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短臂擬鱨（学名：），又名日月潭鮠、三角鉤、三角姑，为輻鰭魚綱鯰形目鱨科擬鱨屬下的一个种，為亞熱帶淡水魚，分布於亞洲台灣日月潭流域，體長可達10公分，棲息在底層水域，生活習性不明。
参考文献
扩展阅读
brevianalis brevianalis |
长骨肿胀疼痛的治疗和预防方法？丹红注射液可促进血管内皮细胞的良好生长，抑制凝血酶活性，阻止血栓形成、促进血栓溶解。可以有效减轻四肢长骨骨折术后肿胀及疼痛，并促进肿胀的早期消退，从而有利于骨折愈合。 |
HMS Guardian was a net laying ship of the Royal Navy, launched in 1932 and scrapped in 1962. She was also equipped for target towing and gunnery photography. A second net-layer, , was built to a modified design. Launched in 1936 Protector was scrapped in 1970.
Service history
Guardian was ordered as part of the 1930 naval programme, the first purpose built netlayer for the Royal Navy. She was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 15 October 1931, was launched on 1 September 1932 and completed on 13 June 1933.
Guardian served in the Indian Ocean between 1941 and 1942. She took part in the invasion of Madagascar and helped build a base in the Maldives at Addu Atoll in 1942 in case Ceylon fell into Japanese hands. She also built two more bases for the protection of merchant ships assembling for convoys: one was near Mombasa and the other near Cape Town. Guardian then returned to Gibraltar and took part in the invasion of Algeria at Oran (Mers-el-Kebir) in 1942. Afterwards, she returned to Belfast for a refit and the fitting of additional anti-aircraft weaponry. Later, she took part in the invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky) and Italy.
In 1952, Guardian was taken out of the Reserve Fleet storage on the River Tamar between Devonport and Saltash and towed to Newport for a refit and modernisation, which was completed in 1954. She was then mothballed and returned to rejoin the reserve fleet at Plymouth.
Citations
References
1932 ships
Ships built in Chatham
World War II naval ships of the United Kingdom
Boom defence vessels of the Royal Navy |
Lake Steinhude, , , is a lake in Lower Saxony, Germany located northwest of Hanover. Named after the nearby village of Steinhude, it has an area of about , making it the largest lake of northwestern Germany. At the same time, Lake Steinhude is very shallow, with an average depth of only and a maximum depth of less than . It lies within a region known as the Hanoverian Moor Geest.
Geology
It is part of the glacial landscape formed after the recession of the glaciers of the latest Ice Age, the Weichselian glaciation. There are two theories regarding how the lake of Steinhude was formed.
One of them says that glaciers gouged out the hole and meltwater filled it. The other theory states that an ice storm formed the hole and as the groundwater rose, the lake was created. In its middle there is a small artificial island carrying an 18th-century fortification, the Wilhelmstein. Today the lake is the heart of a nature reserve, the Steinhuder Meer Nature Park, and is also used as a recreational area.
Islands
The lake has two islands, both of them artificial:
Wilhelmstein () off Hagenburg was built between 1761 and 1765. It was turned into a military fortress between 1765 and 1767 by William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. Afterwards it briefly served as military school (one of its graduates was Gerhard von Scharnhorst who later became Chief of the Prussian General Staff). From 1777 until 1867 the island was used as state prison of the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe.
Badeinsel Steinhude () was built in 1974-75 using sand retrieved from the lake. It has a sandy beach which is popular during summer; a service centre is available. Access to the island is via an pedestrian bridge from Steinhude.
Tourism
The lake is a popular destination for locals and for vacationists. Up to three ships offer cruises; they are supplemented by smaller boats running on schedule across the lake. A bike path approximately long encircles the lake, crossing various landscapes.
References
External links
Steinhuder Meer Nature Park
Ramsar sites in Germany
Lakes of Lower Saxony
LSteinhuderMeer |
Foum Gleita is a town and commune in Mauritania along the Gorgol River. The Foum Gleita Dam is located there.
Communes of Mauritania |
警部為日本警察官之階級之一，位於警視之下、警部補之上，相當於自衛隊的三佐（少校）至一尉（上尉）。
其職位包括警察本部之系長至副課長、警察署之課長、派出所所長等。警察組織之階級金字塔中結構中、警部以上之人員為數相當少。階級為警部以上者、享有逮捕狀申請權。普通警員中，有能力的現場警員一般於30歲後半～40歲升任為警部。
任職警部有兩種管道：普通組和特考組，普通組是警部補任滿4年後，先3個月研修、8個月實習，再1個月研修，可升警部。另一種是國家特考組（精英官僚），也就是國家公務員（國家公務員I種合格者）在前線警察署分局實習9個月，之後自動昇為警部。理論上，最年輕23歲即可担任警部。
職位
警察廳
係長
警視廳本部
係長
機動隊・隊編成執行隊 中隊長
道府縣警察本部（警察局）
次長(次席)・課長補佐・係長・調查官等
機動隊・隊編成執行隊 中隊長
各隊 副隊長等
警察署
副署長、次長、幹部交番所長、課長、課長代理等
相等職級
香港督察級（日本警部英譯「Chief Inspector」，同香港的總督察）
中華民國警察初階警官的二線二星（第七、八序列職務；職銜：中隊長、警備隊長、所長、警務員）、中階警官的二線三星（第六序列職務；職銜：組長、偵查隊長、主任）。
美國警察，因為警察為各州治安事務，各州警察階級或有不同，以加州洛杉磯警察局或紐約州紐約市警察局為範例，相對應之警察階級者為副警監（Lieutenant）。
有名之實際人物
齋藤一（1844年2月18日（天保十五年1月1日）－1915年（大正四年）9月28日）
幕末新選組三番隊組長。明治時期 領 勲七等青色桐葉章。明治21年（1888年）任 麻布警察署 詰外勤警部，明治25年（1892年）12月離職。
有名之虛構人物
日本 推理小説、推理劇及動漫作品中常常有把劇中人物設為警部的情況：
電視劇
朝日電視台電視劇《相棒》：杉下右京
動漫
秋本治作品《烏龍派出所》：石頭鐵岩（葛飾警察署交通課課長）、海豚刑事（警部→警視）、熱褲刑事（警部→警視）、月光刑事（警部→警視）、美茄子刑事（警部→警視）、少女漫畫刑事（警部→警視）
加藤元浩作品《神通小偵探》（原名：Q.E.D. 証明終了）：水原幸太郎
青山剛昌作品《名偵探柯南》：目暮十三、白鳥任三郎、大瀧悟郎、橫溝參悟、橫溝重悟、山村操、中森銀三、安室透
佐藤文也/金成陽三郎/天樹征丸作品《金田一少年事件簿》：劍持勇、俵田孝太郎、茅杏子、長島滋、豬川將佐
加藤一彥作品：《魯邦三世》：錢形幸一
藤島康介作品《逮捕令》：交通課課長（原名：花蝶）、德野課長
三肉必起·牙霸子作品《拳願阿修羅》：阿古谷清秋
小說
東野圭吾作品：《伽利略系列》：草薙俊平、內海薰
西村京太郎作品：十津川省三
参考资料
日本警銜 |
Howard Proctor (died July 30, 1938) was an American politician and manufacturer from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County, from 1900 to 1902.
Early life
Howard Proctor was born near Prospect, Harford County, Maryland, to Edward Proctor. His family owned a slate quarry on Slate Ridge in Harford County. Proctor attended public schools in Harford County.
Career
Proctor worked as superintendent and general manager of the Proctor Bros. slate quarries. He also worked as a canner.
Proctor was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County, from 1900 to 1902.
Proctor was a trustee of the Slate Ridge Presbyterian Church. He was a charter member of the Mason and Dixon Club.
Personal life
Proctor married Mary Webb. They had two daughters and two sons.
Proctor died on July 30, 1938, at his home. He was buried at Slate Ridge Cemetery in Cardiff, Maryland.
References
Year of birth missing
1938 deaths
People from Harford County, Maryland
Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
American manufacturing businesspeople |
計算理論期刊（）是一份互联网上的開放獲取期刊，领域為计算理论專業。这份期刊創刊于2005年，主要緣起于時下全世界的大學圖書館面對一這些由商業學術出版公司所出版的科學期刊(Scientific journal)日漸提高的訂閱費用，以致造成財政上的不堪負荷，故創立此刊物，帮组降低获取信息的成本。
期刊由芝加哥大学電腦科學系的人員主辦，2006年的編輯為拉斯洛·拔拜()。
參見
開放獲取期刊列表
INFOCOMP電腦科學期刊
外部參考鏈接
計算理論期刊網站：計算理論期刊 - 開放獲取
開放獲取期刊
计算机科学期刊
月期刊
2005年建立的出版物 |
Pavlo Pavlovych Pokhytaylo (; born 24 December 1995) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder for Ukrainian club Kramatorsk.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Kharkiv Oblast
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Solli Plyus Kharkiv players
SC Kakhovka players
FSC Mariupol players
FC Tavriya Novotroitske players
FC Trostianets players
FC Nikopol players
FC Kramatorsk players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship players
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Poland |
Taoura is a district in Souk Ahras Province, Algeria named after its capital, Taoura.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:
Taoura
Zaarouria
Drea
Districts of Souk Ahras Province |
40岁女性内分泌失调怎么办？内分泌失调对于我们来说并不陌生，内分泌失调是一种常见的普遍的疾病，当人体内分泌系统出现紊乱时，随之就会出现各种体征，尤其是女性，症状更为明显。痤疮、肥胖、不育及妇科、乳房疾病等都是常见症状，40岁女性内分泌失调怎么办？1、饮食调理：食物应多品种多变化，搭配合理，多亲近蔬菜、水果，少吃油腻与剌激性食品，烹调用油以植物油为主，动物油为辅，以获取更多的不饱和脂肪酸。2、维生素调理：维生素E对调理内分泌失调有重要作用。可常吃些芝麻、核桃仁、花生以及其他含维生素E丰富的干果，或请医生指导，合理服用药物维生素E。3、精神调理：保持愉快、乐观的情绪，保持平和的心态，特别要重视放松身心，减轻心理压力，克服焦虑、紧张等不良情绪平时应该经常参加健身运动，生活规律，按时作息，做到劳逸结合。特别要节制夜生活，保证充足的睡眠，努力提高自我控制能力，避免惊、恐、暴怒、过度悲伤等一切不良精神剌激。4、排毒调理：注意保持大便、小便、汗腺的通畅，让机体产生的一切废物、毒素有通畅的排泄通道。成年人每天睡眠的时间若低于4个小时，其新陈代谢系统的功能就会出现严重的障碍，从而引起内分泌失调。因此，成年人应保证每天有8个小时左右的睡眠时间。另外，要提高睡眠的质量，睡眠不好的人可以在睡觉之前的2～3个小时内进行20分钟左右的低强度锻炼，也可以在睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶。这些做法都有助于提高睡眠质量。以上介绍了40岁女性内分泌失调怎么办，40岁的女人由于身体素质不同，有些女人就出现了卵巢早衰现象。也就是经常月经不调。避免精神压力过大，情绪过于紧张，保持一个良好的生活习惯，适当吃些水果，避免情绪激动。 |
James Harold "Sleepy Jim" Crowley (September 10, 1902 – January 15, 1986) was an American football player and coach. He gained fame as one-fourth of the University of Notre Dame's legendary "Four Horsemen" backfield where he played halfback from 1922 to 1924.
After a brief career as a professional football player, Crowley turned to coaching. He served as the head football coach at Michigan State College from 1929 to 1932, at Fordham University from 1933 to 1941 and at the North Carolina Pre-Flight School in 1942, compiling a career college football record of 86–23–11. Crowley also coached the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference in 1947. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1966.
Professional playing and college coaching careers
Jim Crowley played football and basketball at East High from 1918 to 1921. His high school coach during the 1919 football season was "Curly" Lambeau.
Following his graduation from Notre Dame in 1925, Crowley played in just three professional football games with the National Football League's Green Bay Packers and Providence Steamrollers. In 1925, the Waterbury Blues signed Crowley, to join ex-Horseman Stuhldreher in the backfield against a team from Adams, Massachusetts. Crowley's regular job at the time was assistant coach at the University of Georgia. The Blues put on a good show by driving to a 34–0 triumph, with Crowley scoring three touchdowns and Stuhldreher booting two field goals and three extra points. Crowley picked up his check after the game and left the team. Crowley stayed in football as an assistant coach at Georgia and was named head coach at Michigan State University, then known as Michigan State College, in 1929. In four seasons, Crowley's Michigan State Spartans went 22–8–3.
Football power Fordham University lured Crowley away from Michigan State in 1933. Crowley enjoyed tremendous success at Fordham by building one of the top defensive teams in the country. The Rams' stout defensive line, coached by future Notre Dame head coach Frank Leahy, was dubbed the "Seven Blocks of Granite." The defense was led by two-time All-American lineman Alex Wojciechowicz, who later starred professionally for the Detroit Lions and was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Another "Block of Granite", Vince Lombardi, would gain fame as a championship coach for the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers.
In 1938, Crowley brings a group of former college players to France for a series of performances to be played in various cities. In the Debut at the Parc des Princes in Paris a crowd of 20,000 attend the victory of "New Yorkers" against the "All Stars" 25–14.
In 1939, Crowley coached Fordham in the first-ever televised football game. The Rams defeated the Waynesburg Yellow Jackets by a score of 34–7.
Crowley's last two teams at Fordham each went to bowl games. The Rams lost, 13–12, to Texas A&M in the 1941 Cotton Bowl Classic and defeated the Missouri, 2–0, in the 1942 Sugar Bowl. Crowley left Fordham after the Sugar Bowl, having compiled a record of 56–13–7 as the Rams' head coach.
World War II and the AAFC
During World War II, Crowley served with the United States Navy in the South Pacific. In 1942, he served as the head coach for the North Carolina Pre-Flight School team and led the Cloudbusters to an overall record of 8–2–1. In late 1944, he agreed to become the first commissioner of a new professional football league, the All-America Football Conference. The league kicked off in 1946 and quickly became a formidable rival to the National Football League.
Following the 1946 season, Crowley stepped down as commissioner to become part-owner and coach of the AAFC's worst team, the Chicago Rockets. Crowley's success as a college coach didn't translate to the pros. The Rockets went just 1–13 in 1947 and Crowley quit his dual role with the team before the 1948 season.
Later life
Crowley left football behind following his disastrous stint with Chicago, moving to Pennsylvania to become an insurance salesman. In 1953, he moved to Scranton, Pennsylvania, to take over as station manager and sports director of independent television station WTVU. Two years later, Crowley was named chairman of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Commission, a position he held until 1963.
Named to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966 as a player, Crowley cashed in on his football fame in the 1960s and 1970s as a much sought-after speaker at banquets and dinners. The last living member of the "Four Horsemen," Crowley died in Scranton on January 15, 1986.
Head coaching record
College
References
External links
1902 births
1986 deaths
American football halfbacks
Chicago Rockets coaches
Fordham Rams football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Green Bay Packers players
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
North Carolina Pre-Flight Cloudbusters football coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players
Pennsylvania State Athletic Commissioners
Providence Steam Roller players
Sampson Naval Training Station Bluejackets football coaches
Waterbury Blues players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Green Bay East High School alumni
Coaches of American football from Illinois
Players of American football from Chicago
Ice hockey people from Chicago
Players of American football from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Coaches of American football from Wisconsin
Ice hockey players from Wisconsin
20th-century American sportsmen |
帕隆峰（），是意大利的山峰，位於該國東北部，由威尼托大區負責管轄，屬於多洛米蒂山的一部分，海拔高度2,239米，每年平均降雨量1,556毫米。
參考資料
意大利山峰 |
Sivakasi railway station is a railway station in the City of Sivakasi, Virudhunagar district in Tamil Nadu.
Jurisdiction
It belongs to the Madurai railway division of the Southern Railway zone of Virudhunagar district in Tamil Nadu. The station code is SVKS.
Line
The station falls on the line between and
Notable places nearby
Badrakali Amman temple, Sivakasi
Ninra Narayana Perumal temple
References
External links
Railway stations in Virudhunagar district
Madurai railway division |
Morton跖头痛的诊断是什么？1.诊断性局部封闭 用0.5%利多卡因1ml注射至受累的趾间隙，如疼痛消失则为阳性。2.EMG检查 对诊断此病无多大帮助。3.X线检查 可发现足部骨质改变，如第1跖骨缩短、第2跖骨颈疲劳骨折等。 |
The 1864 Franklin by-election was a by-election held on 13 October 1864 in the electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.
The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent MP Marmaduke Nixon on 27 May 1864, killed during the New Zealand Wars.
The by-election was won by Theodore Haultain. As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected.
