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厦门大学（英语：Xiamen University，缩写：XMU，建校初期为Amoy University），简称厦大，1921年4月由爱国华侨领袖陈嘉庚创办，初名私立厦门大学，是中国近代教育史上第一所华侨创办的大学。1937年7月，厦门大学由私立改为国立，更名国立厦门大学。
厦门大学是中华人民共和国顶尖高校之一，是“双一流A类”和原“985工程”、原“211工程”重点建设大学，是中华人民共和国教育部直属，由教育部、福建省和厦门市共建。厦门大学主校区依山傍海，有着“中国最美大学”的美誉。
历史
私立时期
1921年由华侨陈嘉庚创办，是中国近代教育史上第一所华侨创办的大学。
1921年4月6日，私立厦门大学假集美学校举行开学仪式，中国第一所由海外华侨创办的大学宣告成立。初创时，学校设有师范、商学两部，师范部下分文、理两科，学制预科两年、本科四年。考虑到福建中学毕业生水准较低，经征得陈嘉庚同意，全数先招预科生，计商学部40名、理科40名，共120名。课程设置根据师资条件，第一学期先设文法、作文、读文、文字学、英语会话、英文作文、英文文法、英文读法、法文、日文、伦理学、论理学、经济学、历史、代数、三角、化学等十七门课。厦大刚成立时教职员不上二十人，学生实到人数仅九十八人。
1921年7月4日，林文庆接受陈嘉庚先生邀请继任厦门大学校长。
自1921年秋季起，师范学部改为教育学部，并增设文、理两学部，全校共设文、理、商、教育四个学部。1922年2月，私立厦门大学董事会正式成立，陈嘉庚为永久董事，陈敬贤（陈嘉庚胞弟）为董事，林文庆为当然董事。
1922年7月，学校增设工学、新闻两学部，同时在厦门、福州、上海、北京、广州、新加坡、马尼拉等七处招收新生152人，其中女生2人，是为厦大男女同校之始。
1923年冬，因厦门大学教师教学质量不好，学生要求教学改革，学校当局处理不当，殴打侮辱学生，又庇护殴伤学生的肇事者，并无故开除多位学生及教授。此事件激起师生愤怒，导致罢课学潮。1924年6月，厦门大学三百多师生因学潮离校迁上海，成立了“大厦大学筹备处”。“大厦”即“厦大”之颠倒，后来取“光大华夏”之意定名大夏大学。1951年，大厦大学与光华大学合并，改制为今天的华东师范大学。
学校在林文庆校长的主持下，以“自强不息，止于至善”为校训，致力于行政与学科建设，为进一步消除第一次学潮的影响，研究解决学校的发展问题，学校当局重金礼聘知名教授学者，规定：教授月薪最高可达400元，讲师200元，助教可达150元。一时群贤毕至、名流云集。林语堂于1926年5月到厦大，9月就任厦大文科主任，继而，林请来了鲁迅、 《北京晨报》副刊主编孙伏园、研究中国古史权威学者顾颉刚、中西交通史权威学者张星烺、国学大师沈兼士、罗常培等，使小小的私立厦门大学一时朝气蓬勃，颇有北大南迁之景象。
在林文庆校长掌校期间，初步建成多学科的综合性大学。1930年2月，厦门大学遵照国民政府教育部令，将“科”改为“学院”，将“预设”改为“附设高级中学”，并重新修订《组织大纲》，调整院系设置。至1930年6月，全校共设5学院、21学系。
国立時期
1937年7月1日，经陈嘉庚函请，中华民国国民政府同意将私立厦门大学改为国立，更名为国立厦门大学。
1937年7月6日，電機工程專家、清华大学教授萨本栋博士任厦门大学校长。随后抗日战争爆发，新任校长萨本栋带领师生迁往鼓浪屿，后又内迁往闽西山城长汀。次年1月17日，学校在长汀复课，时在校生数仅为198人。
在长汀办学的八年中，办学条件极为艰苦，但成就巨大。学校延聘许多优秀学者，在校生达到了1044人，学系从9个发展到15个。厦大学生一方面积极参加抗日救国运动，组织成立“国立厦门大学学生救国服务团”等团体；另一方面勤勉学习，发奋攻读，务期求得真正学问。
1940年8月至1941年，国民政府教育部举行首届和第二届全国大学生学业竞试，厦门大学均名列第一，蝉联冠军。国民政府教育部全国通令嘉奖，厦大由此被誉为“南方之强”。
1944年春，英国纽卡斯尔大学教授雷立克，美国地质地理学家葛德石，英国皇家学会会员、剑桥大学生物化学教授李约瑟博士等先后来校考察和学术访问，称赞“厦门大学为加尔各答以东最好的大学”。当时的国民政府教育部称之为“东南最高学府”、“国内最完备大学之一”。
1945年9月19日，国民政府行政院任命汪德耀博士为国立厦门大学校长。1946年4月6日，汪德耀校长发表《25周年校庆致校友书》，提出“兼容并包”及“学术思想自由”的办学主张，表明厦大的办学已具有开放性的特征。而后陆续增设海洋学系与国际贸易系，并于1948年7月将将机电工程学系分为机械、电机2个系，理学院也因之分设理学院和工学院。由此，全校扩展到5个学院18个学系，学校形成了学科比较齐全，具有文、理、工的综合性大学。
1949年至今
1949年10月17日，中国人民解放军进驻厦门，中国人民解放军厦门市军事管制委员会于10月20日委派军代表吴强、肖枫接管厦门大学，组建中共厦门大学支部委员会。
1950年5月，中央人民政府任命经济学家王亚南教授为厦门大学校长。
1952年，全国高校院系调整，厦门大学被定位为文理科综合性大学，其中工学院航空系并入组建北京航空学院（今北京航空航天大学）；工学院电机、土木、机械系各一部分并入浙江大学；电机、机械系大部并入南京工学院（今东南大学）；土木、建筑系大部并入同济大学；水利专业并入组建华东水利学院（今河海大学）；理学院海洋系中的物理组并入山东大学；航务专科并入组建大连海运学院（今大连海事大学）；农学院并入组建福建农学院（今福建农林大学）；政法学院（包括政治、法律两系）并入华东政法学院（今华东政法大学）；俄语专业并入南京大学。1953年，商学院企业管理系并入上海财经学院（今上海财经大学）。1954年，文学院教育系并入福建师范教育学院（今福建师范大学）。1957年，参与创建内蒙古大学。1959年，海洋系剩余全部并入山东海洋学院（今中国海洋大学）。1960年，化学系、物理系大批骨干教师，电子物理组技术物理一组、电子物理组及其电子管试制车间，数学系的计算数学、应用数学、概率论与数理统计专业全部并入组建福州大学。
1962年厦门大学被定为全国重点大学。1969年12月6日，教育部军管组等四单位通知，将厦大下放福建省管理。1978年2月恢复为教育部部属全国重点大学。1995年7月，厦门大学进入国家“211工程”建设行列，次年成为首批获教育部批准建立研究生院的33所高校之一。2001年2月，被列入国家“985工程”一期重点建设高校之一。2001年4月6日，厦门大学漳州校区奠基兴建。
2013年1月25日，马来西亚高教部向中国厦门大学递交在马开设分校正式邀请书。2014年7月3日，厦门大学马来西亚校区吉隆坡奠基。2016年2月22日，馬來西亞校區正式開學。
校园环境
厦门大学校园包括校本部、漳州校区（与厦门大学嘉庚学院共同使用）、海韵校区、翔安校区以及马来西亚分校。
本部位于厦门岛南端，依山傍海，和漳州校区隔海相望，占地2600多亩，校园中心是芙蓉湖。本部保存有大量的南洋风格的建筑，具有中西合壁的特征，现已列入全国重点文物保护单位。校园呈狭长形，顺着海岸线延绵数公里，途经校园的巴士车站依次是厦大站，厦大西村站，厦大医院站，厦大白城站，胡里山炮台站，厦大艺术学院站（原名仕站），珍珠湾站以及厦大学生公寓站，一共8站。校园内地形复杂，植被茂盛，拥有丰富的自然景观。
海韵校区是校本部的一部分，位于厦门岛南端珍珠湾附近，紧邻厦门软件园。软件学院、信息科学与技术学院、数学科学学院位于该园区内。园区内有教学楼一栋，行政办公楼一栋，实验楼一栋和科研楼两栋。自现有建筑往学生公寓方向的区域，为海韵园区二期。由于拆迁工作复杂，目前的建设处于半停顿状态。未来完工之后，整个园区将通过海滨东区与校本部相连。
漳州校区位于漳州龙海的招商局漳州开发区内，占地2568亩，与本部一海之隔，相距仅3.5海里，其建筑风格与本部一脉相承，整体规划更加科学合理。2012年7月，因学校发展需要，漳州校区大部分场地、宿舍及其教学楼交由厦门大学嘉庚学院使用。2020年9月，新设立的厦门大学创意与创新学院 入驻漳州校区，国际学院部分回迁到漳州校区。目前校区有厦门大学创意与创新学院、国际学院、古雷石化研究院、产业技术研究院及厦门大学嘉庚学院等教学科研单位。漳州校区作为厦门大学世界一流大学建设的重要组成部分，将建设为高水平国际合作与交流高地、高层次应用型人才培养高地、高质量成果转化和产业化高地、高素质人才集聚高地。
翔安校区位于厦门市翔安区新店镇，北依香山山脉、南临翔安南路，占地面积3645亩，距思明校区34公里。以发展医学、生命科学与技术等应用科学为主，按照“一次规划、分期建设”的原则，2012年9月第一批师生入驻翔安校区，到2021年建校百年之际，基本完成翔安校区建设任务。翔安校区建设是厦门大学推进“双一流”建设和“两个百年”奋斗目标的重大部署，校区将成为新兴、应用学科高层次创新人才培养的重要基地，成为科技创新和产学研合作的重要基地，成为支撑全球孔子学院发展的重要基地。对于服务国家、福建和厦门市经济社会发展，促进经济发展方式转变，为发展战略性新兴产业提供科技和人才支撑具有重大意义。
校舍建筑面积135万平方米，图书馆藏书460多万册（含电子图书150多万册），固定资产总值25亿元，仪器设备总值9亿元。校园高速信息网络建设的规模、水平居全国高校前列，并成为CERNET2的主节点之一。
上弦场
上弦场是位于厦门大学校本部南部的一个体育场。
上弦场建于1954年，由陈嘉庚先生的女婿李光前先生捐资建造。其北侧的建南楼群也于同期建造。建造完工后的上弦场面积为32200平方米（包括看台），可以容纳观众2万人，造价12万元。
上弦场依地势而建，利用运动场与北侧建于山岗上的建安楼群的高度差，将山坡剥砌成25级看台。由于运动场与看台均为半月形，虞愚教授受陈嘉庚之请命名时，予名“上弦场”，并题写“上弦场”三字石刻于此。
上弦场位于山脚，建南楼群立于山岗，面朝大海，在楼群上可以俯瞰上弦场和大海。厦门大学内的足球赛经常在上弦场举行。上弦场是厦门大学内的著名景点之一。
2006年，厦门大学对上弦场进行了改造。改造之后，上弦场总面积约36000平方米，内有400米塑胶田径场，五人制塑胶足球场三个和一些运动器械。
历任校長
学术
院系与师资
学校设有研究生院、6个学部以及29个学院和15个研究院，形成了包括人文科学、社会科学、自然科学、工程与技术科学、管理科学、艺术科学、医学科学等学科门类在内的完备学科体系。学校现有17个学科进入ESI全球前1%，拥有5个一级学科国家重点学科、9个二级学科国家重点学科。拥有32个博士后流动站；34个博士学位授权一级学科，2个博士学位授权二级学科；46个硕士学位授权一级学科；6个交叉学科；1个博士专业学位学科授权类别，28个硕士专业学位学科授权类别。2017年，化学、海洋科学、生物学、生态学、统计学5个学科入选国家公布的世界一流学科建设名单。
学校现有专任教师2708人，其中，教授、副教授1918人，占专任教师总数的70.8%（下同），拥有博士学位的2289人，占84.5%。学校共有两院院士22人（含双聘院士9人），文科资深教授2人，国家重点研发计划项目负责人18人，国家重点基础研究发展计划（简称973计划，含重大科学研究计划）首席科学家10人次，“长江学者奖励计划”特聘教授24人、青年学者11人，国家杰出青年科学基金获得者47人，国家级教学名师6人，国家高层次人才特殊支持计划（简称“万人计划”）科技创新领军人才23人、哲学社会科学领军人才5人、教学名师1人、百千万工程领军人才2人、青年拔尖人才12人，国家“百千万人才工程”入选者24人，中宣部“四个一批”人才工程入选者5人，教育部“新（跨）世纪优秀人才培养计划”入选者135人，国家优秀青年科学基金获得者41人；国家创新研究群体8个、教育部创新团队9个。
研究
学校设有200多个研究机构，其中国家级协同创新中心2个（牵头单位），国家重点实验室4个，国家工程技术研究中心1个，国家工程实验室1个，国家地方联合工程研究中心2个，国家地方联合工程实验室3个，国家研究院1个，国家产教融合创新平台1个，教育部重点实验室5个，教育部工程研究中心3个，教育部野外科学观测研究站1个，教育部人文社科重点研究基地5个。厦门大学国家大学科技园是福建省内仅有的两个经科技部、教育部认定的国家级大学科技园之一。近五年，学校自然科学科研实力大幅提升，在《科学》《自然》《细胞》及其子刊等国际高水平学术期刊上发表论文110篇；获国家自然科学二等奖4项，何梁何利基金科学与技术进步奖1项；3人获“全国创新争先奖”，3人获“中国青年科技奖”，3项成果获中国专利优秀奖。学校人文社会学科研究实力雄厚，近五年共承担国家社科基金重大项目21项，教育部哲社研究重大课题攻关项目8项；16项成果获教育部第七届高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖（人文社会科学），其中一等奖1项；厦门大学在台湾研究、南洋研究、高教研究、经济研究、会计研究、南海研究等领域已经形成自身特色，实力居国内高校前列。
排名聲譽
四大世界大学排名中，2024年QS世界大學排名将厦门大学排在世界第392名。2024年泰晤士高等教育世界大學排名中，厦门大學位于世界第301-350名之间。2023年美国新闻与世界报道全球大学排名中，厦门大学排在世界第247名。2023年软科世界大学学术排名中，厦门大学位于世界151-200名之间。
另外，2023年QS亞洲大學排名将厦门大学排在亚洲第76名。在2022年Nature Index世界研究机构排名中，厦门大学位列世界第39名。
文化传统
校训
1921年，陈嘉庚先生创办厦门大学时即把“自强不息，止于至善”定为校训。“自强不息”指自觉地积极向上、奋发图强、永不懈怠。最早见于《周易 -{乾}-》：“天行健，君子以自强不息”。“止于至善”指通过不懈的努力，以臻尽善尽美而后才停止，也就是说不达到十分完美的境界绝不停止自己的努力。语出《礼记·大学》：“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”。嘉庚先生选定的校训体现了中国儒家文化的精髓。
校徽
校徽图案是陈嘉庚先生创办厦门大学时确定和沿用的。
其特定的内涵，简要说明如下：
外圆圈内上方为繁体字“-{廈門大學}-”，下方是拉丁文的“厦门大学”； Amoie 即為閩南話的廈門。
内圆圈内的三颗五角星图案代表中国旧哲学中的三才，即所称天然中之精神的、宇宙的、人类的三大原素；
内圆圈的城及城门的图案为厦门之表记（大厦之门），并指学府门户大开；
内圆圈的“止于至善”四字为本大学进行之目标，也就是陈嘉庚先生当年确立的厦门大学校训。
校歌
厦门大学校歌由语言学家、音乐家赵元任作曲，学者、著作家郑贞文作词。
校庆
厦门大学的校庆日是每年的4月6日，是日全校停课半天。
厦门大学在其发展史上的每一个时期都有校友扶持的足迹，厦大的发展凝聚了海内外校友的心血，这在国内高教界是众所周知。厦大的早期建筑多是陈嘉庚、李光前等爱国华侨捐资兴建的。这种善举在厦大形成一种风尚。2001年，由爱国华侨和厦大校友捐资兴建的嘉庚楼群及嘉庚广场落成。目前在厦大有12种奖学金由校友提供基金。每年4月6日校庆，各地校友会均集会庆祝。2021年4月6日，中共中央总书记习近平致信祝贺厦门大学建校100周年。
知名校友
参考文献
外部链接
厦门大学
厦门大学嘉庚学院
走进厦大
厦门大学美洲校友会
参见
中华人民共和国教育部直属高等学校列表
国家重点学科
中华人民共和国国家重点实验室列表
厦门大学出版社
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1921年中國建立
获得三重认证的中国商学院 |
美國正義協會（，亦称为JSA）是由DC漫画出版美国漫画书中出现的一支虚构超级英雄战队。美國正義協會最初由编辑谢尔顿·梅耶和作家加德纳·福克斯构想。JSA最早亮相于《全明星漫画》第3期（1940年冬～1941年），并成为了漫画书中出现的首个超级英雄團队。
出版
JSA战队最初十分受欢迎，但1940年代后期随着超级英雄漫画的没落，JSA历险记连载到第57期也就终止了（1951年三月）。在此后的十年间，JSA中的成员就一直未在漫画书中出现过，直到1961年九月，初代闪电侠才在《闪电侠》第123期中复出，在该期漫画中同时出现了新版闪电侠角色。在漫画的白银时代，DC漫画公司对多个正义協会成员进行了重塑并将它们整合到美国正义联盟之中，之后又将正義協會安放在“地球2”上而将正义联盟安放在“地球1”上。这样的多元宇宙设定使1963年到1985年之間的跨维度多战队组合得以实现。如《全明星中队》、《无限公司》和新版《全明星漫画》等新系列重点推出JSA、JSA成员的儿女和JSA成员的继承人。这些期刊负责阐述漫画角色身上的诸多问题现象，如漫画角色为何不变老、漫画角色间辈份为何存在差异以及白银时代和后续时代在故事情节中的冲突。
在1985年的《无限地球上的危机》有限系列中，DC漫画公司将公司的多个备用宇宙合并为一个，将JSA的成员安排为公司现代角色的二战时期前辈。DC公司在1999年到2006年间发行了名为《JSA》的系列，又在2007年到2011年间发行了名为《美国正義協會》（Justice Society of America）的系列。作为DC漫画《新52》的一部分，该战队是以未命名的版本出现在《地球2》（Earth 2，2012年～2015年）连载系列和《地球2：協會》（Earth 2: Society，2015年～）中。
其他媒體
電影
DC擴展宇宙
《黑亞當》（2022年）：成员包括鹰侠、、命运博士和。
電視劇
《超人前传》：在2010年2月5日播出的第九季第11集名为《绝对正义》（Absolute Justice）的两小时连放集里出场，出场成员包括鹰侠、逐星女、命运博士、闪星小子和初代睡魔，和克拉克·肯特和奥利弗·奎因为首义侠组织联手对抗将棋会的杀手“冰柱”。其他正义协会成员则以录像文献和壁画的形式间接展现。
《明日傳奇》：1942年的美國正義協會於第二季登場《明日传奇》第二季今晚首播 论草根英雄如何穿越时间线打败混世大魔王 2017.10.16 搜狐，成員包括鋼鐵司令官、午夜神醫、逐星女、雌狐、黑曜石、時間俠。
《逐星女》
参考文献
腳註
外部链接
Fact File: The Justice Society of America of Earth-2: 1940–2010
Index of the Pre-Crisis Earth-Two adventures of the JSA
Cosmic Teams: JSA
Pre-Crisis Earth-2 JSA index at Mike's Amazing World of DC Comics
DC Comics Database: Justice Society of America
由加德纳·福克斯创作的角色
1940年首次亮相的漫画角色
DC漫画超级英雄战队
DC漫画作品
地球-2
黄金时代超级英雄
虛構組織 |
请描述水痘的流行病学研究？水痘传染性强。患者为主要传染源，出疹前1～2天至出疹后一周都有传染性。儿童与带状疱疹患者接触亦可发生水痘，因二者病因同一。传播途径主要是呼吸道飞沫或直接接触传染。也可接触污染的用物间接待染。该病以冬春季发病为主，主要为2～10岁的儿童发病。人群普遍易感，但一次发病可终身免疫。水痘-带状疱疹病毒(Varicella zostervirus,VZV)，呈砖形、直径为150-200nm，核酸为DNA，有立体对称的衣壳，在细胞内繁殖。患者是唯一的传染源。VZV存在于患者的呼吸道分泌物，疱疹和血液中，经飞沫或直接接触疱液而传染，已知VZV可经医疗器械传播。VZV主要经呼吸道侵入，在粘膜上生长繁殖，然后入血和淋巴液，在网状内皮细胞内第二次繁殖引起病毒血症和全身病变。主要损害部位在皮肤，偶尔累及内脏。其外为20面体核衣壳，衣壳表面有一层脂蛋白包膜，内含补体结合抗原，不含血凝素或溶血素。该病毒仅有一个血清型，可在人胚纤维母细胞、甲状腺细胞中繁殖，产生局灶性细胞病变，细胞核内出现嗜酸性包涵体和多核巨细胞。人为唯一的宿主。VZV生活能力较弱，不耐高温，不能在痂皮中存活，易被消毒剂灭活。但能在疱疹液中-65下存活8年。病毒先在上呼吸道繁殖，小量病毒侵入血中在单核吞噬系统中繁殖，再次大量进入血循环，形成第二次病毒血症，侵袭皮肤及内脏，引起发病。 |
性欲亢进是什么?？性欲亢进是精神卫生研究人员和精神卫生机构所使用的临床诊断，去形容极为频繁或突然增加的性冲动或性活动。女性患上此病叫Nymphomania。男性患上这种疾病被称为Satyriasis，名称来自宁芙及萨堤尔，但在一般医疗人员中不再使用。 |
豐嬌昆明魚（學名：）是一種原始及可能屬於無頷總綱的魚類，生存於寒武紀的中國雲南澄江縣帽天山。牠的外觀像現今的盲鰻綱，長約2.8厘米及高6毫米。
豐嬌昆明魚是已知最古老的脊椎動物，在5億2千萬年前寒武紀的地層發現。牠似乎是有由軟骨構造的頭顱骨及骨骼。牠的骨骼並未有出現生物礦化的跡象。
豐嬌昆明魚的模式標本是在中國雲南昆明筇竹寺組發現。昆明魚有明顯的頭部及軀體，並有像帆的背鰭及腹鰭。頭上有5或6個有半鰓的鰓囊。身體上有25節，有脊索、食道及消化道至末端。口部不能明顯的見到。可能有圍心腔。只有一個昆明魚的標本尾端埋在沉積岩中。
另一類在同一地層的相似生物有海口魚。目前昆明魚屬只有一個物種，就是豐嬌昆明魚。
參考
外部連結
http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/11_6_99/fob1.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20030511135309/http://www.gs-rc.org/repo/repoe.htm
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v402/n6757/fig_tab/402042a0_F2.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm
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On Friday, 24 June 1994, a United States Air Force (USAF) Boeing B-52 Stratofortress crashed at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, United States, after its pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur "Bud" Holland, maneuvered the bomber beyond its operational limits and lost control. The aircraft stalled, fell to the ground and exploded, killing Holland and the other three crew aboard. The crash was captured on video and was shown repeatedly on news broadcasts throughout the world.
The subsequent investigation concluded that the crash was attributable primarily to three factors: Holland's personality and behavior, USAF leaders' delayed or inadequate reactions to earlier incidents involving Holland, and the sequence of events during the aircraft's final flight. The crash is now used in military and civilian aviation environments as a case study in teaching crew resource management. It is also often used by the U.S. Armed Forces during aviation safety training as an example of the importance of compliance with safety regulations and correcting the behavior of anyone who violates safety procedures.
Crash
At 07:30 local time (PDT) on 24 June 1994, a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52H bomber crew stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base prepared to practice an aircraft demonstration flight for an airshow. The crew consisted of pilots Lieutenant Colonel Arthur "Bud" Holland Lt Col Mark McGeehan (38), Colonel Robert Wolff (46), and weapon systems officer/radar navigator Lt Col Ken Huston (41). Holland was the designated aircraft commander for the flight. McGeehan was the copilot and Wolff was present as a safety observer. Holland was the chief of the 92nd Bomb Wing's Standardization and Evaluation branch, McGeehan was the commander of the 325th Bomb Squadron, Wolff was the vice commander of the 92nd Bomb Wing, and Huston was the 325th Bomb Squadron's operations officer. Holland, as chief of standardization and evaluation, was responsible for the knowledge and enforcement of academic and in-flight standards for the bomb wing's flying operations.
The mission plan for the flight called for a demanding series of low-altitude passes, 60° banked turns, a steep climb, and a touch-and-go landing on Fairchild's runway 23. The flight was also Wolff's "finis flight"a common tradition in which a retiring USAF aircrew member is met shortly after landing on his or her final flight at the airfield by relatives, friends and coworkers, and doused with water. Thus, Wolff's wife and many of his close friends were at the airfield to watch the flight and participate in the post-flight ceremony. McGeehan's wife and two youngest sons watched the flight from the backyard of McGeehan's living quarters, located nearby.
The B-52 aircraft, callsign Czar 52, took off at 13:58 and completed most of the mission's elements without incident. Upon preparing to execute the touch-and-go on Runway 23 at the end of the practice profile, the aircraft was instructed to go around because a KC-135 aircraft had just landed and was on the runway. Maintaining an altitude of about 250 feet (75 m) above ground level (AGL), Holland radioed the control tower and asked for permission to execute a 360° left turn, which was immediately granted by the tower controller.
The B-52 then began the 360° left turn around the tower starting from about the midfield point of the runway. Located just behind the tower was an area of restricted airspace, reportedly because of a nuclear weapons storage facility. Apparently to avoid flying through the restricted airspace, Holland flew the aircraft in an extremely tight, steeply banked turn while maintaining the low, AGL altitude. Approximately three-quarters of the way around the turn, at 14:16, the aircraft banked past 90°, descended rapidly, clipped power lines and hit the ground and exploded, killing the four crew members. McGeehan was seated in an ejection seat, but according to the medical statement, he had only "partially ejected at the time of impact"; it does not state whether or not he cleared the aircraft. Huston was also seated in an ejection seat and the medical statement indicated that he had not initiated the ejection sequence. Wolff's seat was not ejection-capable. No one on the ground was injured.
Investigation
The USAF immediately convened a safety investigation board under the direction of the USAF's Chief of Safety, Brigadier General Orin L. Godsey. The board released the report of its investigation into the crash on 10 August 1994. A final evaluation of the safety investigation was released on 31 January 1995. An accident investigation board, called an "AFR 110-14 Investigation," released a separate report in 1995. Unlike the USAF safety investigation, which was released only to U.S. Department of Defense personnel, the AFR 110-14 report was released to the general public.
The AFR 110-14 investigation identified several factors which contributed to the crash, including the actual crash sequence, the personality and earlier behavior of Bud Holland, previous supervision and lack of corrective action exercised by USAF officers over Bud Holland, mission planning and execution, and other environmental and human factors.
Crash sequence
The investigation found that as the B-52 entered its final turn sequence around the tower, its indicated airspeed (IAS) was . Although Holland increased the engine power after starting the turn, his input came too late to maintain the aircraft's airspeed, as the B-52 turbofan engines take up to eight seconds to respond to throttle commands. Even though the airspeed indicator was available to all four aircrew members, the aircraft's airspeed was allowed to continue to decrease. Eight seconds before impact, the aircraft's IAS had deteriorated to and the aircraft's bank angle increased past 60°. At this time Holland or McGeehan applied full right spoiler, right rudder, and nose-up elevator, and the aircraft entered a turning flight stall (also called accelerated stall). This phenomenon is a stall that occurs at a higher airspeed than the design stall speed – which always refers to straight and level flight – because the aircraft is turning. Due to the bank of 60° or more, the stall speed for the aircraft at that moment was . Thus, flying 2 knots slower, the aircraft stalled, without having sufficient altitude to recover before striking the ground.
