his girlfriend at the time. She hadn’t posed for any professional photographers other than Mr. Ferri. “She looked at her, and put her finger to her mouth, like she did when she was thinking,” Mr. Ferri said of Ms. Grill in a phone interview. “She started looking Isabella up and down, and then she said, ‘Hmm, I think I’m going to open a model agency.’ ” Ms. Grill immediately got to work on behalf of Ms. Rossellini, who joined the nascent agency soon afterward. “She took Isabella straight to Avedon, and the next day Richard Avedon shot Isabella for the cover of American Vogue,” Mr. Ferri said. “That’s how Frances was — she was pure instinct.” The two women’s relationship lasted nearly two decades, and it produced Ms. Rossellini’s long-term multimillion-dollar contract with the cosmetics company Lancôme. “Frances and her Click was more than an agency to me,” Ms. Rossellini wrote in an email on Monday. “She was my mentor who taught me about work ethics” as well as how to “manage a career and enjoy every second of it.” As some of her clients began to draw interest in Hollywood, Ms. Grill helped found Flick East-West Talents, to represent actors. She was also a co-founder of a bicoastal theatrical management agency, Framework Entertainment, and Industria Superstudio, a cavernous facility for photo shoots and events in downtown Manhattan. She married Irwin Grill, an assistant high school principal, in 1954. The marriage ended in divorce in the late 1960s, but they remained friends; Mr. Grill now works in Click’s accounting department. In the early 1970s, Ms. Grill married Ulf Lundqvist, a designer. That marriage, too, ended in divorce. In addition to her son, Ms. Grill is survived by a daughter, Stephanie Grill — both children work for Click — and four grandchildren. Ms. Grill continued to work at the agency, on West 27th Street in the Chelsea section, until about six months ago. Although Ms. Grill was immersed in the fashion industry, she herself shopped mostly at thrift shops. Anthony Baratta, an interior designer who was a friend and neighbor of Ms. Grill’s for many years, would frequently tag along on shopping trips near their weekend homes in Flanders, N.Y., on the East End of Long Island. “One night I was watching the Academy Awards, and down the red carpet, there walks Frances with Isabella Rossellini,” he said by phone. “She is in this black ensemble. I know it came from the Riverhead Salvation Army the weekend before, but the way that she carried things off was very Fran.” Her impetus wasn’t frugality but a desire to find quirky items that suited her, Joey Grill said. Her trademark accessory was a pair of large eyeglasses, which she began wearing in the early 1980s, he said, to keep cigarette smoke out of her eyes. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Between Two Loves.djvu/72
Rh joint names. Nearly every shilling of it had been placed there by Sarah, and Steve was well aware of the feet. Yet when she proposed to divide it equally, he accepted the proposal without a demur. For of all human creatures, lovers are the most shamelessly selfish, and at this time Steve was ready to sacrifice any one for the pretty girl he was going to marry. It was Sarah's money, and he knew it, but his one thought in the matter was, that it would enable him to take his bride to Blackpool for a whole week.
The summer which followed this marriage was full of grief to Sarah, grief of that kind which lets the life out in pinpricks, small, mean griefs, that a brave, noble heart folds the raiment over and bears. Steve's ostentatious happiness was almost offensive, and she could not but notice that he was never now absent from his loom. She told herself that she ought to be glad, and that she was glad, but still she could not help a sigh for the mother-love and the sister-love which he had so long tried and wounded by his indifference and his laziness.
They met at the mill every day, and Sarah always asked kindly after Joyce. There was | WIKI |
Vita - 4 gb patch not working.
#1 22-06-2020
• Registered
• 1
• 8
Specs: HP Desktop, Windows 10, using all original TS2 games and EP's to MG.
I have tried a variety of things and can't quite get to the finish line.
This is the closest I've gotten:
Memory: 4096MB
Free memory: 3016MB
However, I discovered my Graphics Rule Maker folder was now missing.
So I tried this:
1) Copying the Sims2EP9 application from my Windows 7 computer,
2) then deleting the Sims2EP9 app from my new Windows 10 computer, and
3) pasting the old one to the new one.