References
Franklin, 1864
1864 elections in New Zealand
Politics of the Auckland Region
October 1864 events |
躁狂症与狂躁症一样吗？躁狂症与狂躁症其实都是一样的，只不过一些叫法是不同的了。病人表现轻松，愉快，兴高采烈，洋洋自得，喜形于色的神态，好像人间从无烦恼事，心境高涨往往生动，鲜明，与内心体验和周围环境相协调，具有感染力，病人常自称是“乐天派”，“高兴极了”，“生活充满阳光，绚丽多采”，情绪反应可能不稳定，易激惹，可因细小琐事或意见遭驳斥，要求未满足而暴跳如雷，可出现破坏或攻击行为，有些病人躁狂期也可出现短暂心情不佳。发病年龄早，多在45岁以前发病，首次躁狂发作多发生青年期，起病较急，可在数日内发展到疾病状态。成人发病者需仔细询问既往是否有不典型的、轻度而短暂的抑郁，如果有，应诊断为双相障碍。典型发作表现为发作性病程，间歇期正常，易反复发作。躁狂发作时，情感高涨，言语增多，活动增多，即协调性精神运动性兴奋。一、治疗原则①早期识别，早期治疗，足量足疗程治疗，全程治疗。②采取综合治疗，包括药物治疗，物理治疗，心理社会干预和危机干预，以改善治疗依从性。③长期治疗，躁狂发作复发率很高，需要树立长期治疗的理念。④患者和家属共同参与治疗，因需要家庭给予患者支持、帮助。二、药物治疗①以心境稳定剂治疗为主，心境稳定剂可以治疗和预防发作，在心境稳定剂基础上，根据病情需要联合其他药物。②及时监测药物的作用和副作用，根据情况调整药物，联合用药时，注意药物之间的相互作用。③躁狂状态，首选一种心境稳定剂治疗，根基病情需要，及时联合用药，联合另一种心境稳定剂，或抗精神病药，或苯二氮卓类。④心境稳定剂，常用的有碳酸锂和抗抽搐剂两类，抗抽搐剂包括丙戊酸钠，丙戊酸镁，卡马西平，拉莫三嗪。⑤抗精神病药，主要是新型非典型抗精神病药（如喹硫平、奥氮平、利培酮、阿立哌唑、齐拉西酮等）。 |
小孩粗脖子是什么病？粗脖子是指甲状腺体积和形态增大。正常成人甲状腺重量约二十到二十五克，女性稍大略重，每个侧叶高五厘米、宽二点五厘米、厚两厘米、峡部高宽各约两厘米，当甲状腺重量大于三十五克时视为粗脖子。小孩子脖子粗一般是因为得了甲亢，在得了这种疾病后，最明显的外部表现就是脖子变粗，在病情严重时更是会有烦躁，失眠，呼吸急促等症状。小孩子得这种疾病多是因为体内的甲状腺激素分泌失调而引起的，同时体内所需的碘含量也有所缺失进而导致的。小孩子脖子粗一般是因为得了甲亢，这种疾病又称为“大脖子病”，就是说最明显的表现就是脖子变粗。甲亢病的临床症状如下：一、甲亢是一种会引起人体代谢亢进和交感神经兴奋的疾病。这种疾病的原因并没有十分明确，但是一般被认为和发热，睡眠好，精神压力太大等有关。而且患有这种疾病的病人一般还会患有一些免疫性疾病二、甲亢病人一般吃的会比较多，而且因为肠胃活动增强，所以吃的次数也会变得比较多。但是同时因为人体消耗的能量比较多，所以体重不会增加，反而会减轻。而且病人会出现悸，情绪波动大等症状。三、这种疾病如果不及时治疗，会使得病人变得消瘦，还可能会有甲亢性心脏病。这时候病人很容易致残或者心律失常，心力衰竭等造成失去劳动力甚至死亡。所以一旦出现相应状况，应该及时去医院。一、少食多餐，不能暴饮暴食。二、补充充足的水分，每天饮水两千五百毫升左右三、适当控制高纤维素食物，尤其腹泻时。四、注意营养成分的合理搭配。五、禁食海带、海鱼、海蛰皮等含碘高的食物。由于碘在空气中或受热后极易挥发，故只需将碘盐放在空气中或稍加热即可使用。 |
睾丸癌变怎么办？睾丸癌变是指发生在睾丸组织的一种恶性肿瘤，是泌尿外科中常见的肿瘤之一，20~40岁间可见各种类型睾丸肿瘤但仍，以精原细胞瘤为多，70岁以后主要为精原细胞瘤；其病因尚不明确，目前认为其发病与遗传和后天因素均有关系，其中与隐睾关系最密切。睾丸癌变的治疗方针主要是一旦确定为睾丸肿瘤，均应先行根治性睾丸切除术，之后根据病理检查结果决定进一步治疗方案。放射治疗放射治疗能够杀灭肿瘤组织，而对邻近的正常组织不产生明显损害，目前临床广泛应用。对局限性精原细胞瘤可采用根治性睾丸切除术和腹膜后外放射治疗，治愈率可达90%以上。采用综合治疗，疗效较单一治疗更为理想。一般根据病理类型、发展趋势、全身情况，仔细分析局部复发或远处转移情况，然后才去局部或全身性治疗。手术治疗，其基本手术方式为睾丸切除术和腹膜后淋巴结清扫术，后者尤其适应于对化疗和放疗不敏感的I期和II期非精原细胞瘤性生殖细胞肿瘤，如胚胎瘤、畸胎瘤和混合性癌等。预后情况：睾丸癌变预后一般取决于组织学结果和肿瘤范围，精原细胞瘤和局限性睾丸腹膜后，有少量转移的非精原细胞瘤，存活率较高。睾丸癌变在日常护理上，需要注意发现隐患，在6岁以前有隐睾患者应进行手术；减少对睾丸局部压迫，防止睾丸受伤；学会自查，用手经常触摸睾丸、阴囊，对不对称及肿块提高警惕；合理发泄情绪，保持乐观、开朗的情绪；远离辐射环境，如电脑、微波炉、手机等辐射、噪音大的环境。在饮食调理上，预防需及时，癌变的引起与饮食、性格、环境紧密相连；饮食方面以激素类种植，养殖食物为最危险，其次是烹饪方式不对，如烧烤、煎炒、油炸等，过于油腻的食物也是引起癌变的根源。 |
三圣院乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
三圣院乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
柯特眼鏡王蛇（，以下簡稱為“眼鏡王蛇”）是一款由美国康乃狄克州哈特福的柯特製造公司所設計和生產並且向執法機關和民間槍械愛好者銷售的6發式中等底把雙動操作左輪手槍，於1986年首次推出，被認為是柯爾特蟒蛇（）的後繼槍。它具有烤藍钢和不鏽鋼兩種表面處理，可以使用不同的槍管長度，發射中央底火式.357 S&W馬格南和.38特種彈等口徑的子彈。這是一把現代武器，可靠，火力強大，用途非常廣泛：它可用作為瞄準射擊、自我防衛和狩獵。
研發和歷史
眼鏡王蛇的設計是以柯爾特早期型型號，歷史悠久的騎兵MK V型為藍本。改進的內容除了裝上增加強度的重型槍管，還使用了在槍管底部的全尺寸型弹巢退殼桿保護凸耳（），以及在槍管頂部的一條厚實堅固的散熱肋條。眼鏡王蛇在1986年推出，1992年首度停产；1994年，柯爾特重開眼鏡王蛇的生產線，然後1998年第二度停产，以後都不再生產。
直到2019年1月，柯爾特宣布他們將第二度重開眼鏡王蛇的生產線，並且銷售。其唯一的配置是不鏽鋼製，配有3英寸的槍管（類似於為蒙特利爾警察局生產的6英寸型）。
設計細節
眼鏡王蛇是由柯爾特的中等尺寸的Ⅴ式底把為基礎所設計，在1986年至1992年之間使用非常高級的碳鋼製造，並且使用當時柯爾特招牌的明亮而且高級拋光深皇家藍色（烤藍處理）處理。在1987年至1992年和1994年至1998年之間還推出了不鏽鋼製版本，以及在1988年至1992年之間有光澤的拋光型不鏽鋼可以選擇。眼鏡王蛇可以選擇配備超大尺寸型核桃製瞄準型樣式或硬橡膠製黑色連手指凹槽戰鬥樣式握把，以及一個加大版瞄準型擊錘。眼鏡王蛇的瞄準系統是由固定的鐵製紅色刀片型準星以及一個完全可調的鐵製白色輪廓的照門。隨著時間的推移，眼鏡王蛇推出各種槍管長度到表面處理的選擇。
在1986年，眼鏡王蛇推出了4英吋（101.6毫米）和6英吋（152.4毫米）長度槍管烤藍型號，直到烤藍鋼型槍械在1992年停止生產，而在1990年至1992年之間也推出了使用烤藍處理的2.5英吋（63.5毫米）長度槍管型號。而在啞光不鏽鋼製型號方面，2.5英吋（63.5毫米）長度槍管型號從1987年推出開始，直到眼鏡王蛇在1992年停止生產以前都在產品目錄上；而2英吋（50.8毫米）長度槍管型號從1988年推出開始，直到眼鏡王蛇在1992年停止生產，然後它們再在1994年至1998年之間一度重新回到了產品線上。啞光不鏽鋼製型號也在1990年至1992年之間推出了其4英吋（101.6毫米）、6英吋（152.4毫米）和8英吋（203.2毫米）槍管長度型號，然後它們再在1994年至1998年之間一度重新回到了產品線上。而在有如鏡子般明亮的拋光型不鏽鋼處理型號方面，在1988年至1992年之間推出了4英吋（101.6毫米）和6英吋（152.4毫米）長度槍管型號，在1990年至1992年之間推出了2.5英吋（63.5毫米）長度槍管型號，以及在1990年至1992年之間推出了8英吋（203.2毫米）長度槍管型號。
眼鏡王蛇的膛室（弹巢）可以裝填以及發射火力強大的.357 S&W馬格南口徑手枪子彈，或是就像所有的.357口徑左輪手槍那樣發射火力相對地較弱的.38 S&W特種彈藥。
流行文化
电視節目
2003年—《流言終結者》：曾經登場集數：
2006年2月1日第4季第4集（播出順序為第47集）：“氦氣足球”（Helium Football）
2006年4月26日第4季第8集（播出順序為第51集）：“流言檔案”（Myths Re-opened）
2006年9月13日第4季特集1（播出順序為特集9）：“電影迷思特輯”（Mega Movie Myths）
2006年11月1日第4季第22集（播出順序為第65集）：“拋棄式打火機爆炸”（Exploding Lighter）
电子遊戲
2007年—《-{zh-hans:反恐精英Online; zh-hant:絕對武力Online;}-》：最早於韓國版2012年8月29日時推出。型號為8英吋槍管型，使用不鏽鋼槍身加上黑色握把，並通過槍管上的肋條一對安裝瞄準鏡鏡架及套上可實際使用的瞄準鏡（但不能在遊戲中實際使用瞄準鏡鏡架上裝有的後備機械瞄具），以及6發容量弹巢。港台地區於2012年9月22日推出，命名為「眼鏡蛇」；中国大陆地區於2012年9月12日推出，命名為「眼镜王蛇」。港台地區於2013年1月22日推出透過武器強化系統升級的兩个強化型外觀；中国大陆地區於2013年1月23日推出透過武器強化系統升級的兩个強化型外觀；在各地版本均已開放使用，但泰國版及土耳其版因結束營運的關係而不會在這兩個版本開放使用。另外亦有種改進版：
King Cobra Gold：最早於韓國版2013年4月18日時推出。C-Box限定的黃金噴漆型。港台地區於2013年5月14日推出黃金版連其武器強化系統升級，命名為「黃金眼鏡蛇」；中國大陸地區於2013年5月15日推出黃金版連其武器強化系統升級，命名為「帝皇眼镜王蛇」；武器強化後不會有造型特殊變化；在各地版本均已開放使用，但泰國版及土耳其版因結束營運的關係而不會在這兩個版本開放使用。
2010年—《-{zh-hans:凯恩与林奇2：伏天; zh-hant:喋血雙雄2：伏天;}-》：型號為6英吋槍管型，命名為「KL Viper」。
2012年—《-{zh-hans:杀手：赦免; zh-hant:刺客任務：赦免;}-》：型號為短槍管型，命名為「Mustang Snub」，故事模式中由殺手47在一對Silverballer用作情報費交出時使用的代用槍械之一，衍生型為：Skurky型。
參見
柯爾特
柯爾特蟒蛇左輪手槍（）
柯爾特眼鏡蛇左輪手槍（）
柯爾特響尾蛇左輪手槍（）
柯爾特巨蟒左輪手槍（）
資料來源
外部連結
—Colt's Manufacturing Cobra and Trooper official Safety and Instruction Manual（.pdf）
—Modern Firearms—Colt mk. V revolvers: Trooper, KingCobra, Anaconda
—Guns International—
Colt King Cobra 357 MAG
Colt King Cobra 357 MAG
—Deactivated guns—Colt King Cobra .357 Magnum
—Kitsune—Colt King Cobra
—Genitron—Colt King Cobra Stainless
左輪手槍
柯爾特左輪手槍
美國槍械
美國左輪手槍
.357马格南口径枪械
1986年面世的產品 |
刺叶点地梅（学名：）为报春花科点地梅属下的一个种。
参考文献
扩展阅读
C |
有沒有专治颈椎病的中成药呢？生活中因为久坐或者长期的低头弯腰工作而导致颈椎出现问题的人不在少数，颈椎病又称颈椎综合征，是颈椎骨关节炎、增生性颈椎炎、颈神经根综合征、颈椎间盘脱出症的总称，是一种以退行性病理改变为基础的疾患。主要由于颈椎长期劳损、骨质增生或椎间盘脱出、韧带增厚，致使颈椎脊髓、神经根或椎动脉受压，出现一系列功能障碍的临床综合征。颈椎病最有效的中成药有：1、颈痛片，成份是三七、川芎、延胡索、白芍、威灵仙、葛根、羌活。组方活血化瘀、行气止痛，用于神经根型颈椎病属血瘀气滞、脉络闭阻证。其对应的临床症状主要为颈、肩及上肢疼痛、发僵或窜麻、窜痛。两周为一疗程。转脖子咔咔响?中医按摩5分钟缓解颈椎病2、葛根轻扬升散，长于缓解外邪郁阻、经气不利、筋脉失养所致的项背强痛;延胡索能行血中气滞，气中血滞，故专治一身上下诸痛;白芍对于养血止痛，对颈部长期血瘀所致的筋脉失养有所帮助;威灵仙辛散温通，性猛善走，通行十二经，能通经络而止痛;羌活辛散祛风、味苦燥湿、性温散寒，有较强的止痛作用。颈椎病患者可以出现颈、肩、背部的酸痛，脖子僵硬、活动受限，且酸痛感可放射至头枕部、上肢，同时可伴有头晕、视物旋转、恶心、呕吐甚至出现突然猝倒。严重的颈椎病患者可能会出现大小便失禁、四肢瘫痪等症状。颈椎病患者日常应注意锻炼颈部肌肉，缓解肌肉紧张。大家一定要注意正确的姿势，尽量不要去低着头去看，适当的活动颈部。对于脊髓型的颈椎病，尤其是现在冬天来了，特别要小心，不能摔倒，摔倒对于颈椎来讲是致命的，那么很可能是造成全瘫。 |
木糖醇注射液的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。缓慢静脉滴注。滴注速度，按木糖醇计，每公斤体重每小时应在0.3g以下。遵医嘱用药，一般一次20～50g，一日一次，每日剂量不超过100g。 |
婴幼儿经常便秘可以吃什么呢？便秘多是由于饮食习惯，生活习惯，药物因素或消化道病变等导致，如果经常便秘，建议首先到医院脾胃科做一下电子胃镜，肠镜的检查，排除消化道器质性病变。如果没有胃炎，结肠炎等病变，可在医生的指导下口服润肠通便的药物如便通胶囊，当归龙荟胶囊等，平时可以适当做一下腹部的按摩，饮食上也要多加注意，应多喝水，多吃粗粮、水果、蔬菜，要保持良好的饮食习惯和生活作息。婴幼儿婴幼儿出现便秘最主要的表现为排便次数减少和大便干结。对婴幼儿来说，一般1天排便1-3次认为是正常，2天内排1次大便，基本属于正常现象。如出现3天或3天以上，甚至7-10天不排便，基本可判断宝宝存在便秘。另外，需查看婴幼儿排便有无性状改变，比如宝宝排的大便较干结、粗大、坚硬，这也是一种便秘的表现。所以对于婴幼儿便秘主要从两方面判断：第一存在排便次数的减少，3天以上排1次大便；第二出现大便干结，排便较困难，这两个是判断便秘最基本的条件。当然便秘较重的宝宝会出现一些伴随症状，如呕吐、腹胀明显、喂养困难，即宝宝吃不下饭，肚子特别大，饭后出现呕吐症状。如果一岁以内婴儿出现了便秘应该首先要排除肠发育异常问题，也要养成定时排便的习惯，可以为孩子按摩腹部来帮助孩子排出干燥的大便，另外一岁之内的婴儿一定要避免使用蜂蜜，可以应用营养素治疗。如果是奶粉喂养的孩子出现了便秘，说明孩子可能会有消化不良的情况，那么就要奶粉不要冲调的过于粘稠。婴幼儿便秘平时饮食要注意，油炸的油腻的食物要少吃一点，蔬菜、水果等含粗纤维比较多的可以多吃一些，如芹菜，菠菜，木耳，适量粗粮等，也可以给宝宝多进行腹部按摩，增加胃肠蠕动，缓解便秘。 |
Hovhannes Baghdasar Ter-Mikaelyan () was an Armenian politician.
Biography
Hovhannes Ter-Mikaelyan graduated from Medical Department of Kharkov University in 1898 and worked as an intern at University hospital till 1903.
In 1907, he became the Head of Yerevan Hospital.
In 1914, he joined the army and was appointed the assistant to the chief doctor of Yerevan military hospital.
In 1917, Ter-Mikaelyan was appointed the doctor of brigade and occupied the position until March 1, 1919.
From June 1 to August 1, 1918 he was a member of Yerevan National Assembly leadership. Later, they appointed him as the Assistant to the Minister of Labor and Public Assistance, and the acting Minister of Labor and Public Assistance (June 24-August 15, 1919). By the end of 1920, he frequently took over the responsibilities of the Minister.
References
National University of Kharkiv alumni
People from the First Republic of Armenia
Ministers of Social Protection of the First Republic of Armenia |
中医调理皮肤病的方法？皮肤病的存在是现在很多人带去困扰，如果不去治疗的话，还会扩散到全身，严重危害患者的身体，造成脸上大块的皮肤病分布。因为治疗需要一个漫长的过程，所以必须要持之以恒才能够治好。在治疗皮肤病的过程中不少人认为中药治疗的方式会更好一些。中医治疗的方法有：1、整体的观念。中医认为“有诸内，必形诸外；观其外，以知其内；至其内，已愈其外”。皮肤是人体的最外表，“观其外，以知其内”，看到外表有病，能够推断是哪个脏腑失调。大多数的皮肤病都是因为内在脏腑的失调所引起。“治其内，以愈其外”就是指治疗体内的失调外面就能好。经过治疗，达到皮肤病的治疗目的。2、辨证论治。同一个病，在不同的时期，不同的发展阶段，可有不同的表现，从而有不同的治法。比如我们在感冒，早期流清鼻涕、打喷嚏、咳嗽，有点头疼，中医讲属于风寒，过一段时期，可能吐黄痰了，嗓子疼，鼻涕也黄了，这是炎症期，中医属于风热，这两个期的治法是不一样的。3、同病异治和异病同治。同样的病在不同的发展阶段有不同的表现，治疗方法、药物有不同。比如湿疹，在急性进行期往往表现为湿热，如瘙痒、渗出、糜烂、红斑、水泡等，在治疗时就应该以清热、除湿为主。如果亚急性期，皮损比较肥厚，搔痒也有，渗出不是很多，这时候就应该加上健脾除湿的药物。到慢性期，以瘙痒、肥厚，甚至有皲裂，脾湿减弱，反而伤阴了，治疗时应该用滋阴除湿法。总之，中医关于皮肤病的治疗方法的确有很多，所以患者在考虑治疗方式时，不光要考虑中西药，更要结合患者的自身病情来选择一种最适合的治疗方法，这种方法有助于患者尽快恢复。而且不会对皮肤表面造成任何伤害和影响。另外患者在生活中要做好皮肤病的预防护理措施，及早治疗。 |
杜罗河畔伊诺霍萨（）是西班牙卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂萨拉曼卡省的一个市镇。 总面积93平方公里，总人口814人（2001年），人口密度9人/平方公里。
参考文献
萨拉曼卡省市镇 |
贞芪扶正胶囊药理作用？1? 提高机体免疫功能； 2??升高血细胞，保护骨髓、肾上腺皮质和肝脏功能； 3? 促进干扰素产生。 |
腰肌劳损治疗方法？腰肌劳损，其实就是腰部肌肉及其附着点的筋膜或骨膜出现的一种慢性损伤性炎症，主要的症状就是出现腰痛，患上之后对于生活是具有很大的影响的，这就需要及时的就医治疗。那么，腰肌劳损应该如何进行治疗呢?1.中医治疗腰肌劳损长期以来，给患者的生活、工作上带来了很多的麻烦。因此，腰肌劳损患者应改及时进行治疗，中医治疗可以选择外贴中医育善膏促进活血化瘀，舒筋活络，消炎止痛，这种方法不仅治标，更能治本。在治疗期间还应该注意休息，尽量不要进行剧烈的运动。2.运动治疗仰卧保健法：患者保持仰卧，双脚、双肘和头部支撑于床上，将腰、背、臀和下肢用力抬起离开床面，保持这个动作，直到感觉到累时，再仰卧在床上进行休息。这种方法反复练习10分钟左右，早晚都要坚持练习一次。俯卧保健法：患者保持俯卧，双手上肢反着放在背后，接着头胸部与双腿用力抬起离开床，使身体呈现类似反弓形状，保持这个动作，直到感觉到累时。这种方法反复练习10分钟左右，早晚都要坚持练习一次。3.热敷治疗忙碌了一天，在晚上休息的时候可已用热水袋对疼痛部位进行热敷。也可用麸皮进行热敷。取1.5公斤用麸皮，铁锅内用将麸皮炒糊后，再加0.25公斤食醋，进行搅拌均匀后，装入到准备好的布袋里，将布袋放在疼痛部部位，盖好被子保暖热敷。这种方法能不仅起到促进腰部血液循环的作用，而且对于祛风湿、活血通络也有很好的效果。对于工作性质属于常坐状态的上班族特别要注意在工作时不要长时间保持某一固定体位，要适当调整变换姿势。避免使腰肌长时间处于牵拉状态，从而使得软组织疲劳就会产生产生腰背酸痛。 |
牛初乳适合多大孩子吃？牛初乳适合多大孩子吃?一般是在孩子六个月的时候，开始添加牛初乳，相对于对于身体状况较差的儿童呢，是可每天服用2包，早晚各一包的，所以，孩子到了适当的年龄饮用牛初乳才是最好的，犊牛刚生下来时，身体是没有免疫力的，是完全依靠初乳中的有益菌来完成自身的免疫的，牛初乳蛋白质含量较高，而脂肪和糖含量较低，牛初乳可在空腹的情况下给宝宝服用。这样做的优越性在于胃肠道中没有食物，肠道负担小，牛初乳中的营养成分可以比较完全地消化和吸收，但是如果宝宝的肠胃不适比较好的话，就不要使用这种方法了，此次之外，一定要注意，牛初乳的水溶液浓度是不要太浓的，不然的话会可能导致宝宝排便困难。喝牛初乳有什么注意的呢？食用牛初乳后的一个小时之内一定是不要喝碳酸类饮料和酸性果汁的，平时不要大量的进食牛初乳，适量就可以，婴儿要注意，能吃母乳的一般是吃母乳，不要吃牛初乳，因为婴幼儿最佳的食物就是母乳，喝的时候，水温不能超过45°，不然水温太高的话就会破坏牛初乳当中的免疫球蛋白，他的效果就没有当时好了，如果是特别的严重的过敏者，那么一开始喝的时候要注意，不要太大量了，适量就可以，应该少量开始，逐渐适应。牛初乳是什么？牛初乳指的是是指母牛产犊后3天内的乳汁，一般情况下是刚出生的小牛最初阶段内的唯一的粮食了，牛初乳里面含有人体必需的生长因子、免疫球蛋白以及多种维生素和微量元素的，营养和保健价值特别的高，如果母乳不足时，牛初乳可以作为母乳的替代品，但是有的宝宝喝牛初乳会腹泻等。 |
三级半月板损伤严重吗？根据半月板三级损伤的原因不同，所以损伤的情况也不同，大多数患者还是无外伤史的，一般在受伤后会出现逐渐肿胀的情况，而且疼痛的部位在两侧关节的间隙，平时是可以行走的，但是在上下楼时会非常的明显，那么三级半月板损伤严重吗?其实半月板损伤一共分为三度，也就是我们所说的三级，一级为检查时半月板内未于关节接触。二级为线形信号逐渐至半月板关节边缘。三级为已经累及至半月板，所以三级是比较严重的。1、半月板三级损伤是很严重的，这样的病情需要积极的配合治疗，半月板损伤它是以一种，膝关节局限疼痛的一些疾病，而一些表现为膝关节交锁现象，同时会表现出局部的疼痛，应该及时的去治疗。2、如果是半月板损伤三级的话，那么可能会造成一些比较严重的后果出现，也可能会引起一些并发症，比如说急性滑膜炎的出现，那么就是在膝盖里面有一些积血或者积液，所以一定要重视起来。3、请一定要及早的去医院做检查和治疗，那么应该及早的手术切除损伤的半月板，以防止创伤性的关节炎出现，同时在生活中一定要做一些高抬腿运动，适当的锻炼一下其他的部位，这样才能有利于疾病的恢复。在手术无效的情况下可以选用手术切除术，切除损伤的半月板，或者换上人工的半月板，以防止其他疾病的发生。同时在生活中可以进行高抬腿的训练，或者选择一些合适的运动，这样有助于恢复。也可以选择关节镜来进行治疗，这样可以对半月镜进行修复缝合，已减少关节炎的发生。 |
没来月经白带增多小腹痛怎么回事？有些女孩发现，当她们的生理周期来临时，她们就没有月经。也就是说，有所谓的月经推迟，伴有月经推迟，常有白带增多，腹痛等异常现象，很多女孩担心这些情况会影响他们的健康。月经推迟，白带增多，腹痛加剧1.怀孕。如果月经推迟，白带和腰酸增多，那么恭喜你，你很可能会怀孕。怀孕的第一个表现是绝经，其次是其他异常，例如由于子宫压力和腰酸引起的白带增多。2.盆腔炎。如果排除怀孕，那么就有可能发生盆腔炎症。盆腔炎是女性最常见的妇科疾病之一。慢性盆腔炎的主要表现是白带增多，月经不调，甚至腹痛，腰骶部疼痛。月经推迟，白带和腹痛加重怎么办？（1）多吃蛋白质和高纤维食物午餐和晚餐时，您可以添加更多的肉类，豆制品，鸡蛋等。这些高蛋白食物可以补充月经期间营养素的流失。同时，我们还应该多吃蔬菜，粗粮，水果等。富含纤维可以增加镁含量，从而有效调节月经周期紊乱。（2）少吃甜食和咖啡因饮料糖，巧克力和糖含量过高的蛋糕等食物会导致血糖升高，影响月经稳定并导致身体不适。而浓茶，咖啡等饮料会使女性容易焦虑，难以从容应对月经的到来，建议喜欢喝茶的女性朋友不如改为薏米茶，效果更佳。（3）更多的经血表明吃更多的高纤维如果你的月经经常被推迟并且你流血很多，建议你多吃葡萄干，红枣，菠菜等。这种食物可以有效地帮助你滋养血液和气，并迅速恢复。现代的女性都会经常性的忽略自己的身体导致身体虚弱，从而会通过月经来给你发出警告的信号，这样的方法一样没有很多的女性引起注意，这里给大家提醒，身体是自己的，一定要学会照顾自己哦。以上想要对你说的内容哦，希望你喜欢！ |
刘偃（），杨丘侯刘安子，齐悼惠王刘肥孙，汉高祖曾孙。前164年继承其父为杨丘侯。前153年，因擅自離開楊丘侯国之罪，削为司寇（一种刑罚，相当于无期徒刑）。劉偃曾經撰有漢賦十九篇，而賦名賦文已不得而知。
參考鏈接
Y |
Heterocompsa is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
Heterocompsa aquilonia Giesbert, 1998
Heterocompsa eburata Martins, 1970
Heterocompsa formosa (Martins, 1962)
Heterocompsa geniculata (Thomson, 1865)
Heterocompsa nigripes (Martins, 1962)
Heterocompsa seabrai (Martins, 1962)
Heterocompsa stellae (Martins, 1962)
Heterocompsa truncaticornis (Martins, 1960)
References
Ibidionini |
Darren Keighran (born 30 November 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Keighran came to Richmond from Lake Boga and appeared in the third and fourth rounds of the 1990 AFL season, losses to Hawthorn and Essendon.