Holland's previous behavior and USAF leaders' reactions
The accident board stated that Lt. Col. Holland's macho, daredevil personality significantly influenced the crash sequence. USAF personnel testified that Holland had developed a reputation as an aggressive pilot who often broke flight-safety and other rules. The rule-breaking included flying below minimum-clearance altitudes and exceeding bank-angle limitations and climb rates.
An earlier incident occurred in 1991 when a B-52 piloted by Holland performed a circle above a softball game in which Holland's daughter was participating. Beginning at 2,500 feet (760 m) AGL, Holland's aircraft executed the circle at 65° of bank. In a maneuver described by one witness as a "death spiral", the nose of the aircraft continued to drop and the bank angle increased to 80°. After losing 1,000 feet (300 m) of altitude, Holland regained control of the aircraft. Holland also regularly and illegally parked his car in a "no parking" zone near the base headquarters building.
During a 19 May 1991 air show at Fairchild, Holland was the command pilot of the B-52 aerial-demonstration flight. During the demonstration, Holland's aircraft violated several safety regulations, including exceeding bank and pitch limits, flying directly over the air-show spectators, and possibly violating altitude restrictions. The wing staff observed the demonstration, but apparently took no action.
On 12 July 1991, Holland commanded a B-52 for a flyover during a change-of-command ceremony for the 325th Bomb Squadron at Fairchild. During both the practice and the actual flyover, Holland's aircraft flew at altitudes below 100 feet (30 m) – well below the established minimum altitude – flew steeply banked turns in excess of 45°, exceeded pitch-angle limits, and executed a wingover. The wingover was not specifically prohibited but was not recommended, because it could damage the aircraft. After witnessing the flyover, the wing commander Colonel Arne Weinman and his deputy commander for operations (DO), Colonel Arnold Julich, verbally reprimanded Holland, but took no formal action.
During the 17 May 1992 Fairchild air show, Holland was again the command pilot of the B-52 aerial-demonstration flight. During the demonstration, Holland's aircraft again violated several safety regulations, including several low-altitude, steep turns in excess of 45° of bank and a high pitch angle climb, estimated at over 60° nose high which Holland finished with a wingover maneuver. The new wing commander apparently took no action. One week later Colonel Capotosti became the new DO. At some point after assuming the position, Capotosti, on his own initiative, warned Holland that if he violated any more safety regulations, Capotosti would ground him (remove him from flying status). Capotosti did not document his warning to Holland or take any other kind of formal action.
On 14 and 15 April 1993, Holland was the mission commander of a two-ship training mission to a bombing range near Guam in the Pacific Ocean. During the mission, Holland flew his aircraft closer to the other B-52 than regulations allowed. Holland also asked his navigator to videotape the bombs falling from the aircraft from inside the bomb bay, which was against regulations. Holland's navigator later brought the video to the attention of three Fairchild USAF officers. The first, Lieutenant Colonel Bullock, the current 325th Bomb Squadron commander, did not do anything about it and may have tried to use the videotape as leverage to coerce the navigator into accepting a position as mission scheduler for the wing. The second, the deputy operations group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Harper, told the crew member to conceal the evidence. The third, the DO, allegedly responded to reports of the video by stating, "Okay, I don't want to know anything about that video—I don't care".
At the 8 August 1993 Fairchild air show, Holland once again commanded the B-52 demonstration flight. The demonstration profile once again included bank angles greater than 45°, low-altitude passes, and another high pitch climbing maneuver, this time in excess of 80° nose high. The climb was so steep that fuel flowed out of the vent holes from the aircraft's wing tanks. The new wing commander, Brigadier General James M. Richards, and the new DO, Colonel William E. Pellerin, both witnessed the demonstration, but neither took any action.
On 10 March 1994, Holland commanded a single-aircraft training mission to the Yakima Bombing Range, to provide an authorized photographer an opportunity to document the aircraft as it dropped training munitions. The minimum aircraft altitude permitted for that area was 500 feet (150 m) AGL. During the mission, Holland's aircraft was filmed crossing one ridgeline about 30 feet (10 m) above the ground. Fearing for their safety, the photography crew ceased filming and took cover as Holland's aircraft again passed low over the ground, this time estimated as clearing the ridgeline by only three feet (1 m). The co-pilot on Holland's aircraft testified that he grabbed the controls to prevent Holland from flying the aircraft into the ridge while the aircraft's other two aircrew members repeatedly screamed at Holland: "Climb! Climb!" Holland responded by laughing and calling one of the crew members "a pussy".
After that mission, the crew decided that they would never again fly with Holland and reported the incident to the bomb squadron leadership. The squadron commander, Lieutenant Colonel Mark McGeehan, reported the incident to Pellerin and recommended that Holland be removed from flying duty. Pellerin consulted with Holland and gave him an oral reprimand and warning not to repeat the behavior, but refused to take him off flying duty. Pellerin also did not document the incident or the reprimand or notify his superiors, who remained unaware of the incident. McGeehan then decided that in order to protect his aircrews, he (McGeehan) would be the co-pilot on any future missions in which Holland was the command pilot. Evidence suggests that, after this incident, there was considerable animosity between Holland and McGeehan.
In preparation for the 1994 Fairchild air show, Holland was again selected as the command pilot for the B-52 demonstration flight. On 15 June 1994, Holland briefed the new wing commander, Colonel William Brooks, on the proposed flight plan. The demonstration profile—as briefed by Holland—included numerous violations of regulations, including steep bank angles, low-altitude passes, and steep pitch attitudes. Brooks ordered Holland not to exceed 45° bank angles or 25° pitch attitude during the demonstration. During the first practice session, on 17 June, Holland repeatedly violated these orders. Brooks witnessed this, but took no action. Pellerin flew with Holland on that flight and reported to Brooks that, "the profile looks good to him; looks very safe, well within parameters." The next practice flight on 24 June ended with the crash.
Other factors
The demonstration profile as designed by Holland included a 360° turn around Fairchild's air-traffic-control tower. Holland had not attempted this maneuver in previous air-show demonstrations. During the final flight, Holland performed a series of 60° banked turns and a 68° pitch climb in violation of Brooks' orders. No evidence exists that McGeehan or Wolff attempted to intervene as Holland executed the maneuvers.
Pellerin was originally scheduled to fly in this mission, as he had done on the 17 June flight. Pellerin was unavailable for the flight on 24 June and Wolff was selected as the replacement aircrew member. Due to the short notice of his assignment to the mission, Wolff did not participate in the pre-flight briefing and boarded the aircraft after the engines were started. Thus, Wolff was not aware of the planned mission profile and did not have an opportunity to raise any objections before take-off.
All of the aircrew involved in the crash had only limited flying time in the months before the crash. The B-52's aircrew were apparently unaware that the aircraft had stalled until shortly before impact, indicated by a failure to apply standard recovery techniques to the aircraft once it entered the stall. The investigation reported that, even if the proper stall recovery techniques had been applied, the aircraft was likely too low to recover before hitting the ground.
Four days before the accident, on 20 June, Dean Mellberg, an emotionally disturbed ex-USAF serviceman, entered Fairchild's hospital and shot and killed five people and wounded many more before being killed by a security policeman. The crime was a major distraction for personnel stationed at Fairchild for some time afterwards.
Conclusions
The accident investigation concluded that the crash was primarily attributable to Holland's personality and behavior, USAF leaders' inadequate reactions to the previous incidents involving Holland, and the sequence of events and aircrew response during the final flight of the aircraft. Holland's disregard for procedures governing the safe operation of the B-52 aircraft that he commanded and the absence of firm and consistent corrective action by his superior officers allowed Holland to believe that he could conduct his flight in an unsafe manner, culminating with the slow, steeply banked, 360° turn around the control tower.
The other environmental factors involved, including the addition of a new maneuver (the 360° turn around the tower), inadequate pre-flight involvement of Colonel Wolff, and the distractions from the shooting four days prior, combined with Holland's unsafe and risk-taking piloting behavior to produce conditions favorable for the crash to occur. The final factor, according to the USAF investigation report, was the wind and its effect on the maneuvers required to achieve the intended flightpath in relation to the ground.
Aftermath
On 19 May 1995, Pellerin pleaded guilty at a USAF court-martial proceeding to two counts of dereliction of duty for his actions, or lack thereof, that contributed to the crash. He was sentenced to forfeit $1,500 of salary a month for five months and received a written reprimand. The USAF did not reveal whether any other officer involved in the chain of events leading to the crash received any type of administrative or disciplinary action. Critics of the USAF's safety record stated that this crash was an example of a pattern of problems related to enforcement of safety procedures within the USAF.
Although the accident investigation found that procedures and policies were supposedly already in place to prevent such a crash from occurring again, the fact that this crash occurred showed that in at least one instance, the existing safety policies and their enforcement had been grievously inadequate. To re-emphasize the importance of adherence to existing safety policies and correcting the actions of anyone violating them at any time, the USAF quickly distributed the findings of the accident investigation throughout the service. These measures failed to prevent – sixteen years later – the occurrence in almost identical circumstances of another accident, when a C-17 transport aircraft crashed shortly after taking off from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on an aerial-display practice flight.
Today, the Fairchild crash is used in both military- and civilian-aviation environments, as a training aid in teaching crew resource management and to show the importance of enforcing safety regulations.
Footage of the Fairchild crash was used in the making of the 2015 film Project Almanac, depicting an airline accident, which sparked public anger among relatives of Wolff and McGeehan. After an initial claim by Paramount Pictures that the video in question was of a 2009 Tokyo crash, producer Michael Bay issued an apology to the families, and the footage was removed from the film's theatrical release and associated trailers at Bay's request.
See also
List of airshow accidents and incidents
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
– Video of the crash
20th-century military history of the United States
Aviation accidents and incidents in Washington (state)
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1994
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
Spokane County, Washington
1994 in Washington (state)
June 1994 events in the United States
Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1994 |
花坪角蟾（学名：Boulenophrys mirabilis），一种于中华人民共和国广西壮族自治区桂林市临桂区花坪自然保护区发现的两栖动物，隶属于角蟾科布角蟾属。
形态特征
花坪角蟾体型较大，雄蟾体长55.8～61.4毫米，雌蟾体长68.5～74.8毫米。身体背面呈灰褐色，背的中央有深色“X”形斑，雄蟾略带蓝色，雌蟾头背和身体呈红棕色；腹部为灰白色，雄蟾的喉和胸部的腹面具灰蓝色的斑块和黑色斑点，雌蟾则为橙色斑块和黑色斑点。
参考文献
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中国特有两栖动物
广西动物 |
Outwood Academy Normanby (formerly Hillsview Academy) is a secondary school with academy status, located in the Teesville suburb of Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England. It has a mixed intake of boys and girls ages 11–18, with 600 pupils on roll .
The school is operated by Outwood Grange Academies Trust, and the current principal is Andrew Wappat.
History
The school was established as Hillsview Academy on 1 September 2014, through the merger of Eston Park and Gillbrook academies on the Gillbrook site. Although Gillbrook supported the merger, Eston Park opposed it with the proposal prompting parental protests. Both the predecessor schools had been rated as inadequate by Ofsted. Eston Park was placed in special measures on the 22 May 2013 and Gillbrook in serious weaknesses in December 2013. The two schools adopted a joint Governing Board who arranged the merger.
Both predecessor schools and the merged Hillsview Academy were operated by Academies Enterprise Trust (AET).
A 2017 Ofsted report found Hillsview Academy to be "inadequate", noting instances of racism, bullying, truancy and smoking. Hillsview Academy was placed into special measures and in May 2019 AET announced that the school would be transferred to a new sponsor organisation, Outwood Grange Academies Trust (OGAT).
In September 2019 the school was renamed Outwood Academy Normanby and control transferred to OGAT.
The Former sixth form building is due to become "Outwood Alternative Provision Eston" in September 2020.
Uniform
The school's uniform comprises a black school jacket (blazer), white shirt/blouse, black trousers/skirt and tie.
References
External links
Academies in Redcar and Cleveland
Secondary schools in Redcar and Cleveland
Academies Enterprise Trust
Educational institutions established in 2014
Normanby
2014 establishments in England |
质量这一名词在狭义相对论中通常是指物质在静止时所测量的质量（静质量）。这个意义的质量与牛顿力学的质量相同。不变质量是静质量的另一名称，但它通常是指由许多粒子构成的系统。
相对论性质量这一名词也被使用，而这是一个物体所具有的總能量。物体的相对论性质量包括了它所具有的动能，因此取决于观察者所处于的参考系。
用词
如果一个盒子装有许多粒子，它的重量会随着这些粒子的速率的增加而增加。盒子裡的任何能量被加入盒子的质量中，因此这个盒子的质量受到这些粒子的相对运动的影响。然而，如果这整个盒子在运动，那么这盒子所具有的动能是不是应该包括在物体的质量当中呢？不变质量不包括盒子的动能，而相对论性质量则包括了盒子的动能。
相对论性质量和静质量都是物理学中的传统概念，但相对论性质量只是总共能量的多余的名称。一个系统只有在静止时其质量才有可能被测量，但当物体静止时，物体的相对论性质量就是物体的静质量。
物体的不变质量是在一个特定参考系中它所具有的总共能量，而在这个参考系中，该物体是静止的。这也是不变质量也被称作静质量的缘故。这个特定的参考系也被称作动量的質心系。質心系被定义成系统的总动量为零时所处于的参考系。对于一个合成的物体（由许多更小的物体组成，这些物体可能在运动）和一组没有结合在一起的物体，只要总共的动量是零，相对论性质量便与不变质量相同。
如果一个物体以光速运动，它在任何参考系中都不会静止。当观察者朝着与这个物体运动的方向加速，该物体所具有的能量会越来越少。因此，我们可以推测这个物体的静质量是零，而这个物体所具有的质量仅是相对论性质量，一个取决于观察者的质量。
相對論性質量的概念
早期的发展：横向与纵向质量
约瑟夫·汤姆孙在1881年
承认一个带电的物体比一个没有带电的物体更难加速。因此静电能量表现成某种电磁质量，增加了物体的机械质量。之后威廉·维恩 （1900）和 Max Abraham （1902） 认为一个物体的总共质量与它的电磁质量相同。因为电磁质量取决于电磁能量，维恩所提出的质能关系是。
George Frederick Charles Searle 和汤姆孙也指出，电磁质量随着物体的速度而增加。亨德里克·洛伦兹在他的洛伦兹以太理论的框架中承认这个说法。他将质量定义成所用力与加速度的比值而不是动量与速度的比值，因此他必须区分横向质量（）（当物体运动的方向与加速度相同或相反）和纵向质量（）（当物体运动的方向与加速度垂直）。只有当加速度与物体运动的方向垂直时，洛伦兹的质量才会等于现在被称作相对论性质量的质量。（是洛伦兹因子，v是物体与以太的相对速度，c是光速）。因此，根据这一理论没有物体可以到达光速，因为物体的质量将趋于无限大。
而对于一个具有非零静质量的粒子在x方向运动时所受到的作用力和加速度的准确表达是：
爱因斯坦在他1905年的论文中计算了横向质量和纵向质量。然而，在他第一篇关于的论文中（1905），m所代表的是现在认为的静质量。一些人后来声称他不喜欢相对论性质量的想法。
现代相对论的概念
在狭义相对论中，就像洛伦兹以太理论，一个静质量非零的物体无法以光速运动。当物体趋近于光速时，它的能量和动量将无限制的增加。
横向质量和纵向质量被相对论性质量的概念取代。Richard C. Tolman 在1912年表示m0(1 - v2/c2)-1/2最适合用来表示运动物体的质量。
在1934年，Tolman也定义相对论性质量为：
这一定义对于所有粒子都适用，包括以光速运动的粒子。
对于以低于光速运动的粒子，即具有非零的静质量的粒子，这方程式变成
当相对速度为零时，将等于1。当相对速度趋近光速时，将趋近无限大。
在动量的方程式中
m所代表的质量是相对论性质量
牛顿第二定律以 的形式表达仍然正确。但并不是零，因为相对论性质量是速率的函数，因此牛顿第二定律不能以来表示。
一个系统的质量
一个系统的静质量并不等于组成这一系统的所有物体的静质量的和，除非在这一系统中的所有物体在質心系是静止的而不具有其它形式的能量（如场能）。一个系统所具有的静质量等于它在質心系所具有的能量（包括场能）。
所以许多系统的总质量小于其中每个物体质量的和，如1个氢原子的静止质量小于1电子质量＋1质子质量（由于电场能为负）。
相對論能量-動量方程式
上述E和p的相對論表示式可以轉寫成基礎的「相對論能量-動量方程式」：
注意到此方程式裡的表示静质量。這條方程式對無(靜)質量的光子而言也適用：
因此一顆光子的動量是其能量的函數，而非与其速度成正比，真空中的光速是常数。
考慮一個靜止的物體，上面第一條方程式中的動量p為零，我們得到：
可以簡化為
顯示出這項知名的關係式僅在物體靜止時適用，並給出「靜止能量」的觀念。如果物體在運動，我們得到：
從這裡，我們可以看到物體總能E和它的靜能量以及動量相依；一旦動量隨速度v增加而增加，總能量也會發生一樣的事。
這裡的E實際上等同於前面段落中的相對論性能量方程式，而那條能量方程式和相對論性質量方程式只差了一個因子c2。因此「相對論性質量本質上等於總能量」—，但是量值與單位有些差別。
當採用c = 1的單位(稱作自然單位系統)時，能量-動量方程式即簡化為：
一旦，其簡化到,或。
狭义相对论中的质量守恒定律
能量是可加的守恒的量，但静质量不是。这意味着当我们可以确认一系统是封闭的，该系统的静质量和动量才会守恒。相对论性质量本质上就是能量，因此能量守恒定律就是相对论性质量守恒定律。
一个光子本身没有静质量。一个具有静质量的粒子可以衰变成光子，然而这个由光子组成的系统却具有静质量，因此一个系统的静质量并不等于组成它的粒子的静质量的和。无论在衰变前后，这个封闭的系统的静质量都是守恒的。
一个系统如果保持相同的静质量，它必须是封闭的，以致没有能量（可能是热或辐射）可以逃离该系统。外力可以改变该系统的动量和能量，但该系统的动量和能量的改变可以维持静质量不变。当某些反应将组成该系统的某些粒子的静质量转换成光能或热能，只要这些光能或热能无法从该系统逃离，该系统的静质量便不会改变。只有在这些能量被释放到该系统周围的环境，该系统才会失去静质量。
相對論質心
狭义相对论並沒有含牛頓質心所有性質的對應，詳見相對論質心。
争议
根据列夫·奥昆的说法，爱因斯坦本人一直用m来表示不变质量，而不用m来表示其它任何质量。奥昆和他的跟随者拒绝相对论性质量的概念。Arnold B. Arons否定教导相对论性质量的概念：
多年来人们传统上通过相对论性质量的推导来进入动力学的讨论。质量与速度的关系可能在主流课本中仍有提及。然而，最近，越来越多人承认相对论性质量是一个麻烦和令人生疑的概念。[看，例如, Okun (1989) .]合理和严格途径至相对论动力学是直接发展可以保证在所有参考系中动量守恒的动量：
而不是通过相对论性质量。
另一方面，T. R. Sandin 写道：
相对论性质量的概念为对狭义相对论初学者的教导带来了一致性和简单。例如，优美地表达了简化了的能量与质量的等同。那些声称不使用相对论性质量的人其实也使用了相对论性质量，即使不是以相对论性质量的名字，当他们在考虑一个由许多粒子组成的系统的时候。相对论性质量并不取决于作用力和速度之间的角度，这意味着它脱离牛顿第二定律不正确的使用。
必须注意的是质量和速度的关系例如
蕴含着该速度是相对于一个参考系测量的。
註腳
相關條目
狹義相對論
質量
質能等價
四維動量
廣義相對論中的質量
外部連結
Usenet物理問答
質量會隨速度改變嗎？
光有質量嗎？
Gary Oas "On the Abuse and Use of the Relativistic Mass", 2005 arXiv.org:physics/0504110
狹義相對論
質量 |
Pristimantis anolirex is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests, high-altitude shrubland, and high-altitude grassland.
It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
anolirex
Amphibians of Colombia
Amphibians of Venezuela
Amphibians of the Andes
Amphibians described in 1983
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The City Clerk of Chicago is in charge of record-keeping for Chicago, including for its elections, permits, licenses, and laws. When the Chicago City Council is in session, the City Clerk also serves as council secretary. The clerk is a citywide elected office, and is one of three city-wide elected officials in the City of Chicago, along with the Mayor and the Treasurer.
The current city clerk is Anna Valencia.
One former city clerk is more famous for his non-political activities: The late Baseball Hall of Famer Cap Anson served one term from 1905-1907.
Duties
The City Clerk's office is responsible for maintaining official city government record (such as the Municipal Code of Chicago), distributing approximately 1.3 million vehicle stickers and residential parking permits, and issuing city business licenses.
Significant City Council transparency efforts have included posting nearly 700,000 pages of searchable City Council records to the City Clerk website, ChiCityClerk.com. This includes every ordinance passed since 1981, as well as city budgets and mayoral executive orders going back nearly 30 years. In addition, City Council meetings can be watched live or on demand via a City Council video archive on the City Clerk's website.
List of City Clerks
Town Clerks
The position of City Clerk was preceded by the position of Town Clerk, which existed after Chicago had been incorporated as a town and before Chicago was incorporated as a city.
References
External links
Office of the City Clerk
1837 establishments in Illinois |
乐从镇东区是指中華人民共和國廣東省佛山市順德區乐从镇中心的东部位置。该地区原为腾冲、沙滘、路州等村的边缘地段，后并入乐从镇中心管理规划。
概况
乐从镇东区面积2.15平方公里，本地户口人数约为3300人（2008年6月），总户数约为8000左右。乐从塑料市场即在该区域，另有乐从中学、陈登职业中学、岑松江夫人小学等。乐从文化广场则在东区的南部。
楼层资料
农行宿舍、宏盛楼、金信楼、华兴楼、新华村一期、新华村二期、暖洋楼、交管所宿舍、置德豪庭、喜联大厦、新力楼、工商行宿舍、新怡村、新宁楼、旭翠庭、恒业豪庭、祥景楼、紫荆楼、盈翠园、紫荆南苑、乐宜居、湖畔湾一期、湖畔湾二期、腾兴楼、耀兴楼、锦兴楼、东汇名苑、乐德居、乐泰居、和兴楼、乐豪居、达丰豪庭、达丰华庭、富景楼、晋源大厦、东怡美居、乐华楼、乐晴居、贤德居、前景楼、华逸豪庭、佛山奥园、顺联新城花园、富德居、金宇名都（竣工於2009年）。
参考文献
顺德区行政区划 |
《我亲爱的杀手》（）是一部1972年的義大利-西班牙鉛黃電影，由執導，、、、、和主演。一些評論家認為它是「驚悚片類型中最好的電影之一」，並且是「義大利鉛黃最好、最有活力且設計精良的產品之一」。
剧情
警察局长卢卡·佩雷蒂受命调查一起看似孤立的谋杀案——一家保险公司的调查员在乡村沼泽地被挖土機斩首。不久之后，操作挖土機的工人被发现上吊自杀。佩雷蒂在现场发现了一条线索，表明挖掘机司机并非自杀，而是被谋杀。他还发现，被谋杀的调查员当时正在调查一起悬案，涉及一名富有实业家的小女儿斯特凡尼娅·莫罗尼被绑架和谋杀的案件；她的父親前去支付贖金時，也被綁架了，兩人都被留在那里直至死去。调查员显然发现了一条线索，并试图将信息卖给受害者的亲属。
佩雷蒂繼續詢問與莫羅尼案有關的其他人，包括斯特凡尼娅飽受創傷的母親、叔叔奧利維耶羅（在戰爭中失去了一隻手）及其妻子、其他親戚和家裡的僕人。然而，更多的謀殺案開始發生。調查員的妻子在公共交通站被勒死，斯特凡尼娅的幼兒園老師被圓鋸肢解，居住在調查員謀殺現場附近一間小棚屋裡的貧困男子馬蒂亞被用雕像砸死。
到達斯特凡尼娅和她父親被留下等死的小屋後，佩雷蒂意識到斯特凡尼娅死前在一面鏡子的背面留下了綁架者身份的線索。那天晚上，兇手試圖殺死一位在不知情的情況下拿走鏡子的老婦人，但佩雷蒂及時趕到現場，兇手只得落荒而逃。收回鏡子後，佩雷蒂檢查了鏡子的背面，發現上面直接指出了兇手的身分。
佩雷蒂將警察傳喚到莫羅尼家，在全家人都在場的情況下，他開始嚴厲斥責兇手冷血殺人，卻忽略了暴露他身分的一個細節。然後佩雷蒂拿出鏡子，向贝尼亚米诺展示鏡子的背面，他尖叫起來，然後有人關掉了房間裡的燈。混亂平息後，燈光重新亮起，奧利維耶羅躲在角落的椅子後面抽泣。他承認出於對斯特凡尼娅父亲財富的嫉妒而殺死了他们父女，还殺死了所有其他人，想要掩蓋他的蹤跡。
佩雷蒂命令警察逮捕奧利維耶羅，同时镜头对准了镜子的背面，揭示了凶手身份的线索——斯特凡尼娅画的人像，少了一只手。
制作
這部電影的編劇署名是，但實際上他並沒有為《我亲爱的杀手》的劇本做出貢獻。署名马埃索是出于聯合製作的原因。
出演《我亲爱的杀手》是选定的。華萊里表示，這個角色對希爾頓來說“很難”，並且“很多人告訴他，這不適合你”。希爾頓認為這個角色是一個“具有挑戰性的任務”，因為他觉得華萊里是一個“要求非常高的導演，而且電影是用英語拍攝的”。其中包括最后一幕希爾頓的长篇独白，改动后只给了希爾頓半小时来背诵新对白。希爾頓後來對這部電影給予了正面的評價，他说在他拍过的所有电影中，他大概会保存其中的四部，包括《》《》《》和《我亲爱的杀手》。
東尼諾·華萊里表示，戀童癖叔叔的角色在制作過程中被徹底改寫。「这个角色你無法說出他在電影中是为了什么，所以我們告訴自己，『要么我們把他從電影中刪除，要么我們再開發一下』。于是我們有了让裸體小女孩在警察到访期間出现在他工作室門口的主意……”
发行
《我亲爱的杀手》於1972年2月3日在義大利上映，由Jumbo Cinematografica發行。該片票房收入2.5億義大利里拉。
参考资料
脚注
来源
外部链接
鉛黃電影
埃尼欧·莫里科内配乐电影
1970年代義大利電影作品
1970年代西班牙電影作品 |
鲁维尔（，）是法国滨海塞纳省的一个市镇，属于勒阿弗尔区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国诺曼底大区滨海塞纳省，该省份为法国北部沿海省份，其西部及北部濒大西洋英吉利海峡，东起顺时针与索姆省、瓦兹省、厄尔省和卡爾瓦多斯省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参考文献
R |
服用氢溴酸右美沙芬注射液须注意的事项？1? 用药7天，症状未缓解，请咨询医师或药师； 2? 哮喘患者、痰多的患者、肝肾功能不全患者慎用； 3? 孕妇慎用； 4? 儿童用量请咨询医师或药师； 5? 服药期间不得驾驶机、车、船、从事高空作业、机械作业及操作精密仪器； 6? 对本品过敏者禁用，过敏体质者慎用； 7? 本品性状发生改变时禁止使用； 8? 请将本品放在儿童不能接触的地方； 9? 儿童必须在成人监护下使用； 10? 如正在使用其他药品，使用本品前请咨询医师或药师。 |
桥本甲状腺癌术后的饮食忌口？在临床上，手术是治疗甲状腺癌的主要手段，并且效果显著，术后护理得当可以明显延长生存周期，甚至痊愈也并非不可能，很多甲状腺癌术后能活40年以上的患者都是护理得当，那么在做了甲状腺癌手术，康复的时候需要注意哪些细节呢?注重营养均衡甲状腺癌患者术后，往往身体状况较差，需要补充营养，要根据患者的实际情况，有针对性的制定食谱，除需要保证蛋白质的摄入之外，还应该以低脂、低油为主，另外需要注意注意补充维生素，无机盐，纤维素，微量元素硒等，这些可从新鲜蔬菜和水果中获取。但硒从食物中的吸收率不是很高，因此要在家里备点硒维康片，作为补硒剂，以加强补硒。食谱结构要合理临床上很多患者术后会出现厌食现象，因此需要注重饮食多样性，禁忌食谱单一，在制作时需要注意清淡和高营养优质量相结合，质软易消化和富含维生素相结合。坚持化疗众所周知，化疗是非常痛苦的，但是患者也应该坚持，化疗可以有效的杀死患者体内残存的微小病灶，甲术后残存的癌细胞多处于生长活跃期，对化学治疗比较敏感，应根据其组织类型及病理分期选择对症的联合治疗方案，尽早开始展全身化学治疗，对防止肿瘤的转移和复发有很大帮助，化疗一般自术后3-4周开始，短期疗效可靠。如果需要长期化疗的话，建议观察一下病人的身体状况。甲状腺癌术后能活40年靠的就是日常护理，一定要注重营养均衡，和菜谱多样性，另外患者需要对治疗癌症充满信心，积极的配合医生治疗，良好的心态有助于患者提高自身免疫力，更好的对抗甲状腺癌。 |
鸭池乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。2019年12月，撤销鸭池乡和谢安乡，设立谢安镇，以原鸭池乡和原谢安乡所属行政区域为谢安镇的行政区域。
行政区划
鸭池乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
用什么方法治汗疱疹？汗疱症又称为出汗不良性湿疹，为一种手掌、足跖部的水疱性疾病。本病多发生于春末夏初，夏季加重冬天可自愈，多见于青少年，汗疱疹一般指汗疱症别称出汗不良性湿疹。病因：尚未完全清楚，过去认为是由于手足多汗、汗液潴留于皮内所致，现多认为一种非特异性皮肤湿疹样反应。镍、铬等金属的系统性过敏及精神因素可能是本病的重要原因之一。临床表现：一般始于春末夏初，夏季加重，入冬可自愈，常与手足多汗并存，每年定期反复发作。好发于手掌、指端、手指侧面，少见于手背、足底，常对称发生。典型皮损为位于表皮深处的小水疱，米粒大小，半球形，略高出皮面，无炎症反应，分散或群集于手掌、手指侧面及指端，少见于手背、足底，常对称分布。水疱内含澄清浆液，一般不自行破裂，干涸后形成脱皮，露出红色新生上皮，薄而嫩，此时常感疼痛。周围皮肤正常。本病有不同程度的瘙痒及烧灼感。诊断：根据季节性反复发作、对称发生于手掌、损害多为小水疱、干后脱皮等特点诊断较易。汗疱症又称为出汗不良性湿疹，为一种手掌、足跖部的水疱性疾病。本病多发生于春末夏初，夏季加重冬天可自愈，多见于青少年，汗疱疹是生活中常见的一种出现在皮肤表面的水泡疾病，这种病比较常见，无论哪个年龄阶段的人群都有可能出现汗疱疹疾病，一般发病是由于接触一些刺激性物品导致这种现象，一般出现在手脚上的皮肤表层，因为手脚是汗腺特别发达的部位，一般表现为手脚部位出现水泡，汗疱疹的表现主要是以水泡为主。及时注意个人卫生，注意手脚部的清洁，保持手脚的干净，清爽可减少汗疱疹。 |
Bienvillers-au-Bois () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.