4) Uninstalling Graphic Rules Maker
5) Then installing your "George" Graphic Rules Maker.
Run the game.
Now I get the 4096 MB, but less free memory: 2824. (see attached log txt)
Any idea what I'm doing wrong?
Attached File(s)
.txt DESKTOP-6OB1DP0-config-log.txt (Size: 9.34 KB / Downloads: 47)
0
#2 22-06-2020
DON'T look at the free memory report! Of course, you NEVER get all of the 4096MB as free memory. Windows uses a part of the memory you have, and other programs too.
That's why you have a swapfile/virtual memory. If the logfile at least reports 4096MB or more TOTAL memory (real memory OR virtual memory in the swapfile), you should be good to go, regardless of the amount of free memory reported.
And you should not be using GRM. And even if you do, after using it, as soon as the game works, you should never need GRM again, so what does it matter if it disappears? It has already done its job! Uninstall it and never put it back.
Also, WHY are you posting in the thread of someone else? I've now moved your post to a new thread.
0
#3 22-06-2020
• Registered
• 1
• 8
BoilingOil, thank you sooo much for answering! I have been hesitant to start playing again even though it loads up fine, everywhere I looked (various YouTube video and at least a dozen sites), the instructions said the total memory and the free memory should be 4096GB after adding the 4GB Patch, or I'd have all kinds problems.
And thank you for the tip about GRM. As I said I did have more free memory (3016) than when the GRM folder was still installed.
Btw, I didn't know to not to post on that other thread; the topic seemed the same so I had hoped Celebkiriedhel might still be dropping in and could answer. Thank you for clarifying this.
Again, I appreciate your help a great deal. Tomorrow I'll start slowly adding custom cc to downloads, so fingers crossed it won't be too much.
~Vita Smile
0
#4 22-06-2020
Hi @Vita,
The free memory can only amount to 4096MB if your REAL total memory is more than 4096MB. Which I suppose it is not in your machine.
It's actually more like we *prefer* it if people each keep to their own thread with their problems, just so everyone knows whom we're talking to in each thread. It is no problem to post in another person's thread if you have a solution for them, though.
And sadly, Celebkiriedhel doesn't come around as often anymore. Sometimes she drops in for a second... but by far not often enough for any of us.
I'm glad to help as much as I can (which is not much, actually), because I know how painful it is not to be able to play your favorite games. I've just re-started enjoying TS2 myself again...
Good luck with your game.
3
#5 23-06-2020
I KNOW I sound like a broken recording BUT....... I play TS2 every day. I've had the SAME load of TS2 on some of my computers, for four years. I have zero issues running my game on a daily basis. @BoilingOil plays probably daily also with no issues. Why?
We both have computers with two things in common. We have computers with dGPU, and we BOTH run Win7.
Once again..... Save a few Euro's/Dollars/Pounds, and get an older laptop with dGPU, and Win7, if you want to play TS2 reliably.
1
#6 24-06-2020
@Kunder, my friend, don't forget the ample system memory. That makes life very comfortable. My config-log file actually does say:
Code:
Log generated on 6/23/2020, 18:57
=== Application info ===
Name: The Sims 2 EP9
Version: 1.17.0.66
Build: ReleaseSRT
=== Machine info ===
OS version: Windows NT 6.0
CPU: 4771.199707Mhz, Name:GenuineIntel, FPU:1, MMX:1
Memory: 4096MB
Free memory: 4096MB
User: BoilingOil
Computer: MONSTER
@Vita, did you see the amount of free memory there? That's because I have 16GB of system RAM available. After loading both windows AND the game, there is still more than 4GB available, but the game with the 4GB patch can see (and use) no more than 4GB. Without the patch, that would be a lot less.
I've even been so bold as to completely disable the swapfile. With my 1.5TB of SSD disk space, I could afford to have a huge swapfile to make things even better. But on the other hand, SSD has a limited life expectancy; the more often you write to it, the sooner it will fail. A swapfile may be written to quite often, so I chose not to have one!