References
External links
1969 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Richmond Football Club players
Living people |
宫颈粘连术后吃什么好？输卵管粘连只要是真正彻底治愈，并按照医生的的指导进行的，术后怀孕的机会还是很大的，关键是患者要树立信心。避免动作粗暴.同时可放环防止再次粘连.宫颈粘连手术有疼痛,疼痛的程度因宫颈粘连的程度而不同,粘连程度高,疼痛也有所增加,一般需要麻醉。那么，宫颈粘连术后吃什么好呢?我们一起来详细的了解一下吧。注意外阴卫生。勤换内衣，性生活纪律，任何引起子宫内膜破坏的因素都可引起子宫腔粘连，促进炎症的汲取和消退，运用祖国传统医学辩证施治，宫腔粘连与怀胎有关的约占9l%，就需要及时与大夫雷同。忌烟酒、咖啡、浓茶等；宫颈粘连手术后应注意保持手术位置的干净，合理的饮食能收缩宫颈粘连术后的恢复时间。忌手淫和不洁性交，针对宫腔粘连的发病特点，定时服药，术后一星期要多卧床休息，可吃一些清淡富有营养的食物，配合奇特的中药方剂。同时若发现伤口四周有红肿、流血等情况，不要辛辣饮食，尽量少吃辛辣刺激的食物，让伤口皮肤快速愈合，恢复康健，常见于行打胎术或天然流产刮宫术后。有闭经、周期性腹痛及不孕及重复流产等症状，建议您要清淡饮食为主。采取高新技术，禁烟酒，采取中药腹腔防备疗法，要加强营养，术后利用一些预防感染的药物就行了，大概一周时间，子宫粘连松解术后在饮食上注意不吃辛辣、海鲜、油腻、高胆固醇、烧烤、油炸等食物。多吃奇怪蔬菜和水果，每每洗濯，内要烫洗后暴晒。不要太频仍。控制感染，减少活动，这样有利于伤口的愈合，进行处理，调理自身的康健。 |
舌头震颤的诊断是什么？震颤为主要表现，帕金森氏病采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)可检测到脑脊液和尿中HVA(高香草酸)含量降低。颅脑CT可有脑沟增宽、脑室扩大。 |
The Krabby Patty is a veggie burger sold by the fictional restaurant the Krusty Krab in the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. The series' creator, Stephen Hillenburg, expressly stated that the patties do not contain any meat. Created by the restaurant's founder Eugene Krabs and his archenemy Plankton, it is what the main character SpongeBob cooks throughout his job as a fry cook, as well as the restaurant's trademark food and most famous burger in Bikini Bottom. A prominent storyline throughout the series is Krabs' nemesis Plankton trying to steal the Krabby Patty secret formula. This running gag was given a backstory in the special "Friend or Foe", where it is revealed that Krabs and Plankton created the Krabby Patty to compete with the health-violating restaurant Stinky Burgers.
Role in SpongeBob SquarePants
Krabby Patties make their debut appearance in SpongeBob SquarePants pilot episode "Help Wanted" and have had many different variations throughout the show's run.
The Krabby Patty burger is a menu item sold by the Krusty Krab as a fast food product. It is considered to be one of the most successful foods in Bikini Bottom. The Krabby Patty formula is a closely guarded trade secret, and rival restaurateur Plankton's futile attempts at acquiring the secret formula is a major recurring theme throughout the series. The Krusty Krab usually attracts customers from Bikini Bottom because of the Krabby Patty's renowned taste and the fact that Plankton's restaurant, the Chum Bucket, has a menu consisting of mostly inedible chum. Due to the lack of viable competition, Mr. Krabs is generally free to engage in price gouging, a practice he has been known to do throughout the show. Sometimes the Krusty Krab is shown to have a drive-thru to serve krabby patties seen in the episodes "Driven to Tears" and "Drive Thru" as well as The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water. It is noted by Mr. Krabs that the Krusty Krab and the Krabby Patty is clean and disease-free.
Ingredients
The Krabby Patty is made with a frozen meatless burger. It is composed of the buns, the patty, pickles, lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, ketchup, mustard, and onions. It may also contain one or more secret ingredients according to a Krabby Patty secret formula, though said secret formula has never been revealed in the series.
The Krusty Krab's menu, the Galley Grub, consists mostly of ordinary fast food items, such as french fries and sodas. Its signature sandwich, the Krabby Patty, is celebrated, to a comic degree, by the citizens of Bikini Bottom. In The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, Mr. Krabs states: "The Krabby Patty is what ties us all together! Without it, there will be a complete breakdown of social order!" In the Season 1 episode Pickles, it's revealed that the sandwich comprises two buns, with the patty, lettuce, cheese, onions, tomatoes, ketchup, mustard, and pickles between them (in that order).
Theories
The formula has been hinted at but remained a mystery throughout the series. A running gag is Plankton's obsession with obtaining it as a way to produce the sandwiches and attract customers to his across-the-street restaurant, the Chum Bucket. The recipe of the patty is a closely guarded trade secret, which have led viewers to speculate about its contents. Several fan theories have been formed to guess the secret ingredient.
According to series animator Vincent Waller, "there is absolutely no meat in the Krabby Patty. There's no animal product in there", something which was always planned by series creator Stephen Hillenburg. Mr. Lawrence, a show writer and Plankton's voice actor, explained that the show's writers are not allowed to depict fish as food, or at least fish eating each other as food (as episodes such as "Hooky", "Wishing You Well", and "My Leg?" depict or allude to fish being consumed by humans); he stated that there is no meat served in Bikini Bottom except at the Chum Bucket. Tom Kenny, the voice actor for SpongeBob, joked: "Krabby Patties are hummus!" Some commentators suggest that there is actually no secret ingredient, pointing to Mr. Krabs' miserliness. A writer for Hollywood.com believes that it is "all a ruse that crafty Mr. Krabs came up with in order to stop Plankton from focusing on [t]he Chum Bucket. It's legitimately brilliant marketing!" The episode "Patty Caper" shows that there is truly a secret ingredient in the Krabby Patty, which is delivered to the restaurant with high security. On the possibility that the secret Krabby Patty formula will be revealed in future episodes, Waller said in 2017 that he "would not count on it". In 2019, Waller stated that Hillenburg, who died in 2018, is the only person to have seen it.
Real-life inspirations
Publications such as USA Today have named it among other fictional foods that many have wanted to exist in real life, but according to the New York Daily News, there are four restaurants which serve a similar burger to the one seen in the show. These burgers include the Snow Crab Crispy Rice, Phuket Fantasy, Angry Crab Benedict, and Soft Shell Crab Taco.
The Krabby Patties have also inspired real life gummy confectionery treats, primarily in New England. In 2008, a doctor with Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine warned parents to be aware of where the candy their child consumes is produced due to contamination then found in Chinese milk; SpongeBob Gummy Krabby Patties were among those candies produced in China. In 2019, a reporter with the student newspaper of Capital University gave the gummy candies a rating of a 2 out of 10 in their review of Halloween candy.
The Krabby Patty has been used by Katy Perry as a second costume on the red carpet at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. In The SpongeBob Musical, the Krabby Patty was portrayed by an actor on stage at the Palace Theatre. Various merchandise depicts SpongeBob and the Krabby Patty such as HipDot, as make-up, and as dog toys.
References
SpongeBob SquarePants
Fictional food and drink
Products introduced in 1999
Fictional elements introduced in 1999 |
倫堡戰役發生在1704年9月6日的倫堡（現利維夫），是大北方戰爭的一場戰役，因當地領主加維茲基拒絕向瑞典提供捐獻，導致卡爾十二世率軍進攻。最終瑞典取得勝利，大多數的守軍被俘。
參考
Rosen, Carl (1936), Bidrag till kännedom om de händelser, som närmast föregingo svenska stormaktsväldets fall, volume I, Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner
1704年衝突
大北方戰爭戰役
瑞典战役 |
is a passenger railway station located in Kita-ku Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company, Kobe Electric Railway (Shintetsu).
Lines
Shintetsu Dōjō Station is served by the Shintetsu Sanda Line, and is located 8.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at , 28.5 kilometers from and 28.9 kilometers from .
Station layout
The station consists of one side platform serving a single bidirectional track. The station building is elevated and is located on the edge of a hill, with a residential area on the west side and a bus stop on the hill directly accessed by stairs from the station building. In anticipation of double-tracking, the platform is designed so that it can be remodeled into an island-type platform with two tracks in the future.
Adjacent stations
History
On 18 December 1928, in tandem with the opening of the Sanda Line, was opened. It was renamed to its present name of 20 October 1991.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 1,963 passengers daily
Surrounding area
Japan National Route 176
Kobe Municipal Kita-Kobe Junior High School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Kobe
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1928 |
经前期综合征的鉴别诊断？一、本病应与心、肾疾病引起的水肿、营养缺乏性水肿相鉴别;1.心脏病所致的水肿，叫作心原性水肿。先有身体下垂部位的水肿，以后扩展在全身，这中右心衰竭的表现，说明病情重危，一定要请医生诊视或住院治疗，在医生指导下服用或注射利尿药、血管扩张药以及强心药治疗。肾脏病引起的水肿，称为肾原性水肿，多是肾炎引起。先表现为晨起时眼睑与颜面水肿，然后逐渐发展为全身水肿，同时还有血压高与尿化验异常。这种病要抓紧时间治疗，不然可由急性转慢性，最后发展成尿毒症而死亡。2.长期营养缺乏，特别是缺乏蛋白质和维生素等可引起全身水肿，称为营养不良性水肿。二、精神症状严重者应与周期性精神病、症状性精神病、反应性精神病及神经官能症相鉴别。1.按月呈周期性发作的精神病，称为周期性精神病。原因不明，可能与间脑功能紊乱有关。这种病以女性为多、且多在青春发育期起病。 本病症状可以分为两类。一类表现为精神兴奋、言语增多、情绪高涨、奔跑叫喊等。另一类出现意识障碍，有片断零碎的幻觉，呆滞少语，甚至出现木僵。发作后常遗忘。2.症状性精神病是由各种严重感染、中毒及内脏器官疾病所引起的精神病。主要表现为不同程度的意识障碍，轻者呈嗜睡状态，重者则昏睡或昏迷。有的出现谵妄，表现为定向力障碍，分不清时间、地点、人物，且常恐怖性错觉和幻觉。严重病人在意识障碍消失后，出现明显的情绪障碍，人格改变和智能障碍等。3.反应性精神病—reactive psychosis是由外部事件诱发的一组精神病，发病与该事件有病因学的因果联系。这些事件有个人损失、居丧、凌辱、自然灾害等。这类精神病大多数为期短暂，常随诱发因素的消退而缓解。4.神经官能症又称神经症、精神症，是一组非精神病功能性障碍。三、有乳房结节者应与乳腺病相鉴别;乳腺病：疼痛发生在哺乳期，呈胀痛或搏动性痛，兼有红、肿、热现象，患处变硬，且先期出现乳头皲裂，这多是乳腺炎。 |
小孩胃息肉是怎么回事？胃息肉是指胃黏膜表面长出的突起状乳头状组织，较小时常无明显症状，一般都是在胃肠钡餐造影、胃镜检查或其他原因手术时偶然发现。“息肉”这一名称通常只表示肉眼所观察到的隆起物。胃息肉可分为增生性息肉和腺瘤性息肉。多数患者属增生性息肉，一般息肉较小，其癌变率也比较低，约为3%。而腺瘤性息肉，属于良性胃肿瘤，一般体积较大，多具有家族遗传性，那么，小孩胃息肉是怎么回事？下面为大家详细的介绍下。1、儿童胃息肉以学龄前及学龄期儿童最多见，可以分为婴儿型胃息肉、结肠型胃息肉、胃肠道弥漫型胃息肉三种。随着胃息肉的发病，患儿会出现粘液性腹泻、呕吐、便血，继发贫血及营养不良等，也可出现肠梗阻、直肠脱垂和肠套叠等一系列病症损害，在这样的情况下一定要马上接受手术治疗，否则可能会造成死亡的风险。2、生物因素：胃内幽门螺杆菌感染，目前被认为是很多慢性胃炎的主要原因。3、疾病因素：心力衰竭，肝硬化，营养不良等都可引起慢性胃炎，糖尿病，甲状腺疾病，慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退和干燥综合症患者同时伴有萎缩性胃炎较多见，胃部其他疾病，如胃癌，胃息肉，胃溃疡等也常合并慢性萎缩性胃炎。遗传因素也受到重视。4、免疫因素：诱发胃息肉的主要原因还包括免疫因素。慢性萎缩性胃炎，部分与患者血中自身抗体有关。小孩胃息肉是怎么回事？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对小孩胃息肉是怎么回事有所了解了，希望以上的内容可以帮助大家在生活中，生活食物要选富有营养、易消化的细软食物为主，多吃含植物蛋白、维生素多的食物。你可以吃煮熟的粟子、大米粥、羊奶、酸乳、白乳酪。如果症状严重，吃一些软性食物，例如米汤、酪梨、香蕉、马铃薯、南瓜类。将所有蔬菜搅碎，再烹调。偶尔，吃一些蒸热的蔬菜，例如胡萝卜及绿花椰菜。 |
痢下多血的原因是什么？以热毒引起大便出血。 |
Gintarė Skaistė () (born 4 August 1981) is a Lithuanian politician, Member of the Seimas for Panemunė constituency, economist and PhD of Social Sciences. She was Kaunas City Councillor between 2007 and 2016.
On 7 December 2020, Skaistė was approved to be the Minister of Finance in the Šimonytė Cabinet.
Education and early career
Skaistė graduated from Kaunas University of Technology in 2010, receiving a bachelor's degree in economics. She holds master's degree in economics (2011) from Mykolas Romeris University, and a PhD in Social Sciences (2016).
She worked as an expert at the Lithuanian Social Market Development Institute. Skaistė also is a Member of Lithuanian Riflemen's Union and Honorary Member of the Lithuanian Community of the Atlantic Treaty.
Political career
Since 2005 Skaistė has been a member of the Homeland Union. Between 2007 and 2016 she was Kaunas City Councillor. In 2016 she was elected as Member of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania.
Other activities
European Union organizations
European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Member of the Board of Governors (since 2020)
International organizations
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2020)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors (since 2020)
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2020)
World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2020)
References
Gintarė Skaistė - Seimo nariai
1981 births
Living people
Politicians from Kaunas
Women members of the Seimas
Homeland Union politicians
Members of the Seimas
21st-century Lithuanian politicians
Ministers of Finance of Lithuania
Female finance ministers
Women government ministers of Lithuania
Mykolas Romeris University alumni
Kaunas University of Technology alumni
21st-century Lithuanian women politicians |
Crystal Lake Fish Hatchery is a fish hatchery run by the California Department of Fish and Game, located in Cassel, California.
Background
In 1885, the California Fish Commission built a salmon hatchery on Hat Creek, which flows into the Pit River. The original hatchery was 100' long, 46' wide, and could raise 10 million fertilized eggs. Unfortunately, as time went on, the salmon returns dwindled and the hatchery had to shut down. In 1915 the hatchery was set to reopen with eggs from another facility, but Mount Lassen erupted that year, and the ash and silt poisoned the water, causing the facility to be abandoned completely.
Burney Creek Hatchery was built by PG&E in lieu of installing a fish ladder over Dam 3 on the Pit River. It ran from 1927 to 1949, when the water supply in Burney Creek dried up and the hatchery had fallen into disrepair.
Most of the operations were moved to Baum Lake after that, and Crystal Lake Hatchery was opened in 1947, with 24 raceway ponds. The first year, there was a parasite outbreak, which was fixed by changing the water supply from Crystal Lake to Rock Creek, which was parasite free. The hatchery was finished in 1955 and updated in 1976, and is currently capable of raising 1.5 million fish annually. Fish from Crystal Lake are used to stock lakes and rivers throughout Lassen, Modoc, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties.
Catching, spawning, and raising the fish
The process first begins at the Pine Creek Fish Trap. Workers from the hatchery collect fish to be spawned, then sort through them to select the strongest and healthiest fish. Then they express the fish eggs and milt, before allowing the eggs to be fertilized. Fertilized eggs are hatched indoors, then raised to fry before being released to the raceways.
The raceways are long concrete structures, with a gentle slope and dams at intervals along its length. Fish naturally separate themselves into groups by size, from fry to adults. Once the fish are old enough, they are taken from the raceways and released into the waters that Crystal Lake stocks.
Fish species
Crystal Lake Hatchery raises different species of trout that are native and acclimated to their release location. They breed Eagle Lake Trout, Brown Trout, Pit River Rainbow Trout, and the Eastern Brook Trout.
Eagle Lake trout – These are caught in the Pine Creek Fish Trap, which is located about a mile from Eagle Lake (Lassen County). These fish are able to tolerate very alkaline water, making them very suitable for the areas they are released in.
Brown trout – This is one of the most common sport fishing species, and can be found just about anywhere there is trout fishing.
Pit River Rainbow Trout – Also known for high tolerance for alkalinity and can only be found in Eagle Lake and Pine Creek.
Eastern brook trout – This species is native to the eastern part of the United States, and are sensitive to changes in water quality and acidity.
Gallery
References
Fish hatcheries in the United States |
请描述孕酮的生物合成？在哺乳动物体内，孕酮就跟其他类固醇一样，是由孕烯醇酮合成；而孕烯醇酮又是从胆固醇转化而来。胆固醇经过两次氧化作用之后变成20,22-dihydroxycholesterol。这个邻二醇化合物进一步氧化且C-22的侧链断裂而产生孕烯醇酮。这个反应是由cytochrome P450所催化。要从孕烯醇酮在转化成孕酮分成两个步骤进行。首先，，3-羟基isomerase所催化。孕酮是盐醛固酮可以转变成睾酮，雌酮和雌二醇。孕酮和孕烯醇酮，酵母也可以合成。 |
圣费利西安（，；）是法国阿尔代什省的一个市镇，属于罗讷河畔图尔农区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国奥弗涅-罗讷-阿尔卑斯大区阿尔代什省，该省份为法国东南部内陆省份，北起顺时针与卢瓦尔省、伊泽尔省、德龙省、沃克吕兹省、加尔省、洛泽尔省和上盧瓦爾省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
阿尔代什省市镇列表
参考文献
阿尔代什省市镇 |
Emojicode是一門深奧程式語言。其特色在於關鍵字由繪文字所組成。其主要實現以LLVM作為後端，能夠生成優化過的本地機器碼。
2020年7月17日（即世界表情-{}-圖示日），-{zh-hant:程式;zh-hans:编程}-學習平台Codecademy推出了Emojicode相關課程。
範例
Hello World 程式
🏁 🍇
😀 🔤Hello World!🔤❗️
🍉
比較數值大小
🏁🍇
100 ➡️ a
200 ➡️ b
↪️ a ▶️ b 🍇
😀🔤a > b🔤❗️
🍉 🙅↪️ a ◀️ b 🍇
😀🔤a < b🔤❗️
🍉 🙅 🍇
😀🔤a = b🔤❗️
🍉
🍉
參考資料
深奧的程式語言
繪文字 |
教宗額我略十一世（；）原名博福爾的伯多祿·羅熱爾（Pierre Roger de Beaufort），1370年12月30日當選羅馬主教（教宗），翌年1月3日即位至1378年3月26日為止。
他生於法國利穆赞，承繼烏爾巴諾五世的教宗之位。
在他的統治期間，對抗德意志、英國和部分歐洲興起的所謂「異端邪說」，使額我略十一世發表了各種各樣的修士規條改革，於1373年以十三篇文章譴責英國宗教改革家約翰·威克里夫的十九點提議。
義大利道明會修女，錫耶納的聖加大利納的言行刺激了額我略十一世，使他將聖座由法國亞維農遷回羅馬。1377年1月27日，聖座正式遷回羅馬教宗國，亞維農教廷結束。
教宗額我略十一世於1378年3月27日逝世，後繼者為教宗烏爾巴諾六世，但在亞維農，對立教宗克勉七世比烏爾巴諾六世更受歡迎，引发了四十余年的亞維儂分裂。
譯名列表
額我略十一世：天主教香港教區禮儀委員會：禧年專頁 作額我略。
國瑞十一世：香港天主教教區檔案 歷任教宗作國瑞。
格列高列十一世：《大英簡明百科知識庫》2005年版作格列高列。
格雷戈里十一世：《世界人名翻譯大辭典》1993年版作格雷戈里。
格列哥里十一世：國立編譯舘作格列哥里。
參考文獻
G
法國出生的教宗
佩魯賈大學校友 |
This is the list of cathedrals in Rwanda sorted by denomination.