Geography
A farming and light industrial village located 11 miles (18 km) southwest of Arras at the junction of the D2, D8 and D62.
Population
Sights
The church of St. Jacques, dating from the thirteenth century.
The war memorial.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
References
External links
The CWGC cemetery at Bienvillers-au-Bois
Communes of Pas-de-Calais |
In telecommunications, cable Internet access, shortened to cable Internet, is a form of broadband internet access which uses the same infrastructure as cable television. Like digital subscriber line and fiber to the premises services, cable Internet access provides network edge connectivity (last mile access) from the Internet service provider to an end user. It is integrated into the cable television infrastructure analogously to DSL which uses the existing telephone network. Cable TV networks and telecommunications networks are the two predominant forms of residential Internet access. Recently, both have seen increased competition from fiber deployments, wireless, mobile networks and satellite internet access.
Hardware and bit rates
Broadband cable Internet access requires a cable modem at the customer's premises and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) at a cable operator facility, typically a cable television headend. The two are connected via coaxial cable to a hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) network. While access networks are referred to as last-mile technologies, cable Internet systems can typically operate where the distance between the modem and the termination system is up to . If the HFC network is large, the cable modem termination system can be grouped into hubs for efficient management. Several standards have been used for cable internet, but the most common is DOCSIS.
A cable modem at the customer is connected via coaxial cable to an optical node, and thus into an HFC network. An optical node serves many modems as the modems are connected with coaxial cable to a coaxial cable "trunk" via distribution "taps" on the trunk, which then connects to the node, possibly using amplifiers along the trunk. The optical node converts the Radiofrequency (RF) signal in the coaxial cable trunk into light pulses to be sent through optical fibers in the HFC network. At the other end of the network, an optics platform or headend platform converts the light pulses into RF signals in coaxial cables again using transmitter and receiver modules, and the cable modem termination system (CMTS) connects to these coaxial cables. An example of an optics platform is the Arris CH3000.
There are two coaxial cables at the CMTS for each node: one for the downstream (download speed signal), and the other for the upstream (upload speed signal). The CMTS then connects to the ISP's IP (Internet Protocol) network.
Downstream, the direction toward the user, bit rates can be as high as 1 Gbit/s. Upstream traffic, originating at the user, ranges from 384 kbit/s to more than 50 Mbit/s, although maximum effective range seems to be unknown. One downstream channel can handle hundreds of cable modems. As the system grows, the CMTS can be upgraded with more downstream and upstream ports, and grouped into hub CMTSs for efficient management.
Most Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) cable modems restrict upload and download rates, with customizable limits. These limits are set in configuration files which are downloaded to the modem using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol, when the modem first establishes a connection to the provider's equipment. Some users have attempted to override the bandwidth cap and gain access to the full bandwidth of the system by uploading their own configuration file to the cable modem - a process called uncapping.
Shared bandwidth
In most residential broadband technologies, such as cable Internet, DSL, satellite internet, or wireless broadband, a population of users share the available bandwidth. Some technologies share only their core network, while some including cable internet and passive optical network (PON) also share the access network. This arrangement allows the network operator to take advantage of statistical multiplexing, a bandwidth sharing technique which is employed to distribute bandwidth fairly, in order to provide an adequate level of service at an acceptable price. However, the operator has to monitor usage patterns and scale the network appropriately, to ensure that customers receive adequate service even during peak-usage times. If the network operator does not provide enough bandwidth for a particular neighborhood, the connection would become saturated and speeds would drop if many people are using the service at the same time, or drop out completely. Operators have been known to use a bandwidth cap, or other bandwidth throttling technique; users' download speed is limited during peak times, if they have downloaded a large amount of data that day.
See also
Cable modem
Digital cable
Internet service provider
Network service provider
Internet access
Triple play (telecommunications) - single coaxial cable connection for internet, TV and telephone service
References
Internet access
Digital cable |
William Douglas Crowhelm Gardom (18 June 1884 — 24 May 1944) was an Anglo-Argentine first-class cricketer.
Gardom was born in Argentina in June 1884. A club cricketer for the Hurlingham Club, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Argentina against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club at Buenos Aires in March 1912. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for a single run in the Argentine first innings by Henry Baird, while in their second innings he was dismissed for 9 runs by Eric Hatfeild. Gardom later emigrated to England, where he died at Bideford in May 1944.
References
External links
1884 births
1944 deaths
Cricketers from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of English descent
Argentine cricketers
Argentine emigrants to England |
睡觉时想什么能更快入睡？随着忙碌的工作很多人都觉得睡觉也是一种享受，可是有的人晚上却睡不好觉，工作的事情、生活压力大、烦恼的事情太多等，都会导致晚上睡不着觉，严重的还会引起失眠的症状。如果一两个晚上睡不好觉，第二天看起来不仅没有精神，而且显得非常憔悴，女性晚上睡不好觉不仅会衰老得快，内分泌也会受到影响，其实想快速入睡也是有方法的。1、第一个方法把卧室变成睡眠天堂。卧室必需安静、黑且暗，由于黑暗的环境会促进松果体产生褪黑激素，这种激素恰是控制日夜轮回的，就是你那个24小时制的生物钟。用厚重的窗帘或者别的什么隔绝外界光源，借助风扇或者白噪音掩盖恼人的声音，凉爽的温度有助于入眠，开窗或使用电扇对室内空气轮回有好处，假如室内空气太干燥,也可以用点加湿器。2、第二个方法从你的天性。晚上你会比较轻易切换到睡眠状态,由于你的身体通知到点了，可以随便做点什么以使在心理上做好入睡的预备.，读几页书、花个5到10分钟打理个人卫生，或者冥想一会，天天按时上床和起床也很重要，即使是在周末。3、第三个方法保证你的床只是用来睡觉的。.避免在床上工作、付账单、读书或者看电视，假如你但愿只把睡觉这件事和你的床联系起来，在床上你需要做的事情就是熟睡，而不是整晚翻烙饼。4、第四个方法驯服你的胃.。不管太饱或者太饿都会干扰睡眠，别在临睡前吃大餐，或者大肠告小肠不得入眠，你睡觉的时候胃里仍是塞得满满当当，胃酸会回流进食道.，真的很饿吃些富含碳水化合物的小点心，可以触发大脑血清素的开释。这玩意有助放松身心，尝尝看全麦饼干或者一碗麦片，搭配牛奶或一小份火鸡肉这些食品富含氨基酸,同样促进睡眠.5、第五个警惕咖啡因.。天天过量的咖啡因,即使不在睡眠时间施展影响，也会导致睡眠不规律，当你50岁时新陈代谢会变慢。咖啡因滞留人体的时间就更长乃至于10个小时，睡觉前6小时最多只能来2杯茶/咖啡/可乐。 |
恩世欧意的副作用（不良反应）？长期使用可引起伪膜性肠炎。 |
鼻子颜色苍白的治疗和预防方法？(1)饮食调摄：饮食营养要合理，食物必须多样化，食谱要广，不应偏食，否则会因某种营养素的缺乏而引起贫血。要富有营养及易于消化。饮食应有规律、有节制，严禁暴饮暴食。多食含铁丰富的食物，如猪肝、猪血、瘦肉、奶制品、豆类、大米、苹果、绿叶蔬菜等。多饮茶能补充叶酸，维生素B12，有利于巨细胞性贫血的治疗。但缺铁性贫血则不宜饮茶，因为饮茶不利于人体对铁剂的吸收。适当补充酸性食物则有利于铁剂的吸收。忌食辛辣、生冷不易消化的食物。平时可配合滋补食疗以补养身体。(2)劳逸结合，进行适当的体育活动。 |
Nathan Goodell (August 8, 1798 – June 2, 1883) was an American politician who served as the fifth and ninth mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Biography
Goodell was born on August 8, 1798, in Pomfret, Connecticut. He was the eleventh of twelve children born to Richard and Marcia Goodell. Goodell moved to Jefferson County, New York, and married Hannah Mosely Weeks, the daughter of a Swedenborgian clergyman. They had two children. After their marriage, they moved to Detroit, Michigan, before settling in Green Bay. Goodell died from apparent pneumonia on June 2, 1883.
Career
Goodell was mayor in 1859 and 1864. He was also Superintendent of Streets for a number of years.
References
People from Pomfret, Connecticut
People from Jefferson County, New York
Politicians from Detroit
Mayors of Green Bay, Wisconsin
1798 births
1883 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Wisconsin
19th-century American politicians |
2015年希腊议会选举可以指：
2015年1月希腊议会选举
2015年9月希腊议会选举 |
联合乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
联合乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
怎么看自己痘痘的类型？痘痘的类型：白头粉刺又称白头，为米粒大小的半球形白色小包，质硬，无自觉症状，可发展为丘疹、脓疮等。黑头粉刺也称为黑头，是由于皮脂排出的通路不畅，大量分泌的皮脂堆积在毛囊导管中形成的开放性粉刺，比较容易被去除。黑头粉刺特征为毛孔中的黑点，挤出后形如小虫，顶端发黑。去黑头粉刺可以在洗澡或者用热毛巾敷脸后，此时的毛孔属于张开状态，然后再用面刷等辅助工具将粉刺刷出来，再用收敛水收缩毛孔。脸上的红头痤疮是由于痤疮继发感染所造成的，在痤疮继发感染后，通常会出现感染部位发红，疼痛，肿胀等现象，如置之不理，皮肤炎症会加重并化脓。千万不要用手去挤痘痘。脓疱型痤疮开始时为点状红斑或者小丘疹，会迅速成为豌豆、粟粒或水疱，不治疗会进一步感染变为脓疱。谷粒至绿豆大小时，疱液粘稠形成积脓，破后露出糜烂面，愈后形成凹陷性疤痕。脓疱型痤疮与不良饮食、消极情绪、无规律作息、痤疮杆菌都有一定关系，较硬、压之有的有痛感，不及时治疗，非常容易产生永久性瘢痕。由于每个人的身体情况有所不同，痤疮的受损程度也会有所不同，其发病的表现也会不一样。皮下囊肿是指发生在真皮或皮下，具有囊腔结构，外有囊壁，内有液体或其他成分的病理结构。皮下囊肿为一柔软或多个柔软或坚实的球状物一旦形成，是不会自己消除的，需要进行手术治疗。皮下囊肿在任何年龄均可发生，以青年时期头面、臂、背部发病多见，发病多年而无症状，易继发感染。长痘的皮肤，因为感染发炎或者受到外力挤压，引起血管扩长张、色素沉淀，伤及真皮层，从而形成痘印、痘坑。 |
揭阳市博物馆，中华人民共和国广东省揭阳市的地方综合性博物馆，前身为1958年成立的揭阳县博物馆，1992年随揭阳撤县建市而升格为揭阳市博物馆。该馆坐落于广东省揭阳市文化广场，该处馆设于2022年10月开放，此前该馆曾先后设在揭阳学宫和揭阳楼。
历史
1958年6月26日，揭阳县博物馆成立，隶属于汕头市揭阳县文化局，馆址坐落于揭阳学宫（位于今揭阳市榕城区韩祠路口东侧）。揭阳学宫始建于南宋绍兴十年（1140年），占地面积1.5万平方米，是由二十多座单体建筑组成的建筑群，历代以来曾多次被毁及重修。1925年国民革命军东征期间，周恩来曾在揭阳学宫内的崇圣祠办公。1957年，揭阳学宫已被列为广东省古建筑保护单位和革命纪念地。揭阳县博物馆成立后不久，便与揭阳县档案馆联合成立揭阳革命档案资料征集委员会。1962年，揭阳县博物馆改为陈列室，属揭阳县文化馆领导。1963年，揭阳学宫被广东省人民政府公布为“周恩来同志革命活动纪念地”。1966年，受文化大革命影响，揭阳县文化馆陈列室停止活动。1978年，揭阳学宫被广东省革命委员会重申公布命名为“周恩来同志革命活动旧址”。1979年5月，揭阳县博物馆建制恢复，馆址仍在揭阳学宫，属揭阳县文化局领导。1986年至1991年，揭阳县政府筹资169万元，对揭阳学宫中路建筑、大成殿、崇圣祠等进行全面揭顶、部分落架修缮，按照修旧如旧原则保留了其清光绪二年重修时的建筑风格。随后，揭阳县博物馆在揭阳学宫内筹备“揭阳出土文物展览”、“孔子生平事迹展览”和“周恩来革命活动旧址展览”三个固定展览。1991年8月，揭阳县博物馆正式对外开放，开始接待观众参观。
1991年12月，汕头市分治为汕头、潮州、揭阳三市，揭阳县升格为地级揭阳市。1992年，该馆升格为揭阳市博物馆，并被划归新成立的揭阳市管理，隶属于揭阳市文化局，设有有“揭阳出土文物展览”、“科举考试展览”和“周恩来革命活动旧址展览”三个固定展览。2007年12月28日，揭阳学宫全面修缮工程在揭阳市政府和揭阳市文管部门的主持下正式启动。2009年3月中旬开始，馆内陈列暂停对外开放。2009年5月，揭阳市博物馆被中国国家文物局公布为国家三级博物馆。
2010年10月，揭阳市博物馆按照揭阳市委市政府的决搬至揭阳楼临时办公。揭阳楼位于揭阳市区东入口（榕城区沿江中路193号），属汉代风格仿古建筑，2010年12月6日正式落成开放。揭阳楼占地面积3300平方米，建筑面积9152平方米，总高38米，主体建筑揭阳楼共有五层，其中面积近3000平方米的二楼被用作博物馆的陈列展示区和办公区，称“故乡记忆——揭阳市特色文化展览馆”，设有“揭阳通史陈列”、“揭阳革命史陈列”和“揭阳文化遗产陈列”三个固定展览。2011年底，位于揭阳经济开发试验区市文化广场内的博物馆新馆开工建设，根据规划设计，新馆占地35亩，建筑面积约1.3万多平方米。2022年6月3日，揭阳市博物馆发表《搬迁公告》，宣布原揭阳楼二楼展厅不再使用，但新馆对外开放时间将另行告知。
2022年10月1日上午，揭阳市博物馆举行新馆开馆仪式，新馆正式向公众开放。新馆占地面积4365平方米，总建筑面积13792平方米。建筑风格为中式典雅风，与文化广场的整体建筑风格一致。新馆分地下一层和地上四层，设有四个固定展厅、两个临时展厅和一个多功能报告厅。
馆藏
截至2022年10月，揭阳市博物馆馆藏文物有11224件/套，包括石器、陶器、瓷器、铜器、木雕、书画、古籍等类别，其中1145件/套为珍贵文物。
展览
揭阳市博物馆设有4个基本陈列展厅，分别为“揭阳通史陈列”、“揭阳革命史陈列”、“揭阳名人展”和“揭阳民俗展”。
机构设置
该馆为揭阳市文化广电旅游体育局直属科级公益一类事业单位，有核定事业编制20名，设置有办公室（安全管理部）、考古保管部、陈列部、宣教部、信息技术部等5个内设机构。
参考
外部链接
揭阳市的博物馆
国家三级博物馆
在广东的事业单位
1958年中國建立
1958年建立的博物馆
榕城区
揭陽歷史 |
保坂和志（）是一位日本作家，出生於日本山梨縣，畢業於東京早稻田大學經濟學部。曾在1995年和1997年分別獲得芥川賞與谷崎潤一郎賞。
作品
『プレーンソング』1990年
『草の上の朝食』1993年
『猫に時間の流れる』1994年
『この人の閾』1995年
『季節の記憶』1996年
『羽生～21世紀の将棋～』1997年
『残響』1997年
『アウトブリード』1998年
『＜私＞という演算』1999年
『もうひとつの季節』1999年
『生きる歓び』2000年
『世界を肯定する哲学』2001年
『小説修業』2001年
『明け方の猫』2001年
『書きあぐねている人のための小説入門』2003年
『カンバセイション・ピース』2003年
『小説の自由』2005年
『途方に暮れて、人生論』2006年
『「三十歳までなんか生きるな」と思っていた』2007年
外部連結
潘朵拉的香盒
參見條目
日本文学
H
H
H
H |
The 1888 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Democratic nominee Daniel Gould Fowle defeated Republican nominee Oliver H. Dockery with 51.97% of the vote.
Democratic convention
The Democratic convention was held on May 30, 1888.
Candidates
Daniel Gould Fowle, former Chairman of the North Carolina Democratic Party
Charles Manly Stedman, incumbent Lieutenant Governor
Sydenham Benoni Alexander, State Senator
Robert D. Gilmer
William H. Kitchin, former U.S. Representative
W.W. Fuller
Walter Clark, Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court
Richard H. Battle, Chairman of the North Carolina Democratic Party
Risden Tyler Bennett, former U.S. Representative
Results
The results of the balloting were as follows:
General election
Candidates
Major party candidates
Daniel Gould Fowle, Democratic
Oliver H. Dockery, Republican
Other candidates
William T. Walker, Prohibition
Results
References
1888
North Carolina
Gubernatorial |
東180街車站（），曾被稱為「東180街-摩里斯公園大道車站」（）是紐約地鐵IRT白原路線一個高架的快車地鐵站，位於布朗克斯東180街及摩里斯公園大道交界，設有2號線（任何時候停站）與5號線（任何時候停站）列車服務。
車站結構
此站於1917年3月3日作為計劃一部分啟用並為白原路線其中一個由177街至238街的延長線車站。其亦與1912年興建的與東180街NYW&B車站連接。
紐約地鐵月台
紐約地鐵車站設有兩個島式月台和三條軌道。所有2號線及5號線列車於任何時候停站，除尖峰和深夜外停靠外側軌道。中央軌道被5號線於尖峰時段以尖峰方向行駛（以快速來往第三大道-149街）以及深夜（接駁線列車由伊斯徹斯特-代里大道以此站為總站）。快車軌道往第三大道-149街全長3.4英哩並繞過七個車站，成為全紐約地鐵第二長的快車軌道，僅次於全長3.5英哩介乎125街車站及59街-哥倫布圓環車站的IND第八大道線，同樣繞過七個車站。
月台南端設有一條員工專用橋樑，以便由月台直接前往西面的東180街車廠。直至1980年代，車站設有經夾層到街道的扶手電梯，殘餘在軌道下方仍可見。前往舊NYW&B鐵路行政大樓需要步行前往，另設有一個往180街的出口。
北行在西農莊廣場-東特雷蒙特大道車站列車轉向東行並經S型彎道前往東180街車站。東北面為聯合港車廠和一座信號塔；西北面為IRT代里大道線南行軌道的天橋。2號線列車繼續經IRT白原路線前往威克菲爾德-241街車站。5號線列車分支到東北面的代里大道線，同時在尖峰時段的尖峰方向繼續經白原路線前往涅雷大道車站。
紐約、威斯徹斯特及波士頓鐵路月台
紐約地鐵月台的東面是舊的180街車站。1937年紐約、威斯徹斯特及波士頓鐵路停運後，一段鐵路主線被紐約市購入，轉型為地鐵並重新命名為IRT代里大道線。代里大道以北及東180街以南的路線被廢棄和拆除，導致代里大道線失去鐵路連接，因此1940年起地鐵長期以接駁線營運。
1957年，連接IRT白原路線和代里大道線的天橋啟用，容許後者的列車開往曼哈頓和布魯克林。過去所有使用紐約、威斯徹斯特及波士頓鐵路的服務全數移動到白原路線月台和軌道，並於1980年4月23日列入國家史蹟名錄 。
舊的紐約、威斯徹斯特及波士頓鐵路位於摩里斯公園大道的站舍仍舊作為主入口使用。同時亦是一些辦公室、一個小型便利店和最近一個警區（現時距離車站入口的街道對面設有一棟大廈）。車站的重置於2013年由MTA完成。
參考資料
外部連結
Station Reporter — 2 Train
Station Reporter — 5 Train
The Subway Nut — East 180th Street Pictures
New York, Westchester and Boston Railway - East 180th Street Station
Morris Park Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
East 180th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Tracks and platforms from Google Maps Street View
Platforms from Google Maps Street View
IRT白原路線車站
1917年啟用的鐵路車站
布朗克斯紐約地鐵車站 |
Angelo Felici J.C.D. (26 July 1919, Segni – 17 June 2007, Rome) was an Italian Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church and President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei. Before this role he served as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 1988 to 1995.
Early life
He was ordained on 4 April 1942 and spent the next three years studying for his doctorate in canon law. In 1945 he joined the Vatican Secretariat of State where he worked until 1949. He was a faculty member at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, until he was appointed under-secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1964.
Episcopate
Pope Paul sent him on a mission to Jerusalem after the Six-Day War between Arabs and Israelis. Pope Paul VI appointed him as titular archbishop of Caesariana and appointed pro-nuncio to the Netherlands on 22 July 1967. He was consecrated as a bishop in September of the same year. His nine years in the Netherlands were known for their sharp conflicts within the Catholic Church, among other things about the celibacy issue and about two bishop's nominations that were supposed to be extremely conservative (Adrianus Johannes Simonis and Joannes Gijsen). He was transferred to Portugal in 1976 and finally to France in 1979.
Cardinalate
He was made Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari in the consistory of 28 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II. In 1988, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, where he served until 1995. Then he was appointed President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei. As Cardinal Deacons are permitted to do after ten years, he opted for the order of cardinal priests and his titular church was elevated pro hac vice to the rank of title on 9 January 1999. He lost the right to participate in a conclave when he turned 80 years of age in 1999.
Death
On 17 June 2007, Cardinal Felici died; Pope Benedict XVI sent his condolences and, on 19 June 2007, presided at Cardinal Felici's funeral Mass at the Altar of the Cathedra in Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.
External links
GCatholic.org profile
References
1919 births
2007 deaths
People from Segni
21st-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to France
Apostolic Nuncios to the Netherlands
Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century Italian cardinals |
Te Maunga is a suburb of Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty, in New Zealand's North Island.
A large timber fire broke out in Te Maunga in November 2019.
The area experienced surface flooding in June 2020.
In September 2020, the New Zealand Transport Agency began work on a new traffic interchange.
Demographics
Te Maunga covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Te Maunga had a population of 7,392 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,515 people (25.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,776 people (31.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,117 households, comprising 3,375 males and 4,017 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.84 males per female, with 1,137 people (15.4%) aged under 15 years, 1,032 (14.0%) aged 15 to 29, 2,838 (38.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,385 (32.3%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 84.7% European/Pākehā, 17.3% Māori, 3.0% Pacific peoples, 4.7% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 19.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.3% had no religion, 40.7% were Christian, 2.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 1,104 (17.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,332 (21.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 861 people (13.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,520 (40.3%) people were employed full-time, 753 (12.0%) were part-time, and 180 (2.9%) were unemployed.
References
Suburbs of Tauranga |
The odour of sanctity (also spelled odor), according to the Catholic Church, is commonly understood to mean a specific scent (often compared to flowers) that emanates from the bodies of saints, especially from the wounds of stigmata. These saints are called myroblytes while the exudation itself is referred to as myroblysia or myroblytism.
Meanings
The odour of sanctity can be understood to mean two things:
An ontological state (a state of being), not usually related to an actual olfactory sensation, indicating that the individual possessing it is in a state of grace (i.e., a state characterized by the absence of mortal sin). Usually refers to the state of an individual's soul at the time of death. Some canonized saints are said to have died in an odour of sanctity.
An actual odour (scent or aroma) present at the time of death and for some time thereafter.
Odour of sanctity and sainthood
The term "odour of sanctity" appears to have emerged in the Middle Ages, at a time when many saints were raised to that status by acclamation of the faithful. In the absence of carefully written records, either by or about the individual, evidence of a saintly life was attested to only by personal recollections of those around him or her. It appears that the odour of sanctity occurring at the person’s death carried some weight in convincing the local ecclesiastical authority to canonize the saint – to allow the faithful to venerate them and ask the saint to intercede on their behalf.
Potential natural cause
There is a theory that the odour of sanctity is due to the smell of acetone and/or acetoacetic acid, caused by ketosis brought on by starvation from fasting.