2
#7 24-06-2020
@BoilingOil
True. I run without a SwapFile also, and have 32gb/RAM, and the 4gb patch installed. I find sims 2 runs better without a SwapFile. At least with my setup.
Did you re-direct your personal folders, TEMP/TMP files, and Downloads folder to another drive? These are also SSD expensive.
0
#8 24-06-2020
@Kunder, to answer your question... I have exactly two drives, a 500GB SSD C:/ drive, and a 1TB SSD E:/ drive. So, do you see what's happening there?
I have all my games installed on the E:/ drive. and the data mostly on the C:/ drive
Anyway, I have the feeling that EVERYTHING - not just TS2 - runs better without the swapfile. Even on my system with 'only' 16GB RAM. Okay, I admit, the bigger games will occasionally space out on me and crash. But I can live with that. It's the price of having no more than 16GB available. I wouldn't recommend a swapfile-free installation for 8Gb or less systems.
1
#9 24-06-2020
@BoilingOil
Agreed. Have you considered installing a cheap, 500gb HDD as an F: drive? You can direct all your TEMP/TMP, and Downloads there. It'll save wear and tear, on your SSD's.
I have 2, 1tb SSD's (C, and D drives), and a 480gb M.2 drive (E: ). I use the E: drive for sending TEMP/TMP, Downloads, and all personal files EXCEPT for "Documents". That stays on my C: drive. I also keep my original, and latest image on it. Saves R/W cycles on my more expensive 860 EVO drives. Just a thought.
1
#10 24-06-2020
@Kunder, you're right. It is worth considering to have a cheap mechanical drive for the most common R/W folders. I'd love to keep my system as fast and quiet as it is, but to go out of my way to keep it like that, all the while risking its health, isn't smart.
But I must say, I think these EVO drives you mentioned are not all that expensive, really.
I usually gladly pay €150 for a 1TB SSD drive, feeling that I struck a good deal. And considering the brand, I'd say they're worth every penny, even if I had to replace them every year.
1
Before you post requesting help
Information we need
1. The -config-log.txt from the Logs folder in the My Documents\EA\The Sims2\ Click "full editor" below to attach a text file.
2. Your operating System.
3. What the problem actually is - that will be a picture to show the problem (optional), and accompanying text files that turn up (optional), and a detailed description of what happened, and what you expected to happen.
Sorry, that is a members only option | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Problem
Schizoid personality disorder
Other Names:
Indifference to social relationships
Nature:
Schizoid personality disorder (, often abbreviated as SPD or SzPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy. Affected individuals may be unable to form intimate attachments to others and simultaneously demonstrate a rich, elaborate, and exclusively internal fantasy world.
SPD is not the same as schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder, but there is some evidence of links and shared genetic risk between SPD, other cluster A personality disorders, and schizophrenia. Thus, SPD is considered to be a "schizophrenia-like personality disorder".
Critics argue that the definition of SPD is flawed due to cultural bias and that it does not constitute a mental disorder but simply an avoidant attachment style requiring more distant emotional proximity. If that is true, then many of the more problematic reactions these individuals show in social situations may be partly accounted for by the judgments commonly imposed on people with this style. However, impairment is mandatory for any behaviour to be diagnosed as a personality disorder. SPD seems to satisfy this criterion because it is linked to negative outcomes. These include a significantly compromised quality of life, reduced overall functioning even after 15 years, and one of the lowest levels of "life success" of all personality disorders (measured as "status, wealth, and successful relationships"). Symptoms of SPD are also a risk factor for more severe suicidal behaviour.
SPD is a poorly studied disorder, and there is little clinical data on SPD because it is rarely encountered in clinical settings. The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments for the disorder have yet to be empirically and systematically investigated.
Broader Problems:
Personality disorders
Problem Type:
G: Very specific problems
Date of last update
30.06.2018 – 18:47 CEST | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bessho Station
Bessho Station may refer to:
* Otsu-shiyakusho-mae Station, formerly called Bessho Station until 2018, in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
* Bessho Station (Hyōgo), closed in 2008, in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan | WIKI |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 24.pdf/596
Caleb Cushing
551
written. He was very angry. ... I stood beside his chair, and remember his magnificent scowl as he glared over the assemblage.