Roman Catholic
Cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Church in Rwanda:
Cathedral of Butare
Cathedral of Byumba
Cathedral of Christ the King in Cyangugu
Cathedral of Gikongoro
Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady in Kabgayi
Cathedral of St. Peter in Kibungo
Cathedral of St. Michael in Kigali
Cathedral of Nyundo
Cathedral of Ruhengeri
Anglican
Cathedrals of the Anglican Church of Rwanda:
Christ the King cathedral in Cyangugu
St Etienne Cathedral, Kigali
St Paul Cathedral, Butare
St John The Baptist Cathedral, Shyira
St peter Cathedral, Shyogwe
St John Cathedral, Gahini
Kibungo Cathedral, Ngoma
Kivu Cathedral, Rubavu
St Paul Cathedral, Byumba
Kigeme Cathedral, Nyamagabe
Holy trinity Cathedral, Gasabo
Karongi cathedral, Karongi
See also
List of cathedrals
References
Churches in Rwanda
Rwanda
Cathedral
Cathedrals |
Channel 16 VHF (156.8 MHz) is a marine VHF radio frequency designated as an international distress frequency. Primarily intended for distress, urgency and safety priority calls, the frequency may also carry routine calls used to establish communication before switching to another working channel.
Authorized usage
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has established VHF channel 16 (156.8 MHz) as a distress, safety and calling channel, and it is monitored 24 hours a day by many coast guards around the world.
Radio watchkeeping regulations advise all sea bound vessels to monitor channel 16 VHF when sailing, except when communicating on other marine channels for legitimate business or operational reasons. Coast guards and others are permitted to broadcast short informative safety messages on channel 16; however, it is an offence in most countries to make false "mayday" calls. When using the channel to call up ships or shore stations, the call has to be switched to a working channel after the initial response in order to keep channel 16 available to others.
See also
2,182 kHz
Filipino Monkey
References
Distress signals
Emergency communication
International telecommunications
Maritime communication
Rescue |
靜紅娘魚，為輻鰭魚綱鮋形目牛尾魚亞目角魚科的其中一種，分布於澳洲東部及南部海域，棲息深度10-300公尺，體長可達22公分，為底棲性魚類，屬肉食性。
參考文獻
擴展閱讀
modesta |
湾子小学遗址，位于中国青海省平安县寺台乡湾子村，为青海省市县级文物保护单位，公布日期为1987年6月2日，类型为古遗址。
湾子小学遗址的历史年代为青铜时代。
参考文献
青海省市县级文物保护单位 |
IP Systems Ltd. is a consultancy and IT company specialized for the liberalized European energy market. Its applications support the whole energy trading process from forecasting and nomination to allocation and accounting.
History
IP Systems was set up in 2008. In 2011 the company started its international growth.
International participation
Gas Balancing-IP introduced in 2012 on the 4th Energy Trading Week was recommended for the use on regional level, furthermore in a unique way besides FGSZ Natural Gas Transmission Closed Company Limited, IP Systems was also invited by ENTSOG to the working group to help developing the European natural gas balancing model.
Awards and appreciations
Gas Balancing-IP won the ’ICT project of the year’ award of the IVSZ ICT Association of Hungary and National Innovation Office in 2012.
References
Software companies of Hungary
Software companies established in 2008
Hungarian companies established in 2008 |
格列美脲（），為一種用以治療第二型糖尿病的藥物，目前做為二甲双胍的後線藥物。使用本品者，建議輔以飲食和運動。格列美脲為口服藥物，服用後三小時會達到最大藥效，藥效約可持續一天。
格列美脲常見的副作用為頭痛、噁心及頭暈，其他嚴重的副作用為低血糖。懷孕或哺乳者，不建議使用本藥物。本品的作用機轉，主要為促進胰臟分泌胰島素；格列美脲為第二代的磺酰脲类（Sulfonylurea）藥物。
1979年，格列美脲獲得專利，於1995年核准為醫療用途。本品已有學名藥於市面流通，2019年，格列美脲在美國處方藥物中排行第62名，共開立超過1100萬劑。
藥效
刺激胰臟分泌較多量的胰島素，使血糖降低。
参考文献
糖尿病药物
鉀通道阻滯劑
賽諾菲 |
熊果又名熊葡萄、熊莓，是杜鵑花科熊果屬的一種植物。
形態
匍匐性小型灌木，株高約5-30公分。老莖褐色，嫩莖通常為綠色，不過在日照較強的地區嫩莖則呈現紅色。葉為常綠性，可以持續生長在樹上1-3年才會掉落，葉小，單葉，互生，倒卵形，質地硬且厚；葉面光亮，葉暗綠色，葉背的顏色比葉面淡。在春天開花，花期為每年的三月至六月，花小，白色或粉紅色。果實為紅色的漿果。
分佈
熊果分佈在北極圈及廣泛的分佈在北半球，在北半球低緯度地區只分佈在高海拔的山區。
在歐洲的分佈範圍，由冰島及挪威的北開普，往南至西班牙南部（內華達山脈）、義大利中部（亞平寧山脈）及希臘北部（品都斯山脈）。
在亞洲的分佈範圍，由西伯利亞北極地區，往南至土耳其、高加索及喜瑪拉雅山脈。
在北美洲的分佈範圍，由阿拉斯加北極地區、加拿大及格陵蘭，往南至美國的加利福尼亞州、新墨西哥州的洛磯山脈及美國東北部的阿帕拉契山脈。
用途
熊果可以做為藥用植物，它的葉子中含有熊果素，熊果素有抗菌的功效，是一種溫和的利尿劑，可以用來治療泌尿系統的疾病，包括膀胱炎、尿路結石。熊果素也可以減少皮膚黑色素的形成，具有美白的功效，而被用於化妝品中。
將熊果的葉子浸泡在乙醇中，可以製作成熊果葉的萃取液，使用時需加水稀釋。
熊果是一種很有觀賞價值的常綠植物，可以做為觀賞植物使用。也可以做為水土保持的植物，有防止水土流失的作用。由於熊果的葉子含有豐富的單寧酸，在以前也被拿來鞣製皮革。
亞種
熊果有四個亞種：
熊果（Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. uva-ursi）–分佈於北極圈及其周邊地區。
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. adenotricha–分佈於美國的內華達山脈。
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. coactilis–分佈於美國加州的北海岸、中海岸及舊金山灣區。
瓜地馬拉熊果（Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. cratericola）–特產於瓜地馬拉海拔3000-4000公尺的山區。
外部連結
USDA Plants Profile （美國農業部）
Medicinal Plants（藥用植物）
文獻
Casebeer, M. (2004). Discover California Shrubs. Sonora, California: Hooker Press. ISBN 0-9665463-1-8
藤
熊果屬
觀賞植物 |
The Mexican War Streets, originally known as the "Buena Vista Tract," is a historic district that is located in the Central Northside neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The district is densely filled with restored row houses, community gardens, and tree-lined streets and alleyways. The area dates to around the time of the Mexican–American War.
Brief history
During the late nineteenth century, Allegheny, Pennsylvania (later annexed by Pittsburgh), became known for its stately homes that were occupied by some of the area's wealthy families. One such area became known as the Mexican War Streets. It was developed from land owned by William Robinson Jr., an ex-mayor of the city of Allegheny, who subdivided the property into streets and lots in 1847. Surveys for the development were made by Alexander Hays.
A number of the streets are named after battles and generals of the Mexican–American War, including Buena Vista Street, Monterey Street, Palo Alto Street, Resaca Place, Sherman Avenue, and Taylor Avenue. Fremont Street (currently Brighton Place) had been named in recognition of John C. Frémont.
Historic District Designation
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 with 119 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the district. In 2008, the district's listing was increased to include an additional 288 contributing buildings over a area. It was expanded again during subsequent years.
The general boundaries of the Mexican War Streets Historic District are Brighton Road to Federal Street (on the east and west) and North Avenue to Jefferson Street (on the south and north). As part of the designation, all exterior alterations to buildings within the Historic District that are visible from a public street or way must be reviewed and approved by the City of Pittsburgh's Historic Review Commission.
Gallery
References
External links
Mexican War Streets Society
Allegheny City Central Association
Pittsburgh City Council description
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania
City of Pittsburgh historic designations
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
Houses in Pittsburgh
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh |
帕頓鎮區（）是位於美國愛荷華州格林縣的一個行政鎮區。
地方資料
根據2010年美國人口普查的數據，帕頓鎮區的面積為93.03平方千米，當中陸地面積為93.02平方千米，而水域面積為0.01平方千米。當地共有人口396人，而人口密度為每平方千米4.26人。
參考文獻
艾奧瓦州鎮區
格林縣鎮區 (愛荷華州) |
Mumtaz Ali Shah is a retired Pakistani civil servant who served in BPS-22 grade as the Maritime Secretary of Pakistan and Chief Secretary Sindh. Hailing from Sindh, Shah joined the Pakistan Administrative Service after passing the Central Superior Service examination in 1984.
Career
Mumtaz Ali Shah has served on important positions including as Federal Secretary for Maritime Affairs, Federal Secretary for Religious Affairs and as Chief Secretary Sindh.
Prior to his elevation to Grade 22 in 2017, Shah served on many positions in the Government of Sindh including as Additional Chief Secretary (Home), Chairman Enquiries & Anti-Corruption Establishment, Secretary Works and Services, Secretary Information Department, Secretary General Administration and Secretary Population Welfare.
In the beginning of his career, he served as assistant commissioner Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab.
He has also previously served as District Coordinating Officer (DCO) for Badin, Mirpurkhas and Nasirabad in Balochistan.
References
Living people
Pakistani civil servants
Pakistani government officials
Sindhi people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
丢勒《自画像》或《手持刺蓟的自画像》是德国艺术家 阿尔布雷希特·丢勒 的一幅自画像，是一幅粘贴在画布上的羊皮纸油画。这幅画绘制于1493年，是丢勒最早的自画像，被认为是最早的北方艺术家自画像之一。 1922 年由巴黎卢浮宫收购。
参考
阿爾布雷希特·杜勒作品 |
楊心希（），原名楊昕曦，藝名楊C.C.，生於台灣台北市，前歌手、中華民國律師2013年。楊昕曦考取法官，本名改為楊心希。2015年9月，楊心希就職福建連江地方法院候補法官，2022年真除台灣宜蘭地方法院法官。
生平
楊昕曦畢業於北一女、國立台灣大學中國文學系。1991年，楊昕曦以藝名楊C.C.由點將唱片推出個人專輯《别在上课偷看我的心》，造型類似於日本藝人酒井法子。1992年，以本名推出第二張專輯《你在我夢裏的樣子》。1993年，以本名客串中華電視公司綜藝節目《連環泡》之短劇單元【黃飛鴻會紅】。之後淡出演藝圈。
2008年，楊昕曦自輔仁大學學士後法律系畢業。2011年，楊昕曦考取律師資格。2013年，楊昕曦考取法官，本名改為楊心希。2015年9月，楊心希就職福建連江地方法院候補法官。
註釋
台灣律師
臺北市立第一女子高級中學校友
國立臺灣大學校友
輔仁大學校友
中華民國法官
台灣女歌手
台北市人
楊姓 |
"Papa Do" is a song written by Lynsey de Paul and Barry Blue, who are credited as Rubin and Green. The song was released as a single performed by Barry Green (aka Blue) in 1972 backed with "Boomerang" on the Decca label (both songs credited as written by Rubin and Green respectively) and had a modicum of chart success in Spain, France and Sweden. The Dutch group, Cardinal Point, recorded a version which was similar in style to that recorded by Green, as a track on their self-named album, and the Greek group, The Daltons, also released a version of the song as a single. The song was re-titled "Mama Do" and the text slightly modified for de Paul's own jazzed up version, that served as the opening track for her debut album, Surprise, which was released in 1973. In January 1974, Decca Records re-released the single to capitalize on Barry Blue's chart success and it received positive reviews.
Barry Green's version of the song appeared on CD on the compilation album The Electric Asylum, Vol. 5: Rare British Freakrock in 2010. The Dalton's version was included on a various artists compilation CD in 2008.
References
Lynsey de Paul songs
Songs written by Lynsey de Paul
Songs written by Barry Blue |
拜倫式英雄（英語：Byronic hero）是介於和反英雄之間的人格典型，具理想性但有缺陷。其特徵包括：才華橫溢、熱情、對所處社會體制的不滿、缺乏對階級和特權的尊重、因社會限制或死亡而受挫的愛情、叛亂或流亡、不愉快的秘密過往、傲慢，過度自信或缺乏遠見，最終自我毀滅。以英國浪漫時期的詩人拜倫勳爵的名字命名。他書如其人，其作品、性格、經歷同時都被認為是拜倫式英雄最精確的輪廓。
起源
拜倫式英雄第一次出現是在拜倫個人的半自傳史詩級的敘述詩恰爾德·哈羅爾德遊記（出版於1812～1818年）。同時身為歷史學家和評論家的第一代麥考利男爵托馬斯·巴賓頓·麥考利形容這個角色「一位驕傲、情緒化和憤世忌俗的男人，有著一座反抗到底的前額，和內心的苦痛。不屑施展他的善意，在報仇中有著總是難以平息的內心，還具有深沈、強烈的情感」在拜倫作品中最早版本的人物類型，恰爾德·哈羅德的性格，建立於多種早期文學的角色，包括哈姆雷特、歌德1774年的維特和威廉·戈德溫1794年《凱萊布·威廉斯傳奇》的福克蘭先生。他還很明顯的和弗朗索瓦-勒内·德·夏多布里昂的1802年中篇小說的英雄--勒內相似，不過拜倫本人似乎沒讀過這本書。
在恰爾德·哈羅爾德遊記之後，拜倫的作品都有拜倫式英雄的影子，包括他一系列以東方為主題敘事詩，1813年的《異教徒》、1814年的《海盜》、《萊拉》和他1817年的案頭戲《曼弗雷特》。舉例來說，拜倫形容《海盜》裡的海盜英雄康拉德：
還有，
這些東方敘事詩系列的作品凸顯其中的「虛張聲勢」，為確立人物性格具決定性的版本。這也是拜倫在他人生中嘗試改變的一個轉淚點，同時期他也參加了希臘獨立戰爭，最後喪命於戰爭中。他事實上是死於來自希臘的疾病，實際上死亡的情形不是那麼光鮮亮麗。傳回歐洲的時候，人們為了頌讚他的事蹟，他過世時的許多細節在眾多著作中被忽略掉了。在他生前的一段時期，在倫敦有一段談話，被（後來變成他的情人）的卡羅林·蘭姆女爵敘述為「認識他相當的瘋狂、壞和危險」。
公眾迴響
在拜倫死後的幾年，持續有熱烈的擁護者。其中著名的粉絲包括英國詩人丁尼生，拜倫過世時他才十四歲。一位詩人的逝去使丁尼生相當悲傷，他在離家頗近的薩默比（Somerby）雕刻一塊石頭「拜倫已死」，並聲稱「對他來說世界變的更加黑暗」。（MaCarthy,555）不過不管如何，拜倫作為一個人物形象被崇拜，讓許多粉絲效仿拜倫式英雄的人格與性情。其中威爾弗里德·史卡溫·伯浪特（-Wilfrid Scawen Blunt-）把拜倫潮流的引響發揮到極致，他和拜倫的孫女結婚（MaCarthy,562），去歐洲大陸「朝聖拜倫」的時候，威爾弗里德·史卡溫·伯浪特有他的反帝國主義的支持者目擊到，他成功鞏固、效仿拜倫的人物形象，因為他如他的英雄--拜倫一樣身懷流浪者之姿。
影響文壇
拜倫對19世紀浪漫主義時期的藝術家和哥德小說的作家都有著顯著的引響，他前女友卡羅林·蘭姆女爵第一本小說《Glenarvo》中的主角，以拜倫為模型塑造出來的角色。還有拜倫他個人醫師約翰·威廉·波里道利1819年的《吸血鬼》中的盧希梵爵士； 維克多·雨果1831年的《鐘樓怪人》中聖母院會吏長的克洛德‧孚羅洛；亞歷山大·大仲馬1844年《基度山恩復仇記》的艾德蒙‧唐泰斯；艾蜜莉‧勃朗特1874年《咆哮山莊》的希斯克里夫；和夏綠蒂‧勃朗特1874年的《簡‧愛》之中的羅徹斯特先生。在19世紀過後，還有諸多以拜倫式英雄為角色的例子。（McCarthy,557）
維多利亞時代晚期，拜倫式英雄似乎在文學作為孤獨的形象，任命於苦難（Harvey, 306）。不過不管如何，狄更斯所呈現的拜倫式英雄更加的複雜，《大衛‧科波菲爾》的詹姆斯‧斯蒂福作為拜倫式英雄新的面向，出現了「墮落天使」的概念。他暴躁的脾氣還有誘惑艾米莉的行為，應該要使讀者或甚至作為主角的大衛厭惡他。但並沒有，他仍然保有他個人的魅力。當大衛最終接納斯蒂福對艾米莉所作所為時（Harvey, 309），也許大衛做錯了，但他沒辦法打從心底的厭惡斯蒂福。斯蒂福偶爾被恨意激發的暴怒情緒，也揭露了許多受苦角色的處境（Harvey, 308）。關於拜倫式的仇恨，哈維（Harvey William W.）認為斯蒂福相當驚人，是惡棍和英雄的混合體，且發掘拜倫式角色的兩面形象。
學者們畫了一條平行線在拜倫式英雄和俄國文學的多餘人之間。俄國詩人亞歷山大‧謝爾蓋耶維奇‧普希金著名的角色葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金呼應了《恰爾德·哈羅爾德遊記》許多特質。特別是，奧涅金孤獨沈思的樣子和輕視傳統貴族的形象。在拜倫的《恰爾德·哈羅爾德遊記》十二年後，普希金發表了他詩意的小說《葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金》。（著名小說《洛麗塔》的作者弗拉基米爾·弗拉基米羅維奇·納博科夫在他《葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金的評論》裡辯駁道，普希金在創作《葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金》之前，也就是他流亡的那幾年，有事先讀過拜倫的作品。）同樣的角色主題持續引響著俄國的文學界，特別是後繼普希金的俄國詩人米哈伊爾‧萊蒙托夫1839年的小說《當代英雄》，以畢巧林這個角色，在文學上提振了拜倫式英雄的存在。
拜倫式英雄也在當今的許多小說起到重要的作用，拜倫的作品無庸置疑引響著現代文學，作為普遍反英雄類型的先驅。斯卡頓‧勒胡1909到1910年《歌劇魅影》中的艾瑞克是另一個20前半世紀的廣為人知的例子。（Markos, 162）同時伊恩‧佛萊明的《詹姆士·龐德》系列，（如果不是電影中的形象的話）顯示所有20後半世紀的特徵：「孤獨、憂鬱，有著自然良好的體格，總是不知不覺的導向破壞...在感性中透露著黑暗和憂慮的徘徊，擁有不吉祥的隱私，在所有謎樣之下，有著一層冰冷又憤世忌俗的表象。
拜倫式女英雄
拜倫的作品有讓人聯想，發展拜倫式女英雄的潜力。查理斯‧J‧克蘭西聲稱《唐璜》裡的奧羅拉擁有非常多面拜倫式英雄的形象與典型。在詩裡被形容成「靜默、孤獨」，因為她出生的時候就是個孤兒，她的人生一直處於孤立無援的狀態。她證實了學者索爾斯列夫，聲明拜倫式英雄為「一成不變的孤獨」（Clancy, 29）。她總是能喚起對身邊人事物的興趣、關心，她身邊的人對她「表達的敬意的同時，總時透露著敬畏的成分」（XV, 47），可以與那些男性的拜倫式英雄們相同並論。這和拜倫本人隨處可企及的瘋狂的敘述，相似度是極高的（McCarthy, 161）。她顯而易見悲哀的天性，讓她沈浸於拜倫式英雄的悔憾神態。她被形容成擁有一雙深沈、傷感的眼睛，「她的眼睛難過的閃爍，就像熾天使的光芒」（XV, 45），這即是拜倫式英雄人物性格的細節（Clancy, 30）。她表露了對人文精神的絕望，學者索爾斯列夫強調像拜倫的另一部作品《該隱》一樣，她自己接納了「男性墮落」的絕望感（XV, 45），其實也就是讓她感受到在《該隱》中，對人文精神毀滅的恐懼（Clancy, 31）。
參考
Amis, Kingsley. The James Bond Dossier. Jonathan Cape, 1965.
Christiansen, Rupert, Romantic Affinities: Portraits From an Age, 1780–1830, 1989, Cardinal, ISBN 0-7474-0404-6
Clancy, Charles J. "Aurora Raby In Juan: A Byronic Heroine". Keats-Shelley Journal Vol.28. New York: Keats-Shelley Association Of America, 1979.
Dumas, Alexandre. The Count Of Monte Cristo. Hertforshire: Wordsworth, 1997.
Harvey William W. "http://www.jstor.org/stable/28932860Charles Dickens And The Byronic Hero]". Nineteenth-Century Fiction Vol.24 No.3. California: University Press, 1969.
McCarthy, Fiona. Byron: Life And Legend. London: John Murray, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-5621X
Markos, Louis. Heaven And Hell: Visions Of The Afterlife In Western Poetic Tradition. Eugene: Cascade, 2013. ISBN 978-1-62032-750-0
Thorslev, Peter L. "The Byronic Hero And Heroic Tradition". The Byronic Hero. Minnesota:University Press, 1962.
Gross, Jonathan David. Byron: The Erotic Liberal. Plymouth: Rowman And Littlefield, 2000.
備註
英雄
拜伦勋爵
人格特质
虛構英雄 |
大事记
其他
甪直保圣寺建成。
出生
陈霸先，陈朝的第一位皇帝（559年去世，56岁）
獨孤信，西魏八柱國之一。官拜大司馬，進封衛國公。
逝世
范雲，南北朝文学家（451年出生，52岁）
3年
0 |
广场恐惧症是什么?？广场恐惧症是一种焦虑症，其特征是人们认为环境不安全并且不容易逃离而产生焦虑症状。 这些情况可能包括开放空间、公共交通、商场，或仅仅是在自家外 ，在这些情况下可能会导致恐慌发作，而此症状遇到这种情况几乎每次都会出现，并持续六个月以上。 受影响的人会竭尽全力避免这些情况。 在严重案例中，人们可能完全不能离开自家。一般认为广场恐惧症是基因因子与环境因子的结合。这个症状常常在家庭成员中同时发生，遭受攻击或是父母过世等挫折性或创伤性事件常常是疾病的引子。在精神疾病诊断与统计手册第五版将广场恐惧症和特殊恐惧症、社交恐惧症等一起归类为恐惧症。其他可能引起相似症状的包含分离焦虑症、创伤后压力症候群与重性忧郁障碍。受广场恐惧症影响的人有较高的忧郁症或物质滥用疾患风险。。若未经治疗，广场恐惧症极少自然缓解。治疗通常采用一种称作认知行为疗法的心理咨询方式。认知行为疗法在半数的病患都能带来症状缓解 。广场恐惧症影响了约1.7%的成人，女性发生率约为男性两倍。症状通常在青年时开始，而到了老年则较不普遍。发生于儿童则非常罕见。广场恐惧症的英文 "agoraphobia" 一词源自于希腊文的 "" ，“恐惧”之意 |
Padelford Riverboats, established in 1969, is the sole provider of river boat cruises within the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area in the Twin Cities of the U.S. State of Minnesota. Padelford boats cruise on the Mississippi River and celebrate the history of the region.