Notable examples
Saint Teresa of Ávila and Saint Maravillas of Jesus (both Spanish Discalced Carmelites) were reported to have emitted heavenly scents immediately after their respective deaths, with Teresa's scent filling her monastery the moment she died. Saint Thérèse de Lisieux (a French Discalced Carmelite known as "the Little Flower") was said to have produced a strong scent of roses at her death, which was detectable for days afterward.
At the moment Madame Elisabeth was guillotined "an odour of roses was diffused over the Place de la Révolution" where she met her end.
Likewise, the blood issuing from Padre Pio's stigmata allegedly smelled of flowers. Some dust taken from the incorrupt remains of Maria Droste zu Vischering in 1899 was meanwhile said to have emanated an agreeable scent.
See also
Incorruptibility
Oil of Saints
References
Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages; By Andri Vauchez
The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles; By Ebenezer Cobham Brewer
Catholic liturgy
Catholic spirituality
Odor |
卵巢囊肿用开刀吗？什么原因引起的卵巢囊肿呢？卵巢囊肿的性质很多，发生的原因各不相同，常见的生理性囊肿，比如卵泡或者排卵后形成的黄体。生理性囊肿很常见，大都能在来正常月经以后消失，可以两三个月经周期后复查。一直不能消失的就考虑病理性囊肿，是否需要手术主要取决于囊肿的性质，如果囊肿在B超下是实性的，或者是囊实性的，一般需要手术。单纯囊性的并且不是很大，可以定期检查一般不需要手术。在发现卵巢囊肿之后，其实并非都要开刀的。这只是超声检查的一个发现，有些卵巢囊肿是生理性的，如滤包囊肿或黄体囊肿，是卵泡发育和排卵后的黄体，吸收过的过程中形成的。这种卵巢囊肿多为单侧，直径大多小于5厘米，壁薄，一般情况下可以自然的收缩，随访两至三个月后，月经干净后，复查囊肿可自行消失，常常不需要特殊的处理。但是如果随访三个月囊肿持续的在长大，应考虑为病理性的囊肿，如卵巢肿瘤等，应考虑手术治疗，卵巢上的病理性囊肿最为常见的是，卵巢良性肿瘤、卵巢内膜异位症肿瘤等等，但是病理性的囊肿均应该进行手术治疗。我们如果从西医上来讲，多数疾病都和饮食没有太大的关系，除了胃肠道的疾病或者特殊的情况，一般来讲，妇科的疾病很少有和饮食相关。卵巢囊肿是一种形态学的描述，它的病因或类型有很多，和饮食没有关系，卵巢的组织成分有很多种，包括上皮、支持细胞、生殖细胞很多种，不同的肿瘤类型治疗方法和表现不一样，但是都和饮食没有关系。日常生活中，卵巢囊肿要避免高度紧张及精神刺激，保持乐观情绪及充足睡眠。饮食宜清淡，应富含足够的营养。 |
Mirna Khayat (; born 1973) is a Lebanese music video director.
Khayat has worked with names like Amal Hijazi, Pascale Machaalani, George Wassouf, Mayssam Nahas and Nancy Ajram.
Khayat's breakthrough came in 2003 when she was chosen to work with Amal Hijazi for Hijazi's music video "Romansyia", which showed Hijazi has a young star who had fallen in love. Mirna went to direct Hijazi's other music videos such as "Bedawwar A Albi" and "Mistanie Eiy" which also gained favourable reviews.
In 2005, Mirna Khayat returned to the music scene with Amal Hijazi's "Baad Sneene"and later "Baheb Noa Kalamak".
In 2007, Khayat directed Nancy Ajram's Gulf song, "Meshtagel Leh". She has also directed some hit music videos such as Melissa's "Leil ya Leil ", "Kam Sana", and "Garahtak".
In recent years, Khayat has directed the biggest music video hit "Byehsidouni" for George Wassouf.
References
1973 births
Lebanese film directors
Living people
Female music video directors
Lebanese women film directors
Lebanese music video directors
Lebanese Christians |
Runiform may refer to scripts or inscriptions similar written with letters that are similar in form to the runic scripts that were historically used to write various Germanic languages in Northern Europe. It may refer to:
Coelbren y Beirdd
Old Turkic alphabet
Old Hungarian alphabet
Siglas poveiras
hypothetical Pre-Christian Slavic writing
See also
Rune (disambiguation)
Reniform (disambiguation) |
祛除口臭的最简单方法是什么？口气是指从口腔或其他充满空气的空腔中如鼻、鼻窦、咽，所散发出的臭气，它严重影响人们的社会交往和心理健康，已将口臭作为一种疾病来进行报道。调查显示，中国口臭患病率为27.5%。而在西方国家，则为50%。全球约有10%~65%的人曾患有口臭。那么，祛除口臭的最简单方法是什么？1、口腔异味的原因分为外源性和内源性两种。食用大葱、大蒜、韭菜等气味较重的食物容易引起口腔异味；内源性的则主要是由于口腔卫生差、消化系统有炎症、消化不良或者是某些全身性疾病都会引起口腔异味。但是80%以上的原因都出自口腔问题，因此“管好嘴”是口吐芬芳的关键。2、刷牙是对付口腔异味最直接、最有效的方法，但是如何刷牙何时刷牙很关键。起床和睡前的两次刷牙必不可少，很多人觉得起床后的没必要刷牙，可是经过一夜的繁殖，口腔中的细菌载量已经非常高了，而且味道特别难闻。每次刷牙时间在3分钟左右，充分对牙齿的颊侧和舌侧的每一个边边角角都充分刷干净才好。此外，记得饭后漱口，这个好习惯也可以减少口腔异味。3、舌乳头上附着的各种角化上皮细胞、食物残渣、唾液以和细菌及其代谢产物，在正常情况下，我们的身体能够在吞咽和咀嚼过程中，将这些混合物“冲洗”干净，因此平时我们的舌头上只有薄薄一层舌苔。当“上火”或者感冒时，舌苔变厚，这些乱七八糟东西就不能被代谢掉，口臭就找上门了。因此在饭后及刷牙时，用软毛刷或舌苔专用刷来清洁舌苔，口腔异味就会明显减轻，但是要注意动作的轻柔，切记不可用硬物刮舌苔。4、洗牙洗出健康口腔，一张口露出满口黄黄的牙齿或者牙龈间潜藏的牙石，不用怀疑，这样的人口腔的味道一定好不到哪儿去。牙周炎是造成口腔异味的罪魁祸首，而牙石堆积极易造成牙龈炎，因此定期洁牙也是非常重要的。通常没半年到1年进行到正规口腔医院洗牙一次，能够有效预防牙龈炎的发生，口臭自然离我们远远的。综上所述，口臭是很多人都存在着的烦恼。如果我们是以为口腔出现问题的人，那么我们一定会出现口臭。平时吃一些水果也是非常好的，餐后2小时咀嚼一个苹果，或者为自己冲泡柠檬水以及口含一粒梅子都能够让口气清新起来。 |
汗湿疹怎么治？夏天湿疹病人要勤换衣服，保持衣服的干燥！尽量减少出汗，另外出汗后最好能及时冲洗换上干净的衣服，平时的饮食注意少吃辛辣油腻食物，多吃些维生素含量丰富的食物！这样都可以减少湿疹的发生。湿疹病因复杂，常为内外因相互作用结果。内因如慢性消化系统疾病、精神紧张、失眠、过度疲劳、情绪变化、内分泌失调、感染、新陈代谢障碍等，外因如生活环境、气候变化、食物等均可影响湿疹的发生。是复杂的内外因子引起的一种迟发型变态反应。在临床上，湿疹按皮损表现分为急性湿疹、亚急性湿疹、慢性三期湿疹，按照皮损累及范围，有份为局限性湿疹和泛发性湿疹，阴囊湿疹就是典型局限性湿疹。皮损初为多数密集的粟粒大小的丘疹、丘疱疹或小水疱，基底潮红，逐渐融合成片，由于搔抓，丘疹、丘疱疹或水疱顶端抓破后呈明显的点状渗出及小糜烂面，边缘不清。如继发感染，炎症更明显，可形成脓疱、脓痂、毛囊炎、疖等。自觉剧烈瘙痒。好发于头面、耳后、四肢远端、阴囊、肛周等，多对称发布。湿疹病因复杂，治疗好转后仍易反复发作，难根治。因临床形态和部位各有特点，故用药因人而异。湿疹治疗一般治疗方法如下：1.一般防治原则寻找可能诱因，以及有无慢性病灶和内脏器官疾病。2.内用疗法选用抗组胺药止痒，必要时两种配合或交替使用。3.外用疗法根据皮损情况选用适当剂型和药物。湿疹患病期间注意调整饮食，忌食辛辣刺激如酒类,海鲜贝类食物应禁用、以清淡饮食为好；尽量减少外界不良刺激、如手抓、外用肥皂、热水烫洗等。 |
頸城大野站（）是位於日本新潟縣糸魚川市，隸屬於西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）的鐵路車站，每天只提供7班普通列車前往南小谷站、2班前往平岩站、9班次往糸魚川站。
日本國鐵時代，由於已在福島縣常磐線已經設有大野站，而開業前一年，於西蒲原郡（即現時新潟市西區）亦已開設了，因此於車站命上，改採用令制國次一級的郡名「頸城」入名，成為了現今的「頸城大野」。
車站結構
站房
設有木製單層站舍一座，改札口前月台部份設有屋簷，可同時供作有蓋候車亭之用。
與北小谷站相同，開站時只設有側式月台1座，列車不能在此交換。就算後來北小谷站因車務需求而增設了通過路軌，本站亦未有跟隨裝設，是同區間中少數能夠一直位處直線區間的車站。
月台
有效長度為超過4輛，其中往根知站方向約2輛的長度為後來加建，高度稍比原來的月台為高。列車靠站時，上行往南小谷方向為右側開門，下行往糸魚川為左側開門。
歷史
1934年11月14日：隨國鐵大糸北線糸魚川～根知通車而開業。
1957年8月15日：大糸北線與大糸南線貫通，改稱名大糸線。
1972年10月2日：貨運服務取消。
1987年4月1日：國鐵分割民營化，成為西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）車站。
2014年：
11月22日：因發生，引起土石流，列車暫時停駛。
11月24日：列車復駛。
利用人數
相鄰車站
西日本旅客鐵道
大糸線
根知－頸城大野－姬川
注釋
外部連結
JR西日本 頸城大野站公式網頁。
Bikioono
大糸線車站 (西日本旅客鐵道)
1934年啟用的鐵路車站
糸魚川市鐵路車站 |
在数学与计算机科学中，连通性是图论的一个基本概念：它是需要移除的元素（节点或边）的最小数量，使得剩余的节点分离成两个或多个独立的子图。它与网络流问题的理论密切相关。图的连通性是衡量其作为网络的韧性的重要标准。
连通节点和连通图
在无向图中，如果包含一条从到的路径，则两个顶点和被称为是连通的。否则，它们被称为是非连通的。如果这两个顶点由一条长度为的路径连接，即由一条边连接，则这两个顶点被称为是相邻的。
如果图中的每一对顶点都是连通的，则称该图为连通的。这意味着，每一对顶点之间都有一条路径。因此，如果一个无向图中存在两个顶点，使得中没有任何路径以这两个顶点为端点，那么这个无向图就是非连通的。只有一个顶点的图是连通的。有两个或更多顶点的无边图是非连通的。
如果将一个有向图的所有有向边替换成无向边，会产生一个连通（无向）图，那么这个有向图被称为是弱连通的。如果对于每一对顶点和，它包含一条从到的有向路径，或者从到的有向路径，那么它就是单向连通的（也称为半连通）。如果对于每一对顶点和，它都包含一条从到的有向路径和一条从到的有向路径，那它就是强连通的。
分量与割
连通分量是无向图的极大连通子图。每个顶点和每条边都仅属于一个连通分量。当且仅当一个图有且仅有一个连通分量时，原图就是连通的。
强连通分量是有向图的极大强连通子图。
连通图的是一组顶点，除去这些顶点会使变得不连通。（其中不是完全图）是最小点割集的大小。如果一个图的点连通度为或更大，则该图被称为-点连通的。
更确切地说，任何图（无论是否完全）如果至少包含个顶点，但不包含一个由个顶点组成的集合，使得移除该集合的点会使图不连通，则称其为-点连通的；而的定义是使是-点连通的最大的k。特别的，一个有个顶点的完整图，表示为，根本没有点割集，但。
对两个顶点u和v，到的点割集是一个顶点的集合，从图中移除这些顶点会使和不连通。局部点连通度是到的最小点割集的大小。对于无向图来说，局部点连通度是对称的；也就是说，。此外，除了完全图，等于在所有不相邻的顶点对到上的最小值。
-点连通也被称为点双连通。一个连通但不是-点连通的图有时被称为可分离的。
类似地，以上概念可以被定义为边的概念。在简单情况下，切割一条特定的边会使图不连通，这条边被称为桥。更一般地，的边割集是一组边，去除这些边会使图不连通。是最小的边割集的大小，两个顶点到的局部边连通度是到最小的边割集的大小，同样，局部边连通度是对称的。如果一个图的边连通度为或更大，则称该图为-边连通的。
如果一个图的点连通性等于其最小度数，则称该图为最大点连通的。如果一个图的边连通性等于其最小度数，则称该图为最大边连通的。
參考資料
参见
代数连通度
使用创建条目精灵建立的页面
图的连通性 |
哺乳的并发症？哺乳期乳腺炎：乳汁淤积有利于入侵入细菌的生长繁殖。淤积的原因有乳头发育不良(过小或内陷)妨碍哺乳; 乳汁过多或婴儿吸乳少，以致乳汁不能完全排空; 乳管不通，影响排乳。乳头破损使细菌沿淋巴管入侵是感染的主要途径。婴儿口含乳头睡觉或婴儿患口腔炎也有利于细菌直接侵入乳管。致病菌以金黄色葡萄菌为主。 |
The 2004 Wellington local elections were part of the 2004 New Zealand local elections, to elect members to sub-national councils and boards. The Wellington elections cover one regional council (the Greater Wellington Regional Council), eight territorial authority (city and district) councils, three district health boards, and various community boards and licensing trusts.
Wellington City Council
The Wellington City Council consists of a mayor and fourteen councillors elected from five wards (Northern, Onslow-Western, Lambton, Eastern, Southern) using the Single Transferable Vote system.
Mayor
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 colspan=2 valign=top|Candidates – Parties
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=2|1st round
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=2|last round
|-
!width="75" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center |Votes
!width="30" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center |%
!width="75" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center |Votes
!width="30" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center |%
|-
|align=left|Kerry Prendergast
|align=left|
|22,069
|42.39%
|27,002
|59.85%
|-
|align=left|Bryan Pepperell
|align=left|
|7,993
|15.35%
|18,115
|40.15%
|-
|align=left| Rob Goulden
|align=left|
|7,703
|14.79%
|-
|align=left|Timothy O'Brien
|align=left|
|6,560
|12.60%
|-
|align=left|Jack Ruben
|align=left|
|6,547
|12.57%
|-
|align=left|Stephen Hay
|align=left|
|1195
|2.30%
|-
| align=left colspan=6 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|align=left colspan=2 |Total
|52,067
| 100%
|'''45,117
| 100%
|}
Eastern ward
The Eastern ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The final iteration of results for the ward were:
Lambton ward
The Lambton ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The final iteration of results for the ward were:
Northern ward
The Northern ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The final iteration of results for the ward were:
Onslow-Western ward
The Onslow-Western ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The final iteration of results for the ward were:
Southern ward
The Southern ward returns two councillors to the Wellington City Council. The final iteration of results for the ward were:
References
Wellington
Politics of the Wellington Region
Wellington
2000s in Wellington |
Mineur is a lunar impact crater that lies just to the northeast of the prominent crater Jackson on the far side of the Moon. Jackson lies at the center of a broad ray system, a portion of which covers Mineur. The closest other crater of note is Cockcroft to the north.
This is a heavily eroded crater formation, with a worn rim that stands in contrast to the well-defined features of Jackson. The northern part of the rim in particular has been heavily damaged by multiple overlapping impacts. The interior floor of Mineur is relatively featureless.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Mineur.
References
Impact craters on the Moon |
喝牛奶的好处？喝牛奶的好处有：牛奶对人体有镇静安神作用。人吃过牛奶后会感到有一种镇定感，故晚间临睡前喝一杯牛奶后会起到安神促眠作用第二，牛奶能治疗胃及十二指肠溃疡疾病的痊愈。牛奶还有抗胃癌功能。第三，牛奶及发酵酸牛奶能减少癌变。在致癌物质有85%是变异原性机制，所以，常喝牛奶或酸奶有防癌作用。第四，婴幼儿喝牛奶能促进智力发育。牛奶中的乳糖被消化解时生成1分子葡萄糖和1分子半乳糖。半乳糖是构成脑和神经组织的一种成分。所以，牛奶能促进智力发育。第五，少年儿童喝牛奶能促进身体生长发育。据试验证明：少年儿童每天500毫升牛奶的比不喝牛奶的，（经1年的试验）体重和身高增长近1倍。第六，成年人和老年人喝牛奶能抗衰老，延年益寿。德国联邦牛奶研究所所长黑申的研究证实，人们每天喝一杯牛奶至少有11种好处：1．牛奶中含有钾，可使动脉血管壁在血压高时保持稳定，使中风危险减少一半，还可防治高血压和心脏病。2．可以阻止人体吸收食物中有毒的金属铅和镉。3．酸奶和脱脂乳可增强免疫系统功能，防止肿瘤细胞增长。4．牛奶中的酪氨酸能促进血清素大量生长。5．牛奶中的碘、锌和卵磷脂能大大提高大脑的工作效率。6．牛奶中的铁、铜和维生素A有美容作用，使皮肤保持光滑和丰满。7．牛奶中的钙能增强骨骼，防止骨骼萎缩和骨折。8．牛奶中的镁能使心脏和神经系统耐疲劳。9．牛奶中的锌能促进伤口更快愈合。10．牛奶中的维生素B2可提高视力。11．牛奶中含有左旋色氨等物质，睡前喝一杯有催眠之妙用。另据科学家的研究发现：7～10岁的儿童每天早晚各饮一袋牛奶，可满足每日所需蛋白质的60％，对钙需求的75％，对磷需求的42％，对维生素B2需求的75％。喝牛奶可以增加我们身体钙的吸收！每天喝一杯是非常好的！可是喝牛奶前千万不要吃水果，如其是橘子，因为果酸和牛奶到胃口里会结成小块，对消化不好！ |
多囊卵巢综合症患者平时注意事项？多囊卵巢综合症是一个在女性育龄期妇女中发生率比较高的一个疾病。女性排卵和月经的来潮是在一些激素的整体调整地下完成的，任何一个步骤出现问题都可能引发月经周期的紊乱，排卵的问题以及各种激素的紊乱。在卵巢当中除了雌激素孕激素还分泌一种雄激素，雄激素虽然作为女性它们也是有分泌的，雄激素的主要作用是在于有合成代谢作用，在女性它是低的但是也不能没有，在女性如果雄激素水平过高会产生一系列的代谢系统问题和其他功能障碍。情绪是引发这个病灶最最最重要的一点，病灶就是有情绪引发的，所以一定要保持乐观的心态，最基本，不要发脾气，不能暴躁。月经不走，每天出血：这种情况，不适合剧烈运动。比例适合的运动：瑜伽暴走游泳。最好是晚上十点准备睡觉，晚上身体也会在这个时间修复。大多患有这个病的人，都会体寒，一些严重的还会宫寒。这种情意下，最好就是每天泡脚，把体内的寒气泡出来。如果是到了需要生育的时候，可以在医生的治疗下打促排卵针，从而受孕。因为有很大多人在孕育小孩后，病症自然而然就好了。如果有多囊卵巢的话，就可能会影响怀孕的，不过也不要紧张，可以调理一段时间的。它的临床症状主要表现为月经稀少闭经、不孕、多毛痤疮、或者肥胖等，所以确诊后建议及早治疗调理月经，同时肥胖的需要加强锻炼、清淡营养饮食，控制体重。饮食方面要避免大肉大荤及辛辣刺激性食物。多囊卵巢综合症平时要注意生活规律，均衡饮食。 |
滴虫性阴炎症状？霉菌性阴道炎我们又叫白色念珠菌性阴道炎，这个是一种有害真菌""白色念珠菌""引发的霉菌性阴道。因为私处菌群紊乱，霉菌、杂菌大量繁殖，极度缺乏有益菌的保护，所以易反复发作。我们在面对这样的疾病时，不要过度的紧张，积极的去面对治疗。滴虫性阴炎的症状有外阴部瘙痒，白带增多，发黄，有异味儿，有的时候呈现稀薄脓性，黄绿色泡沫样的白带。一般这种情况代表存在有阴道毛滴虫的感染，主要通过性接触传播也可以通过间接传播，所以平时一定要注意同房时保持会阴部清洁及卫生，尽量减少使用公共，浴池，马桶，浴巾的次数。同时在治疗期间避免同房，性伴侣也要接受治疗发病时间长，一开始没有及时遏制，后来越来越严重，且长时间用抗生素，身体免疫机能下降，因此总是发作。其危害十分严重，除了外阴瘙痒、白带异常等问题，还会引发宫颈炎、宫颈糜烂、宫颈癌、盆腔积液、盆腔炎等更严重的问题。最重要的是，霉菌会进入宫腔，引起输卵管卵巢、影响生育，因为霉菌会吞噬精子，阴道菌群失衡造成的酸碱度发生改变也不利于精子存活。在得霉菌性阴道炎的情况下即便怀孕，将会对胎儿发育造成影响，比如胎儿畸形或流产，而且还有可能在分娩时候传染给胎儿，引发鹅口疮、肛周念珠菌性皮炎，影响胎儿健康。综上所述：在得了霉菌性阴道炎时，不要害怕，不要恐惧，虫性阴道炎的病人在完全治愈之后，才可以有性生活，因为滴虫性阴道炎在临床上是通过性接触直接传染的。间接的情况下，也可能会导致滴虫性阴道炎的传染。 |
胃功能紊乱症状？胃肠道功能紊乱时会出现的症状很多，如果你在一段时间内身体状况欠佳，总是疼痛或情绪不佳，一个可能原因是肠道功能出现了紊乱。因为在人的胃肠道中生存着很多的细菌，像人一样，有好人也存在坏人，在胃肠中这些细菌有的可以能帮助维持人体健康，而有一些细菌则会损害健康。以下为胃功能紊乱症状。1、容易生病：在人体多达70%的免疫细胞居住在肠道里，这些细胞有：免疫细胞、免疫球蛋白（攻击病菌的抗体）和细菌。所以如果你经常生病，那很有可能是这个系统未能达标。表示多吃膳食纤维含量丰富的果蔬和全谷物，少吃糖。健康的饮食有助于促进有益细菌在肠道内的生长，限制有害细菌。也可以在医生的指导下服用非处方的益生菌，以提高免疫力。2、下腹疼痛：引起下胰疼痛的原因多种多样，可以是过量饮食、月经疼痛。但这之中都是以肠道症状为主，如果你常常会有腹痛、腹胀、肠鸣、腹泻和便秘、左下腹痛时可扪及条索状肿物,腹痛常因进食或冷饮而加重,在排便、排气、灌肠后减轻。腹痛常伴有腹胀、排便不畅感或排便次数增加,粪便可稀可干等症状，那你与胃肠道功能紊乱或许就很近了。3、身体疼痛或疲劳：研究表明有超过20%的人存在小肠细菌过度生长，虽然它通常造成常见的胃肠道问题（如腹胀和腹泻），但有时也会表现为全身症状，如身体疼痛或疲劳。而肠道内坏的细菌太多，会干扰身体分解和消化食物的能力，引起维生素和矿物质缺乏，从而耗尽了能量，导致疲劳。4、肠道症状：多数的胃病在开始起病时间会很缓慢，经过长期累积，病情就会呈持续性或有反复发作。而在临床表现以胃肠道症状为主，可局限于咽、食管或胃，但以肠道症状常见,也可同时伴有神经官能症的其他常见症状。在日常生活中，我们要或多或少了解一些常见疾病的相关知识，不仅能起到增加知识水平的作用，更能让自己更好的预防此类疾病的产生 |
Gay exorcisms, similar to demonic exorcisms, are where an exorcist evicts "homosexual demons" or other spiritual entities from an LGBT individual. These exorcisms are intended to "remove" homosexuality from an individual. Reports of these exorcisms still occur in modern times, but are usually kept secret within the church.
Cases
Rev. Dr. Roland Stringfellow, a minister in California, said he had been subjected to anti-gay exorcism himself in the 1990s, which “caused nothing but shame and embarrassment”.
In 2009 a case in Connecticut was recorded on video. A 16-year-old boy was beaten in a church for 20 minutes by a group of church leaders acting as exorcists shouting "sacraments" such as, "Pray out the gay!", and "Foul Queer, be not here!" . The video was later released on YouTube.
See also
Christianity and homosexuality
Conversion therapy
Exorcism
Ex-gay
References
Exorcism in Christianity
LGBT and Christianity
Sexual orientation change efforts |
修正可以指
修正药业，吉林省一家股份有限公司
修正主义，多义词 |
《多哥》（）是由执导，华特迪士尼影片制作的2019年美国剧情冒险电影。影片讲述了1925年白喉流行期间里主角和他的雪橇犬多哥在恶劣的条件下奔赴诺姆运送白喉抗毒素血清的故事。
该片由威廉·達佛、茱莉安娜·妮克遜、、、，和等主演。并于2019年12月20日在Disney+上发布。
剧情
1925年，阿拉斯加州诺姆市爆发白喉疫情。为拯救生命，20名雪橇手与150只雪橇犬往返1085公里运送血清。其中多哥作为挪威人瑟帕拉的领头雪橇犬，承担了最危险的跨越诺顿湾的部分。最终多哥与其他雪橇犬共同完成了任务。
制作
2015年10月28日，华特迪士尼影业宣布正在制作一部关于1925年奔赴诺姆运送白喉抗毒素血清的电影，剧本将由汤姆·弗林编写。2018年5月16日，埃里克森·科瑞宣布将执导该片，该片将在Disney+上首播。该片的主要摄影工作于2018年9月21日开始，于2019年2月在阿尔伯塔省科克伦完成。2018年12月10日好莱坞报道称，在影片中饰演雪橇队中的一员。本片中出现的大部分狗都来自于位于坎莫尔的The Snowy Owl Sled Dog Tours犬舍，其中Hugo和Mackey将作为多哥（Diesel）的替身。
历史背景
影片的大部分内容，取材于瑟帕拉和多哥的真实故事。其中两个电影场景，多哥撞破玻璃窗逃离他的另一个主人和拉雪橇将瑟帕拉甩进诺顿湾是真实发生的。其余比如电影中瑟帕拉与多哥共度余生都与真实事件所不同，在真实生活中多哥被送给缅因州的一名同样养雪橇犬的人。
发行
《多哥》原定于2019年12月13日在Disney+上发布，但最终被推迟至一周后的2019年12月20日发布。
评价
媒体评价
纽约时报：狗狗训练有素、达福和雪橇犬之间建立了非常令人信服的联系，影片的结尾非常感人。
获奖
参考资料
外部链接
2019年美國電影作品
美國劇情片
英语电影
阿拉斯加州背景電影
Disney+原创电影
1925年背景電影
美國生存電影
美國非直線敘事電影 |
Emma Lowndes (born 1975) is an English actress, known for portraying Bella Gregson in Cranford, Mary Rivers in Jane Eyre and Margie Drewe in Downton Abbey.
Background
Brought up in Irlam, near Manchester, Lowndes attended Irlam Primary School and Urmston Grammar School, where she was Head Girl. She studied English at the University of York before training at RADA, graduating in 2000. Her training was partly funded by the Salford Sports and Arts Trust, established by Albert Finney and Harold Riley to assist the city's young talent.
Lowndes is the eldest of three siblings born to Eric and Suzanne Lowndes. She has a younger brother, footballer Nathan Lowndes, and a sister, Katie Lowndes.