In this generation, when the public mind credits the legal profession with a highly developed commercial instinct, The scene is thus described by it is worthy of note that for Cushing's Cushing: — monumental services extending over a The day was beautiful; the scene imposing year and one half, a large part of which and impressive. But the British arbitrator, was spent abroad, he received the very Sir Alexander Cockburn, remained unaccount ably absent, while curiosity grew into impatience, moderate fee of 810,000. Before leaving Geneva, Sir Roundell and impatience into apprehension, until long after the prescribed hour of meeting, when the Palmer, who was a most versatile man British arbitrator finally made his appearance. and a distinguished hymnologist, wrote It is impossible that any one of the persons some verses, a rather ill-natured jeu present on that occasion should ever lose the iT esprit, from which I quote: — impression of the moral grandeur of the scene, where the actual rendition of arbitral judgment on the claims of the United States against Great Britain bore witness to the general magnanimity of two of the greatest nations of the world in resorting to peaceful reason as the arbiter of grave national differences, in the place of indul ging in baneful resentments of the vulgar ambi tion of war. This emotion was visible on almost every countenance, and was manifested by the exchange of amicable salutations appropriate to the separation of so many persons who month after month had been seated side by side as members of the Tribunal, or as agents and counsel of the two governments; for even the adverse agents and counsel had contended with courteous weapons, and had not, on cither side, departed, intentionally or consciously, from the respect due to themselves, to one another, and to their respective governments.
By the terms of the decision, as ren dered, the United States was awarded the sum of $15,500,000, payable in gold. After the decision dishing declared in private conversation that it was the first time in history that a great nation had ever been indicted, convicted and fined fifteen million dollars. It was no perfunctory compliment on the part of President Grant when he took occasion to express to counsel repre senting the United States his thanks and high appreciation of the great ability, learning, labor and devotion to the inter ests, the dignity and honor of the nation, which each in his appointed sphere has made most conducive to the very satisfactory result which has been reached.
GENEVA In the city of noises where Freedom rejoices All through the long summer to drive away sleep, There is played the new drama, 'tis called "Alabama," Or, "How the World's Peace Arbitration shall keep." Whether feeble or strong, the play's certainly long, And the actors are numerous, some great and some small: I will run through them lightly, and sketch vci y slightly, Under signs of dumb letters, the features of all. A stands for a cool and long-headed man, Now judge of the claims which himself first began.1 B does double duty: Now Solon the Sage 3 Now Thersites, uncivilest scribe of his age.t C comes in like Cerberus, gentlemen three, All at once, very different (as soon you will see). One presents the great judge; 'tis impatience of wrong Which kindles such scorn from his eloquent tongue.5 One's the militant lawyer, as sharp as a knife, Who loves to spice strongly the cauldron of strife." And one's the dissector of monstrous demands, Still swarming like hydras, though scotched by his hands.7 2 Adams. 3 Bernard. t Beaman. "C-ushing. 7 Cohen.
* Cockburn. | WIKI |
Talk:2014 AFC Challenge Cup
Palestine not (yet) qualified
If the Maldives defeat Kyrgyzstan tonight and, on the last matchday, Myanmar defeat Kyrgyzstan & the Maldives defeat Palestine, there would be a 3-way tie-break:
Maldives 2-3 Myanmar Myanmar 0-2 Palestine Palestine x-y Maldives
Myanmar: 3 pts (3-4) Palestine: 3 pts (2+x - 0+y) Maldives: 3 pts (2+y - 3+x)
If the Maldives defeat Palestine 3-0 (or by at least 4 goals), Palestine would become third.Schnapper (talk) 17:39, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
From the Palestinian Football Association in Arabic The Redeemers are the first to qualify for the semis of the Challenge Cup with a duality against Myanmar.--Uishaki (talk) 17:46, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
* Do your math. They're definitely not qualified yet. Schnapper (talk) 18:01, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
A main article for every stage?