The Padelford Riverboat Company is based at Harriet Island in downtown St. Paul. The company was founded in 1969 by William Bowell - a World War II decorated veteran - at a time when the Mississippi River was neglected and underused. The activities of Bowell and Padelford helped build relationships between the people and the river, and spurred positive changes on the riverfront.
History
Founder William Bowell grew up close to the river, helping his father's small business on Harriet Island. He served in World War II, then enrolled at Macalester College after the war. His lifelong dream was to pilot a boat on the Mississippi River. He was a curator for the Minnesota Historical Society and later a businessman, but returned to the river in 1969 to start the Padelford Riverboat business. His lifelong collection of books about the river, along with historic photographs, books, blueprints, original documents, and other reference materials are stored in the Captain William D. Bowell, Jr. River Library, housed in the National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium in Dubuque, Iowa.
After initially purchasing the paddle steamer Jonathan Padelford, Bowell continued to expand the boat inventory. He also expanded the original boat itself - cutting it in half and adding a 20-foot section at midship. The eventual fleet included three coast-guard rated boats and 5 vessels total.
In 2006, the three co-owners sold one of their boats, the Harriet Bishop, to buy a new overnight cruiser to replace the Viking Explorer, which had been sold in 1998. But before they could get their hands on one, the economy slipped into recession and that extra cash ended up providing the necessary resources for the company to remain in operation.
Operations
The company was founded by Captain William Bowell, who retired in 2002, passing leadership of the company to his family members Bill Bowell Jr, Beth Myers, Shelley Kosmo, Steve Bowell, and Jim Kosmo; and General Manager Gus Gaspardo.
The Padelford operated out of Harriet Island originally, and continues to this day. For a period from 1988 until 2004, they also operated from Boom Island in Minneapolis. Their Minneapolis operations were within a contract with the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, and ended when the two parties were unable to come to terms for a new contract.
Starting in 1996, Padelford partnered with the National Park Service, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Science Museum of Minnesota, the St. Paul chapter of the National Audubon Society, Hamline University's Center for Global Environmental Education, and other government agencies and nonprofit organizations to create a temporary floating classroom/field trip series. This field trip series on a Padelford riverboat includes curriculums involving environmental studies, ecology, aquatic life and watershed stewardship as well as cultural studies and regional history.
The Padelford company partnered with the University of Minnesota to bring back their flagship vessel, the Minnesota Centennial Showboat, containing a 210-seat theater. The Showboat Players - theater students of the University - performed melodramas and olios in that venue. Originally operated by the University itself, the refurbished vessel arrived back at Harriet Island on April 17, 2002. The University decided to end the partnership due to declining interest in melodramas. Its final show - also featured during its first season - was Under the Gaslight in 2016.
In 2004, the Padelford participated in the 2004 Grand Excursion, celebrating the 150-yr anniversary of the original grand excursion in 1854. As part of that event, the company provided public and private cruises from Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin for one week. The Padelford participated in other steamboat revival events throughout the region.
The company was a founding member of the Passenger Vehicle Association and has been an active member in the association.
Mississippi riverfront resurgence
In the early part of the century, industrialization and farming activities caused the Mississippi to become very polluted. Not only was the MNRRA region named and identified, but regular recreational activity of all kinds increased starting in that period.
When Bowell launched the Padelford, there were no cruise lines operating in that stretch of the River - the closest was in Iowa. The locks and dams had recently been built and the river was used mainly for industrial shipping. Bowell went against that grain and provided access to the river on a recreational basis, including also a dose of regional history in each excursion. Through to the current day, the company remains involved in a wide variety of activities focused on the River.
Vessels
The Jonathan Padelford is a nearly-authentic Mark Twain-era sternwheeler riverboat that was built in 1969 at Dubuque Boat and Boiler Co., Dubuque, IA. The boat replicates the paddle wheel mechanism, but operates on diesel fuel instead of the original steam technology. Two years after completion the Padelford was taken to a shipyard in Lemont, IL where it was cut in two and a 20-foot section was added at midship. The lengthening increased capacity and made the overall length 125 feet with a 24-foot beam. Capacity: 313. The name Jonathan Padelford is that of the founder's ancestor, a territorial pioneer who came to Minnesota in 1856.
In 1988 the 300-passenger sidewheeler Anson Northrup was added. Built in 1988 in Jennings, LA the Northrup started in service with public excursions on Father’s Day, June 19, 1988. Length - 92 feet.
In 1990 a car/truck ferry vessel named the Brandon Paul from Tiptonville, Kentucky was acquired, renamed the Betsey Northrup and converted to a two deck, 300-passenger party barge. The main deck was enclosed while the second deck was left open but was covered for maximum sightseeing. Length - 108 feet.
Viking Explorer - formerly the Arkansas Explorer - Length - 110 feet; built in 1980; Capacity - 34 passengers. Mini cruise ship with 24 staterooms, provided cruises that ranged as far as Florida. Viking Explorer was sold in 1992.
Harriet Bishop - Length - 98 Feet; Built 1987, Utica, Indiana; Capacity - Harbor Cruises: 350, Riverboat Race, Themed Harbor and Parade of Tall Stacks Cruises: 300, Lunch and Dinner Cruises: 264.
Captain Frank M. Whiting - Showboat built in 2002 by John Nichols of Mississippi Marine for the University of Minnesota and Padelford. Owned by the University of Minnesota and operated by Padelford as the replacement of the original Minnesota Centennial Showboat until 2016. Capacity - 499.
See also
Minnesota Centennial Showboat
Steamboats of the Mississippi
References
Further reading
External links
Come Aboard! Padelford Riverboats St. Paul, YouTube
The Business End of the m/v JONATHAN PADELFORD, YouTube
Culture of Saint Paul, Minnesota
Tourist attractions in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Steamboats of the Mississippi River
Paddle steamers of the United States
Passenger ships of the United States |
The Matter of France, also known as the Carolingian cycle, is a body of literature and legendary material associated with the history of France, in particular involving Charlemagne and his associates. The cycle springs from the Old French chansons de geste, and was later adapted into a variety of art forms, including Renaissance epics and operas. Together with the Matter of Britain, which concerned King Arthur, and the Matter of Rome, comprising material derived from and inspired by classical mythology, it was one of the great European literary cycles that figured repeatedly in medieval literature.
Three Matters
The Matter of France was one of the "Three Matters" repeatedly recalled in medieval literature. It was contrasted with the Matter of Britain, the legendary history of Great Britain, Brittany and King Arthur; and the Matter of Rome, which represented the medieval poets' interpretations of Ancient Greek and Roman mythology and history. The three names were first used by the twelfth-century French poet Jean Bodel, author of the Chanson de Saisnes, a chanson de geste in which he wrote:
Description
About 1215 Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, in the introductory lines to his Girart de Vienne, set out a subdivision of the Matter of France into three cycles, which have been adopted by many modern critics as a useful means of grouping the chansons de geste. These are his words:
The cycles can be outlined as follows:
The Geste du roi, whose chief character is Charlemagne, seen as champion of Christianity. This cycle contains the best known of the chansons, the .
La Geste de Garin de Monglane, whose central character was Guillaume d'Orange, identifiable with William, Count of Toulouse. These dealt with knights who were typically younger sons, not heirs, and who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidels. The twenty-four poems of this geste belong to the generation after Charlemagne, during the reign of an ineffectual Louis. The Chanson de Guillaume is one of the oldest poems of this geste.
The Geste de Doon de Mayence, in which the hero, as in the Geste de Guillaume, often suffers from royal injustice, but is goaded into rebellion.
Central figures of the Matter of France include Charlemagne and his paladins, especially Roland, hero of The Song of Roland, and his companion Oliver, who was frequently cast in conflict with the Muslim champion Fierabras. Originally, the Matter of France contained tales of war and martial valour, being focused on the conflict between the Franks and Saracens or Moors during the period of Charles Martel and Charlemagne. The Chanson de Roland, for example, is about the Battle of Roncevaux Pass during the Moorish invasion of southern France. As the genre matured, elements of fantasy and magic tended to accrue to the tales. The magic horse Bayard, for example, is a recurring figure in many of the tales.
The fundamental character of the "Matter of France" is feudal and Christian (in a crusading form). Although viewed as idolators, the Saracens were not necessarily depicted as un-chivalrous. The earliest gestes were likely sung by a jongleur, accompanied by a fiddle. It is apparent that the authors were ignorant of the fact that Islam is monotheistic. D. J. A. Ross says that people of the Middle Ages appear to have regarded the gestes as generally historical.
Einhard's Vita Caroli describes the Basque ambush at Roncevaux as driving the Frankish rearguard down the valley. The poet who wrote the Chanson de Roland did not hesitate to update the military tactics to a set-piece cavalry charge on the part of the Saracens, although retaining a landscape unsuitable for couched lances.
List of works
For a list of chansons that can be attached to each of these cycles, see .
In later literature
After the period of the chanson de geste, the Matter of France lived on. Its most well known survival is in the Italian epics by Matteo Maria Boiardo, Ludovico Ariosto, and a number of lesser authors who worked the material; their tales of Orlando innamorato ("Roland in Love") and Orlando furioso ("Roland Gone Mad") were inspired by the chansons de geste. These works, in turn, inspired Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata and Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, although these latter works have been separated from the Matter of France and put in the respective settings of the First Crusade and an imaginary faerie land.
Tales of the Matter of France were also found in Old Norse, where the Karlamagnus Saga was written in the thirteenth century in Norway; it contains a synopsis of the main stories of the cycle. Indeed, until a major revival in the 19th century breathed new life into the Arthurian cycle, the Matter of France had enjoyed similar renown to the Matter of Britain.
Modern fantasy literature has used the Matter of France far less than the Matter of Britain, although L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt set one of their Harold Shea stories (The Castle of Iron) in the world of the Matter of France, and Poul Anderson's Three Hearts and Three Lions references the Matter of France. Through Anderson's book, the Matter of France also had some influence on the popular Dungeons & Dragons game. Italo Calvino's fantasy novel The Nonexistent Knight also takes place in this world.
Notes
External links
The Matter of France by Alexx Kay
Legends: Paladins and Princes by Paula Kate Marmor
How Oliver Fought for France and the Faith by Agnes Grozier Herbertson
The Keeping of the Passes by Agnes Grozier Herbertson
Medieval literature
Medieval legends
History of literature
Romance (genre)
Metanarratives |
Friday After Next (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to Marcus Raboy's 2002 Christmas-themed comedy film Friday After Next. It was released on November 19, 2002 via Hollywood Records. Produced by Mitch Rotter, Mitchell Leib and Spring Aspers with Ice Cube and Matt Alvarez as executive producers, the album is composed of hip hop, contemporary R&B and christmas music.
The soundtrack features contributions from Calvin Richardson, Flipmode Squad, F.T., G-Unit, K-Mont, Kokane, Krayzie Bone, LaReece, Nappy Roots, Roscoe, Tha Eastsidaz, Westside Connection, Whateva, Donny Hathaway, Eartha Kitt, Leon Haywood, Slave, The Temptations.
It peaked at number 115 on the Billboard 200, number 23 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 8 on the Top Soundtracks chart in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Christmas music
Hip hop soundtracks
2002 soundtrack albums
Comedy film soundtracks
Friday (franchise) music
Albums produced by Fredwreck
Contemporary R&B soundtracks
Albums produced by Rockwilder
Hollywood Records soundtracks
Albums produced by Sha Money XL
Albums produced by Dallas Austin |
Theridion ceylonicus, is a species of spider of the genus Theridion. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
Homonym
Theridion annulipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869
See also
List of Theridiidae species
References
Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Spiders of Asia
Spiders described in 2009 |
John Foster (born 2 November 1955) is a former English cricketer. Foster was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Oldham, Lancashire and educated at Hulme Grammar School and the University of Bradford.
Foster made his debut for Shropshire in the 1980 Minor Counties Championship against Durham. Foster played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1980 to 1994, which included 105 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 17 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He served as Shropshire's club captain in 1987-1992. He made his List A debut against Somerset in the 1983 NatWest Trophy. He made 7 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Leicestershire in the 1991 NatWest Trophy. In his 8 List A matches, he scored 181 runs at an average of 22.62, with a high score of 63. This score, which was one of 2 List A half centuries, came against Northamptonshire in the 1985 NatWest Trophy.
His son, Edward, has played first-class cricket for Loughborough UCCE and Minor counties cricket for Shropshire.
References
External links
John Foster at ESPNcricinfo
John Foster at CricketArchive
1955 births
Living people
Cricketers from Oldham
English cricketers
Shropshire cricketers |
The 1945 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox's 45th season in the major leagues, and their 46th season overall. They finished with a record of 71–78, good enough for 6th place in the American League, 15 games behind the 1st place Detroit Tigers.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Opening Day lineup
Wally Moses, RF
Oris Hockett, CF
Johnny Dickshot, LF
Bill Nagel, 1B
Tony Cuccinello, 3B
Roy Schalk, 2B
Cass Michaels, SS
Mike Tresh, C
Thornton Lee, P
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases
Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts
External links
1945 Chicago White Sox at Baseball Reference
Chicago White Sox seasons
Chicago White Sox season
Chicago White |
慕尼黑愛樂樂團（）是位於德國慕尼黑的一家管弦樂團。它与巴伐利亞廣播交響樂團、和巴伐利亞國立管弦樂團并列为慕尼黑四大主要管弦乐团。慕尼黑愛樂的前身是成立於1893年的卡伊姆管弦樂團，在1928年隨市有化而改為現在的名稱。自1985年以来，该乐团一直设在。
历任音乐总监
（1893－1895）
（1895－1897）
（1897－1898）
费利克斯·魏因加特纳（1898－1905）
（1905－1908）
（1908－1914）
汉斯·普菲茨纳（1919－1920）
西格蒙德·冯·豪泽格尔（1920－1938）
（1938－1944）
汉斯·罗斯鲍德（1945－1948）
（1949－1966）
鲁道夫·肯普（1967－1976）
塞尔吉乌·切利比达克（1979－1996）
詹姆斯·莱文（1999－2004）
克里斯蒂安·蒂勒曼（2004－2011）
洛林·马泽尔（2012－2014）
瓦列里·捷吉耶夫（2015年－2022年3月）
參見
外部連結
Article at oehmsclassics.com in German
德國管弦樂團
慕尼黑文化组织 |
朱光武（），汉族，中华人民共和国政治人物、第十一届全国政协委员。
加入中国民主同盟，担任中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心副总工程师。2008年，当选第十一届全国政协委员，代表中国民主同盟，分入第五组。并担任人口资源环境委员会专委。
參考文獻
第十一届全国政协委员 |
Derek Michael Sanderson (born June 16, 1946), nicknamed "Turk", is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre and two-time Stanley Cup champion who helped transform the culture of the professional athlete in the 1970s era. The two-time Stanley Cup champion set up the epic overtime goal scored by Boston Bruins teammate Bobby Orr that clinched the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals, widely considered to be the greatest goal in National Hockey League history. Over 13 NHL seasons, he amassed 202 goals, 250 assists, 911 penalty minutes and a plus-141 rating in 598 games with five teams.
In the 1975-76 season, Sanderson scored his 32nd career short-handed goal to surpass Toronto Maple Leafs center Dave Keon as the all-time league leader. He owned the record for eight seasons. Nearly half a century after his last appearance with Boston, Sanderson still owns the Bruins team record for most career shorthanded goals (six) in the playoffs, a mark that he shares with Ed Westfall, his longtime line mate. Through the 2021-22 campaign, his 24 short-handed tallies in the regular season ranked third behind Brad Marchand and Rick Middleton in club history.
Early years
Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Sanderson was the son of Canadian Army Private Harold A. Sanderson, and Caroline Hall Gillespie of Dysart, Scotland. His older sister Karen was born in 1944 while their father was serving in France. In his early youth, Sanderson took to hockey, skating countless hours on a scaled-down version of an NHL rink, which his father built and maintained while his mother served hot chocolate during breaks in the action. The rink spanned two backyards of small cookie-cutter houses on lots provided at modest prices to servicemen such as Harold upon their return home.
Playing career
Sanderson played junior hockey in his hometown with the Niagara Falls Flyers of the Ontario Hockey Association. His time with the Flyers saw him being named to the Second All-Star Team in 1965–66, to the First All-Star Team in 1966–67 and winning the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy as the top scorer in the OHA also in 1966–67. In 1964–65, Sanderson helped the Flyers reach the Memorial Cup finals where they beat the Edmonton Oil Kings in five games. After spending four years in the OHA, Sanderson turned pro by signing with the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League in 1965–66, and made his professional debut that season by playing two games with the Bruins. Sanderson also played two games in the CPHL with the Oklahoma City Blazers in 1965–66, recording one goal.
Boston Bruins (1968–1972)
After brief stints with the Bruins in the two previous seasons, Sanderson earned a permanent roster spot in the 1967–68 campaign. The 21-year-old scored 24 goals and 49 points in 71 games. He also had 98 penalty minutes, establishing himself as something of a "tough guy". Sanderson was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy as the Rookie of the Year, an honor that his teammate Orr had claimed the previous year. It remains the only time in Bruins history that they had consecutive Calder winners.
Although Sanderson had been an elite scorer in junior hockey, his role with the Bruins club was limited to that of a third-liner in the middle of right wing Ed Westfall and either Wayne Carleton or Don Marcotte at the left side. It wasn't long before Westfall and Sanderson emerged as the most accomplished penalty-killing tandem in the league.
Sanderson and the Bruins captured consecutive East Division titles in the (1970–71 and 1971–72) seasons, and won the Stanley Cup in 1971–72 against the New York Rangers, its second in three seasons.
He also received publicity for his numerous female companions and lavish ways, which included a Rolls-Royce car and circular bed. Named by Cosmopolitan as one of the sexiest men in America, he was the subject of gossip columns, and a frequent guest on television talk shows.
The Flying Goal
After their series victory over the Rangers followed by a sweep of the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1969–70 playoffs, the Bruins faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals.
Forty seconds into the extra period, Sanderson controlled the puck behind the Blues goal line, at which point defenseman Bobby Orr broke in from near the blue line. His short pass found its way to Orr. The defenseman fired a short wrist shot past goaltender Glenn Hall, clinching the Bruins' first Stanley Cup in 29 years.
In 2017, on the 100th anniversary of the league, fans voted the so-called Flying Goal as the greatest in its history. It also turned out to be the signature moment for both players in their careers.
Philadelphia Blazers (1972–1973)
In the summer of 1972, Sanderson signed what was then the richest contract in professional sports history. The Philadelphia Blazers of the new World Hockey Association signed Sanderson to a five-year, $2.65 million contract that made him the highest-paid pro athlete in the world at the time. He received $600,000 in cash as part of the agreement, an offer that the Bruins declined to match. The remainder of the money was to be spread over 10 years.
On November 1, in a game at Cleveland, Sanderson suffered a back injury when he slipped on a piece of paper on the ice. When he was fit to return weeks later, club management insisted that he remain inactive. It was widely speculated that it had hoped to prod Sanderson to bolt the team and void his lucrative deal but his contract was bought out for $800,000 after the season.
Later career
After Sanderson and the Blazers parted ways, he returned to the Bruins for two seasons but suited up for only 54 games. He was demoted to the Boston Braves of the American Hockey League for three games then traded to the rival New York Rangers.
By that time, Sanderson had developed vascular necrosis. Steroids were prescribed to alleviate the problem, but when they dried out his hip sockets, it only grew worse in nature. The pain in his hips grew so intense, he began to take barbiturates as a sleep aid.
Along with New England Patriots receiver Jim Colclough and the New York Jets star football quarterback Joe Namath, he opened Bachelors III, a trendy nightclub on New York City’s Upper East Side. Negative publicity over some of the club's less than reputable patrons led to problems and eventually Sanderson had to get out of what went from a "goldmine" to a money-losing venture.
Sanderson bounced from team to team, never being able to stay with a team for more than two full seasons. After playing with the Rangers and recording 50 points in 75 games, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues eight games into the next season. In St. Louis, Sanderson set career highs in assists and points scored in a season with 43 assists and 67 points, but recurring knee and alcohol problems prompted Blues management to trade him in 1976–77 to the Vancouver Canucks in return for a first-round pick in the 1977 draft.
Sanderson made a bad first impression with Canucks management before a regular-season game had been played. In the pre-season, he was involved in a brawl at a local strip club that left him in a hospital, where tests showed an extremely high level of alcohol as well as evidence of cocaine, sleeping pills, Seconal and Valium in his system. Sanderson scored 16 points in 16 games with the club before he was sent to the minors because of disciplinary reasons. As was the case in St. Louis, the front office grew impatient with his personal and health issues and released him after the season.
The Pittsburgh Penguins signed Sanderson as a free agent in 1977–78. He played 13 games with the Penguins and eight more in the minors before his release. When no takers stepped forward before the next season, he retired from the game.
Personal life, health, and sportscasting career
In April 1979, Sanderson married Rhonda Rapport, a former Playboy Bunny from Chicago. Their son, Scott Leslie Sanderson, died at birth on October 4, 1981, in Niagara Falls. According to a story in the Toronto Star by Ellie Tesher on March 21, 1982, the couple separated soon thereafter. Rhonda Sanderson's detailed questions about their son's death led to an investigation by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario.
During his career, Sanderson made several bad business investments and lost millions of dollars in the process. His partying lifestyle caught up with him by the time his career ended and he was found sleeping in an inebriated state on a bench in Central Park. By his estimate, he survived 10 hip surgeries, prostate cancer and two heart attacks.