Lowndes lives in London with her partner, Jason Merrells and their daughter.
Career
Lowndes' television credits include Waking the Dead, Burn It, Afterlife, Doctors, Vera, Silent Witness, Heartbeat, Downton Abbey and Moving On. She also played Mary Rivers in the 2006 BBC adaptation of Jane Eyre and Bella Gregson in Cranford.
Lowndes has appeared in the films All or Nothing (2002), This Little Life (2003), Mother's Milk (2011) and Frozen (2005). She has lent her voice to the radio dramas Whitby Pier, Aperture and Hanging, and played Sarah Badger in the 2001 The Tomorrow People audio drama, The New Gods.
Her theatre work includes Whose Life Is It Anyway?, The Rise and Fall of Little Voice, The Seagull, Port and Cold Meat Party. She has also appeared in productions of Thérèse Raquin, Measure for Measure, Topless Mum and Three More Sleepless Nights. She joined the cast of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child at the Palace Theatre, London from 24 May 2017, playing the role of Ginny Potter.
Awards
Lowndes won Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2003 Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards for productions of Port and The Seagull at the Royal Exchange Theatre. Her role in The Seagull also earned her a nomination at the 2003 Ian Charleson Awards.
Filmography
Television
Film
Selected theatre performances
Rachel in Port by Simon Stephens . World premiere directed by Marianne Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. Lowndes won a MEN Award for her performance. (2002)
Nina in The Seagull by Anton Chekov. Directed by Greg Hersov at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. Lowndes won a MEN Award for her performance. (2003)
Nancy in Cold Meat Party by Brad Fraser. World premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2003)
Little Voice in The Rise and Fall of Little Voice by Jim Cartwright. Directed by Sarah Frankcom at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2004)
May in The Accrington Pals by Peter Whelan. Directed by James Dacre at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2013).
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Alumni of RADA
Alumni of the University of York
English film actresses
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
People from Irlam
Actresses from Salford
Actresses from Lancashire
21st-century English actresses |
玛丽·哈伦（，）是一名加拿大电影制片人和编剧，作品包括《我枪杀了安迪·沃霍尔》（1996年）、《美色殺人狂》（2000年）和《傳奇惡女》（2005年）。
生平
哈伦出生于加拿大安大略省布雷斯布里奇的一个演员家庭。她是格洛丽亚·费舍尔（Gloria Fisher）和加拿大演员、导演唐·哈伦的女儿，父母在她六岁时离婚。哈伦在多伦多和洛杉矶度过了她的童年。其第一任继母弗吉尼亚·利斯被斯坦利·库布里克发掘并出演了他的第一部电影《恐惧与欲望》，第二任继母是加拿大歌手凯瑟琳·麦金农。他的继父是小说家史蒂芬·维金泽。哈伦的妹妹凯利后来也成为了演员和制片人。
哈伦十三岁时移居英国，就读于牛津大学圣安妮学院，后获得英语学士学位，曾与托尼·布莱尔和克里斯·休恩约会。然后她搬到了纽约市。
在纽约，她成为一名音乐记者，并参与创办了《朋克》杂志。她是第一位为美国出版物采访性手枪的记者。1980年代，她曾在伦敦的《觀察家報》担任过一段时间的戏剧评论家，同时也在《卫报》和《新政治家》担任音乐评论家。1980 年代后期，哈伦开始参与BBC纪录片的导演和编剧。
1990年代，哈伦担任PBS《Edge》的制片人，对曾试图杀死安迪·沃荷的瓦萊麗·索拉納斯产生兴趣。1996年，她导演了自己的电影处女作《我枪杀了安迪·沃霍尔》 。
参考文献
外部链接
Entry at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
Marry Harron interview at NPR
牛津大學聖安妮學院校友
在英国的加拿大人
移民美國的加拿大人
女性主義藝術家
美国女性编剧
加拿大女性電影導演
加拿大电视剧导演
加拿大編劇
加拿大电影监制 |
The 1895 Philadelphia mayoral election saw the election Charles F. Warwick, who defeated then-Pennsylvania Governor Robert E. Pattison.
Results
References
1895
Philadelphia
Philadelphia mayoral
19th century in Philadelphia |
HCSS is the 10th studio album by Swedish hard rock band Hardcore Superstar, released on 22 April 2015 on Gain Records (Victor in Japan, and Sony Music in Finland). It is the first Hardcore Superstar album to feature a guest performer (Swedish reggae singer Etzia on the song Touch the Sky), and she has performed the song live a few times with the band. As with their previous album, all pre-orders of the album were signed by all four band members. Following the release of HCSS the band embarked on their first North American tour in over 10 years co-headlining with Michael Monroe.
Track listing
Personnel
Hardcore Superstar
Jocke Berg - vocals
Vic Zino - guitar
Martin Sandvik - bass, vocals
Magnus "Adde" Andreason - drums
Production
Stefan Karlsson - engineer
Jakob Herrmann - co-engineer
Guest personnel
Etzia - vocals on Touch the Sky
References
Hardcore Superstar albums
2015 albums |
Boris Mikhailovich Skvortsov (; 10 July 1902 – 12 May 1946) was a Red Army major general of tank forces who rose to command the 5th Guards Mechanized Corps during World War II.
Early life and Russian Civil War
Boris Mikhailovich Skvortsov was born on 10 July 1902 in Samara. During the Russian Civil War, he joined a partisan detachment of the Ufa Governorate Communist Party in August 1919. With the partisan detachment and then the 2nd Consolidated Division of V. M. Azin, he fought against the forces of Alexander Kolchak in the region of Ufa, Agryz, and Izhevsk, Skvortsov became a cadet at the 2nd Volsk Machine Gun Course in May 1920, and after his graduation in November became a platoon and company commander in elements of the 3rd Reserve Brigade of the Southern Front at Rostov-on-Don, then from April 1921 in the 329th Rifle Regiment of the Separate Terek Brigade at Pyatigorsk. From August 1921 he served as assistant chief of the railroad militsiya at the Samara station, and from October of that year, was a worker of the transport Cheka at Omsk.
Interwar period
Transferred to the Soviet Far East in March 1922, Skvortsov served with the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic as chief of the machine gun detachment of the 2nd Border Battalion. He served with the 3rd Verkhneudinsk Regiment of the 1st Pacific Rifle Division from August of that year, and late that year fought with his unit in the campaign to occupy Primorye and Vladivostok. Subsequently, he served with the regiment as a platoon commander, chief of the machine gun detachment, and machine gun company commander. During this period, Skvortsov completed the six-month commanders refresher course of the 5th Army at Chita in 1924 and the Vystrel course in 1929. During the Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929, the regiment was deployed to the Chinese border. Skvortsov served as assistant chief and acting chief of staff of the 61st Osa Rifle Regiment of the 21st Perm Rifle Division of the Siberian Military District at Tomsk from November 1930.
In May 1932, he was sent to study at the Moscow Improvement Course of the Motorized and Mechanized Forces of the Red Army at the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization, and after his graduation later that year served there as a tactics instructor. In 1933 he graduated from the Red Army Officers Improvement Course at Moscow before being transferred to the Kazan Improvement Course for Senior and Midlevel Command and Technical Personnel in January 1934. At the latter, he served as a tactics instructor, chief of a course, and company commander. During this period Skvortsov graduated from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization in 1936.
From May 1937, Skvortsov commanded the separate tank battalion of the 7th Armored Motor Brigade of the 57th Special Corps, and in August 1938 was appointed assistant commander of the brigade for the technical section. In November 1938 he was transferred to the 11th Light Tank Brigade to serve as its assistant commander for personnel. With the brigade, he fought in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol and for his "courage and heroism" in battle was awarded the Order of Lenin on 17 November 1939 and the Order of the Red Banner of the Mongolian People's Republic on 21 September 1939. From October 1939 he served as inspector of the motorized and armored forces of the 1st Army Group, which was used to form the 17th Army. Appointed commander of the 11th Light Tank Brigade of the Transbaikal Military District on 10 August 1940, Skvortsov took command of the 61st Tank Division of the 29th Mechanized Corps in March 1941.
World War II
After Operation Barbarossa began, then-Colonel Skvortsov remained in command of the division. He became the deputy commander of the 17th Army for armored forces in June 1942. During this period, the army covered the Soviet border with China and Mongolia in the Transbaikal. Promoted to major general of tank forces on 7 February 1943, Skvortsov became commander of the 5th Guards Mechanized Corps on 2 March of that year. With the 5th Guards Tank Army, the corps distinguished itself in the Battle of Kursk. As part of a combined detachment, it played a main role in the destruction of the German III Panzer Corps in the region of Rzhavets, north of Belgorod. During the Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation, the corps advanced up to 120 km, fighting as part of the mobile group of the Voronezh Front, ensuring the capture of Kharkov by the main forces of the army. From October to December, the corps fought in heavy fighting to expand the bridgehead on the Dnieper southeast of Kremenchug. Subsequently, the corps fought in the Kirovograd offensive, the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive, and the Uman–Botoșani offensive. During these actions, the corps advanced more than 500 km in fighting, assault-crossing the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Prut, and ensured the capture of Kirovograd, Uman, and others.
From early June 1944 to March 1945, the corps was in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, then from April 1945 part of the 4th Guards Tank Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front. During the offensive of the corps, it broke through German defenses in the Jüterbog region, ensuring the entry of the main forces of the army. Continuing the offensive towards Treuenbrietzen, it liberated a concentration camp and a large number of prisoners of war. From mid-April, Skvortsov was at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armored and Mechanized Forces of the Red Army.
Postwar
After the end of the war, Skvortsov was hospitalized for treatment of illness, which he died of on 12 May 1946.
Awards
Skvortsov was a recipient of the following awards and decorations:
Order of Lenin (2)
Order of the Red Banner (2)
Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Medals
Foreign orders
References
Citations
Bibliography
1902 births
1946 deaths
People from Samara, Russia
Soviet major generals
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class |
活道（），是香港灣仔的一條行車街道。西起由皇后大道東，近灣仔公園與鄧肇堅醫院之間。東至接灣仔道185號止。 香港島上的活道不是行車主幹道，但是因為近愛群道的學校區，所以也有不少學生往來此處。
活道原為摩理臣山的山坡，在1924年灣仔填海時，開鑿摩理臣山填海之用，由於山泥少而岩石多，摩理臣山只開得一半，另一半於戰後才剷平，活道就是在開山填海時山坡地帶剷平而築成的街道。當時這條街道極為荒蕪，不像現時是一條通往鄧肇堅醫院的主要通道。當此街道建成時，以當任按察司活約翰之名命名，故稱活道。
鄰近建築
聖公會鄧肇堅中學
香港華仁書院
京都戲院（現在是Vine Center 2）
香港職業訓練局大樓 - 原址為維多利亞工業學院，前學院大樓模型現今存放於香港專業教育學院摩利臣山分校之正門大堂內。
聖若瑟小學
東華三院李賜豪小學
灣仔學校
香港電話機樓
賽馬會匡智學校 - 前身為 賽馬會官立小學
摩利臣山游泳池
灣仔公園 - 前身為水務署貨倉，日治時期相傳是亂葬崗。
伊利沙伯體育館
律敦治醫院
集成中心
戴麟趾夫人訓練中心
愛群道清真寺
鄧肇堅維多利亞官立中學
鄰近街道
救世軍街
巴路士街
永祥街
交加里
克街
灣仔道
歷史
馬都醫院 - 在越戰全盛時期擔當妓女衛生檢查的責任，因建築港島線地鐵而徵用為工程隧道出口而拆除。位置即現今之康樂商業大廈。
保和大廈 - 前身是星島日報廠址。
街道特色
鄰近學校，醫療機構及公眾設施，靜中帶旺之地。
街頭街尾是雙程路，中段是單程路。
街尾是掘頭路，有個小型休憩公園，車輛不能通往皇后大道東，但有梯級連接。中午時，由於聖若瑟小學的上下午校的學生同時放學和上學，並且有附近中學午膳時間的人流，所以整條掘頭路都擠滿了學生、家長和校車。
鄰近之救世軍街也是一條掘頭路，只通往鄧肇堅醫院。
接連活道之克街部分是私家路，據稱是何東後人所擁有，在近灣仔道一面設有鐵欄，車輛不能直通而造就車輛非法停放。
活道大部分門牌號碼不是順序排列。門牌號碼由灣仔道方向開始數起。
附近小食店特多: 如克街，灣仔道，軒尼詩道等等……
夾在二個街市中間，品種多及物價競爭力強，生活指數比其他區更低，更吸引附近區域如跑馬地或半山區居民遠道光顧。
交通
容易混淆之街道
荷李活道
樂活道
山林道
紫檀路
外部連結
灣仔活道地圖
灣仔街道 |
Çağla Büyükakçay was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Ksenia Pervak.
Seeds
Main draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main draw
Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge - Singles
Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge
2016 in Emirati tennis |
The 2017 Washington wildfires were a series of wildfires that burned over the course of 2017, a year that set weather records for heat and aridity in both Western Washington and Eastern Washington.
Timeline of events
Fire season officially began on April 15. Training of state fire crews was conducted in May, as well as training of Washington National Guard in helitack insertion for fire crews.
On the morning of August 1, smoke from BC fires pushed into the Seattle area, rapidly making Mount Rainier invisible on a cloudless day. In early August, heavy smoke from British Columbia over Seattle earned the social media title "". Mid-month, several large fires in the state's Cascades Range were ignited by lightning.
On August 8, the city of Seattle recorded 52 straight days without rain, a new record. The first measurable rainfall at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac) was 0.02 inches in mid-August, setting a record 55 day dry streak.
On September 2, the Governor of Washington, Jay Inslee, declared a state of emergency across all Washington counties due to wildfires.
On September 5, ash from the Central Washington fires fell "like snow" on Seattle and as far west as Grays Harbor County which borders the Pacific Ocean. University of Washington meteorology professor Cliff Mass said the situation in Seattle with "a smoke cloud so dense one would think it is low stratus deck" was unprecedented in his 30 years of experience. The Air Quality Index reached "hazardous" in Spokane, the worst of six levels; it had reached hazardous the day before in Newport, Washington, the worst in the country.
On September 5, Cle Elum-Roslyn School District announced the start of the school year would be postponed, and on the 6th, all classes and events in Ellensburg School District were canceled until September 11, due to unhealthy indoor air quality.
The first significant rain wasn't until after mid September. By the end of the summer, the official weather station at Sea-Tac, representing Western Washington's conditions, had recorded the hottest, driest summer since recordkeeping began with just over of rain. Eastern Washington also had a very dry year with Spokane setting a new record of 80 days without measurable rain. A climate scientist at University of Idaho said that the extremes caused greater fire activity and were due to climate change, but not necessarily linked to human causes.
List of fires
Leavenworth Fire, May
Spartan Fire, June
Sutherland Canyon and Straight Hollow fires, near Quincy, June
Diamond Creek Fire in Pasayten Wilderness, started late July and spread to Canada near Manning Provincial Park on August 31
Noisy Creek Fire, in Colville National Forest, began July 15
Monument Hill Fire caused partial evacuation of Quincy in August
"Smokezilla": smoke from 2017 British Columbia wildfires affected Seattle in August
Norse Peak Fire began in August, caused closure of Chinook Pass highway
Jolly Mountain Fire began on August 11, evacuations began August 31
On September 5, the Eagle Creek Fire jumped the Columbia Gorge from Oregon into Skamania County.
Resources
An infrared thermography-capable RC-26 surveillance aircraft and support crew from Washington Air National Guard were deployed to Fairchild Air Force Base in Spokane on August 12 in support of firefighting.
On August 29, the Washington Military Department's Emergency Operation Center at Camp Murray was activated in response to the Jolly Mountain Fire.
On September 5, the U.S. Army said 200 Washington-based soldiers were to be trained and sent to the Umpqua North Complex fires in Oregon's Umpqua National Forest.
Further reading
References
External links
Northwest Interagency Coordination Center (NWCC) for Oregon and Washington
Wildfire resources, Washington Department of Natural Resources
Season timeline, Central Washington University (Ellensburg)
Wildfires
2017
May 2017 events in the United States
June 2017 events in the United States
July 2017 events in the United States
August 2017 events in the United States
September 2017 events in the United States |
乳房湿疹的治疗措施是什么?？去除可能病因，如严重湿疹合并哺乳者，可以采用回乳。局部避免搔痒、热水、肥皂等刺激。急性期可以选用非特异性脱敏药，如特非那丁，非那更等，并避免摄入海鲜及其他刺激性食物。影响休息与睡眠者，可使用轻型的镇静剂及激素类药物以减轻局部症状。局部用药根据局部皮肤损害而定。急性渗出、丘疹者可用3%硼酸溶液湿敷；丘疹、红斑、渗出不多者可选用新松糊剂、樟硫炉等水粉剂。慢性湿疹可用激素类药膏，如肤轻松软膏，皮肤有增厚者可选用硫煤膏等。顽固性湿疹可作局部皮损处浅表X线治疗。湿疹治疗方法1、传统药物疗法：氯霉他定、仙特敏 、西替利嗪 、氯苯那敏、赛庚定、西咪替丁、雷公藤、皿治啉、抗生素类、激素类等；2、传统物理疗法：同位素32鳞、90锶敷贴、软x线照射、氦氖激光照射、液氮冷冻、磁疗、矿泉浴（温泉浴）、药浴、光疗等。 |
Kassian Cephas or Kassian Céphas (15 January 1845 – 16 November 1912) was a Javanese photographer of the court of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. He was the first indigenous person from Indonesia to become a professional photographer and was trained at the request of Sultan Hamengkubuwana VI (r. 1855–1877). After becoming a court photographer in as early 1871, he began working on portrait photography for members of the royal family, as well as documentary work for the Dutch Archaeological Union (). Cephas was recognized for his contributions to preserving Java's cultural heritage through membership in the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies and an honorary gold medal of the Order of Orange-Nassau. Cephas and his wife Dina Rakijah raised four children. Their eldest son Sem Cephas continued the family's photography business until his own death in 1918.
Early life
Kassian Cephas was born in Yogyakarta to the Javanese couple of Kartodrono and Minah. As a youth, Cephas became a pupil of Protestant Christian missionary Christina Petronella Philips-Steven and followed her to nearby Bagelen, Purworejo. He was baptized there on 27 December 1860 at the age of fifteen and took the name of Cephas, the Aramaic equivalent of Saint Peter's name, as his baptismal name. He began using Cephas as a family name following the baptism.
Photography career
Upon Cephas' return to Yogyakarta in the early 1860s, he began training under Simon Willem Camerik, a member of the civil militia and court photographer of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. Cephas' training was conducted at the request of Sultan Hamengkubuwana VI, who noted his talent for photography. He became the appointed court painter and photographer as early as 1871.
Cephas' studio was located on the second floor of the building where he and his wife lived in Yogyakarta's Lodji Ketjil Wetan area, now known as Major Suryotomo Street. His photography business was not the only one established in the area during this time period. Aside from portrait photography, Cephas also produced many works on buildings and ancient monuments. This included photographs of the Taman Sari Water Castle (1884) for the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.
Professional works
His work first appeared for a wider public in 1888 in the publication In den Kedaton te Jogjåkartå by Isaäc Groneman. The book included 16 collotype prints of the art of Hindu Javanese dances. Groneman wished to generate interest in this culture in the Netherlands and requested permission from Sultan Hamengkubuwana VII for Cephas to photograph the dance scenes. The publication was originally prepared by the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, but the high cost of collotype prints forced the institute to abandon it. In keeping with the technological advances of photography, Cephas bought a new camera in 1886 which enabled him to capture pictures in 1/400th of a second. This allowed the subjects to be photographed more quickly rather than having to remain still for several moments. These pictures were often presented as farewell presents to European elites when they left Yogyakarta to return to Europe and to Dutch civil servants.
In 1889, the Archaeological Union () began efforts to study and preserve monuments of the Hindu Javanese civilization in Central Java. One of the locations having high priority in the union's efforts was the temple of Prambanan, part of the larger complex attributed to the legend of Loro Jonggrang. Cephas was assigned to photograph the site, while his eldest son Sem drew the buildings' profiles and ground plans. Groneman submitted the photographs and descriptions made by Cephas to the Royal Institute in 1891, but it would not be published until 1893 because of the high reproduction costs. The final publication included 62 collotypes depicting Prambanan and the surrounding temples.
Cephas was also credited with photographing the Borobudur temple complex after its hidden base was discovered in 1885 by the union's first chairman. The base was briefly uncovered in 1890 to be photographed and then covered again in 1891. Because Cephas only received one-third of the original subsidy from the government, he was not able to complete the 300 photographs calculated to be needed for the project. Each photographic plate would have required one-half hour to develop with the dry gelatin process for a total of 150 hours. In all, only 160 segments of the base's reliefs were photographed, and an additional four photographs were made to provide a general overview for the site. The series was published 30 years later by the Royal Institute in a collotype collection.
International recognition
Following the completion of the Borobudur project, Cephas was appointed as an "extraordinary member" of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences for his works as a "photographer and practitioner of Indies archaeology". Several years later, he was nominated for membership in the Royal Institute in recognition of his work with the Archaeological Union. Cephas accepted the nomination in a letter dated 15 June 1896. Later that year, he photographed a visit by Thailand's King Chulalongkorn to Yogyakarta. As a token of gratitude, the king presented him with a case of three jeweled buttons.
Groneman and Cephas worked together for the final time in 1899 to document the four-year commemoration of Hamengkunegara III's accession to the throne as Crown Prince of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. The event's preparation took one and a half years, and a theatrical performance lasting four days was attended by 23,000 to 36,000 spectators daily. A blue velvet book covered with gold and diamonds covering the performance was presented as a gift on the occasion of the wedding of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry of the Netherlands in 1901. On the occasion of Wilhelmina's 21st birthday later that year, Cephas was awarded with an honorary gold medal of the Order of Orange-Nassau for his work to portray and preserve Java's cultural heritage.
Death and legacy
Cephas retired from photography around the age of 60. Just over a year after the 16 September 1911 death of his wife, he died at the age of 67 due to illness. The family's photography business ended several years later when Sem Cephas died on 20 March 1918 in a horseriding accident. They were all buried in Yogyakarta between the Beringharjo market and the Lodji Ketjil area. Their graves were moved to Sasanalaya Cemetery, east of Brigadier General Katamso Street, in 1964, to make way for new buildings. Although both Cephas and his son were accomplished court photographers, Cephas was the most important of the two and was the first Javanese person (and therefore first indigenous Indonesian) to become a professional photographer.
Personal life
Cephas married Dina Rakijah (b. 1846), a Christian Javanese woman and daughter of Soerobangso and Rad Rakemah, at a church in Yogyakarta on 22 January 1866. The couple raised one daughter and three sons: Naomi (b. 28 June 1866), Sem (b. 15 March 1870), Fares (b. 30 January 1872), and Jozef (b. 4 July 1881). They also had a son named Jacob who was born in 1868, but died the same year. Naomi married Dutch engineer Christiaan Beem in 1882, and the couple had thirteen children, eight of whom reached adulthood. Cephas' eldest son Sem became a photographer and painter in his father's studio.
Gallery
See also
Isidore van Kinsbergen
History of photography
Tassilo Adam, court photographer for the VII Sultan
Notes
References
External links
Kassian Cephas: Pioneer photography from the Dutch Indies
Kassian Cephas views of Java, 1872-1896, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 2002.R.40. The collection comprises 18 albumen photographs of Indonesian Buddhist temples at Borobudur and Prambanam by Kassian Cephas.
1845 births
1912 deaths
People from Yogyakarta
19th-century photographers
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian former Muslims
Indonesian photographers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Photography in the Dutch East Indies |
Nakhla Jurji al-Motyei Pasha (23 April 1866–1951) () was an Egyptian politician. He was Egypt's Minister of Foreign Affairs during the first half of 1933, in the government of Isma'il Sidqi.
Career
Nakhla Jurji entered government service in 1883. He worked in the niyaba from 1891,then at the Ministry of Justice from 1904-1923. He was:
Minister of Transportation, 24 November 1924 - 13 March 1925
Interim Minister of Public Works, 1 December 1924 - 2 December 1924
Minister of Agriculture, 12 September 1925 - 7 June 1926
Minister of Public Works, 13 June 1928 - 2 October 1929
Minister of Foreign Affairs 4 June 1933 - 10 July 1933.
Thereafter he resigned due to ill health.
References
Foreign ministers of Egypt
Egyptian pashas |
维生素K缺乏的治疗和预防方法？预 防对慢性腹泻而长期口服抗生素的患儿，以及3个月内单纯母乳喂养儿，应及时补充维生素K。患阻塞性黄疸或婴儿肝炎者，应预防性给予维生素K。此外，对接受大剂量水杨酸盐治疗、完全胃肠道外营养患儿，亦应常规给予维生素K。治 疗对确诊或疑诊患儿应尽早给予维生素K治疗。轻症可口服维生素K，重症尤其颅内出血者，应立即静脉注射维生素K1每次mg，同时静脉输注新鲜血或血浆，以迅速补给凝血因子，并纠正贫血。并检查凝血酶原时间，必要时可重复给药数次，一般疗程3～5天。硬膜下血肿可穿刺治疗，必要时可手术清除血肿。过大剂量的天然脂溶性维生素K，偶可引起短期高凝血酶原血症。合成型水溶性维生素K可干扰胆红素代谢，引起新生儿胆红素脑病，应用时应予注意。 |
Figure-ground contrast, in the context of map design, is a property of a map in which the map image can be partitioned into a single feature or type of feature that is considered as an object of attention (the figure), with the remainder of the map being relegated to the background, outside the current focus of attention. It is thus based on the concept of figure–ground from Gestalt psychology. For example, in a street map with strong figure-ground contrast, the reader would be able to isolate and focus attention on individual features, like a given street, park, or lake, as well as layers of related features, like the street network.
Strong figure-ground contrast has been seen as a desirable goal of map design, because it helps the map reader to perceive distinct geographic phenomena in the map. This allows more complex composition techniques such as visual hierarchy to organize these phenomena into clear structures that help readers use the map for its intended purposes.
Related disciplines and history
Fields other than cartography, such as psychology, neurology, and computer science, have studied differentiation of figure from ground. Many studies have employed different experiments, varying the shades, textures, and orientations of test pictures to determine the best method for figure–ground design with mixed results. A current application of figure–ground research is the development of computer vision for robots. By studying the way humans perceive figure and ground, methods can be developed to improve computer vision algorithms. Unlike some of these other applications, in which figures and grounds are discovered in a natural visual field that may or may not have this contrast, in cartography they are intentionally created by design, based on knowledge of the visual perception tendencies of map readers.
Since the early days of academic cartography, there has been a recognition of the need for maps to have a conceptual structure. In The Look of Maps (1952), Arthur Robinson emphasized the need for visual contrast in making maps that are clearly organized, including the figure-ground relationship, "the visual relation of one or more components to the background on which they are seen." In 1972, Borden Dent appears to have been the first to use the principles of perceptual psychology to develop a theory of how the figure-ground relationship emerges on maps (as well as Visual hierarchy), and a set of guidelines for design to strengthen it. He identified heterogeneity (contrast), Contour (strong edges), Area (size) and Enclosedness (closure) as the primary determinants of figure identification, a model that gained wide support, soon becoming a core principle of the cartographic canon found in textbooks (including his own). He tied it directly to the idea of visual levels, the illusion that some elements on the map appear to float above the page, suggesting that figures are "above" their ground. This correlation has also gained widespread, if not universal, acceptance, even though there are common situations when figures appear below their ground (such as a river beneath a road network).
Further research was largely grounded in Gestalt psychology and perception, which largely corroborated and expanded upon Dent's model. In summarizing the work to date, MacEachren added Orientation and Convexity to Dent's list, with the acknowledgment that these are relatively minor influences compared to the others. MacEachren discussed the concept of visual levels as "related," but not equal, to figure-ground contrast.