I looked the past seasons of the Challenge Cup articles and there is no knockout stages or finals main article. Is this even necessary? I'm just saying this for a ahead of time if maybe those pages may get speedy deleted or nominated for deletion. Thanks! FairyTailRocks 13:14, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
* Looks like after a month, those pages have been discussed and deleted by an admin. Full discussion is in Articles for deletion/2014 AFC Challenge Cup Group A. FairyTailRocks 21:21, 25 June 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Created by Maximilian Schwarzmüller
Last Updated on February 19, 2019
Context API + Hooks
# The React Context API
This tutorial can be seen as part 2 of my Redux vs React Context tutorial. There, I dive into what the Context API is all about and how it compares to Redux - the predominant global state management solution for React apps.
In this part, we’ll dive into how React Hooks can be used in conjunction with the Context API.
# React Hooks
First things first - what are React Hooks? Good that you asked!
I updated my complete React course to reflect this important new feature that was added to React with version 16.8 and I also created a free, introductory tutorial on React Hooks that you might want to check out!
For the rest of this article, I’ll assume that you know what the core idea behind hooks is.
# Context API & React Hooks
So how do the Context API and React Hooks play together then?
Remember that you could consume your Context like this (in both functional and class-based components):
import React from 'react'
import ThemeContext from './theme-context'
const Person = props => {
return (
<ThemeContext.Consumer>
{context => <p className={context.isLight ? 'light' : 'dark'}>...</p>}
</ThemeContext.Consumer>
)
}
This way of consuming Context has a couple of drawbacks though. Besides being quite verbose, you can only access Context in your render method/ JSX code. You can’t use it in componentDidMount (in class-based components) or outside of your JSX code.
This was solved with the introduction of static contextType for class-based components.
But what about functional components?
With React Hooks, you got a great way of tapping into your context: The useContext() hook:
import React, { useContext } from 'react'import ThemeContext from './theme-context'
const Person = props => {
const context = useContext(ThemeContext) return <p className={context.isLight ? 'light' : 'dark'}>...</p>
}
This is way more straight-forward and definitely easier to read. AND you can use context in your entire function body now, not just in your JSX code!
# Does the Context API now win over Redux?
If you read my first part, then you learned that the Context API is a great choice for low-frequency updates (theme changes, user authentication) but not so great at high-frequency ones (keyboard input, fast-changing state).
The useContext() hook doesn’t change that of course - underneath the hood, it’s the same Context API and the way we tap into it doesn’t have an impact on how React internally updates components and checks for Context updates.
Therefore, I DO encourage you to dive into useContext() but you should not use it for every global state you might need to manage. Redux is not dead (yet?).
# Bonus: useReducer()
We’re not done yet! We can’t talk about the Context API and React Hooks without diving into useReducer().
useReducer is a Hook built-into React and it helps you with state management.
It’s important to understand that useReducer() can simplify tasks you could achieve with useState() as well. So it’s kind of a utility Hook, it’s not adding a crucial core functionality like useState() is.
Here’s a quick example:
const initialState = { cart: [] } // could also be just an array or a string etc
const reducer = (state, action) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'ADD_TO_CART':
return { cart: state.cart.concat(action.item) }
case 'REMOVE_FROM_CART':
return { cart: state.cart.filter(item => item.id !== action.id) }
default:
return state
}
}
const Shop = props => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)
return (
<div>
<button
onClick={() =>
dispatch({ type: 'ADD_TO_CART', item: { id: 'p1', name: 'A Book' } })
}
>
Add to Cart
</button>
<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'REMOVE_FROM_CART', id: 'p1' })}>
Remove from Cart
</button>
</div>
)
}
If you know Redux, this looks familiar.
useReducer() takes two arguments:
• A reducer function (which in turn receives the state and an action as arguments)
• An initial state
The reducer function works like a reducer function you know from Redux.