In late 1978, Bobby Orr found his ex-teammate to be in dire straits in Chicago and checked him into a local hospital. Doctors informed Orr that his former teammate was an alcoholic and drug addict.
Sanderson went on to become a sports broadcaster. He spent 10 years with New England Sports Network and WSBK-TV with play-by-play announcer Fred Cusick. Wanting to make sure that other hockey players would not follow his path, Sanderson organized The Professionals Group at State Street Global Advisors, where he was Director of The Sports Group that provided professional financial advice to athletes in the 1990s.
In 2012, Sanderson became the Managing Director of The Sports Group, in Boston. His team worked with athletes and high-net-worth individuals, but he is not currently listed on the company's website. His second autobiography, Crossing the Line: The Outrageous Story of a Hockey Original, written with Kevin Shea, was released in October 2012. His first autobiography, I've Got To Be Me, written with Stan Fischler, had been published in 1970. In September 2013, Sanderson received the Hockey Legacy Award from The Sports Museum at TD Garden.
Awards and achievements
Retired as the NHL career leader in shorthanded goals (currently 11th all time)
Memorial Cup champion in 1965.
Selected to the OHA-Jr. Second All-Star Team in 1966.
Selected to the OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team 1967.
Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy (Top scorer in OHA) winner in 1967.
Calder Memorial Trophy winner in 1968.
Stanley Cup champion in 1970 and 1972.
Eddie Shore Trophy, Presented by the Gallery Gods in 1972.
7th Player Award in 1972.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
1946 births
Living people
Boston Braves (AHL) players
Boston Bruins players
Boston Bruins announcers
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Kansas City Blues (ice hockey) players
Kansas City Red Wings players
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Rangers players
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Philadelphia Blazers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey people from Niagara Falls, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Tulsa Oilers (1964–1984) players
Vancouver Canucks players |
Çukuryurt is a village in the Eskil District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 580 (2021).
References
Villages in Eskil District |
玛利舞蛛（学名：）为狼蛛科舞蛛属的动物。分布于欧洲、俄罗斯以及中国大陆的西藏、新疆等地，多栖息于草丛。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。
参考文献
玛利舞蛛 |
扎贝莱（葡萄牙语：）是巴西帕拉伊巴州的一个市镇。总面积109.364平方公里，总人口1968人，人口密度18人/平方公里。
参见
帕拉伊巴州市镇列表
参考
帕拉伊巴州市镇 |
寻常性鱼鳞病会遗传吗？通常鱼鳞病的遗传只表现在显性基因上，只有一方患有鱼鳞病则鱼鳞病的遗传特性是得不到表现的。不同类型的鱼鳞病会有不同的方式及遗传概率。需要说明的是如果双方鱼鳞病病人结婚，那么子女的遗传概率会显着提高。鱼鳞病是一组遗传性角化障碍性皮肤疾病，主要表现为皮肤干燥。伴有鱼鳞状脱屑。本病多在儿童时发病，主要表现为四肢伸侧或躯干部皮肤干燥、粗糙，伴有菱形或多角形鳞屑，外观如鱼鳞状或蛇皮状。寒冷干燥季节加重，温暖潮湿季节缓解。易复发。多系遗传因素致表皮细胞增殖和分化异常，导致细胞增殖增加和（或）细胞脱落减少。常染色体显性遗传性寻常鱼鳞病为常见的轻型鱼鳞病，亲代一方或双方患病则家中常有病人，但无性别差异。常自幼年发病，成年后症状减轻或消失。皮损表现轻重不一，轻者仅冬季皮肤干燥，无明显鳞屑，搔抓后有粉状落屑。常见者除皮肤干燥外，尚可见灰褐色或深褐色菱形或多角形状鳞屑，中央固着，边缘游离。本病多对称分布于四肢伸侧及躯干，尤以肘膝伸侧为著。屈侧亦可出现，手背常有毛囊性角质损害，伴有掌跖过度角化。一般颜面、头皮、肘窝、腋下、腮窝、外阴、及臀裂常不被侵犯。冬季加重，夏季减轻。病人常有异位性体质，如枯草热及哮喘等。性联遗传寻常鱼鳞病较少见。由于本病的基因在X染色体上，故几乎全部是男性，多于出生后3个月发病。皮损与上型略异，鳞屑大而显著，呈黄褐色或污黑色大片鱼鳞状，皮肤干燥粗糙，皮损可局限或泛发，颈前部，四肢伸侧，躯干常受累，如面部受累，则仅限于耳前及颜面侧面。幼儿期腋窝、肘窝等部亦可受累，成人期腘窝可受累，颈部受累最重，躯干部腹部较背部严重。 |
理性選擇理論（），又稱為選擇理論（Choice theory）、理性行為理論（Rational action theory），是政治科學及社會科學的一系列理論，主張行動本質上都是理性的，人們在行動前會考量利害得失來做出決定。
理性選擇中的理性，是指能夠分析、比較各種選擇的利益與效用，之後對於較高的效用與利益顯示出偏好，並作為行為的根據，屬於一種工具理性。這個理論假設在每個人都是理性主體，對於不同選擇間，都存在偏好，個人會根據偏好來形成決策，做出行動。這些偏好，在邏輯上，都具（對於兩個特定選擇中，個人永遠可以做出偏好的高低排序，而且排序本身不會有矛盾），以及嚴格可遞移性（若存在三個選擇A,B,C，個人偏好A > B，B >C，則他必定偏好A > C）。理性主體在形成偏好，做出決策之前，都會尋求所有可能的資訊，以理性進行綜合推理判斷，比較各種選擇方案的成本及效益，最後才會做出決策。
以理性來解釋每個人類行為的背後原因，這理論的概念模型是個體經濟學背後的重要依據。在經濟學之外，包括政治學與社會學中，理性選擇理論都是重要的研究方式之一。經濟學家蓋瑞·貝克的研究成果，被認為是理性選擇理論由經濟學界擴展至其他領域的重要推動力量之一。
定義
在理性選擇理論中所說的理性，與在哲學上或是一般日常語言中的理性，兩者的定義及用法並不相同。日常語言中所說的理性，可能是指能夠清醒的思考；但理性選擇中所說的理性，範圍較狹隘，這種理性只是指每個個體，在衡量過成本及收益之後，選擇出能夠讓個人效益最大化的方案，之後方才據此進行行動。理性選擇的理性，是一種特定的選擇程序，只要行為符合這個程序定義，就可以說是理性。舉個極端的例子，一個人選擇大麻或海洛英，在這個理論下，並不能說他是不理性的；只要他進行過成本及收益間的比較，確定他偏好於大麻，這就可以稱為理性。但是如果這個人偏好糖果，高於海洛英；偏好海洛英，勝於大麻，但是這個人在可自由選擇的狀況下，卻選擇了大麻，放棄了糖果，這時可以說他的行為是非理性（non-rational），也就是這個人的個人選擇是非理性選擇。相對於此的概念是不理性（irrational）, 如果我們可以證實這個人選擇大麻，放棄糖果，是一時衝動、精神異常，或沒有任何原因和理由之下時，我們才可以說是他的行為是不理性的。
經濟學
在經濟學中，以追求效用最大化，作為理性的代表。
實證研究
在世界各地15個小型社會的研究顯示人類並沒有理性選擇的天性，理性選擇是身處在西方市場社會中的人們才會發展出的行為模式。即使是在東京的研究也顯示只有很低比例的人會照經濟學假設的方式作選擇。
批評
赫伯特·亞歷山大·西蒙提出有限理性。
行為經濟學提出，人類行為受制於許多非理性的認知偏誤，以展望理論來取代完全理性選擇。
犯罪學
參考資料
相關條目
新古典主義經濟學
完全理性
有限理性
理性選擇理論
新古典经济学派
微观经济学理论
微观经济行为的基本原则 |
福州地铁5号线，又称福州市轨道交通5号线，标识色为“典雅紫”，是位于中华人民共和国福建省福州市的一条城市轨道交通线路，于2017年10月开工，首通段于2022年4月29日开通初期运营。
简介
2015年12月31日，国家发展和改革委员会批复了包括新建福州地铁4号线、5号线、6号线在内的福州市城市轨道交通第二期建设规划（2015～2021年）。根据规划，福州地铁5号线是福州市轨道交通东西向骨架线路，与轨道交通1、2、4号线共同构成十字、环状网络。一期线路全长27.71公里，全线采用地下敷设方式。线路计划设置20座车站，线路起自闽侯县荆溪新城，经上下店路、建新北路、金洲北路、金洲南路、盘屿路、义序路（战备路）、欢乐谷（规划）、后经螺城路（规划）、中央大道（规划）进入国铁福州南站。
车站
运营
运营时间
5号线的运营时间为每天的06:30–23:55。
首末班车时刻表
行车安排
5号线现时全天采用荆溪厚屿至福州火车南站单一交路。
自2023年8月27日起，5号线工作日高峰期（7:00–9:00、17:00–19:00）的行车间隔为7分30秒；工作日平峰期（6:30–7:00、9:00–17:00、19:00–22:00）及休息日平峰期（06:30–22:00）的行车间隔为8分30秒；工作日及休息日低峰期（22:00–23:00）的行车间隔为10分钟。
运营事件
因应2022年10月-11月福州市疫情防控需要，2022年10月30日，5号线全天行车间隔调整为15分钟、运营服务时间调整为06:30-22:00。11月2日，5号线全线车站暂停运营服务。11月24日，5号线全线车站恢复正常运营。
因受疫情影响，2022年12月26日，5号线全天行车间隔调整为10分钟。12月28日，5号线全天行车间隔调整为15分钟，其中高峰期将根据客流情况适当加开列车，行车间隔约为8至15分钟。2023年1月4日，5号线全天行车间隔调整为10分钟。1月7日，5号线全线恢复正常行车间隔。
建设进程
2016年7月22日，福州地铁5号线一期工程启动环评工作，其中北端原终点站普觉寺站将继续向北延伸2.7公里至荆溪新城站。
2016年10月19日，福州地铁5号线一期工程工可通过专家评审。
2016年12月1日，福州地铁5号线一期工程开始进行总体设计招投标。
2017年10月31日，凤岗里站（工程名：金环路站）开始围挡施工，成为全线首个动工的车站。
2019年5月11日，5号线荆溪厚屿站（工程名：荆溪新城站）完成一期盾构始发井土方开挖节点目标。
2019年5月13日，5号线螺洲古镇站（工程名：螺洲镇站）完成主体结构封顶，成为继前锦站（工程名：高仕路站）、凤岗里站（工程名：金环路站）、台屿站（工程名：福湾路站）后第四个封顶的车站。
2019年7月30日，福建省发改委批复了5号线一期工程初步设计方案。
2020年1月9日，5号线帝封江站一期主体结构封顶。
2021年12月18日，福州地铁5号线一期工程首通段（荆溪厚屿至螺洲古镇）进入空载试运行阶段。
2022年4月24日至4月26日，福州地铁5号线首通段开启免费试乘活动。
2022年4月29日，福州地铁5号线首通段正式投入运营。
2023年3月21日，福州地铁5号线一期工程后通段（螺洲古镇至福州火车南站）进入空载试运行阶段。
2023年8月27日，福州地铁5号线一期工程后通段开通运营。
事件
取消普觉寺站的争议
在福州地铁5号线最初规划中，普觉寺站作为一期线路终点站，设于上下店路北延段。在初步设计时普觉寺站设站计划被取消，引发市民热议。官方给出的理由为“存在较大施工风险，易引起新的滑坡点，经地灾专家充分论证并多方案比选后，初步设计将取消5号线一期工程普觉寺站”。虽有市民建议重新选址，但官方在论证后以“线路西移将无法绕避两个社区基础群桩，工程难以实施”、“农林大学站需改设到大学校区内，社会服务性差且校方从安全角度认为不适宜”、“周边均无设站条件”等理由依旧保持取消设站方案。
霞镜站地面沉降事件
2019年1月8日上午8时许，位于仓山区建新镇在建霞镜站（工程名：建新南路站）旁的百花洲路与建新南路交叉口地面发生塌陷，最长裂缝达约20米，车站工地基坑混凝土结构亦有一定程度的开裂。10时35分，车站周边道路实施封闭并组织加固修复。经官方调查，事故系该处地质情况复杂，施工过程中基坑围护结构漏水并导致周边地面发生小范围沉降，经不间断抢修，险情于1月9日凌晨1时20分得到控制，主要道路于上午9时恢复通行。事件发生后地铁即在全线范围内启动安全自查。
福州火车南站站施工进度滞后
受国铁福州南站新建站房进度影响，5号线福州火车南站站需要同国铁一同施工，因此地铁公司决定将5号线一期分为前期开通段（荆溪新城↔螺洲古镇）与后期开通段（前锦↔福州火车南站）。后期开通段的具体开通日期主要参考福州南站国铁站房建设进度。
参考文献
福州地铁5号线
福州地铁路线
2022年启用的铁路线
1500伏特直流電電氣化鐵路 |
肩周炎和颈椎病的症状？对于很多从事办公室工作的人来说，大多数人常年都深受颈椎病和肩周炎的折磨，因为长期不合理的颈肩活动对局部组织造成了损害，有些朋友会发现，虽然采取了治疗但是根本没用。归根到底是大家混淆了颈椎病和肩周炎，进而耽误了治疗，其实二者的临床症状有很多，接下来就给大家介绍一下肩周炎和颈椎病的症状。肩周炎：早期发病时多呈现慢性阵发性疼痛，随着病情发展，疼痛感加强，有时呈钝痛感，有时呈刀割样疼痛，当肩部受寒、受凉时疼痛感加剧，且活动受限，患者可自觉肩部有牵拉感，经常引起撕裂样疼痛，多数患者可明显感到肩周部位有压痛点，经久不愈还可导致肌肉出现痉挛，晚期甚至可导致肌肉萎缩。颈椎病：该疾病的症状比较复杂，主要表现为颈部疼痛、上肢无力。情况严重的患者可有头痛、恶心及呕吐的情况发生，由于神经根受到压迫，患者还可能出现视物模、耳鸣、吞咽困难等症状，部分患者甚至会有心跳加速的情况发生，严格来说，颈椎病的症状与病变部位及组织受损程度有关。肩周炎的症状多局限于肩部，多为肌肉型疼痛，而颈椎病则是一种退行性病变，多呈现神经性疼痛，并可呈现放射样，一般来说，颈椎病的症状比肩周炎更复杂。由于颈椎病与肩周炎时常相伴发生，所以出现不适感后最好及时就医查明病情。综上所述就是对肩周炎和颈椎病的症状的介绍。不论是肩周炎还是颈椎病，长期不愈都会给生活带来诸多不便，严重者还可因此丧失活动力，这不是危言耸听，所以建议患者重视自身健康，有疑似上述症状出现时，趁早就诊查明病情，然后在医生的指导下治疗。 |
请描述晚香玉的科属分类？晚香玉为石蒜科晚香玉属多年生球根草本。属于线状花材。 |
恐龙羽衣甘蓝（），又名拉齐纳多羽衣甘蓝（），是羽衣甘蓝的一个品种，意大利菜肴传统食材，以其叶片纹理让人联想起恐龙的皮肤故名。
状貌
恐龙羽衣甘蓝可以生长至2到3英尺高，叶片颜色呈现深蓝绿色，有类似浮雕的纹理；口感较普通羽衣甘蓝更为甘脆。
种植
恐龙羽衣甘蓝的种植可以追溯到18世纪的意大利，因其颜色及肌理而深受园艺家们的喜爱。
参考资料
http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/ART03040/Tuscan-Kale.html (英文)
葉菜類
甘蓝 |
章貞（），字含可。浙江會稽人。清朝政治人物。
生平
早年失父，由八十歲的曾祖父授課，順治十二年中（1655年）乙未科進士，授山東壽光縣知縣。歷官河南滎陽縣縣丞、湖廣棗陽縣知縣。康熙十八年（1678年），舉博學鴻詞科，至江寧時，因病歸返。著有《東銘解》。
参考资料
绍兴人
Z
清朝棗陽縣知縣
清朝壽光縣知縣 |
珍酒是貴州遵义所产的大曲酱香型白酒。大跃进至文化大革命期间为扩大茅台生产而推行茅台异地生产试验，其中之一为在距茅台酒厂约100公里远的遵义市郊由原茅台酒厂职工成立新厂，于1974年底建成，次年10月投产，1986年被命名为珍酒，为最接近茅台的酒种之一。2008年酒厂破产停产，次年被华泽集团收购，成为民企。五年后复产，珍酒以平价酱香型白酒重新上市销售。
参考文献
酿造酒
遵义经济
贵州白酒 |
雅富顿（）是美国怀俄明州林肯县下属的一座城鎮。该鎮的人口在2000年为1,818人，2010年有1,911，2011年则估计有1,906人。
参考资料
懷俄明州城鎮
林肯縣城鎮 (懷俄明州) |
快樂-{蜂}-（，，舊譯樂-{蜂}-、祖樂-{比}-）是菲律賓繼生力啤之後的第二家跨國企業，主营连锁快餐业，提供热狗、汉堡和炸鸡等传统美式快餐，供應的汽水為百事可樂旗下產品。截至2018年12月底，快樂蜂旗下餐饮品牌在菲律賓擁有3,195間門店，旗下各品牌在海外共擁有1,418間門店，合共4,613家間門店。
歷史
1975年1月，快樂蜂创业者陳覺中与家人在古堡市开了玉兰冰淇淋店。这个店面后来成为第一个快樂蜂餐馆。1978年1月，快樂蜂食品公司正式成立，定为100%菲律宾公司。冰淇淋店开始出售三明治和意大利面，不久之后热食品比冰淇淋更加畅销，後來冰淇淋店改成坐下来吃西式快餐的餐廳「快樂蜂」。
2007年收购永和大王和2008年收购宏状元，目前两个品牌在中国大陆的连锁店已达到197家，占快樂蜂全球销售额的约9%。2011年11月10日，快樂蜂將買下擁有菲律賓漢堡王的擁有者BK Titans公司54%之股權。
2015年1月8日，快樂蜂佔60%和RRJ資本（）旗下茉莉花資產控股佔40%合資財團與唐恩都樂（）簽訂合作協議，於20年內投資三億美金在中國大陸、香港和澳門擴充1,400間分店。唐恩都樂授予RRJ與快樂蜂的合資公司在福建、湖南、江西、廣東、海南、廣西、河北、山西、重慶、貴州、四川、雲南、黑龍江、吉林、北京、天津、香港和澳門的獨家經營權。
2015年10月12日，快樂蜂斥資一億美金收購美國快餐公司Smashburger 40%之權益，Samshburger於美國35個州以及七個城市中擁有335家餐廳，企業價值3.35億美元。
2018年5月11日，快樂蜂斥資3,350萬美元收購添好運點心專門店之亞太地區特許經營權，當中並不包括香港業務。
2018年9月27日，快樂蜂和熊貓快餐（Panda Express）成立各佔50%股權的合資企業，將熊貓快餐引入菲律賓。
2019年7月24日，快樂蜂斥資3.5億美元向私募公司Advent International收購香啡繽，截至2018年底，香啡繽在全球27個國家和地區開設1,189間門店。其中783間門店位於亞洲，2018營業額3.13億美元，淨虧損0.21億美元，債務共計8,356萬美元
2021年2月，吉野家與快樂蜂成立各持一半股權的合資企業，該合資企業將會是吉野家於菲律賓的加盟商。
2021年11月4日，宣布將斥資1,280萬美元收購台灣手搖品牌迷客夏51%的股權。
香港業務
快樂蜂於1996年9月15日開始進駐香港，當時是快樂蜂第二個海外，也是東亞地區唯一的據點，初時名為「樂-{蜂}-」及「祖樂-{比}-」。全盛期曾經開了多家分店（中環歐陸貿易中心、中環豐樂行地庫、中環中南行地舖、旺角新世紀廣場、屯門屯門市廣場和沙田新城市廣場），至後來只有中環歐陸貿易中心分店（總店）繼續經營。其中有趣的是，位於中南行的地舖結業前後，竟除了本身Jollibee食品之外，更有其他港式茶餐廳食品一併售賣，後來更易名為「樂豐茶餐廳」，其後才停止售賣Jollibee食品，成為一間純外賣式茶餐廳，該舖位現為執笠倉旗下的文具佬生活百貨。並且取代美式連鎖快餐店哈迪斯。
目前有20間店舖營運。
中國大陸業務
2008年3月，快樂蜂登陸廣東深圳佳寧娜廣場，成為中國大陆首家快樂蜂公司。但受金融危機衝擊和租金上漲等因素而於2009年3月結業，快樂蜂有關人士指正在物色新店位置，但截至2014年3月仍未有開店的消息。
台灣業務
1986年，Jollibee與台灣親友組成合資公司，當時中文譯名為巧利比。開幕初期業績成長迅速，但由於地點不佳，顧客流量漸漸降低，導致公司業績表現不理想。 Jollibee總公司派遣到台灣的營運主管與當地夥伴對日常管理方式產生歧見，Jollibee與台灣合作夥伴之間產生衝突。
1988年，台灣房地產市場起飛連帶店面租金上漲，Jollibee決定退出台灣市場。
2018年5月，Jollibee曾透過駐菲律賓代表處，函請台灣連鎖加盟促進協會，尋找台灣合作加盟夥伴，但至今仍未尋找到願意代理的廠商，重返台灣的時程仍為未知數。
2021年11月，宣布以1280萬美元收購手搖品牌迷客夏51%股權。
澳門業務
2018年，快樂蜂進駐澳門，於新馬路永光廣場開設分店，並於10月開始營業。，2021年7月，在其官方Facebook專頁中宣佈將開設第二間分店，地點為氹仔太子花城。2022年1月10日，位於筷子基海灣南街的第三間分店正式開張。
2019冠狀病毒病澳門疫情
2020年3月23至26日，2名於香港確診的菲律賓籍患者曾光顧新馬路永光廣場分店， 當得知該2名境外確診患者曾光顧該餐廳引起澳門廣大市民關注，事後該餐廳於社交專頁公佈該店於3月30日關閉進行深層清潔，但於3月31日重開引起網民於其社交專頁不滿，後來除2名於香港確診的患者光顧餐廳外沒任何社區感染或新增個案。
影视作品中出场
2021年上映的日本动画电影《机动战士GUNDAM_闪光的哈萨维》第一部由于故事发生就地位于菲律宾，主创团队特地前往当地取景。团队试图通过一些带有菲律宾本国特色的东西来构建想象中未来的菲律宾景象。因此在电影正片中，主人公哈萨维·诺亚与同伴接头时场景中就出现了现实中菲律宾当地深受欢迎的快餐连锁快乐蜂的品牌标识。
旗下品牌
快樂蜂
中國宏狀元連鎖粥店
中國永和大王
菲律賓Red Ribbon
菲律賓Greenwich Pizza
菲律賓漢堡王（54%）
菲律賓Mang Inasal（70%）
菲律賓超群Chowking
菲律宾熊猫快餐（50%）
菲律宾吉野家（50%）
美國Smashburger（40%）
美國香啡繽
美国Tortas Frontera（47%）
添好運亞太區特許經營權（85%）
迷客夏（51%）
越南高原咖啡
越南PHO24
參考資料
外部链接
快樂蜂
香港快樂蜂
J
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1978年成立的公司
J |
is a singer, actress, and a former member of the idol group AKB48 under Team B.