Influences on figure–ground contrast
Several visual patterns are believed to contribute to figure-ground contrast, such that features that exhibit these patterns are easier to recognize as figures. These have been largely adopted from Gestalt psychology.
Differentiation or heterogeneity, the amount of difference in appearance between the intended figure and the intended ground. A strong figure looks significantly different than everything in the ground, while the elements of the ground look relatively similar to each other. This can be accomplished using almost any of the visual variables, such as color, size, and texture. Achieving difference is more important than using prescribed design techniques on the figure and ground; for example, a dark figure stands out on a light background just as much as a light figure stands out on a dark background.
Closure, the appearance of a figure to be completely contained within the visual field, and thus entirely surrounded by ground. A figure with closure stands out because it looks like "a thing." The proclivity for closed objects is so strong in human visual processing that humans will perceive closure even when figures are only mostly closed.
Centrality, in which features near the center of the visual field (the map) are easier to isolate as figures than features on the edge. The concept of centrality is important because the object located in the center of a map is most often assumed to be the figure. Other map elements can be centered in the remaining visual space after the figure has been centered.
Size, in which smaller elements are more easily recognized as figures than those that fill the visual field. This is one of the few factors in which figure-ground and visual hierarchy have opposite effect.
Interposition is when some features appear to be "in front" of others in the visual field, with the former partially obscuring the latter. The former thus has a stronger recognition as a figure. This property could be considered a more complex use of closure.
Articulation utilizes texture to differentiate figure from ground. One common example of using articulation on a map is differentiating a continent from the ocean. The ocean, in most cases, will be the ground and the continent will be the figure. By adding fine-textured shading to water, the continent pops out visually as the figure. Another method that can be employed for articulation is called vignetting, or the inclusion of brightness gradients at the land-water edge.
Contour is the strength of the boundary or edge of a figure. The figure is formed by a contour or outline (as opposed to an isometric contour line), the common boundary between the figure and ground, usually through a brightness contrast. If a figure is not separated entirely from the ground, a simple black contour line can be drawn around the figure enclosing it and thus differentiating it from the ground.
Relationship to visual hierarchy
The concept of figure-ground contrast is often confused with the concept of visual hierarchy. Both are related elements of map composition, the same design techniques frequently achieve both goals simultaneously, and they are synergistic in that strengthening one typically has the side effect of strengthening the other. The primary difference is in intent. Figure-ground contrast is about making each feature appear distinct from the rest of the features in the map, while visual hierarchy is about making each feature appear more or less important than the rest of the features in the map.
References
Cartography |
奥宾（德语：）是德国巴伐利亚州的一个市镇。总面积43.75平方公里，总人口3937人，其中男性1943人，女性1994人（2011年12月31日），人口密度90人/平方公里。
参见
巴伐利亚州市镇列表
参考
巴伐利亚州市镇 |
澳門標準時間（，，縮寫：）是澳門所採用的時間標準，並由澳門地球物理暨氣象局負責管理。澳門標準時間全年比協調世界時快8小時，即是與位於UTC+8時區的國家及地區，包括中國大陸的北京时间（）、中華民國的國家標準時間（）、香港的香港時間（）以及新加坡標準時間（）一致。
歷史
氣象局以往在接收GPS時頻訊號後，會將該訊號透過電台向外發佈。由於資訊科技的應用不斷發展，對授時服務之要求亦相對地提高，同時為配合電子公共服務的開展，在2003年，已安裝一台銫原子鐘及時間伺服器，為市民提供一個準確及方便的授時服務。由於要求更高的精確度及準確度，在2004年引入了衛星共同觀測法（），以便能夠與中國科學院國家授時中心及國際授時機構作時間頻率對比。同時已於2003年參加中國國家綜合原子時系統（）計劃。
澳門標準時間現時由地球物理暨氣象局地震監察中心負責管理。
夏令時間
在夏令時間實行時，當時澳門政府會頒佈訓令通知澳門居民。
參見
UTC+8
中國時區
北京时间
台北時間
香港時間
新加坡標準時間
協調世界時
時區
參考資料
外部連結
澳門標準時間 - 澳門地球物理暨氣象局
澳門時間
時
時區 |
女人引产是什么意思？引产是怀孕28周后，利用人工的方法来结束妊娠，一般的人工方法多为药物或者器械，引起子宫收缩来终止妊娠。其实引产多为胎儿过大也就是怀孕周期较长，发现异常或者个人原因不要孩子等，原则上引产是极度残忍的手段。一般引产的话就是属于一次生产的，所以还是需要好好的护理，别紧张，一般是没有很大的问题的。怀孕3个月已经超过人流时间，胚胎逐渐长大，胎盘已经形成，子宫也随着长大，这时做人流手术难度大，出血多，为安全最好选择到正规医院进行无痛引产手术意见建议：现在国家规定，引产必须有当地的计生部门的证明，或是有胎儿畸形的证明，这样才可以到医院进行引产的，而且引产的时候需要直系亲属签字的引产是在怀孕3个月以后进行的终止妊娠的方法，引产手术比人流难度大，对身体的影响也相对大一些，一般需要住院3-5天，确认身体的恢复情况。现在有无痛引产，相比较传统引产痛苦小。建议选择正规的医院进行手术，正规医院有专业的医生和医疗设备外,由于子宫增大,子宫壁充血变软,一般分为中期妊娠引产和晚期妊娠引产手妊娠12-24周,用人工的办法终止妊娠叫做妊娠中期引产.手术时容易损伤子宫壁,因此在中期引产要比早期人工流产难度大,并发症多,一定要到正规医院。目前很多女性都会选择无痛引产.一般来说,引产后最好要等1年后再怀孕为好,如有特殊情况,至少也要等待半年后再怀孕.因为各种流产都要进行吸宫或刮宫,以便将宫腔内胚胎组织清除干净.在手术过程中,子宫内膜会受到不同程度的损伤,术后需要有一个恢复过程,如过早地再次怀孕,这时子宫内膜尚未彻底恢复,难以维持受精卵着床和发育,因而容易引起流产.另外,流产后的妇女,身体比较虚弱,需要一段时间才能恢复正常,如果怀孕过早,往往因体力不足,营养欠佳而使胎儿发育不良,或造成自然流产。 |
天鵝座T，又名BD+33 4028，HD 198134、SAO 70499、HR 7956，是天鵝座的一颗恒星，视星等为4.92，位于銀經76.39，銀緯-5.62，其B1900.0坐标为赤經，赤緯。
参考文献
天鵝座
198134
7956
70499 |
條紋無線鰨為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰨亞目舌鰨科的其中一種，分布於中太平洋東部墨西哥至巴拿馬半鹹水、海域，棲息深度1-50公尺，體長可達16.2公分，棲息在沙底質底層水域，生活習性不明。
参考文献
扩展阅读
fasciolaris |
工蜂六型多管火箭 ()於民國64年（1975）年7月開始研發，代號「嵩山計畫」。民國七十年（1981）國慶閱兵時對外公開，民國71年（1982）定型，量產後迅速取代工蜂四型在中華民國陸軍中的地位。
諸元特性
工蜂六型外型類似蘇聯的BM-21火箭炮，但口徑略小，數量則略增。為一組彈徑117公厘的45管火箭發射器，可發射工六A型火箭彈，發射器可在22.5秒內發射所有火箭，並製造800x600公尺的殺傷區域。
工六A型火箭彈長2.166公尺，重42.64kg，配備彈種為高爆彈與黃磷彈，最大射程為15,000公尺。
歷史
在1970年代開發時，最早期的工蜂六型火箭射程只有10公里，甚至不如工蜂四型，因此才有工六A型火箭的出現，1977年6月30日，工六A型火箭原型彈研發工作完成，7月中旬在台中、雲林西螺進行3天多次試射；不過砲兵科出身的中華民國參謀總長郝柏村上將對射程仍不甚滿意，因為1980年代時國際上的多管火箭標準都已經有20公里射程，工六A型仍與國外製品有相當落差，如1980年西德陸軍主力多管火箭LARS-2，以110公厘彈徑的尺寸達成25公里射程，
117公厘彈徑的工六A多管火箭射程僅15公里已屬落後。郝柏村在參謀總長任內要求中科院研發射程增長至22公里，配備子母彈頭與空炸信管的工蜂六B火箭彈，雖然中科院完成研發，但並沒有投入服役。後來各國的多管火箭一直持續精進，冷戰後122公厘等級的火箭彈射程動輒20公里以上，也顯示了中華民國在推進藥柱的化學科技研究落後先進國家許多，直接影響中華民國國軍在投射武器的性能上輸人一截。
1977年10月14日，工六火箭曾規劃使用M42防空砲車的履帶底盤作為發射載台；但因為M41輕型坦克早已停產，陸軍不願也提供現役車輛且缺乏複刻技術的情況下無法籌獲，所以陸軍總部與中科院完成協調將底盤改為M51A2五噸傾卸車（的一種子型號），量產型使用（5噸載重車），並裝備FAC-202R(Field Artillery Computer野戰砲兵計算機)射擊指揮儀改善火箭彈著精度，使其CEP達到1%。1978年3月20日，陸軍總部針對工蜂六型多管火箭系統的申購系統分析報告，陸軍將購買7具發射架和火箭彈3200枚，其中6具發射架和火箭彈1200枚組成一個火力單位，作為陸軍火箭部隊編實成軍前實驗用，剩下的一具發射架和火箭彈2000枚，做為中科院試驗用。1979年5月5日，陸軍總部發函請中科院研究以「M113裝甲車」做為工蜂六型多管火箭系統發射載具的可能性，因工蜂六型多管火箭系統的火箭發射架太大，還有升降轉向裝置，無法裝載於M113裝甲車上而作罷，因此陸軍放棄履帶化構想。
1981年4月16日，執行「蜂王一號演習」，由時任參謀總長宋長志上將主持，向國軍高階將領進行實彈射擊火力展示。
1981年5月，陸軍編成「工六A火箭砲實驗連」，在台南永康砲兵學校進行各項戰術評測與編裝實驗。
1981年10月10日，「漢武演習」雙十節國慶閱兵大典首度展出工蜂六型多管火箭系統。
1982年3月，執行「蜂王二號演習」，在澎湖實施實彈射擊。
1982年6月，工蜂六型多管火箭系統量產成軍，汰除工蜂四型；原設計工蜂六型多管火箭被賦予發射化學彈的任務，因此工蜂六型多管火箭最早的成軍編組構想是要編入軍團直屬化學兵群，採火箭連編裝，每連12具發射架，每群有2個下轄連，因此會有6個連（72輛）的生產目標。但1980年代初期國際間已有管制化學武器的呼聲，且中科院並無研發成功化學兵器多管火箭的紀錄，因此後來工蜂六型多管火箭系統並未配備化學彈，且部署在軍團直屬的砲兵指揮部下運用；量產後，工六火箭系統配備在陸軍第六軍團指揮部21砲指部801多管火箭營、陸軍第八軍團指揮部43砲指部802多管火箭營，兩個多管火箭營均為1個營部連、3個多管火箭連，每連仍為12輛多管火箭車編裝，含原型實際產量約在80輛左右。
1995年7月，爆發臺灣海峽飛彈危機，中共人民解放軍對中華民國展開文攻武嚇，並連續試射多枚導彈命中台灣外海。國軍為了反制解放軍蠢動，將一個連的工蜂六型多管砲兵火箭連派駐至金門，將一個工蜂六型多管砲兵火箭排前推至大膽島，必要時針對共軍重要政經措施給予打擊。
1997年精實案裁軍計畫實施後，原本兩個多管火箭營個抽調一個多管火箭連，移交給陸軍第十軍團指揮部58砲指部成立803多管火箭營。另外陸軍金門防衛指揮部、陸軍馬祖防衛指揮部也各轄有多管火箭排，但實際編裝規模不明。
相較同時期其他國家的多管火箭系統，工蜂六型仍無快速裝彈機構，也沒有專屬的裝填車，只能靠人力裝彈，射擊後需要15分鐘以上才能完成再裝填，這點從未改善。在雷霆2000多管火箭系統量產後，工蜂六型的支援任務已經逐漸遭取代，但實際除役期程未有具體公開時間表。
關連項目
工蜂四型多管火箭
工蜂七型多管火箭
腳注
外部連結
中華民國國防部-工蜂六型多管火箭系統
中華民國陸軍炮兵裝備
臺灣武器
多管火箭炮
國家中山科學研究院
中華民國自走砲
轮式自行火箭炮 |
La France a un incroyable talent (), previously known as Incroyable Talent, is a French TV show, based on the Got Talent series. It debuted on M6 on 2 November 2006, presented by Alessandra Sublet.
Summary
Season 1 (2006)
The 1st season of the show was presented by Alessandra Sublet, and aired on M6 from November 2, 2006 to December 12, 2006. It was produced by Sébastien Zibi. The judging panel consisted of Gilbert Rozon, Sophie Edelstein and Jean-Pierre Domboy. The first season of the show attracted 5 million viewers. The grand prize was €150,000 and was won by dancer Salah Benlemqawanssa. This was the first Got Talent season that was won by Salah, who also won the 4th season of Arab's Got Talent in 2014.
Season 2 (2007)
The 2nd season of the show aired from November 6, 2007 to December 11, 2007 on M6. This season attracted an average of 4.3 million viewers. The final was viewed by 4.5 million people. Alessandra Sublet returned as the TV presenter of the show. This season was produced by Massimo Manganaro. Gilbert Rozon and Sophie Edelstein both returned as judges on the show. Jean-Pierre Domboy was replaced by Patrick Dupond. The winner of the season was dancer Junior, who received the €150,000 prize, and Arthur Cadre made it to the semi-finals.
Season 3 (2008)
The 3rd season of the show aired from October 2, 2008 to November 13, 2008 on M6. Alessandra Sublet returned as the TV presenter of the show. Gilbert Rozon, Sophie Edelstein and Patrick Dupond all returned as judges. The final was watched by over 4.3 million viewers with a peak audience of 5.1 million at 22:35. The winner of the season was fire artist Alexander, who received €100,000. In addition, during the final, pole acrobat Dominic Lacasse was offered an appearance at the International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. This season also marked the debut of French singer Caroline Costa, who was 12 years old at her time of participation in the show. She was a finalist on the season and, while she did not win the show, she has since had a successful musical career.
Season 4 (2009)
The 4th season of the show aired from November 24, 2009 to December 30, 2009 on M6. This season was presented by Alex Goude and Sandrine Corman, who replaced Alessandra Sublet, the host of the previous three seasons. The judging panel consisted of producer Gilbert Rozon, actress and director Valérie Stroh, and comedian Smaïn. This season marked the change of the series' name from Incroyable Talent to La France a un incroyable talent. The season had an average audience of 3,657,000 viewers. The final was watched by 3.7 million people, and the largest audience was 4.2 million viewers, during the first semi-final. The winner of the season was dance group Les Échos-Liés, who received €100,000 and the opportunity to go on tour with magician Arturo Brachetti. The runner-up of the season was breakdancer Skorpion.
This season also marked the premiere of the show La France a un incroyable talent, ça continue... The show, presented by Jérôme Anthony, showcased behind-the-scenes footage and conversations with the contestants.
Season 5 (2010)
The 5th season of the show aired from November 3, 2010 to December 22, 2010 on M6. Alex Goude and Sandrine Corman returned as the TV presenters of the show. Gilbert Rozon remained as a judge on the show. Sophie Edelstein returned as a judge, after having left the judging panel during season 4. Additionally, the Dutch singer Dave joined the judging panel. The average audience of the show was 3,835,000 viewers. The winner of the season was child dance duo Axel & Alizée, who received €100,000 and a trip to Montreal to represent France at the Just for Laughs festival. The runner-up was soccer ball juggler Iya Traoré, who was a professional soccer player. Iya also later competed on the CBS television series The World's Best in 2019, where he was eliminated in the auditions.
Season 6 (2011)
The 6th season of the show aired from October 19, 2011 to December 14, 2011 on M6. Alex Goude and Sandrine Corman remained as the TV presenters of the show. Gilbert Rozon, Sophie Edelstein and Dave all returned as judges. The third episode of the season gathered 5.03 million viewers, making it the most-watched episode since the launch of the first season in 2006. The winner of the season was 13-year-old singer Marina Dalmas Kaye, who received the grand prize of €100,000, as well as the opportunity to participate in the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal and an appearance in the first part of the musical Adam and Eve: The Second Chance. The runner-up was child ventriloquist Nans.
Season 7 (2012)
The 7th season of the show aired from October 23, 2012 to December 26, 2012 on M6. Gilbert Rozon, Sophie Edelstein and Dave all remained on the judging panel. However, Dave was replaced by French composer and actor André Manoukian for part of the third episode while the singer participated in a concert. Alex Goude and Sandrine Corman remained as the TV presenters of the show. The winner of the season was shadow dance group Die Mobilés.
Season 8 (2013)
The 8th season of the show aired from October 15, 2013 to December 10, 2013 on M6. Gilbert Rozon, Sophie Edelstein and Dave all returned as judges on the show. Andrée Deissenberg was also added as a fourth judge. Alex Goude and Sandrine Corman remained as the TV presenters of the show. The winner of the season was pole acrobat Simon Huelle, and the runner-up was light-up dance group Infanlim, who perform in a similar style to that of the notable America's Got Talent contestant Light Balance.
Season 9 (2014–2015)
The 9th season of the show aired from December 9, 2014 to January 27, 2015 on M6. Alex Goude returned as a presenter of the show, but Sandrine Corman was replaced by Louise Ekland. Gilbert Rozon returned as a judge on the show. However, Sophie Edelstein, Dave and Andrée Deissenberg were replaced by singer Lorie, comedian and actor Olivier Sitruk and Italian choreographer Giuliano Peparini. The winner of the season was orchestra Bagad de Vannes Melinerion, and the runner-up was opera singer Marianne.
Season 10 (2015)
The 10th season of the show aired from October 20, 2015 to December 8, 2015 on M6. Gilbert Rozon remained as a judge on the show. Lorie, Olivier Sitruk and Giuliano Peparini were replaced by Hélène Segara, Kamel Ouali and Éric Antoine. Alex Goude returned as the sole presenter of the show. The winner of the season was dog act Juliette & Charlie, and the runner-up was singer Naestro (real name Nabil Rachdi), who used to be a boxer.
Season 11 (2016)
The 11th season of the show aired from October 25, 2016 to December 13, 2016 on M6. Alex Goude was replaced as the TV presenter of the show by David Ginola. Gilbert Rozon, Hélène Segara, Kamel Ouali and Éric Antoine all returned as judges on the show. The winner of the season was magician Antonio Bembibre, and the runner-up was singer Mickaël Dos Santos.
Season 12 (2017)
The 12th season of the show aired from November 16, 2017 to December 14, 2017 on M6 with judges Éric Antoine, Hélène Ségara and Kamel Ouali. This was the first season in the history of the show where Gilbert Rozon was not included as a judge due to him stepping down from the position after several sexual harassment allegations were filed against him. The winner of the season was comedic singer and guitarist Laura Laune, and the runner-up was dance group Soda Crew.
Season 13 (2018)
The 13th season started being broadcast during October 2018. The panel of judges for the show included 2 new members: Marianne James (singer) and Sugar Sammy (comedian). Hélène Ségara (singer) and Éric Antoine (magician) signed a contract to remain as judges for season 13. David Ginola remained as the TV presenter of the show. The winner was singer Jean-Baptiste Guegan, and the runner-up was dance duo Dakota & Nadia.
Season 14 (2019)
The 14th season began on October 22, 2019. Éric Antoine, Hélène Ségara, Marianne James and Sugar Sammy all returned as judges. David Ginola returned as the TV presenter of the show. The winner of the season was ventriloquist Le Cas Pucine, and the runner-up was stand-up comedian Valentin Reinehr.
Season 15 (2020)
The 15th season began on October 20, 2020. Éric Antoine, Hélène Ségara, Marianne James and Sugar Sammy all returned as judges, while Karine Le Marchand took over as host. Famille Lefèvre won the season on December 15, 2020.
Season 16 (2021)
The 16th season began on October 20, 2021. Éric Antoine, Hélène Ségara, Marianne James and Sugar Sammy all returned as judges, while Karine Le Marchand returned to host. The show was won by Le Chœur de Saint-Cyr on December 22, 2021.
Season 17 (2022)
The 17th season began on October 18, 2022. All judges from the previous series returned, as well as Karine Le Marchand.
Spin-Offs
La Bataille Du Jury (2020)
La France a un incroyable Talent: la Bataille du jury began on June 23, 2020. Éric Antoine, Hélène Ségara, Marianne James and Sugar Sammy all returned as judges. David Ginola returned as the TV presenter of the show. Each judge chose a team of six contestants, which included five contestants from previous seasons of La France a un incroyable talent and one contestant from an international version of the series, including acts from Britain's Got Talent and America's Got Talent. The winner of the season and the €100,000 prize was motorcyclist Kenny Thomas from team Hélène Ségara, who had previously finished in 4th place on season 11 of La France a un incroyable talent. The runner-up was improvisational comedic singer Thomas Boissy from team Éric Antoine, who had previously finished in 4th place on season 6 of La France a un incroyable talent.