It receives the current state as an input and should return the updated state. To do that, it also receives an action that describes the desired state update.
useReducer() then returns an array with exactly two elements: The state and a dispatch function that allows you to “send a new action to the reducer”.
An action then can be anything you want. Could be just a string identifying the action or an object to also hold additional data (besides the type) like the item that should be added to the cart.
The above example could’ve been built with useState(), too:
const reducer = (state, action) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'ADD_TO_CART':
return { cart: state.cart.concat(action.item) }
case 'REMOVE_FROM_CART':
return { cart: state.cart.filter(item => item.id !== action.id) }
default:
return state
}
}
const Shop = props => {
const [cart, setCart] = useState({ cart: [] })
return (
<div>
<button
onClick={() =>
setCart({ cart: cart.concat({ id: 'p1', name: 'A Book' }) })
}
>
Add to Cart
</button>
<button onClick={() => setCart({cart: cart.filter(item => item.id !== 'p1')})>
Remove from Cart
</button>
</div>
)
}
This is even a bit shorter, isn’t it?
Well, it is for this example. But the more cases you handle for state updating (and the more complex the logic for each case becomes - here it’s just concat or filter), the more attractive useReducer() gets.
Your code is easier to read, your logic easier to reason about and you can make changes to your code in one place only (the reducer function) instead of multiple places.
So definitely consider using useReducer() for more complex state updates. Also, if you’re not using the Context API, because useReducer() is not tied to that at all! It works totally independent! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Floris Jespers
Floris Jespers (18 March 1889 in Borgerhout – 16 April 1965 in Antwerp) was a Belgian Avant-garde painter.
After his graduation from the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts, he hooked up with the poet Paul Van Ostaijen and joined the Antwerp avant-garde movement of the 1920s. He contributed to the publications Ça Ira, Le Centaure and Sélection and befriended Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes when they published Du Cubisme. In 1921 he had an exhibition abroad for the first time (the exhibition of the Dutch artistic group De Branding with Kurt Schwitters and Fokko Mees). In 1925 he became a member of Contemporary Art (Kunst van Heden). He is mentioned by name in Paul Van Ostaijen's poem 'Huldegedicht aan Singer'.
He travelled to Belgian Congo for the first time in 1951. He stayed in the city of Kamina where his son Mark worked as a doctor. The journey was a revelation for him. He translated his impressions of African women into colorful frescoes. The African paintings of Jespers are not genre scenes but they present a greater vision of Africa. From the mysterious gazes and the faces of the Swimmers painted in Ostend in 1927 and the Congolese women of the fifties the same idealised vision of the untouchable and enigmatic African woman emerges.
He also used the verre églomisé technique. | WIKI |
Welcome to ASP.NET Guild
Be sure to come back often and tell others. If you have any tips, tricks, examples, please email them to me at chris.williams@techguilds.com and I will post them. Check out our ASP.NET QuickStart and C# QuckStart Libraries. Below is my latest articles.
Wednesday, May 10, 2006
How To Change Master Pages Dynamically at runtime
Changing MasterPages dynamically is a simple task, but there is a catch. MasterPage can be changed in PreInit page or earlier. At this stage control tree is not constructed yet. The question is: "How can we use postback event to change MasterPage?" Usual solution for this problem is to save selected MasterPage file name into session, reload page and in PreInit set MasterPage according to persisted value. This works but requires additional roundtrip. Another solution is to intercept postback events in PreInit and process it, so here it is:
ASPX:
@ Page MasterPageFile="~/MasterPage.master" Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default2.aspx.cs" Inherits="Default2" %>
<asp:Content ContentPlaceHolderID="ContentPlaceHolder1" runat="server">
<div>
<asp:DropDownList ID="MasterSwitch" runat="server" AutoPostBack="true">
<asp:ListItem Text="Simple Layout" Value="MasterPage.master">asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Text="Complex Style" Value="MasterPageComplex.master">asp:ListItem>
<asp<:DropDownList>
<div<>>
<asp<>:Content>
Codebeside:
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;
public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_PreInit(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
switchMaster();
}
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
Session[
"MasterSwitch"] = this.MasterSwitch.UniqueID;
}
}
private void switchMaster()
{
if (IsPostBack)
{
// Get control that fire postback event
string eventTarget = Request.Form["__EVENTTARGET"];
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(eventTarget))
return;
// At this stage we don't have control tree yet,
// so we'll use previosly saved control ID
string switchControlName = (string)Session["MasterSwitch"];
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(switchControlName))
return;
if (String.Compare(eventTarget, switchControlName, true) != 0)
return;
setMaster(Request.Form[eventTarget]);
}
}
private void setMaster(string masterName)
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterName))
return;
// In real implementation some logic to convert
// selected value into real MasterPage File Name should be here
if (String.Compare(this.MasterPageFile, masterName, true) != 0)
this.MasterPageFile = masterName;
}
}
If you have any additional tips, tricks etc that you would like me to post to my blog, please email them to me at chrisw_88@hotmail.com
Are you a .NET Developer or Contractor interested in working with Sitecore or Dynamics CRM?