Career
2007
On May 27, she passed AKB48 first trainee audition (AKB48 第一回研究生（4期生）オーディション).
2008
On March 4, it was announced she would become a Team K member at the himawari-group performance.
2009
In June–July 2009, she was ranked 21st in the 2009 AKB48 Senbatsu Election.
During the AKB48 Bunshin no Jutsu Tour / AKB104 Senbatsu Members Sokaku Matsuri on August 23, 2009, it was announced that she is going to be part of Team A
2010
In May–June 2010, she was ranked 23rd in the 2010 AKB48 Senbatsu Election.
With new team activities began on May 21, officially became a member of Team A
On September 8, she debuted with Yuki Kashiwagi and Aki Takajō as French Kiss.
2011
In May–June 2011, she was ranked 21st in the 2011 AKB48 Senbatsu Election.
2012
In June 2012, she was ranked 22nd in the 2012 AKB48 Senbatsu Election.
During 1830m Concert and Tokyo Dome Team Shuffle, it was announced that she is transferred back to Team K
With new team activities began on November 1, Became a member of Team K again
In December 2012, she took a brief hiatus due to acute tonsillitis.
2013
In April 2013, it was announced she would be releasing her first solo single, Itsumo Soba ni, on May 29 under the major label Avex.
At AKB48 32nd Single Senbatsu General Election, Kuramochi ranked into 36th place, putting her into Next Girls
2014
At a AKB48 Group Grand Team Reshuffling Festival, Kuramochi was transferred to Team B and appointed captain
2015
On July 18, Asuka announced that she will be graduating from AKB48 to pursue a career in sportscasting. Her final performance day was on August 17.
2016
Appeared in the MBS/TBS drama, OL Desu ga, Kyabajou Hajimemashita (ＯＬですが、キャバ嬢はじめました) as Nanako Koizumi (小泉菜々子個、Koizumi Nanako). It was her first appearance in the drama since graduating from AKB48
Solo Single Sales
Itsumo Soba ni Released 29 May 2013 - 31,424+
References
External links
AKB48 official profile
Asuka Kuramochi official blog「Dear」（March 7, 2011~）
Asuka Kuramochi official blog 「Dear...」 （Previous blog、May 28, 2010 - March 6, 2011）
Bisket Entertainment（Watanabe Entertainment）WE!マイページ:倉持明日香
Asuka Kuramochi (English page) - Google+
1989 births
Living people
Japanese idols
AKB48 members
Avex Group artists
Musicians from Yokohama
French Kiss (band)
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese actresses
Watanabe Entertainment |
Memoria Apostolorum, which means (in) memory of the apostles, is one of the lost texts from the New Testament apocrypha.
Given the name, it may be one of the texts which are already known, and for which we have some of the content, such as the Gospel of the Twelve, or one of the apocryphal Acts, or Apocalypses.
Lost apocrypha |
Michael McEwen (born July 30, 1980 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian curler from Winnipeg, Manitoba, who grew up in Brandon, Manitoba. McEwen won six Grand Slams in his career before his team qualified for their first Brier, Canada's national championship in 2016. He is noted as one of the top curlers using the Manitoba tuck delivery today.
Career
Early career
In 1998, McEwen won his first of two Manitoba Junior championships, sending him and his team of David Chalmers, Bryce Granger and Kevin Schmidt to the 1998 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. There, he led his Manitoba rink to 9-3 round robin record, in 2nd place. This put the team in a semifinal match up against Ontario's John Morris. McEwen would lose the match 8–4, settling for third place.
Three years later, McEwen and his new team of Denni Neufeld, Geordie Hargreaves and Nolan Thiessen won the Manitoba junior championships again, qualifying them to represent Manitoba at the 2001 Canadian Juniors. There, they finished in 3rd place after the round robin, with a 9–3 record. This put the team into the semifinals against Northern Ontario's Brian Adams. McEwen beat Adams 8–3, qualifying for the final against Newfoundland's Brad Gushue. McEwen and his Manitoba rink would lose to Gushue, by a score of 8–3, placing them in 2nd place.
In 2003, McEwen and teammates Denni Neufeld, Sheldon Wettig , Marc Kennedy and Nolan Thiessen represented Canada at the 2003 Winter Universiade. McEwen and Wettig represented Brandon University, while his teammates represented the University of Manitoba (Neufeld and Thiessen) and the University of Alberta (Kennedy) . The team finished the round robin with a 6–3 record, in third place. The team then went on to beat Great Britain's Paul Stevenson in the semi-final, then Switzerland's Cyril Stutz in the final, to claim the gold medal.
The following season, McEwen joined the James Kirkness rink as the team's third. McEwen would play for Kirkness for two seasons, and won one World Curling Tour event, the Dauphin Clinic Pharmacy Cashspiel. In 2005, McEwen would form his own team of Justin Richter, Matt Wozniak and Andrew Melnuk. However, his lone Grand Slam appearance before forming his current rink in 2007 was the February 2006 Masters of Curling event, where he joined up with Ryan Fry.
For the 2006–07 season, Richter and Melnuk left the team and were replaced with Geordie Hargreaves and Adam Guenther. The team disbanded after just one season together.
2007-2010
McEwen formed a new rink once again of brothers Denni and B. J. Neufeld and Matt Wozniak in 2007. In their first season together, they were a semi-finalist at the 2008 Safeway Championship, Manitoba's provincial championship. Their first Grand Slam event as a team was at the end season, at the 2008 Players' Championships. The team won two games, before being eliminated.
At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season the McEwen team was ranked 7th on the CCA rankings. They had made it to three Grand Slam playoffs, and finished 4th at the 2009 Safeway Championship.
During the 'Road to the Roar' 2009 Olympic Qualifier, the McEwen team just lost out to fellow Manitobans the Jason Gunnlaugson team in the semi-finals. McEwen thus missed out on the 2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials final despite being the favourite in that particular matchup vs Gunnlaugson. On the tour that season, they won the 2009 Sun Life Classic.
McEwen's rink made it to his first provincial final in 2010, when he lost to Jeff Stoughton in the 2010 Manitoba provincial final. The game was being played in Steinbach, Manitoba and as the Neufeld brothers and their father have roots in Steinbach, were treated very much as the home team and crowd favourites.
2010-2015: Grand Slam success and perennial provincial runner-up
McEwen started the 2010–11 season off well by defeating provincial rival Jeff Stoughton to win the World Cup of Curling and his first ever Grand Slam title in November, 2010. In part of the teams runner-up result in the provincial finals of 2010 and in part because of his 4 victories (2010 Canad Inns Prairie Classic, 2010 Sun Life Classic, 2010 Challenge Casino de Charlevoix and 2011 Ramada Perth Masters), and leading the overall money winnings in the World Curling Tour season as of November 2010, the McEwen team was named as a nominee for the provincial team of the year by the Manitoba Sportswriters and Sportscasters Association.
The team continued their strong season that year by defeating provincial rival Stoughton in the semi-final of the 2011 Canadian Open. McEwen would then go on to beat the Glenn Howard team in the extra end of the final, thus winning their second career Grand Slam and their second of that season.
McEwen's rink once again made it to the Manitoba provincial this time, being the top seed (also ranked 1st in Canada). However, once again lost to Stoughton in the final of the 2011 Safeway Championship, losing by one point in the final end. The next season, Team McEwen won their third Grand Slam at the Canadian Open in December 2011. On the tour, they also won the 2011 Point Optical Curling Classic, the 2011 Canad Inns Prairie Classic, the 2011 Cactus Pheasant Classic and the 2012 Mercure Perth Masters. Later in the season, the McEwen team lost their third straight provincial final game at the 2012 Safeway Championship, this time losing to Rob Fowler, thus tying a provincial record for consecutive final losses previous set by Kerry Burtnyk from 97 to 99. This dubious record was avoided in 2013, when the McEwen rink failed to reach the final, but again losing to the rival Stoughton rink in the 2013 Safeway Championship semi-final. The 2012–13 season was not as strong for the McEwen rink. On the tour, they won just one event, the 2012 Whites Drug Store Classic. They had more success the next season, winning the 2013 Cactus Pheasant Classic, 2013 Canad Inns Prairie Classic, the 2013 China Open and the 2014 Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown. However, once again, at the 2014 Safeway Championship, the team lost the final to Stoughton.
The team found a lot of success during the 2014–15 season, winning the 2014 Canada Cup of Curling and winning two slams, the November 2014 National and the 2015 Elite 10. On the tour they won the 2014 Stu Sells Oakville Tankard, the 2014 Canad Inns Men's Classic, the 2014 Challenge Chateau Cartier de Gatineau, the 2014 Point Optical Curling Classic and the 2015 Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown. Despite being ranked first in the world on both the World Curling Tour Order of Merit rankings and on the WCT money list, McEwen lost his fifth provincial final in six years in 2015, losing to Reid Carruthers.
3 Briers and team breakup
Early on in the 2015–16 season, Team McEwen found success by winning the 2015 Masters, as well as the 2015 Stu Sells Toronto Tankard and the 2015 Point Optical Curling Classic. McEwen's rink would win their first provincial title in 2016, sending them to their first Brier. The team had already booked their place to the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier as their opponents, the Matt Dunstone rink had committed themselves to the 2016 World Junior Curling Championships which occurred at the same time as the Brier. When the Dunstone rink beat Reid Carruthers in the semi-final this meant that McEwen's team would go to the Brier, even if they had lost to Dunstone.
In 2017 McEwen would defend his Manitoba Championship by beating Reid Carruthers in the final of the 2017 Viterra Championship. At the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier, he would then better his 2016 Brier showing, going 9–2 in the round robin to enter the playoffs in 1st place and with hammer and choice of rocks (Brad Gushue would also be 9-2 but would lose 1st place due to losing his round robin meeting with Mike). He would fall 7–5 to Brad Gushue in the 1–2 game however. In the semi-finals against reigning Brier and World Champion Kevin Koe he was in control almost the whole way but up 5–3 with hammer in the 8th end Koe would make an incredible comeback with a steal in the 8th, a two in the 10th, and another steal in the extra end, dropping Mike to the bronze medal game. Mike would recover from this disappointment to win his first Brier medal, defeating Brad Jacobs in their rematch of the 2016 bronze medal game, 7–6 in an extra end. On the tour that season, the team won just two events, the 2016 DeKalb Superspiel and the 2017 Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic. The team won the Golden Wrench Classic the following year as well.
While competing at the 2018 Viterra Championship McEwen came down with chickenpox and was unable to play after the first game. B. J. Neufeld skipped the team, until a surprise appearance by McEwen in the final where they would lose to Carruthers. Despite the setback, McEwen still had a chance to qualify for the 2018 Tim Hortons Brier through the wildcard game, which he won over Jason Gunnlaugson. McEwen had a difficult Brier and alongside Carruthers was unable to qualify for the playoffs. Following the disappointment at the Brier the McEwen team announced they would be breaking up at the end of the 2017–18 season. Just days after the announcement the McEwen team won the 2018 Elite 10 Grand Slam of Curling event, winning the top $28,000 prize money, and was the first team to go through the entire event undefeated. The Grand Slam victory was the team's seventh overall. Shortly after the event it was announced that McEwen would join his friend, Reid Carruthers, on his team throwing the fourth rocks, while Carruthers would continue to skip the team.
Joining Carruthers
After joining the Carruthers team with Derek Samagalski and Colin Hodgson at second and lead, the team found quick success finishing runner-up at the 2018 Elite 10 (September) to Brad Gushue. That would be the only Slam they would qualify in, missing the playoffs at the other six events. They also missed the playoffs at the 2018 Canada Cup, going 0–6. They had a better tour season, winning the Stu Sells Toronto Tankard, Karuizawa International and the Ed Werenich Golden Wrench Classic. They also were successful at the 2019 Viterra Championship, defeating William Lyburn in the final. At the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier, McEwen led Manitoba to a 6–5 record, just missing the playoffs. McEwen was officially named the teams skip for the 2019–20 season.
Team McEwen had a more successful following season. On the tour, they never missed the playoffs and they won one event, the inaugural WCT Uiseong International Curling Cup. In Grand Slam play, they reached the quarterfinals of the Tour Challenge and the National and the semifinals of the Canadian Open. They would not defend their provincial title, losing the final of the 2020 Viterra Championship to Jason Gunnlaugson. They would still compete at the 2020 Tim Hortons Brier though, winning the Wild Card spot over Glenn Howard in the play-in game. Team McEwen finished the round robin and championship pool with a 7–4 record, which was a four-way tie for fourth. They faced John Epping in the first round of tiebreakers where they lost 8–5 and were eliminated. It would be the team's last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In their lone tour event of the 2020–21 season, Team McEwen won the 2020 Ashley HomeStore Curling Classic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba, the 2021 provincial championship was cancelled. As the reigning provincials champions, Team Jason Gunnlaugson was chosen to represent Manitoba at the 2021 Tim Hortons Brier. However, due to many provinces cancelling their provincial championships due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Curling Canada added three Wild Card teams to the national championship, which were based on the CTRS standings from the 2019–20 season. Because Team McEwen ranked 5th on the CTRS and kept at least three of their four players together for the 2020–21 season, they got the first Wild Card spot at the 2021 Brier in Calgary, Alberta. At the 2021 Brier, McEwen led the team to a 4–4 record, missing the championship round.
Personal
McEwen's wife is Dawn McEwen (Askin) the former lead for Jennifer Jones. He met his wife while billeting with her family in Ottawa for bonspiels in the late 1990s. They have two daughters, Vienna and Avalon. McEwen attended Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School and Brandon University. McEwen is employed as a sales representative for Hardline Curling.
Grand Slam record
Teams
References
External links
1980 births
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Living people
Sportspeople from Brandon, Manitoba
Curlers from Winnipeg
Canadian male curlers
Universiade medalists in curling
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Canada
Medalists at the 2003 Winter Universiade
Canada Cup (curling) participants |
肌酸激酶偏低的原因和危害性？肌酸激酶偏低是非常常见的一种人体的指标了，肌酸激酶，也称为肌酸磷酸激酶。主要用于用于骨骼肌疾病及心肌疾病的诊断，血清肌酸激酶的正常参考值：18.0～198.0U/L。肌酸激酶主要存在于细胞质和线粒体中，那么肌酸激酶偏低的原因和危害性是什么呢？一、原因营养不良,其中假肥大型肌营养不良的人最容易出现肌酸激酶的偏高；大量运动,如距离自行车、滑雪及马拉松跑等运动都可导致肌酸激酶的偏高；乙肝患者出现肌酸激酶偏高有可能是病毒性肝炎引起的其他并发症所导致,所以乙肝患者出现肌酸激酶偏高现象需要引起重视；当发现自己的肌酸激酶偏高时一定要第一时间到正规的医院接受科学检查,根据病因来分析自己是否需要进行治疗,该如何进行治疗。切勿自私乱用药,导致患者病情的加重。二、危害心肌梗死急性发病后2~4小时CK水平开始升高,12~48小时达高峰,2~4天可恢复正常,而且CK升高程度与心肌受损程度基本一致。因此CK可用于早期诊断急性心肌梗死,尤其是诊断心肌缺血和心内膜下心肌梗死时,其灵敏度高于其他酶标志物。心肌梗死溶栓治疗使闭塞血管恢复血流后,CK达峰时间提前，故动态检测CK变化有助于观察病情和评估预后。各种肌病(如进行性肌营养不良发作期、病毒性心肌炎、多发性肌炎、挤压综合征等严重肌肉损伤)或手术后血清CK升高。肌酸激酶偏低的原因和危害性？关于肌酸激酶高的原因,相信大家已经了解了。营养不良就是其中一种,此外大量的剧烈运动,甚至是病毒性乙肝的患者等,都容易导致肌酸激酶偏高。心肌梗死溶栓治疗使闭塞血管恢复血流后,CK达峰时间提前，故动态检测CK变化有助于观察病情和评估预后。 |
（学名：Hydroides）为龙介虫科的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
Hydroides adamaformis Pillai, 2009
Hydroides affinis (Marion, 1875)
Hydroides alatalateralis (Jones, 1962)
白色盘管虫 Hydroides albiceps (Grube, 1870)
Hydroides amri Sun & Wong
Hydroides ancorispina Pillai, 1971
Hydroides arnoldi Augener, 1918
Hydroides augeneri Zibrowius, 1973
Hydroides azorica Zibrowius, 1972
班达盘管虫 Hydroides bandaensis Zibrowius, 1972
Hydroides bannerorum Bailey-Brock, 1991
基刺盘管虫 Hydroides basispinosa Straughan, 1967
Hydroides bifurcata Pixell, 1913
Hydroides bisecta Imajima
Hydroides bispinosa Bush, 1910
盘管虫 Hydroides brachyacantha Rioja, 1941 （= H. brachyacanthus）
Hydroides bulbosa Hove, 1990
Hydroides calopoma Zibrowius, 1973
Hydroides capensis Zibrowius, 1972
中刺盘管虫 Hydroides centrospina Hydroides chilensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1962
Hydroides (Eucarphus) crucigera Mörch, 1863
Hydroides dafnii (Amoureux, Rullier & Fishelson, 1978)
Hydroides deleoni Bastida-Zavala
针盘管虫 Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873)
Hydroides diplochone (Grube, 1878)
Hydroides dipoma (Schmarda, 1861)
分离盘管虫 Hydroides dirampha Mörch, 1863 （= H. lunilifera），双钩盘管虫
Hydroides dolabrus Tovar-Hernández, Villalobos-Guerrero, Kupriyanova & Sun, 2016