See also
David Ginola
List of French adaptations of television series from other countries
References
External links
Official Website (in French)
2006 French television series debuts
French reality television series
Television series by Fremantle (company)
French television series based on British television series
La France a un incroyable talent
M6 (TV channel) original programming |
沙尔特勒站（）是法国东南部城市马赛的一个地铁车站，位于马赛地铁1号线上。
站名
"沙尔特勒"（）为这一街区的名称。
位置
沙尔特勒站位于马赛市区的东北部，属于。车站呈南北走向，是一个地下车站，有自动扶梯连接地面。
设施
沙尔特勒站站内设有自动售票机及无障碍设施。
站台设置
配套交通
城市公共交通
此外，当地铁线路发生故障或施工时，马赛交通局可能提供临时摆渡车。
临近车站
参见
马赛地铁车站列表
参考文献
C |
吃槟榔有什么好处和坏处？槟榔是很多男性朋友的最爱。槟榔原产马来西亚，中国主要分布云南、海南及台湾等热带地区。亚洲热带地区广泛栽培。槟榔是重要的中药材，在南方一些少数民族还有将果实作为一种咀嚼嗜好品。其实槟榔中也有很多有利于人体的营养元素，槟榔原果的主要成分为31.1%的酚类、18.7%的多糖、14.0%的脂肪、10.8%的粗纤维、9.9%的水分、3.0%的灰分和0.5%的生物碱。槟榔还含有20多种微量元素，其中11种为人体必需的微量元素。槟榔种子含总生物碱0.3%-0.6%，主要为槟榔碱，并含有少量槟榔次碱、去甲基槟榔碱、异去甲基槟榔次碱、槟榔副碱及高槟榔碱等，均与鞣酸集合存在。还有鞣质、脂肪、甘露醇、半乳糖、蔗糖、儿茶精、表二茶精、无色花青素、槟榔红色素、皂苷及多种原矢车菊素的二聚体、三聚体、四聚体等。所含脂肪酸的组成为：月桂酸19.5%、肉豆蔻酸46.2%、棕榈酸12.7%硬脂酸1.6%、油酸6.2%、亚油酸5.4%、十二碳酸0.3%、十四碳烯酸7.2%，又含氨基酸。其中脯氨酸占15%以上。据药监部门透露，目前我国有225个药品含有槟榔。统医学认为，槟榔具有“杀虫，破积，降气行滞，行水化湿”的功效，曾被用来治疗绦虫、钩虫、蛔虫、绕虫、姜片虫等寄生虫感染。由槟榔与乌药、人参、沉香组成的四磨汤主治“七情气逆，上气喘急，妨闷不食”，民间有在婴儿出生一周后服用四磨汤的传统，据说有利于孩子肠胃，以后不闹肚子，槟榔也是有害处的1、对牙周组织的影响，由于槟榔纤维颇为粗硬，会刺伤牙龈或堵塞牙缝，造成牙间乳头的压迫而发炎，也由于用力嚼食，对牙周膜造成伤害，使得牙根周围发炎、浮肿、疼痛。石灰质和槟榔残渣的堆积，才结石越结越厚实，使得牙龈受损、红肿、化脓、牙根外露等而产生牙周病变，终至牙齿一颗颗脱落或不得不拔除。2、对消化系统的影响，槟榔汁垢污染黑唇缘齿颊，影响观瞻，且损害味觉神经与唾液分泌，妨碍消化机能，槟榔渣刺激胃壁，导致胃黏膜发炎甚至穿孔，影响营养吸收，造成营养不良。槟榔有自己的药用价值，但也有相应的害处，所以尽量不要养成吃槟榔的习惯。 |
尼维莱尔（，）是法国瓦兹省的一个市镇，位于该省中部偏西，属于博韦区。该市镇总面积7.65平方公里，2009年时的人口为199人。
人口
尼维莱尔人口变化图示
参见
瓦兹省市镇列表
参考文献
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在物理宇宙學裏，哈勃–勒梅特定律（）指遙遠星系的退行速度與它們和地球的距離成正比。這條定律原先称为哈勃定律（），以證實者埃德温·哈勃的名字命名；2018年10月经国际天文联合会表决通过更改为现名，以纪念更早发现宇宙膨胀的比利时天文学家乔治·勒梅特。它被認為是空間尺度擴展的第一個觀察依據，今天經常被援引作為支持大爆炸的一個重要證據。
在宇宙学研究中，哈伯-勒梅特定律成为宇宙膨胀理论的基础，以方程式表示
；
其中， 是由紅移現象測得的星系遠離速率，是哈伯常數，是星系與觀察者之間的距離。
發現
1912年到1922年间，美国天文学家維斯托·斯里弗观测了41个星系的光谱，发现其中的36个星系的光谱发生红移，他认为这种现象意味着这些星系正在远离地球。
1916年，爱因斯坦提出了广义相对论。許多物理學家和數學家利用愛因斯坦場方程建立了時間和空間協調一致的理論。將最一般的原則應用到自然的宇宙，產生了一個動態的解決方案，與當時的靜態宇宙的概念產生了衝突。
1927年，比利时天文学家乔治·勒梅特计算出爱因斯坦场方程的一个解，发现宇宙在不断地膨胀。
1929年，美国天文学家埃德温·哈勃发表其观测结果：距离银河系越远的星系退行越快。
說明
因發現遠離速度與距離呈線性關係，而產生哈伯定律，其線性數學式如後：
其中是由紅移現象測得的遠離速率，一般表示為km/s。H0是哈伯常數，在弗里德曼方程式中對應著數值（通常稱為哈伯參數，是一個取決於時間的值，由時間的觀測得來，以下標0來區別。）此常數在宇宙中對任意保角時間（conformal time）而言皆是相同的。是光相對於觀測者的慣性座標系穿越星系的適當距離，以百萬秒差距（Mpc）作為測量單位。
對於相對鄰近的星系，速度v可從星系的紅移z利用紅移公式估計，其中c是光速。對遙遠的星系，速度v可以從紅移z利用相對移動的都卜勒效應決定。然而，最好的方法來計算遠離速度及其相關時空膨脹率是考慮來自遠星系光子的相關保角時間。對於非常遙遠的星體，退離速度可能大於光速。但是這並不違反狹義相對論，因為度量空間的擴張並不與任何有形物體的速度相關。
當使用哈伯定律來決定距離時，只能用因宇宙膨脹而造成的速度。引力相互作用星系的運行與彼此相關，而獨立於宇宙膨脹之外。因其相對運行所造成的這類相對速度，被稱作本動速度（peculiar velocities）。當使用哈伯定律時，本動速度需要加入考慮。1938年，Benjamin Kenneally所發現的「上帝的手指」效應（Fingers of God）是本動速度所造成的現象之一。受引力約束的系統，例如星系或我們的行星系統，都不會受到哈伯定律的影響，也不會膨脹。
針對均勻膨脹的宇宙的理想哈伯定律，其數學推導是一個在三維笛卡爾/牛頓協調空間相當初等的幾何定理。此協調空間被視為一種度量空間，具有完全均勻和各向同性（性質不隨地點或方向改變）。簡單說明該定理如下：
對於任何正沿直線遠離原地，速度與離開距離成正比的兩點，將以正比於兩者距離的速度遠離對方。
哈伯常數的值隨著時間變化，其增加或減少取決於減速參數的正負，定義為：
在減速參數為零的宇宙，有H = 1/t，其中t是自大霹靂以來的時間。然而，非零且與時間相關的值，則需要積分弗里德曼方程式，將時間倒退到粒子視野（particle horizon）為0時（即大霹靂之初）。
我們可以定義宇宙的「哈伯年齡」（又稱為「哈伯時間」或「哈伯期」）為1/H，或9777.93（億年/[H/(km/s/Mpc)]）。哈伯年齡以H=70 km/s/Mpc來計算為139.68億年，或以H=71 km/s/Mpc計算得137.72億年。當星系的紅移z很小時，與我們的距離大約是zc/H，其中c是1（光年／年），又此距離可以被簡單地以z（紅移）時間表示為137.72億光年。
長久以來q被認為是正值，這表示由於引力的作用，宇宙膨脹正在減慢。這意味著宇宙的年齡小於1/H（約140億年）。例如，若q為1/2時（其中一個理論上的可能值），宇宙的年齡為2/(3H) 。在1998年，一項發現指出q顯然是負值，代表著宇宙其實比1/H還要老。事實上，估計的宇宙年齡相當接近1/H。
奧伯斯佯謬
哈伯定律對大爆炸的解釋總結了空間的擴展與著名的古老難題奧伯斯佯謬之間的矛盾：如果宇宙是無限的、穩定的，充滿了均勻分布的恆星，那麼在天空中視線所及之處都將存在著恆星，而天空也將會像恆星的表面一樣明亮。從1600年代開始，天文學家和其他的思想家提出了許多可能解決這個佯繆的想法，但當前能被接受的這一部分是來自大爆炸的理論。宇宙只存在了有限的時間，只有有限多的星光有機會到達我們這兒，所以矛盾就解決了。換言之，在膨脹的宇宙中，遠方天體的遠離速度使來自她們的星光產生紅移並且降低了亮度，但這樣也只是解決了部分的矛盾。依照大爆炸的理論，兩者都有貢獻（宇宙的歷史是有限的在兩者中較為重要）。 天空之所以黑暗，也為大爆炸提供了一種證據。
哈伯常數的測量
哈伯常數的值通常經由遙遠星系的紅移來測量，這就是用與哈伯定律不同的方法測量同一星系的距離。但是在用來測量這些距離的物理假設上的不確定，造成哈伯常數的值有不同結果的。在20世紀的後半期，多數的哈伯常數值都被估計在50和之間。
對哈伯常數的爭論
哈伯常數的值曾是個長久而激烈的爭議主題，熱拉爾·佛科留斯主張其值應為100而艾伦·桑德奇則認為其應為50附近。
1996年，由約翰·諾利斯·巴寇主持，包含古斯塔夫·安德列斯·塔曼及薛尼·范德胡斯特以類似早期沙普利-柯蒂斯之爭的模式舉行，針對上述兩個競爭數值進行辯論。
1990年代晚期，引進宇宙的λ-CDM模型，數值差異的問題獲得部分的解決。
ΛCDM模型
在ΛCDM模型下，利用苏尼亚耶夫-泽尔多维奇效应進行的X光高紅移群及微波波長的觀察、宇宙微波背景辐射各向异性的量度和光學調查皆測定哈伯常數的值為67左右。
使用哈伯太空望遠鏡的值
哈伯關鍵計畫（由在卡內基天文台的Wendy L. Freedman博士主導）使用哈伯太空望遠鏡進行最精確的光學測量，在2001年五月，發表其最終估計值為72±8 (km/s)/Mpc，此結果與基於苏尼亚耶夫-泽尔多维奇效应進行的銀河系星群觀測所測出的相當一致，具有相似的精確值。
使用WMAP的資料
在2003年，利用WMAP所得出最高精度的宇宙微波背景辐射測定值為71±4 (km/s)/Mpc，而在2006年，精確度提升至，2008年T，WMAP在線上提供的數值是.。
這些來自WMAP和其他宇宙論的數值都與簡單版本的λ-CDM模型日趨接近。如果這些數值能與更普遍的版本吻合，傾向於更小和更不確定：通常數值在的附近，但有些模型的數值接近63 (km/s)/Mpc。
使用錢卓X射線天文台的資料
在2006年8月，來自馬歇爾太空飛行中心（MSFC）的研究小組使用美國國家航空暨太空總署的錢卓X射線天文台發現的哈伯常數是 ，誤差大約是15%。
所有這些測量方法結果的一致性，都支持的值和ΛCDM模型。
加速膨脹
在1998年，來自Ia超新星標準燭光測量的值卻是負数，令許多天文學驚訝的是宇宙加速膨脹，雖然哈伯因子會隨著時間而衰減。请參見暗物質和ΛCDM模型。
2009年5月7日，美国宇航局发布最新的哈伯常数测定值，根据对遥远星系Ia超新星的最新测量结果，常数被确定为74.2± 3.6 km/(s*Mpc)，不确定度进一步缩小到5%以内。
2012年10月3日，天文学家使用美国宇航局的斯皮策红外空间望远镜精确计算了哈伯常数，数值结果为74.3±2.1(km/s)/Mpc。
2012年12月20日，美國國家航空暨太空總署的威爾金森微波各向異性探測器實驗團隊宣布，哈伯常數為69.32 ± 0.80 (km/s)/Mpc。
2013年3月21日，從普朗克卫星觀測獲得的数据，哈伯常數為67.80 ± 0.77 千米每秒每百万秒差距（67.80 ± 0.77 km/s/Mpc）。
2018年7月，利用哈勃望遠鏡和蓋亞任務，測得哈勃常數值為 73.52 ± 1.62 km s−1 Mpc−1。
哈伯常數的推導
從弗里德曼方程式開始：
此處是哈伯參數，是宇宙標度因子，是萬有引力常數，是標準化的宇宙空間曲率，其值為 −1、0、或 +1，和是宇宙常數。
物質主導的宇宙(和宇宙常數)
如果宇宙是物質主導，則宇宙的質量密度 剛好可以包括的物質是
此處是現在的物質密度，我們知道的非相對論粒子質量密度會隨著宇宙的體積增加而成比例的降低，所以上述方程式必須為真。我們也可以定義(參見的密度參數)：
所以也可以，依據定義：
和
此處的下標0代表現在的數值，並且。到此為止的所有一切都是章節剛開始的弗里德曼方程式和轉換 成為 得到
物質和暗能量主導的宇宙
如果宇宙是物質主導和暗能量主導，然後前述方程式中的哈伯參數也將是暗能量的狀態方程。所以現在：
此處是暗能量的質量密度。依據定義，在宇宙論的狀態方程是，並且我們將這帶入流體的方程，它描述了宇宙的質量密度隨著時間的變化，
如果w 是常數，
那麼暗能量就是w狀態的恆等式，。如果我們以與之前相似的方式轉換弗里德曼方程，但是這次設定，這是假設我們生活在一個平坦空間的宇宙 (參見宇宙的形狀)，
如果暗能量不是w狀態的恆等式，則
要解此方程式，我們需要參數化，例如如果 ，得到
由哈伯常數導出的單位
哈伯時間
哈伯常數的單位是時間的倒數，也就是說 ~ 2.29×10−18 s−1。“哈伯時間”定義為。在標準宇宙論模型的哈伯時間是4.35×1017 s 或138億年，"擴張時間尺度"一詞的意思是"哈伯時間"。如果的值保持恆定，哈伯時間自然的解釋是電子大小的宇宙增加一個數量級所需要的時間 (因為解dx/dt = x is x = exp(t)，此處是在t = 0的任意初始條件下的形狀)。但是，在如上文所述的廣義相對論、暗能量、暴脹等，長時間下的動力學是複雜的。
哈伯長度
哈伯長度是宇宙論的距離單位，定義為—光速與哈伯時間的乘積。它相當於42億2800萬秒差距或138億光年(哈伯長度以光年表示的數值，依據定義，等同於哈伯時間以年表示的值)。
哈伯體積
哈伯體積有時被定義為共動大小的體積。精確的定義是：有時將其定義為球體半徑為時的體積。有些宇宙論甚至使用哈伯體積一詞引用為可觀測宇宙的體積，然而這個半徑可能還要大3倍。
參見
宇宙的年齡
宇宙形狀
雙曲線幾何 (空間因膨脹而彎曲)
歐幾里得幾何 (空間因平衡而平坦)
橢球幾何 (空間因重力而彎曲)
參考資料
來源
Hubble, E.P.., The Observational Approach to Cosmology (Oxford, 1937)
http://www.guokr.com/article/436836/
外部連結
History of Hubble's constant by John Huchra
The Hubble Key Project
Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant. Freedman et. al. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 553, Issue 1, pp. 47-72.
The Hubble Diagram Project
Law
宇宙大尺度结构
物理宇宙学
天文学方程式 |
Robert Harry Mundheim BVO (born February 24, 1933) is an American legal scholar. He is the former Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, General Counsel of the U.S. Treasury Department, Co-Chairman of the law firm Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, General Counsel of Salomon, Inc., and Fred Carr Professor of Law and Financial Institutions at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. He was honored by the American Lawyer in 2014 as a "Lifetime Achiever." The University of Pennsylvania Law School has an endowed chair named after him, "the Robert Mundheim Professor of Law."
Early life and education
Mundheim was born in Hamburg, Germany, to Alfred and Cecile (Cohn) Mundheim, and emigrated to the United States with his mother and brother in January 1939. He earned his B.A., magna cum laude, from Harvard College in 1954, and a LL.B., magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School in 1957. From 1961 to 1962 he was in the US Air Force and served in Berlin.
Legal career
After admission to the New York bar in 1958, Mundheim practiced at the law firm Shearman & Sterling until 1961. From 1962-63, he was special counsel to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Mundheim then entered academia, with one stint of simultaneous government service. His first academic posts were brief: visiting professor at Duke Law School in 1964, professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania from 1965 to 1970, and visiting professor at Harvard Law School from 1968 to 1969. During his 1970-80 tenure as Fred Carr Professor of Law and Financial Institutions at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, he became, in 1970, the youngest professor in the law school's history to be named an academic chair and served three of those years as general counsel of the U.S. Treasury Department (1977–80). In 1980, the University of Pennsylvania Law School named him University Professor of Law and Finance, a position he occupied until 1992. From 1982 to 1989, he was also dean.
Mundheim became co-chairman of the law firm Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson in 1992, but he soon left for Salomon, Inc., where he worked as general counsel from 1992 to 1997 and shifted to the same role for Salomon Smith Barney Holdings from 1997 to 1998.
In 1999, he began work again at Shearman & Sterling, the law firm where he started his career. He is now Of Counsel there as well as a law professor at the James E. Rogers College of Law at the University of Arizona.
Service and honors
From 1994-2000, Mundheim remained connected to the University of Pennsylvania Law School through service as a board member and overseer. The law school has established an endowed chair in his honor, the Robert Mundheim Professor of Law, currently held by Amy Wax. The university awarded him an honorary M.A. in 1971.
Mundheim is on the board of trustees for both the Curtis Institute of Music and the American College of Governance Counsel, an American honorary association of lawyers widely recognized for their achievements in the field of governance. He has served as a director of Commerce Clearing House, Inc. (1980-1996), First Pennsylvania Bank (1980-1990), CoreStates Bank N.A. (1990-1992), Benjamin Moore & Co. (1997-2001), eCollege, Inc. (2000-2007), and Hypo Real Estate. Other institutions where he has had a prominent role include the Salzburg Seminar (board of directors, 1999-2002 and now), the American Academy in Berlin (president, 2000-2006), and the National Association of Securities Dealers (vice-chairman, governor-at-large, and member of the executive committee, 1988-1991).
Mundheim was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2007. In 2014, in The Monetary System: Analysis and New Approaches to Regulation, authors Jean-François Serval and Jean-Pascal Tranié noted: "This year, Robert Mundheim was honored by the American Lawyer as a 'Lifetime Achiever', which is one of the most recognized distinctions that an American lawyer can get." He received a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from The New School in 2019.
References
External links
"Robert Mundheim – former law school dean, firm cochair and US Treasury Department counsel," Chambers
Arlin M. Adams. "Dedication: Dean Robert Mundheim," 138 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, No. 1 (November 1989), pp. 1–3
1933 births
Living people
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Deans of law schools in the United States
Harvard College alumni
University of Arizona faculty
United States Air Force airmen
Finance law scholars
Harvard Law School alumni
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Deans of University of Pennsylvania Law School
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
YUV，是一種顏色編碼方法。常使用在各個影像處理元件中。
YUV在對照片或影片編碼時，考慮到人類的感知能力，允許降低色度的頻寬。
YUV是編譯true-color顏色空間（color space）的種類，Y'UV, YUV, YCbCr，YPbPr等專有名詞都可以稱為YUV，彼此有重疊。「Y」表示明亮度（Luminance、Luma），「U」和「V」則是色度、濃度（Chrominance、Chroma），
Y′UV, YUV, YCbCr, YPbPr所指涉的範圍，常有混淆或重疊的情況。從歷史的演變來說，其中YUV和Y'UV通常用來編碼電視的類比訊號，而YCbCr則是用來描述數位的影像訊號，適合影片與圖片壓縮以及傳輸，例如MPEG、JPEG。
但在現今，YUV通常已經在電腦系統上廣泛使用。
Y'代表明亮度(luma; brightness)而U與V儲存色度(色訊; chrominance; color)部分;
亮度(luminance)記作Y，而Y'的prime符號記作伽瑪校正。
YUV Formats分成兩個格式：
緊縮格式（packed formats）：將Y、U、V值儲存成Macro Pixels陣列，和RGB的存放方式類似。
平面格式（planar formats）：將Y、U、V的三個分量分別存放在不同的矩陣中。
緊縮格式（packed format）中的YUV是混合在一起的，對於YUV4:2:2格式而言，用緊縮格式很合適的，因此就有了UYVY、YUYV等。平面格式（planar formats）是指每Y份量，U份量和V份量都是以獨立的平面組織的，也就是說所有的U份量必須在Y分量後面，而V份量在所有的U份量後面，此一格式適用於採樣（subsample）。平面格式（planar format）有I420（4:2:0）、YV12、IYUV等。
歷史
Y'UV的發明是由於彩色電視與黑白電視的過渡時期。黑白視訊只有Y（Luma，Luminance）視訊，也就是灰階值。到了彩色電視規格的制定，是以YUV/YIQ的格式來處理彩色電視圖像，把UV視作表示彩度的C（Chrominance或Chroma），如果忽略C訊號，那麼剩下的Y（Luma）訊號就跟之前的黑白電視訊號相同，這樣一來便解決彩色電視機與黑白電視機的相容問題。Y'UV最大的優點在於只需佔用極少的頻寬。
因為UV分別代表不同顏色訊號，所以直接使用R與B訊號表示色度的UV。
也就是說UV訊號告訴了電視要偏移某象素的顏色，而不改變其亮度。
或者UV訊號告訴了顯示器使得某個顏色亮度依某個基準偏移。
UV的值越高，代表該像素會有更飽和的顏色。
彩色圖像記錄的格式，常見的有RGB、YUV、CMYK等。彩色電視最早的構想是使用RGB三原色來同時傳輸。這種設計方式是原來黑白頻寬的3倍，在當時並不是很好的設計。RGB訴求於人眼對色彩的感應，YUV則著重於視覺對於亮度的敏感程度，Y代表的是亮度，UV代表的是彩度（因此黑白電影可省略UV，相近於RGB），分別用Cr和Cb來表示，因此YUV的記錄通常以Y:UV的格式呈現。
常用的YUV格式
為節省頻寬起見，大多數YUV格式平均使用的每像素位數都少於24位元。主要的抽样（subsample）格式有YCbCr 4:2:0、YCbCr 4:2:2、YCbCr 4:1:1和YCbCr 4:4:4。YUV的表示法稱為A:B:C表示法：
4:4:4表示完全取樣。
4:2:2表示2:1的水平取樣，垂直完全採樣。
4:2:0表示2:1的水平取樣，垂直2:1採樣。
4:1:1表示4:1的水平取樣，垂直完全採樣。
最常用Y:UV記錄的比重通常1:1或2:1，DVD-Video是以YUV 4:2:0的方式記錄，也就是我們俗稱的I420，YUV4:2:0並不是說只有U（即Cb）, V（即Cr）一定為0，而是指U：V互相援引，時見時隱，也就是說對於每一個行，只有U或者V份量，如果一行是4:2:0的話，下一行就是4:0:2，再下一行是4:2:0...以此類推。至於其他常見的YUV格式有YUY2、YUYV、YVYU、UYVY、AYUV、Y41P、Y411、Y211、IF09、IYUV、YV12、YVU9、YUV411、YUV420等。
YUY2及常见表示方法
YUY2（和YUYV）格式為像素保留Y，而UV在水平空間上相隔二個像素採樣一次（Y0 U0 Y1 V0），（Y2 U2 Y3 V2）…其中，（Y0 U0 Y1 V0）就是一个macro-pixel（宏像素），它表示了2个像素，（Y2 U2 Y3 V2）是另外的2个像素。
以此类推，再如：Y41P（和Y411）格式为每个像素保留Y分量，而UV分量在水平方向上每4个像素采样一次。一个宏像素为12个字节，实际表示8个像素。图像数据中YUV分量排列顺序如下：（U0 Y0 V0 Y1 U4 Y2 V4 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7）…
YVYU UYVY
YVYU, UYVY格式跟YUY2類似，只是排列順序有所不同。Y211格式是Y每2個像素採樣一次，而UV每4個像素採樣一次。AYUV格式則有一Alpha通道。
YV12
YV12格式與IYUV類似，每個像素都提取Y，在UV提取時，將圖像2 x 2的矩陣，每個矩阵提取一個U和一個V。YV12格式和I420格式的不同處在V平面和U平面的位置不同。在YV12格式中，V平面緊跟在Y平面之後，然後才是U平面（即：YVU）；但I420則是相反（即：YUV）。NV12與YV12類似，效果一樣，YV12中U和V是連續排列的，而在NV12中，U和V就交錯排列的。
排列举例：
2*2图像YYYYVU；
4＊4图像YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYVVVVUUUU
轉換
YUV與RGB的轉換公式：
U和V元件可以被表示成原始的R，G，和B（R，G，B为γ预校正后的）:
如一般順序，轉移元件的範圍可得到：
在逆轉關係上，從YUV到RGB，可得
取而代之，以矩陣表示法（matrix representation），可得到公式：
YUV轉RGB
function RGB* YUV444toRGB888(Y, U, V)；將YUV format移轉成簡單的RGB format並可以用浮點運算實作：
Y'UV444
大多數YUV格式平均使用的每像素位數都少於24位元。YUV444是最逼真的格式，一格不刪（24 bits），即每4個Y，配上4個U，還有4個V；YUV422則是在UV格式上減半，即每4個Y，配2個U，2個V；YUV420則是在UV上減至1/4之格式，即每4個Y，配1個U，再配1個V。
這些公式是基於NTSC standard;
在早期的非SIMD（non-SIMD）構造中，floating point arithmetic會比fixed-point arithmetic稍慢，所以有一替代公式如下：
使用前面的係數並且用clip()註明切割的值域是0至255，如下的公式是從Y'UV到RGB (NTSC version):
注意：上述的公式多暗示為YCbCr.
雖然稱為YUV，但應該嚴格區分YUV和YCbCr這兩個專有名詞有時並非完全相同。
ITU-R版本的公式差異：
ITU-R標準YCbCr（每一通道8位元）至RGB888:
Cr = Cr - 128;
Cb = Cb - 128;
Y'UV422
Input：讀取Y'UV的4bytes（u, y1, v, y2）
Output：寫入RGB的6bytes（R, G, B, R, G, B）
u = yuv[0];
y1 = yuv[1];
v = yuv[2];
y2 = yuv[3];
以此一資訊可以剖析出regular Y'UV444格式而成為2 RGB pixels info:
rgb1 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y1, u, v);
rgb2 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y2, u, v);
Y'UV422可被表達成Y'UY'2 FourCC格式碼。意思是2 pixels將被定義成each macropixel (four bytes) treated in the image.
Y'UV411
// Extract YUV components
u = yuv[0];
y1 = yuv[1];
y2 = yuv[2];
v = yuv[3];
y3 = yuv[4];
y4 = yuv[5];
rgb1 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y1, u, v);
rgb2 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y2, u, v);
rgb3 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y3, u, v);
rgb4 = Y'UV444toRGB888(y4, u, v);
所以結果會得到4 RGB像素的值 (4*3 bytes) from 6 bytes. This means reducing size of transferred data to half and with quite good loss of quality.
YV12
The Y'V12的格式相當類似Y'UV420p，但U與V資料反轉：Y'跟隨著V, U殿後。Y'UV420p與Y'V12使用相同演算法。許多重要的編碼器都採用YV12空間存儲視頻：MPEG-4（x264，XviD，DivX），DVD-Video存儲格式MPEG-2，MPEG-1以及MJPEG。
將Y'UV420p轉換成RGB
Height = 16;
Width = 16;
Y'ArraySize = Height × Width; //（256）
Y' = Array[7 × Width + 5];
U = Array[(7/2) × (Width/2) + 5/2 + Y'ArraySize];
V = Array[(7/2) × (Width/2) + 5/2 + Y'ArraySize + Y'ArraySize/4];
RGB = Y'UV444toRGB888(Y', U, V);
註釋
參見
色度抽樣
外部連結
RGB/YUV Pixel Conversion
Explanation of many different formats in the YUV family
Charles Poynton - Video engineering
YUV422 to RGB using SSE/Assembly
色彩空間 |
Newtons are a Nabisco-trademarked version of a cookie filled with sweet fruit paste. "Fig Newtons" are the most popular variety (fig rolls filled with fig paste). They are produced by an extrusion process. Their distinctive shape is a characteristic that has been adopted by competitors, including generic fig bars sold in many markets.
The product was invented by Charles Roser and baked at the F. A. Kennedy Steam Bakery for the first time in 1891.
History
Until the late 19th century, many physicians believed that most illnesses were related to digestion problems, and recommended a daily intake of biscuits and fruit. Fig rolls were the ideal solution to this advice. They were a locally produced and handmade product, brought to the U.S. by British immigrants. That was until a Philadelphia baker and fig lover, Charles Roser, invented a process in 1891 which inserted fig paste into a thick pastry dough. Cambridgeport, Massachusetts–based Kennedy Biscuit Company purchased the Roser recipe and started mass production.
The first Fig Newtons were baked at the F. A. Kennedy Steam Bakery in 1891. The product was named after the city of Newton, Massachusetts.
The Kennedy Biscuit Company had recently become associated with the New York Biscuit Company, and the two merged to form Nabisco—after which, the fig rolls were trademarked as "Fig Newtons". Since 2012, the "Fig" has been dropped from the product name (now just "Newtons").
Varieties
Original Fig Newtons were the only variety available until the 1980s and as of 2012, Nabisco makes several varieties of the Newton, which, in addition to the original fig filling, include versions filled with apple cinnamon, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, blueberry and mixed berry. The Fig Newton also is sold in a 100% whole-grain variety and a fat-free variety. Fig Newton Minis have also been introduced. The fig bar is the company's third best-selling product, with sales of more than 700 million bars a year as of 2018. In 2011, a crisp cookie was introduced in the United States named Newtons Fruit Thins, after being successfully marketed by Kraft in Canada as Lifestyle Selections, a variety of Peek Freans. The product line has since been discontinued.
See also
Fig cake
Fig-cake (fruit)
References
External links
Newtons brand page, from KraftFoodsCompany.com
Fig Newton jingle lyrics, from NabiscoWorld.com
Fig dishes
Mondelez International brands
Nabisco brands
Products introduced in 1891
fr:Figolu |
約翰·斯伯羅（，），是一位美國排球教練。 現在是美國國家男子排球隊的主教練，也是UCLA男子排球隊的教練。
約翰·斯伯羅於1995年從加州大學洛杉磯分校 (UCLA) 畢業，取得微生物學和分子遺傳學學士學位。
教練生涯
在2008北京奧運，約翰·斯伯羅擔任美國國家隊助理教練並奪得金牌。2013年正式成為美國隊主教練，曾帶隊奪得兩次世界盃冠軍（2015，2023）、一次世界錦標賽季軍（2018），以及2016里約奧運銅牌。
參考資料
美国男子排球运动员 |
Audley Dean Nicols (22 September 1875–13 November 1941) was an American artist, illustrator and muralist. Born and raised in Sewickley, Pennsylvania; he studied in New York and Europe, and worked as an illustrator for various national magazines in the United States. He moved to El Paso, Texas in the early 1920s, where he painted desert landscapes of the American Southwest. Nicols achieved national recognition during his lifetime; his style and choice of subjects gathering followers who became known as the "Purple Mountain Painters".
Life and career
Born in 1875 in Sewickley from Pittsburgh along the Ohio River, Audley Dean Nicols was the son of Parshall D. Nicols, an iron broker, and Elizabeth "Lizzie" Agnes McLaughlin, an art teacher. He had a sister, Alice Clyde Nicols, and two brothers, Verner, who died of the Spanish Flu, and Lowell, who was an art critic and an optical glass research chemist. His mother Lizzie, who had studied with painter George Hetzel and taught drawing and painting at the Steubenville Seminary, gave him his first art lessons.
After graduating from Sewickley High School in 1893 he went to New York to study under Harry Siddons Mowbray, Edwin Blashfield, and Kenyon Cox, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Art Students League of New York. After further studies in Europe, Nicols started a career as a magazine illustrator, working for several publications including Collier's, McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Harper's, Scribner's, St. Nicholas Magazine, and The Burr McIntosh Monthly. After a period of convalescence at home due to surgical operations, he moved into oil painting, working from a studio in the Sewickley Valley Trust building. Some of his work from this earlier period includes murals in Pittsburgh public buildings and portraits. He painted Civil War General Alexander Hays in a portrait and in a now lost painting where he is shown dragging the Confederate flag from his horse. His work in oils began to get some recognition and in 1904 Nicols' painting A Reverie was accepted for the ninth Carnegie International Exhibition in Pittsburgh.
Nicols began visiting the Arizona desert and Texas from around 1912, permanently moving with his family to El Paso in 1922, due in part to health problems with an extrapulmonary tuberculosis contracted in his youth, and that made him walk with a limp. He lived in a rock house in Fort Boulevard at the foothills of the Franklin mountains, and since before his permanent move he went on long desert expeditions for plein air painting, first in the company of two Franciscan priests and later with a friend. His first work with of a desert subject was bought by breakfast cereal pioneer Charles W. Post in a Chicago gallery, sometime between 1912 and 1914.Nicols continued to paint desert panoramas of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, and large canvas on Old West subjects. His 1927 depiction of Tokay, a former coal-mining settlement in Socorro County, New Mexico, is considered a valuable historical record of what is now a ghost town. Also in 1927, a lithograph reproduction of Nicols' painting of Texas' El Capitan peak was distributed in a publicity campaign for the Texas and Pacific Railway. The original painting of the mountain was later placed in Abilene's Research Center for the Southwest, at the Hardin-Simmons University library. In 1929 he was commissioned by architect Henry Trost to design the glass-stained mural which incorporates the painting Cave creek canyon - Chiricahua mountains, located at the top of the lobby stairs of the Gadsden Hotel in Douglas, Arizona.