Apply for our Mentorship Program. If accepted, we will mentor you on Sitecore and provide you with project to help you build your skills and make some money at the same time. If you are interested send your resume with details on why you want to work with Sitecore or Dynamics CRM to: Chris Williams - chris.williams@techguilds.com or Dennis Augustine - dennis.augustine@techguilds.com We look forward to working with you to achieve your goals. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Component 101
Before add Components to our app. Let's talk about Component.
A Component is fundamental block of an Angular 2 application.
A basic Component looks like this:
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<p>Hello World!</p>
`
})
export class AppComponent {
}
A Component includes two parts:
• Decorator function (ES7 feature), @Component()
• Class, class AppComponent
Inside of Decorator function, {...} is a Metadata object.
A Metadata object includes
• CSS selecter, my-app
• HTML template, <p>Hello World!</p>
Sometimes, it also includes CSS styles, so it looks like this:
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<p>Hello World!</p>,
`
styles: [`
p { color: blue; }
`]
})
export class AppComponent {
}
Note we write template and styles in the ts file. You can use separate files in Angular 2 like:
app.component.ts
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
`
})
export class AppComponent {
}
app.component.html
<p>Hello World!</p>
app.component.css
p { color: blue; }
In the tutorial, we will write template and styles in the ts file.
results matching ""
No results matching "" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
হরিকেল
Etymology
Possibly a, from and respectively.
Proper noun
* , a janapada of eastern Bengal in the early medieval period | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SpiderWorks Technologies
The result was delete__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. ✗ plicit 03:35, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
SpiderWorks Technologies
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Typical promo puff piece with possible concerns of UPE/COI. Does not meet NCORP requirements. Thesixserra (talk) 03:22, 3 May 2023 (UTC) *:SpiderWorks is a notable digital marketing company in Kerala, India. There isn't any promo content including in the article. Only factual information including the founder, locations, and their key services are included in this content. Krishnenduhareesh (talk) 05:04, 3 May 2023 (UTC) Sock – dudhhr talk contribs (he/they) 14:49, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Companies and India. Thesixserra (talk) 03:22, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Kerala-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 07:27, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
* Delete 1 gnews hit says it all. Fails WP:CORP. LibStar (talk) 08:39, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
* Delete: A corporate-website-type article previously declined at AfC, setting out a small company's wares and office addresses, supported by routine listings and a brief summary of a conference speech, none of which is sufficient for WP:CORPDEPTH. Searches do not find the coverage needed to demonstrate attained notability. AllyD (talk) 13:30, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
* Delete. The three listed sources don't really seem reliable. The first one mentioned the subject to be one of the 18 recipients of an award given by TechBehemoths. While I'm not familiar with TechBehemoths, the amount of recipients and their scarce reviews (most companies on the site shown to have around 5 reviews, 2 have even less) don't strike confidence in me; The second source only mentioned the subject in-passing as part of someone's former experience; and the third company seems to be a blog and promotional in nature. No other significant coverage can be found. Tutwakhamoe (talk) 20:07, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
| WIKI |
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