华美盘管虫 Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883)
Hydroides elegantula (Bush, 1910)
Hydroides euplaeana
高盘管虫 Hydroides exaltata (Marenzeller, 1884)
Hydroides externispina Straughan, 1967
内刺盘管虫 Hydroides ezoensis Okuda, 1934
Hydroides floridana (Bush, 1910)
Hydroides furcifera (Grube, 1878)
褐棘盘管虫 Hydroides fusca Imajima, 1976
小刺盘管虫 Hydroides (Eupomatus) fusicola Mörch, 1863
Hydroides gairacensis Augener, 1934
Hydroides glandifera Rioja, 1941
Hydroides glasbyi Sun & Wong
Hydroides gottfriedi Read
Hydroides gracilis (Bush, 1905)
Hydroides groenlandica Mörch, 1863
Hydroides helmata (Iroso, 1921)
Hydroides heterocera (Grube, 1868)
Hydroides heterofurcata Pillai, 1971
Hydroides hexagona (Bosc, 1802)
Hydroides homoceros Pixell, 1913
黄海盘管虫 Hydroides huanghaiensis Sun & Yang, 2000
Hydroides humilis (Bush, 1905)
Hydroides inermis Monro, 1933
细爪盘管虫 Hydroides inornata Pillai, 1960
Hydroides kimberleyensis Pillai, 2009
Hydroides lambecki Bastida-Zavala
Hydroides lirs Kupriyanova & Sun
长刺盘管虫 Hydroides longispinosa Imajima, 1976
长柄盘管虫 Hydroides longistylaris Chen & Wu, 1980
踝刺盘管虫 Hydroides malleolaspina Straughan, 1967
Hydroides (Eucarphus) microtis Mörch, 1863
突出盘管虫 Hydroides minax (Grube, 1878)
Hydroides mongeslopezi Rioja, 1958
Hydroides monroi Zibrowius, 1973
Hydroides mucronata Rioja, 1958
多刺盘管虫 Hydroides multispinosa Marenzeller, 1884
南海盘管虫 Hydroides nanhaiensis Wu & Chen, 1981
Hydroides nigra Zibrowius, 1971
Hydroides nikae Sun, Wong, Tovar-Hernández, Williamson & Kupriyanova, 2016
Hydroides nodosa Straughan, 1967
Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus, 1768
棒棘盘管虫 Hydroides (Eupomatus) novaepommeraniae Augener, 1925 （= 格氏盘管虫 Hydroides grubei Pillai, 1965）
侧刺盘管虫 Hydroides norvegicus （ = H. norvegica）
Hydroides ochotereana Rioja, 1941
管盖盘管虫 Hydroides operculata (Treadwell, 1929) （= H. operculatus），壳盖盘管虫
Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala
Hydroides parva (Treadwell, 1902)
Hydroides pectinata (Philippi, 1844)
Hydroides perezi Fauvel, 1918
Hydroides plateni (Kinberg, 1867)
原盘管虫 Hydroides prisca Pillai, 1971
Hydroides protulicola Benedict, 1887
Hydroides pseudexaltata Pillai, 2009
Hydroides pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968
Hydroides qiui Sun & Wong
Hydroides ralumiana Augener, 1927
三角盘管虫 Hydroides recta Straughan, 1967
Hydroides recurvispina Rioja, 1941
菱瓣盘管虫 Hydroides rhombobula Chen & Wu, 1980
Hydroides salazarvallejoi Bastida-Zavala
尖冠盘管虫 Hydroides sanctaecrucis Krøyer, 1863
相似盘管虫 Hydroides similis (Treadwell, 1929)
Hydroides similoides Bastida-Zavala
Hydroides simplidentata Pillai, 2009
中华盘管虫 Hydroides sinensis Zibrowius, 1972
Hydroides spongicola Benedict, 1887
Hydroides steinitzi Ben-Eliahu, 1972
Hydroides stoichadon Zibrowius, 1971
无殖盘管虫 Hydroides tambalagamensis Pillai, 1961
Hydroides tenhovei Bastida-Zavala & de Leon-Gonzalez, 2002
三瓣盘管虫 Hydroides trilobula Chen & Wu, 1978
Hydroides trivesiculosa Straughan, 1967
Hydroides trompi Bastida-Zavala
管壳盘管虫 Hydroides tuberculata Imajima, 1976
具钩盘管虫 Hydroides uncinata (Phillipi, 1844)
单形盘管虫 Hydroides uniformis Imajima & Ten Hove, 1986
Hydroides vizagensis Lakshmana Rao, 1969
西沙盘管虫 Hydroides xishaensis Chen & Wu, 1978
归入本属的物种
Codonytes infundibulum
Eupomatus blumenbachii (Mörch, 1863)
参考文献
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蔡啟芳（台灣話 : Tshuà Khé-hong，）台灣政治人物、前立法委員，現任財團法人台灣省私立嘉義濟美仁愛之家董事長，曾因一清專案而入獄，台灣嘉義縣布袋鎮新塭人，民主進步黨籍。
生平
蔡啟芳出身政治世家，其祖父蔡仁、父親蔡長銘都擔任過嘉義縣議員，父親蔡長銘為國民黨嘉義黃派要角，曾擔任嘉義縣議會第七、八屆副議長以及第九屆議長
，其子蔡易餘為民進黨籍現任立法委員。
1984年因為一清專案而入獄。出獄後曾於1989年參選嘉義縣的增額立法委員選舉落選，但是在1990年當選嘉義縣布袋鎮長；1991年的第二屆國大代表選舉中，於嘉義市當選。1996年，蔡啟芳當選不分區國大代表並曾擔任國大黨團召集人，1997年，有意參選嘉義市長，但在黨內初選期間便被民進黨拒絕。蔡啟芳也曾擔任民進黨嘉義縣黨部主委以及嘉義市黨部主委，並且曾經加入過民進黨內次團正義連線。
2004年，蔡啟芳連任第六屆立法委員，而且還擔任台灣日光燈股份有限公司董事長。
2005年12月15日，宣布參選民主進步黨主席，但最終並未參加選舉。
2006年，民進黨立委蕭美琴有意草擬及遊說《同性婚姻法》的法律制定案，遭蔡等23名立委提出反對連署，阻擋《同性婚姻法》一讀。
2016年5月9日，蔡啟芳卸任立委之後，在嘉義市政府後方開設蔡啟芳做嘜固小吃店，並擔任老闆。但約在2017年即歇業。
2017年5月25日，其子蔡易餘於政論節目《新聞挖挖哇》披露，在得知其很疼愛的一個外甥實為同性戀者後，轉而支持同性婚姻。
2020年7月11日，因肺阻塞末期，於當天早上8點在台大醫院進行肺部移植手術，其子現任嘉義縣立委蔡易餘晚上7點時說，歷經11個小時手術，醫師徐紹勳稍早告知家屬，移植過程非常順利，目前已在最後傷口縫合過程，接下來2個禮拜是器官是否排斥的危險期，並感謝各界的關心。蔡易餘說，父親是因肺阻塞末期，上個月住進病院插管治療，昨天台大醫院通知可做肺部移植手術，緊急與家人討論後，決定同意手術；蔡易餘說，父親因長期抽菸，肺阻塞已10多年，3年前戒菸，但肺部功能持續下滑，最近病況嚴重，也提醒民眾注意抽菸對健康的影響。
爭議
黑道背景
蔡啟芳雖然出身政治世家，但初中時便在道上背著「菜市仔」的名號，「走闖」妓院、酒家、賭場，更曾因率眾砍人，而與竹聯幫老大陳啟禮、四海幫老大蔡冠倫等大哥級人物，一起移送綠島管訓。
1997年4月4日，蔡啟芳召開記者會，對於民進黨中執會，因為他具有黑道背景，而遲遲不提名他代表民進黨參選嘉義市長表示不滿。
2013年5月1日，民進黨中常委李清福在中常會提及，「前立委蔡啟芳有槍砲彈藥前科、立委陳明文也有前科，是不是黑道？排黑要不要溯及既往？」。蔡易餘指出，蔡啟芳以前曾贏得嘉義市長的黨內初選，當時就是因為黨內的「排黑」，無法獲得提名，此為確實案例。
立院三寶
蔡啟芳與民進黨立委林重謨、侯水盛的問政風格口無遮攔，大小爭議不斷，甚至出口成髒，被外界戲稱為「立法院三寶」，但3人不以為意，而且還組成三寶連線聯合競選，口無遮攔的三寶，3個都淪為票房毒藥。
相關人士遭檢方以賄選偵辦未起訴
2007年7月11日，民進黨嘉義縣黨部水上鄉席開20桌，宴請水上鄉地區的樁腳與選民共一百八十人，與會者包括陳明文、蔡啟芳、嘉義縣議員吳李綠、劉敬祥、水上鄉農會總幹事林滄賢、林崑山等地方重要樁腳，檢調表示，陳明文、蔡啟芳在餐會中，除公開要求賓客投票支持蔡啟芳，並要求與會者提早動員拉票。嘉義地檢署約談民進黨嘉義縣黨部執行長吳溪瀨、水上鄉前鄉長林崑山、立委蔡啟芳助理謝坤林等三人到案，檢方並以涉嫌替蔡啟芳期約賄選，分別各以十五、二十、十萬元交保。2008年2月25日，檢察官王振名偵結，民進黨嘉義縣黨部主委蔡長雄等20人全部獲得不起訴處分。蔡長雄表示，希望檢方往後辦案更慎重。
侮辱女性
2003年4月2日，蔡啟芳在議場上，一面做出女性胸部的動作，一面向同僚說：「陳文茜委員曾說到乳房是女人社交的工具，我也想跟她交際一下」。
侮辱老師
2003年11月，蔡在立院大罵：「多數老師都是一些王八蛋」；泛藍立委立即予以強烈譴責；全國教師會也強烈要求蔡道歉 。原本還不願承認失言的蔡啟芳，最後仍在民進黨團的要求下，下午主動舉行記者會，承認自己措詞不當，向全國的老師道歉。
介入媒體
2005年，蔡曾宣稱如TVBS不關門，就改姓「婊」，但隨後陳水扁總統出面表示，在他任內不會關掉任何媒體，蔡啟芳後向TVBS道歉，並且在自己的立委辦公室名牌貼上「裱」字，強調一切就事論事，以後大家叫他「裱」哥也沒關係。
嗆兒不推赦扁就斷關係
2017年5月22日，蔡在臉書上向立委兒子蔡易餘「喊話」表示，「立院本會期蔡易餘是司委會召委，如不把《赦免法》之修正案排入議程，那父子關係就結束」。蔡易餘表示，「父親很明顯的，他應該是在講幹話。大家都知道，我爸爸是講幹話之王。」。
爆料民進黨派系花錢養黨員
2017年5月24日，蔡啟芳在臉書上爆料，民進黨長期被新潮流系與美麗島系把持，要當黨主席的人必須看這兩個派系的臉色，因為這兩個派系在全國各地皆有經營黨員、代繳黨費等，所以各地方黨部主任委員或黨代表不是新潮流系、就是美麗島系，「而這兩個派系又皆是親中的派系，金錢方面當不虞匱乏」。蔡啟芳甚至宣稱，近二十年來，他每年花費新臺幣數千多萬元，在民進黨嘉義縣黨部及嘉義市黨部養了四千多名人頭黨員。同月25日，民進黨秘書長洪耀福回應，民進黨過去因中下階層黨員較多而有些公職人員幫忙代繳黨費，但是繳黨費制度已經改了很多年，現在一年黨費新臺幣300元多是黨員親自去繳，「蔡啟芳活在二十年前」。
第七屆立委選舉
2008年，參選連任第七屆立法委員失利。
參考文獻
外部連結
立法院
第二屆國民大會代表
第三屆國民大會代表
第五屆立法院立法委員
第六屆立法院立法委員
布袋鎮鎮長
嘉
國立空中大學校友
台灣罪犯
台灣黑幫成員
台灣政治人物第二代
嘉義縣選出的立法委員
布袋人
C啟
民主進步黨地方黨部主委 |
蚊子进入耳朵有危险吗？夏天不断气温非常高而且有很多苍蝇和蚊子出没，在睡觉的时候一不小心就很容易出现蚊子钻进耳朵里的事情。这个时候很多人都会特别担心，也都想知道蚊子蚊子进入耳朵是否有危险。事实上蚊子不会跑进大脑，因为有鼓膜堵住。蚊子根本进不去。建议去医院耳鼻喉科将蚊子取出，以免损伤鼓膜。而且蚊子进入耳朵中之后由于环境变化比较大，而且随着时间推移还会出现缺氧的现象，要记得及时清理，不然蚊子在耳朵内死亡细菌就很容易侵害耳朵内的组织，严重的甚至还会诱发中耳炎等问题出现。所以最好能够及时去正规医院找专业的医生帮忙取出来。那么蚊子飞到耳朵里时该怎么办呢？1、千万不要用小木棒、小木棍、棉签什么的乱挖，他只会钻到更加里面去，情况只会更坏，而且不小心弄到耳膜就糟了。2、可以在耳朵旁用电筒照一照，因为蚊子有很强的趋光性，有时候它会飞出来。3、可以在耳朵里滴几滴菜油，蚊子的翅膀黏住了很快死了，就不会让耳朵很难受了，而且没有副作用。4、也可以滴几滴酒精进去先把它消灭掉，让它动弹不得，还可以消毒，而且酒精挥发的也快。5、觉得严重或不放心自己弄的可以到医院耳鼻喉科挂号检查，并让医生把异物取出来。蚊虫类飞入耳朵是常见的耳内异物，建议保持情绪稳定，不要慌张，可以做侧头动作或者借助手电筒的光照，引导其飞出，从上面的文章我们知道了还可以采取滴耳的方法，将其淹死或杀死，然后用棉棒引导扫出，如果还是弄不出来，建议及时到正规医院耳鼻喉科就诊进行耳道异物取出术，将其取出。 |
请描述利口乐的历史？利口乐是1930年由Emil Wilhelm Richterich 和 Daniel Ruoss Sr.所创立。当时他们是收购劳芬的一家烘焙店后，成立了Confiseriefabrik Richterich＆Co.Laufen。1940年烘焙店研制了一款糖，采用了13种香料，并成为该店日后招牌。 在 Richterich 的经营下，此面包店专精于制造如“Fünfermocken”的糖果，一种类似于焦糖的甜点。1940年，Richterich融合了13种草药，并创造了利口乐的瑞士药草糖。在1950年代，此糖果因可在沸水中溶解而可以由这方法制作出有芳香的药草茶或汤药而受到赞赏，并激发 Richterich 在几年后创造利口乐草药茶。1967年，烘焙店转型。Emil Richterich和他的儿子 Hans Peter 和 Alfred 用此名子的缩写Richterich ＆Compagnie Laufen将公司改名为Ricola。1970年代开始出口到海外，并在1980年代末期把利口乐公司搬到Laufen附近并新建专门工厂，该工厂的位置到现在还是利口乐总部的地址。 1976年，经过对无糖糖果的广泛研究，Ricola推出了瑞士首款可咀嚼的无糖草本糖果。1980年代，利口乐首次开始在电视上宣传其产品，以对口腔护理作招徕，使观众增加了对利口乐所提供的无糖产品需求。 1988年公司开始采用小型纸盒作包装。该公司现在由汉斯彼得管理。今天，Ricola出口到亚洲，北美和欧洲等50多个国家。 |
The B Reactor at the Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, was the first large-scale nuclear reactor ever built. The project was a key part of the Manhattan Project, the United States nuclear weapons development program during World War II. Its purpose was to convert natural (not isotopically enriched) uranium metal into plutonium-239 by neutron activation, as plutonium is simpler to chemically separate from spent fuel assemblies, for use in nuclear weapons, than it is to isotopically enrich uranium into weapon-grade material. The B reactor was fueled with metallic natural uranium, graphite moderated, and water-cooled. It has been designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark since August 19, 2008 and in July 2011 the National Park Service recommended that the B Reactor be included in the Manhattan Project National Historical Park commemorating the Manhattan Project. Visitors can take a tour of the reactor by advance reservation.
Design and construction
The reactor was designed and built by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company based on experimental designs tested by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago, and tests from the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It was designed to operate at 250 megawatts (thermal).
The purpose of the reactor was to breed plutonium from natural (not isotopically enriched) uranium metal, as uranium enrichment was a difficult process, while plutonium is relatively simple to process chemically. The Y12 uranium enrichment plant required 14,700 tons of silver for its enrichment calutrons, as well as 22,000 employees and more electrical power than most entire states required at the time. Reactor B required only a few dozen employees and fewer exotic materials, which were also required in far smaller amounts. The largest part of the reactor was 1200 tons of graphite used as a moderator, and its power consumption was vastly smaller, requiring only enough electricity to run the cooling pumps.
The reactor occupies a footprint of (about and is tall, occupying a volume of . The reactor core itself consisted of a graphite box measuring occupying a volume of and weighing . It was penetrated horizontally through its entire length by 2,004 aluminum tubes and vertically by channels for the vertical safety rods.
The core is surrounded by a thermal shield of cast iron thick weighing . Masonite and steel plates enclose the thermal shield on its top and sides, forming a biological shield for radiation protection. The bottom of the thermal shield is supported by a concrete pad topped by cast-iron blocks. The graphite composition was selected to moderate the nuclear reaction fueled by of uranium slugs approximately diameter long (the approximate size of a roll of quarters), sealed in aluminum cans, and loaded into the aluminum tubes.
The reactor was water-cooled, with cooling water pumped from the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River through the aluminum tubes around the uranium slugs at the rate of per minute. The water was discharged into settling basins, then returned to the river after allowing time for the decay of radioactive materials, the settling out of particulate matter, and for the water to cool so it could be returned to the Columbia River. Water returning to the river was prohibited from raising the temperature of the river by more than 11 °F.
Operation
The B Reactor had its first nuclear chain reaction in September 1944, the D Reactor in December 1944 and the F Reactor in February 1945. The initial operation was halted by a problem identified as neutron absorption by the fission product Xe-135, first identified in a research paper of Chien-Shiung Wu that was shared with Fermi. It was overcome by increasing the amount of uranium charged. The reactor produced plutonium-239 by irradiating uranium-238 with neutrons generated by the nuclear reaction. It was one of three reactors – along with the D and F reactors – built about six miles (10 km) apart on the south bank of the Columbia River. Each reactor had its own auxiliary facilities that included a river pump house, large storage and settling basins, a filtration plant, large motor-driven pumps for delivering water to the face of the pile, and facilities for emergency cooling in case of a power failure.
Emergency shutdown of the reactor, referred to as a SCRAM, was attained either by rapidly fully inserting the vertical safety rods or, as a backup method, by the injection of borated water into the reactor. In January 1952, the borated water system was replaced by a "Ball-3X" system that injected nickel-plated high-boron steel balls into the channels occupied by the vertical safety rods.
The plutonium for the nuclear bomb used in the Trinity test in New Mexico and the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan was created in the B reactor. The B Reactor ran for two decades, and was joined by additional reactors constructed later. It was permanently shut down in February 1968.
Current status
The United States Department of Energy has administered the site since 1977 and offers public tours on set dates during the spring, summer, and fall of the year, as well as special tours for visiting officials.
six of the nine production reactors at Hanford were considered to be in "interim safe storage" status, and two more were to receive similar treatment. The exception was the B Reactor, which was given special status for its historical significance.
In a process called cocooning or entombment, the reactor buildings are demolished up to the concrete shield around the reactor core. Any openings are sealed and a new roof is built. Most auxiliary buildings at the first three reactors have been demolished, as well.
The C reactor was put into operation in 1952 and was shut down in 1969. It was cocooned as of 1998.
The D reactor operated from 1944 to June 1967, and was cocooned in 2004. The DR Reactor went online in October 1950, and was shut down in 1964. It was cocooned in 2002.
The F reactor was shut down in June 1965 and cocooned in 2003.
The H Reactor became operational as of October 1949 and was shut down as of April 1965. It was cocooned as of 2005.
Cocooning of the N-Reactor, which operated from 1963 to 1987, was completed as of June 14, 2012.
The decommissioned reactors are inspected every five years by the Department of Energy.
The K East and K West reactors were built in the 1950s and went into use in 1955. They were shut down in 1970 and 1971, but reused temporarily for storage later.
Preliminary plans for interim stabilizing of the K-East and K-West reactors were underway as of January 30, 2018.
The B Reactor was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#) on April 3, 1992. A Record of Decision (ROD) was issued in 1999, and an EPA Action Memorandum in 2001 authorized hazards mitigation in the reactor with the intention of allowing public tours of the reactor. It was named a National Historic Landmark on August 19, 2008.
In December 2014, passage of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) made the B reactor part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, which also includes historic sites at Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Los Alamos, New Mexico. The park was formally established by a Memorandum of Agreement on November 10, 2015, which was signed by the National Park Service and the Department of Energy. Museum development at Hanford may include the B Reactor, Bruggemann's Warehouse, Hanford High School, Pump House, and White Bluffs Bank.
Timeline of major events
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington
National Register of Historic Places listings in Benton County, Washington
References
Further reading
Washington Closure Hanford-
External links
"Ranger in Your Pocket" online tours Atomic Heritage Foundation
Hanford 25th Anniversary Celebration Video of the 25th anniversary celebration of the construction of B Reactor
B Reactor Museum Association A collection of Hanford-related documents from a group working to preserve the B-100 Reactor at Hanford.
Hanford Site Tours – Department of Energy, includes B Reactor
Hanford Site
Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
Former nuclear research institutes
Manhattan Project sites
Defunct nuclear reactors
Graphite moderated reactors
Military nuclear reactors
Nuclear reactors in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington
Cold War museums in the United States
Museums in Benton County, Washington
History of physics
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
Infrastructure completed in 1944
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
National Historic Landmarks in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Benton County, Washington
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places
1944 establishments in Washington (state) |
何鑫杰（）是一名中国足球运动员，司职中场，目前效力于广州队。
职业统计
俱乐部
.
参考
中国男子足球运动员
西班牙外籍足球運動員
中国旅外足球运动员
中超球员
广州足球俱乐部球员
足球中場 |
曾向群（），香港政治人物，東區區議會第一至三屆委任議員，現為新民黨中央委員會委員，曾經於六七暴動期間遭殖民地政府拘捕及入獄。
早年
曾向群原名曾洪，其父於第二次世界大戰期間參與抗日戰爭，戰後移居香港任職巴士司機，並加入左派「摩托車業職工總會」（簡稱「摩總」，現為汽車交通運輸業總工會）。而曾洪本人亦於15歲完成中五課程後，加入了摩總九龍分會任職小書記。
六七暴動
1967年5月，曾洪受摩總九龍分會領導的安排，參與了港督府門外張貼大字報，以及花園道的示威。
7月25日下午，當日曾洪正在摩總九龍分會會所天台洗衣服，期間警方搜捕摩分會所，把會址裡繳獲的舞蹈班道具及汽車維修班教學工具視作「攻擊性武器」，拘捕包括曾洪在內的42人，按當時的緊急法例，各人均被落案控以「處身於藏有攻擊性武器之場所」。
案件於北九龍裁判署開審，其中兩名被告後判無罪釋放，除16歲的曾洪需待感化官報告外，其餘39人均於9月14日判刑，其中一名被告被判入獄19個月，餘下38人均被判入獄16個月，當中35人被建議於刑滿後遞解出境。
9月21日，法庭裁定曾洪不適宜入感化院，判入獄九個月，並建議當局於刑滿後將其遞解出境。
現況
曾洪出獄後繼續於摩分任職，至1980年代擔任專線小巴司機，並且在摩總所屬的工聯會擔當地區工作。後來改名「曾向群」，於中國大陸投資渡假村，賺了第一桶金。1996年獲委任為推委會成員。
1997年香港回歸後，曾向群於1999年起成為東區區議會委任議員，至2011年屆滿後離任。2009年，他獲得頒發榮譽勳章，現時為新民黨成員。
在2014年8月17日舉行的「反佔中」遊行中，曾向群擔當籌委會總指揮特別助理。
《火樹飛花》
在2012年出版的屈穎妍著怍《火樹飛花》中，曾向群曾化名「曾仔」接受作者訪問。
「曾仔」透露，他於2003年獲邀檢閱香港輔助警察隊畢業會操，惟因為其案底而被拒絕，而他本人亦以長期為地區服務的貢獻，多次被提名當太平紳士及接受嘉獎，也因為其案底而被拒絕。直至2009年方能獲得授勳，以區議員及地區少年警訊會長身份獲邀主持香港輔助警察隊畢業會操、檢閱步操及致辭。
另外，「曾仔」亦曾去信董建華及曾蔭權，要求為六七事件平反，惟兩人均以「司法獨立」為由而拒絕，亦表示不可能將當年的少年犯定性為政治犯。
參見
六七暴動
香港特別行政區第一屆政府推選委員會
香港島各界聯合會
新民黨 (香港)
曾德成
參考資料
外部連結
六七暴動Wiki - 曾洪
六七動力研究社：十六歲的「暴動犯」曾仔
文匯報：民建聯港島區助選衝刺士氣如虹
蘋果日報：政府委任區議員明益保皇黨
六七暴動被關押者
香港新民黨成員
東區區議員
香港商人
商人出身的政治人物
曾姓 |
风湿病性贫血的诊断是什么？1.外周血 血红蛋白大多在80～100g/L，血细胞比容下降为30%～35%，呈轻度小细胞低色素性贫血或正细胞正色素性贫血，红细胞平均体积(MCV)、红胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)正常或轻度降低。2.网织红细胞正常或轻度降低，有时也轻度升高。3.骨髓象 大多无异常表现，铁染色示铁贮存正常或增加，巨噬细胞内含铁增加，但铁粒幼红细胞减少。此和MMS向幼红细胞释放铁减少有关。4.血清铁、总铁结合力和铁饱和度均降低，而血清铁蛋白正常或升高，表明循环中游离铁减少，体内总的贮存铁增加。5.铁动力学检测于MMS摄取59Fe增加，而59Fe自血液消失时间缩短，红细胞内59Fe掺入减少。根据病情、临床表现、症状、体征选择做X线、心电图、B超、生化等检查。 |
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