In his later life Nicols was characterized as eccentric and mysterious, absorbed by his work, but he had a circle of close friends including other artists and General Robert L. Howze. He was married to Mary Olivia Nicols , an Irish immigrant, and had two children, Audley Dean Jr and Mary Beth. In 1932 he was hospitalized for several weeks due to a brain hemorrhage but eventually recovered. He died almost ten years later in November 1941, just a few months after celebrating his daughter's 10th birthday. The artist was buried in Restlawn Memorial Park in El Paso, with writer and muralist Tom Lea, who was also Mary Beth's godfather, acting as one of the pallbearers.
Style and legacy
Audley Dean Nicols' style of clean, detailed landscape painting was inspired by the clarity, sharp lines and strong contrasts of the desert, and he applied techniques to capture the colors and hint at the vast expanses. Nicols said in 1916:The desert is everything but gray. There are clean fresh blues, pinks and yellows in the skies, opalescent purple, rose and lavender in the ever-present distant mountains, dull greens of every shade in the vegetation, reds and yellows in the rocks and earth -but never gray.Critics have recognized his depiction of the distinctive nature of desert light as one of the best. Nicols' compositions are often organized in three horizontal sections; the desert ground and vegetation below, mountains in the middle and the sky above. He depicted vibrant nature scenes with only small traces of humans, if any, using warm light and vivid colors such as bluish purple for the distant mountains. The style and subjects of his work achieved significant popularity and were followed by other West Texas artists, who collectively became known as the "Purple Mountain Painters". Nicols was a friend of other local El Paso artists such as Fremont Ellis and Lewis Teel, and encouraged Eugene Thurston to start painting.
Nicols is considered an important early Texas artist who is especially known for his large-scale portrayals of desert scenes, although he mostly depicted human subjects in his earlier work, and got an honorable mention in the 1927 San Antonio wild flower competition organized by oilman and philanthropist Edgar B. Davis. Nicols' work View of El Paso at sunset was included in the 2019 major exhibition "The Art of Texas: 250 Years" at the Witte Museum, San Antonio. This painting was commissioned by the First National Bank of El Paso in 1925; when the bank closed in 1933, a local resident purchased it and donated it to El Paso High School. The painting remained on display at the school library until 1972, when it was taken down for restoration. During renovations of the school in 2000, the painting was discovered in a janitor's closet.
Nicols achieved some national recognition during his lifetime, his well-sold paintings helping to romanticize the Southwest and forming part of several private and public collections, including that of the White House during the Warren G. Harding administration (1921–1923). Records show that paintings by Nicols sold at between $250 and $500 by the end of the 1920s, which were considerable sums at the time. Results from Heritage Auctions for sales done between 2005 and 2019 show prices ranging from $4,000 to $22,500. In a 2017 Bonhams auction, Desert at dusk (1928) with dimensions of sold for $35,000. , works by Nicols are part of the permanent collections of museums such as the Phoenix Art Museum, Tucson Museum of Art, and El Paso Museum of Art.
Paintings
Further reading
References
External links
1875 births
1941 deaths
Painters from Pittsburgh
American male painters
Art Students League of New York alumni
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
American magazine illustrators |
The Somerville Auxiliary Police Department was a volunteer police force until it was disbanded in 2018. It operated through the police department of Somerville, Massachusetts. The police chief was Henry Wagner. The department was considered one of the most active volunteer law enforcement organizations in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was heavily utilized in functions including cruiser patrols, traffic control, crowd control, motor vehicle accidents, fires, parades, emergency management situations, and mutual aid such as the Boston Marathon.
Somerville resident Sean Collier was a former member of the Somerville Auxiliary Police Department and held the rank of sergeant. Collier was murdered in 2013 while serving as a police officer with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department.
References
External links
Somerville, Massachusetts
Auxiliary police units
Municipal police departments of Massachusetts |
郑炳（），汉军镶红旗人，是一名清朝政治人物。
郑炳曾于乾隆八年（1743年）接替张汝纳署任南汇县知县一职，同年由汤延凤接任。乾隆二十五年（1760年）任金山县知县。同年去职。
参考资料
清朝南汇县知县
清朝金山縣知縣
鑲紅旗漢軍人 |
槲蕨是什么?？槲蕨是水龙骨科槲蕨属下的一个种。常附生于树干或岩石。与常见的崖姜蕨外观相似，但槲蕨除了和崖姜蕨一样会环绕树干，还会往垂直方向延伸生长。 |
Vangadhra is a village and former Rajput non-salute princely state in Gujarat, western India.
History
Vangadhra was a petty princely state, in the Gohelwar prant of Kathiawar, comprising only the village, ruled by Gohel Rajput Chieftains.
It had a population of 582 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 2,400 Rupees (1903-4, nearly all from land) and a paying a tribute of 104 Rupees, to the Gaekwar Baroda State and Junagadh State.
Sources and external links
Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu
Princely states of Gujarat |
复方盐酸普鲁卡因片药物相作用？1.可加强肌松药的作用，使肌松药作用时间延长，与肌松药合用时宜减少肌松药的用量。2.本品中普鲁卡因可减弱磺胺类药物的药效，不宜同时应用磺胺类药物。3.本品可增强洋地黄类药物的作用，合用可导致其毒性反应。4.新斯的明等抗胆碱脂酶药物可干扰本品中普鲁卡因代谢，使本品毒性增强，忌联合应用。5.氯霉素、环丝氨酸、乙硫异烟胺、烟酸肼酞嗪、免疫抑制剂包括肾上腺皮质激素、环磷酰胺、环孢素、异烟肼、青霉胺等药物可拮抗维生素B6或增加维生素B6经肾排泄，可引起贫血或周围神经炎。6.本品中维生素B6可增加左旋多巴的不良反应，单服左旋多巴者不宜与本品同服。 |
條紋錐體康吉鰻（学名：），又名條紋美體鰻，为糯鰻科美體鰻屬下的一个种。
参考文献
扩展阅读
fasciatum |
顺产水肿的厉害怎么办？水肿几乎是每个孕妈避免不了的。生孩子的时候，顺产的安全性更大。因此，大家是能顺产尽量顺产。但是，顺产之后，一定要坐好月了，要不患月子病的几率会很大。有的女生在顺产之后会出现四肢水肿的情况，那么，顺产水肿的厉害怎么办？下面为大家介绍下。1、活动时，不要是久站或者久坐都会形成水肿。休息时，适当抬高腿部，在腿部垫一个枕头或者小凳子，有利于缓解水肿。2、均衡饮食。要注意微量元素的补充，可以适当增加动物类食物和豆类食物的摄入，可以帮助改变自身贫血的症状，贫血也是导致水肿的原因之一。平时多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果，可以补充自身的维生素，同时要减少食盐的摄入，饮食上要保持低盐低糖，此外，一定要注意孕期水肿不是由于饮水造成的问题，一定要适当喝水，保持肾脏功能的正常。3、注意休息。出现水肿心理上不必过于紧张，每天要注意休息，避免长时间站立或者行走，休息的时候适当抬高下肢，采取左侧卧位，可以改善胎盘血液供应，减轻水肿的状况。4、睡觉垫脚。晚上睡觉时，将脚部垫高，水肿会自然消退一些。白天尽可能的把双脚抬高放平，这样便于脚部血液循环畅通。日常生活中，切忌跷二郎腿，以免阻碍静脉回流。5、按摩丰隆穴。按压此穴位可去除孕妈体内残留的湿气，减轻水肿。丰隆穴位于膝盖与足踝尖连线的中点，用手指用力按压此穴即可。顺产水肿的厉害怎么办？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对顺产水肿的厉害怎么办有所了解了，有的女性怀孕的时候，出现四肢水肿的情况，可是等到生完孩子之后，水肿的情况就会逐渐消失，这属于正常的情况。要是有的女性生完孩子之后，仍然还有四肢水肿的情况，此时就要找医生治疗了，不可大意。 |
Alisarda S.p.A. operating as Alisarda was an Italian airline based in Olbia, Sardinia that operated between 1963 and 1991 before it merged with Universair to become Meridiana. As of 2019, Alisarda S.p.A. is a holding company with a 51% stake in Meridiana successor airline Air Italy.
History
Alisarda was founded by the Aga Khan in as an air taxi and charter company to serve the Costa Smeralda. Scheduled operations began in . The airline used Nord 262 aircraft between Olbia and Rome. These were replaced in 1969 by the Fokker F27 Friendship and with those aircraft, routes to Pisa, Bologna and Cagliari were commenced.
The next aircraft type to be introduced was the Douglas DC-9-14 twin-jet airliner with which charter flights to Germany were started. By 1975 the fleet was wholly composed of DC-9s. In the early 1980s it was an associate company of Consorzio Della Costa Smeralda in which Prince Karim Aga Khan had a majority shareholding.
In 1986, Alisarda took 50% ownership of the newly-created Avianova. In mid-1987, the carrier took delivery of a second MD-82 and a third aircraft of the type was ordered.
At March 1990, the number of employees was approximately 1,000 and the president was Sergio Peralda. At this time, the airline was owned by a number of financial groups in which Prince Karim Aga Khan had a major interest. The fleet consisted of six McDonnell Douglas DC-9-51s and five MD-82s. Scheduled services were flown to Bologna, Cagliari, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Olbia, Pisa, Rome and Verona, and Frankfurt, Geneva, Munich, Nice, Paris, Turin and Zurich were served on a seasonal basis.
In 1991, Alisarda and the Spanish airline Universair merged, to form Meridiana. As of 2019, Alisarda is a holding company with a 51% stake in the Meridiana successor airline Air Italy.
Fleet
Over the years, Alisarda operated the following aircraft:
Gallery
References
Italian companies established in 1963
Italian companies disestablished in 1991
Defunct airlines of Italy
Transport in Sardinia
Airlines established in 1963
Airlines disestablished in 1991
it:Meridiana (azienda) |
《印度教徒报》（），也译《印度报》、《印度人报》、《教徒报》、《兴都报》等，印度重要的英語日報，1878年創刊，初時是每周出版一次，1889年改為每日出版。
《印度教徒报》广泛流通于印度南部。2012年「印度讀者調查」（Indian Readership Survey）显示，该报約有220萬讀者，是印度讀者人數第三多的英文報章。该报是印度发行量最大的英文报纸。
參考資料
外部連結
《印度教徒报》網站
《印度教徒报》電子報
印度全國性報紙
1878年建立的出版物
印度英语报纸 |
蘭芳道（）是香港銅鑼灣一條西行街道，東接恩平道近利園二期，西接利園山道近寶榮大樓，全長只有約 0.13 公里，與啟超道、白沙道、希慎道平行。
此外，蘭芳道亦是多個港島專線小巴路線的總站，所以平日有許多乘客在此候車。
蘭芳道，是於1953年在利園山開闢出來的街道，當年5月22日，香港政府憲報公佈此街定名為蘭芳道, 並把「北平道」改為「恩平道」，「怡和山道」改為「利園山道」。，蘭芳道是以香港早期富商利希慎的妻子黃蘭芳命名。利希慎家族亦是蘭芳道所在的利園/利園山的發展商。
途經建築物
除了小巴站外，蘭芳道也與白沙道相似，在街道右方建有不少唐樓（全部唐樓的門牌數字皆為單數），而左方則建有建築面積逾 90 萬平方呎的利園一期（前稱宏利保險大廈），是銅鑼灣的主要建築，同時也是全港第十高的摩天大樓，共有 53 層。另外，在該街道的西端亦建有建於地底的蘋果商場。開業超過50年的港式扒房金雀餐廳和已故武打巨星李小龍《死亡遊戲》到場取景的南北樓也在該街道。
店舖空置的情況
隨着銅鑼灣舖租日趨上升，利園山道一帶的商店抵不住經濟寒流而結業，以致該地區有許多「吉舖」，即空置的店舖，而蘭芳道於2016年初已成為該地區最嚴重的街道，曾經有3間店舖空置。
鄰近交通
註釋
参考資料
銅鑼灣街道 |
Mount Olive High School is a historic former high school building located at Mount Olive, Wayne County, North Carolina. It was built in 1925, and is a three-story, "T"-shaped, multicolored tapestry brick school building in the Classical Revival style. It features terra cotta and cast stone exterior details and arched doorways and windows. A two-room brick cafeteria addition was made in 1945–1946. It housed Mount Olive Junior High from 1965 to 1979, after construction of the Southern Wayne High School.
It was probably the most important work by architect John David Gullett.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as "Mount Olive High School (Former)". It is also a contributing building in the Mount Olive Historic District, National Register-listed in 1999.
References
High schools in North Carolina
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Neoclassical architecture in North Carolina
School buildings completed in 1925
Schools in Wayne County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina
1925 establishments in North Carolina |
化妆品的毛发损害的诊断是什么？诊断标准1 化妆品毛发损害必须有发用化妆品接触史，如洗发护发剂、发乳、发胶、染发剂、生发水、描眉笔、眉胶、睫毛油等。2 在使用上述化妆品后出现毛发脱色、变脆、分叉、断裂、脱落、失去光泽、变形等病变。3 停止使用毛发化妆品后可逐渐恢复正常。4 必要时对毛发化妆品及损害之毛发进行分析检查以协助确定病因。 |
药流干净后过几天又出鲜红血怎么回事？药流是指在怀孕早期不须手术、而用打针或服药的方法达到人工流产。应用药物使妊娠终止，子宫蜕膜变性坏死、宫颈软化，后者使子宫兴奋、子宫收缩，促使胚胎排出。那么，药流干净后过几天又出鲜红血怎么回事？1、药物流产后，孕囊排出，宫腔内还有蜕蟆需要排出，一般流血一到两周，只有蜕蟆排干净了，才能止血。药流一周后要去医院复查彩超看看宫腔内是否还有残留。如果药物流产十天，以后阴道有见血，最好去医院做b超。2、这种情况可能是药物流产不干净导致的，一般情况下，药流出血的时间大概是1-2周左右，超过这个时间的出血一般考虑药流不全或者是凝血功能异常。药流后流血时间一般为一周，如果出血时间超过10天，或出血没有减少的情况，有流产不全的可能。药流后的最初2～3天，阴道流血量一般相当于月经量或略多于月经量，若阴道流血量很多或持续不净要及时就诊。3、这个情况可能是药流不全，一般在用药三到五天左右时会有孕囊排出体外，在用药一个周时是需要到医院进行相关的复查以确定是否流干净，并及时在医生的指导下进行相关的消炎及抗感染处理,以更好的促进身体的恢复。所以建议你及时去医院做相关的检查。通过上面对药流干净后过几天又出鲜红血怎么回事的介绍，相信大家应该有所了解了，生活中女性选择药物流产往往需要担心一个现实问题，那就是药物流产之后的感染，这是许多女性朋友出现妇科疾病的重要原因。平时要注意个人卫生，饮食方面以清淡为主，平时多注意休息。 |
The Follo Line () is a high-speed railway between Oslo and Ski, Norway.
The line runs parallel to the Østfold Line, and is dimensioned for . Most of the line, , runs in a twin-tube tunnel named the Blix Tunnel, which is the longest railway tunnel in the country. Construction started in 2015, and the line opened in 2022. The Follo Line increased capacity from twelve to forty trains per hour along the South Corridor, and allows express and regional trains to decrease travel time from Ski to Oslo from 22 to 11 minutes. The line was projected to cost over 26 billion Norwegian kroner (NOK) in 2014, but the final cost became 36.8 billion NOK when it was completed.
The project was a continuation of the Norwegian National Rail Administration's (now Bane NOR) plan to build four tracks along the three main corridors out of Oslo; the Gardermoen Line was completed in 1998, and the Asker Line was completed in 2011. Between 1989 and 1996, the Østfold Line south of Ski to Moss was upgraded to double track and higher speeds. To take full advantage of this and allow the rest of the Østfold Line to be upgraded for high speeds, it was necessary to increase capacity through the bottleneck from Oslo to Ski.
The Follo Line is hoped to increase rush hour rail ridership by 63%, and increased freight on rail is hoped to remove 750 trucks daily from roads like E6 and E18.
History
Background
The first railway in the Follo district was the Østfold Line of the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) that opened on 2 January 1879, between Oslo East Station and Halden. Later the same year, the line was extended to the Swedish border, where it connected to the Norway/Vänern Line. The importance of Ski Station increased on 24 November 1882, when it became the station where the Eastern Østfold Line split, and went via Inner Østfold to Sarpsborg, where the two lines reconnected. Electrification of the section from Oslo to Kolbotn was completed on 18 January 1937, and the section to Ski finished in 1939; the whole Østfold line was completed in 1940. Between 1924 and 1939, NSB built double track along the route between Ski and Oslo. From 1989 to 1996, NSB upgraded the track to double track from Ski to Sandbuka, just north of Moss. This section is capable of speeds of , however the maximum is due to short distances between stops and limitations of the rolling stock.
In 1992, the Norwegian Parliament decided to build the first high-speed railway in Norway, from Oslo via the new Oslo Airport, Gardermoen to Eidsvoll. This line would run parallel to the Hoved Line, increasing the speed and capacity along the route. Fast express and regional trains could run along the new section, while slower commuter trains used the old tracks and could make many stops without disturbing other traffic. Projects were launched during the 1990s to create similar high-speed bypasses from Oslo to Ski, and from Skøyen (west of Oslo) to Asker. Construction of the latter—christened the Asker Line—started in 2001; the first section from Asker to Sandvika opened in 2005
, the second section to Lysaker opened in 2011.
The Østfold Line between Oslo and Ski remains the largest bottle-neck on the Norwegian railway network. The line restrains the track to twelve trains per hour (six per direction) and hinders freight trains from using it during rush hour. The bottleneck occurs because there are up to four trains each hour making stops at all stations, and these stops delay all express and regional trains that follow. Travel time is 22 minutes for direct trains to Ski, and 31 minutes for commuter trains with a speed limit of along most of the line. Capacity on the upgraded double track from Ski to Moss cannot be fully utilized due to the limitations along the section from Ski to Oslo, and further growth in the number of freight trains along the South Corridor to Sweden and Continental Europe is impossible without reducing the number of passenger trains.
Despite the existing double track all the way from Oslo to Moss, a further upgrade southwards will not be able to increase capacity past the current single train per hour to Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg and Halden. The most optimistic plans involve finishing the first upgrades of track south of Moss simultaneously with the Follo Line. The Rail Administration and Ministry of Transport is working on proposals for a high-speed railway between Oslo and Gothenburg in Sweden. This line would most likely use the Follo Line for the initial distance from Oslo.
The first plans for the Follo Line were launched in 1995, and also included an intermediate station at Vevelstad and Kolbotn. The plans also suggested building the line in two phases, first between Ski and Kolbotn, and then from Kolbotn to Oslo. In 2008, the National Rail Administration announced two possible plans for the right-of-way—both predominantly in tunnel. The one proposal included Kolbotn, the other did not. Both excluded Vevelstad as a station on the new line, since the station could not develop as a hub, and would still keep services along the existing commuter line. A report from Det Norske Veritas published in 2008, and ordered by the Rail Administration, concluded that neither a station at Vevelstad or at Kolbotn could support the extra cost of construction. A direct line with no intermediate stops is estimated to cost NOK 11 billion, while a line via Kolbotn would cost 13.5 billion. The report also argued that the intermediate stops would decrease capacity and increase travel time for all passengers departing south of Ski and traveling north. The exclusion of Kolbotn would also increase the importance of Ski as a regional public transport hub. In 2009, the Rail Administration abandoned the plans to build the line via Kolbotn, stating that it was more important to secure a fast connection to Ski. At the same time, they promised to upgrade the existing station at Kolbotn.
The rail line is dimensioned for at least , although faster speeds are being considered. The earliest possible construction was 2014, which could allow completion by 2020/21. Ski Station was rebuilt as part of the project, and was expanded to six tracks. Plans to connect the Eastern Østfold Line to the slower line were considered where the Eastern Østfold Line diverges from the Østfold Line at Ski. However this has changed so the local trains from Eastern Østfold can travel to Oslo faster along the new tracks.
Just south of Oslo Central Station, each of the two tracks diverge, and follow different routes. The inbound track hooks up with the Østfold Line at Sjursøya, while the outbound track diverges at Loenga.
There is a proposal to have additional connection to the Østfold Line to be made at Nordstrand. The Østfold Line will connect to the Trunk Line and Loenga–Alnabru Line before reaching Oslo Central Station (Oslo S). If the Kolbotn-alternative for the Follo Line is chosen, the Østfold Line will be rebuilt to follow a similar path to the Kolbotn station, which will require a new station building to accommodate the two lines. For this alternate route the two lines will enter the Kolbotn station at two levels, with the Follo Line running in a tunnel below, and the Østfold Line running at-grade above.
Construction
The contractors Acciona from Spain, and Ghella from Italy, jointly signed the contract with the Rail Administration to build the Blix Tunnel in March 2015. The main construction started later same year.
The first two tunnel boring machines (TBM), named Queen Eufemia and Queen Ellisiv, started drilling from Åsland towards Oslo on 6 September 2016 The third TBM, named Anna, and the fourth TBM, named Magda, started drilling from Åsland towards Ski in 7 November and 4 December 2016 respectively.
The first two TBMs broke through at Oslo on 11 December 2018, and the last two broke through at Ski on 26 February 2019.
The line was originally planned to be opened in December 2021. However, one of the contractors of the project, Condotte, declared bankruptcy, which delayed the opening to December 2022. The bankruptcy of Condotte costed Bane NOR 1.6 billion Norwegian kroner.
Opening
In October 2022, Acciona Ghella handed over most of the tunnel to Bane NOR.
The line opened on 11 December 2022 with the inaugural train to Oslo departed from Ski at 07:24 local time. However, a fault in the signalling system occurred later that day, which ordered trains running towards Oslo to run at reduced speed before it was fixed about a quarter-hour later.
On 12 December 2022, the line was formally opened by the King Harald V.
Impact
The Follo Line allows the capacity in the South Corridor from Oslo to increase from about twelve to forty trains per hour. Since the opening, local and freight trains use the Østfold Line, while regional and express trains use the Follo Line. Travel time has been reduced from 22 to 11 minutes. With a new line, it is expected to have 11,000 more public transport trips through the corridor; this includes a 67% increase during rush-hour and 43% the rest of the day. This allows a reduction of 5,800 car trips per day and reduces carbon dioxide emissions of 5,474 tonnes. Rush hour capacity would be eight trains per hour to Kolbotn, with four continuing to Ski along the old line. The new line is served by four trains to Moss, two to Mysen and two to Halden. There would be half the frequency during off-peak hours.
The Østfold Line is the railway that connects Norway to Continental Europe, and 80% of all land-based, international freight transport goes through Østfold. Until the Follo Line opened, there could not have a capacity increase on international freight trains to Norway. The Rail Administration has set a goal of tripling the amount of rail freight by 2040, which for the South Corridor is equal to the removal of 750 trucks per day from European Route E18. The Follo Line also allows freight trains to pass during rush hour.
References
External links
"The Follo Line" on banenor.no (in Norwegian)
Railway lines in Oslo
Railway lines in Viken
High-speed railway lines in Norway
Oppegård
Ski, Norway
Østfold Line |
盐酸格拉司琼注射液药物相作用？1? 拉司琼不会诱导或抑制细胞色素P-450药物代谢酶系统； 2? 为格拉司琼是通过肝细胞色素P-450药物代谢酶进行代谢，诱导或抑制此酶可以改变清除率和格拉司琼的半衰期。 |
圆通禅寺是位于天津市武清区崔黄口镇邢窑的一所佛教寺庙。圆通寺是在原观音寺基础上异地重建的尼众道场。
现状
圆通寺是天津荐福观音寺的一所下院，现任的住持由荐福观音寺的妙贤法师兼任。
参考文献
天津佛寺
武清區建築物 |
The Ankarana dwarf lemur or Sheth's dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus shethi) is a species of dwarf lemur, part of the C. medius group, known only from northern Madagascar. It has been found in two reserves (Ankarana Special Reserve and Analamerana Special Reserve) as well as two protected areas (Andrafiamena-Andavakoera and Loky-Manambato). It was identified in 2014, but not formally described until 2016. Its conservation status has not been determined, but it is at risk from habitat destruction due to daily resource extraction by local human populations.
References
Dwarf lemurs
Mammals described in 2016 |
颈椎椎管狭窄的治疗方式？颈椎管狭窄的原因有很多，一般来说常见的原因，主要是局部的椎管增生或者项韧带的肥厚，从而占据了颈椎管的位置，导致椎管相对狭窄。这种情况一般随着年龄的增长是很常见的，也就是说颈椎管狭窄这种疾病多见于老年人，而当狭窄到一定程度压迫脊髓时，就会出现脊髓型颈椎病，从而引起严重的后果。所以，颈椎管狭窄一定要正规治疗。颈椎管狭窄，只要是矢状径不低于11mm，就是可以保守治疗的；如果低于9mm，就必须手术治疗。手术治疗可以通过扩大椎管成形术来治疗；至于保守治疗，主要是应用减轻水肿和局部慢性无菌性炎症反应的药物治疗，来缓解局部的症状。同时一定要注意休息，避免过度劳累等，都是有利于病情恢复的。如果颈椎管狭窄，经过保守治疗3个月，没有很好的缓解，就是必须要考虑手术治疗。构成颈椎管各解剖结构，因为发育性或退变因素造成骨性或显微性蜕变，从而引起一个或多个平面管腔狭窄，导致脊髓血液循环障碍，脊髓、神经根受到压迫，出现一系列的症状，称为颈椎管狭窄症。表现为感觉障碍，主要是四肢的麻木、过敏或疼痛。大多数患者都有，且为始发症状。主要是脊髓丘脑素及其他感觉神经纤维素受累导致。四肢可以同时发病。运动障碍多在感觉障碍之后出现，表现为椎体束征，四肢无力，僵硬不灵活，多数从双下肢开始沉重，有踩棉花的感觉，行走不稳容易摔倒。如果出现比较晚，还会导致大小便功能障碍，甚至失禁。轻型的患者，可以采用理疗、制动以及对症处理。营养神经药物治疗活血，改善局部的微循环药物治疗，多数患者非手术治疗，往往症状都能得到缓解。对于脊髓损害发展较快，症状比较重的，应该考虑进行手术。颈椎管狭窄，常会引起脊髓型颈椎病，发病症状一般首先出现在双下肢，引起双下肢无力，行走不稳或踩棉花感等，也可引起感觉障碍和大小便障碍。通过x线片及CT检查可明确颈椎管狭窄的部位及程度，对于轻型病例，可采用理疗制动等对症处理。 |
公山不（），《論語》作公山弗扰，春秋時代人物，魯國季孫氏家臣，曾為费邑（今山东费县）宰。孔子在魯國執政時，推行墮三都政策，公山不狃和叔孙辄被迫造反，攻魯都曲阜，被孔子擊敗。公山不狃逃到齊國，又逃到吳國。
簡介
季平子去世，他治喪得力，季桓子以他為费邑宰。前502年，和陽虎聯合，劫持季桓子。最後失敗，阳虎兵败逃亡齐国。公山不狃踞费邑，召孔子前來輔佐，孔子打算前往。子路不同意，孔子說是爲了在東方恢復周禮。前498年，孔子為大司寇摄相事，進行「堕三都」；三都就是季孙氏的费邑（今山东费县）、叔孙氏的郈邑（今山东东平）、孟孙氏的成邑（今山东宁阳）。三桓爲了打擊家臣勢力，都表示同意。郈邑被拆毁後，公山不狃在费邑抵抗，率軍攻入魯國國都曲阜，魯定公和季桓子、孟懿子和叔孫武叔入於季氏之宮，登武子之台，而孔子派申句须、乐颀率軍擊敗公山不狃，公山不狃和叔孙辄逃到齊國。
後來，公山不狃和叔孙辄又到吳國，前487年，吳王夫差準備攻打鲁国，叔孙辄支持。叔孙辄告知公山不狃，公山不狃不同意，認為不能因個人恩怨來傷害祖國故乡。
参考资料
鲁国人物
春秋人 |
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