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尿常规检查价钱？尿常规检查内容包括很多项，主要是看尿的颜色、观察透明度、测试酸碱度、白细胞、管型、红细胞、上皮细胞、蛋白质、比重及尿糖定性。观察尿液的颜色，观察收集的尿液，看颜色有无异常。正常情况下，尿液是黄色的，如果出现异常可能会有别样的变化，或者过于发白，或者是有血尿的情况。观察尿液的透明度，观察尿液的透明度也是为了确定尿液的新鲜度，清晰透明的尿液一般来说是刚做的样本，是可以使用的。放置时间过长的尿液会失去部分特性，且会有浑浊，这样的尿液一般不可以作为检查的尿样。正常尿液呈弱酸性，如果尿液呈现弱碱性，在保证尿样有效的情况下，如果没有饮食的干扰，也没有服用碱性药物，那可能会是类似蛋白尿之类的疾病，要注意作进一步的检查。尿液中如果检查出大量的红细胞和白细胞，则表明泌尿系统或生殖系统可能存在感染，正常情况下，尿液中只是存在很少的白细胞和红细胞，过多肯定有异常。管型检查是一种排除病变的重要检查，正常人的尿液中几乎没有管型，蛋白质在肾小球中集聚就会形成管型，在尿液检查中如果出现管型，那就是肾发生病变的进一步证据。正常蛋白质在经过肾小球的过滤以后，只有很少的才会出现在尿液中，所以一般检查都会是阴性，但是如果肾脏出现问题，肾小球的过滤作用失调就会有蛋白尿的产生，检测结果阳性。比重检查是用来排除一些生殖系统疾病的一项检查，虽然这项检查并不能够确定疾病的确切情况，但是依然很重要。正常尿液检查，葡萄糖的含量也会检查为阴性，但是如果为阳性，就会被定性为尿糖，是体内血糖过高以及一些肾脏疾病的先兆。
The selection process for the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of four bids and saw Lillehammer, Norway, selected ahead of Östersund, Sweden; Sofia, Bulgaria; and Anchorage, Alaska, United States. The selection was made at the 94th IOC Session in Seoul, South Korea, on 15 September 1988. Results References Bids September 1988 events in Europe 1980s in Seoul 1988 in South Korean sport Events in Seoul 1994
前列腺内小囊肿严重吗？患有前列腺囊肿的患者经常表现出尿急以及尿频和尿潴留等症状。如果疾病持续存在，就会引起感染和结石，这将对男性的朋友们的健康造成严重的危害。因此，只有尽早发现早期的治疗才是关键，让我们一起来看看前列腺炎的小囊肿。前列腺的小囊肿是良性病变，由于前列腺的先天性或后天性而经历囊性变化。先天性囊肿是退行性肾小管变性，其在中线合并并在膀胱下形成深部憩室或囊肿，在前列腺尿道后面开口。获得性囊肿是由坚韧的前列腺基质引起的不完全或间歇性阻塞，逐渐增厚的腺泡上皮，最终保留囊肿可位于前列腺的任何位置或突出到膀胱颈部。1至2厘米。前列腺囊肿可能因感染和结石而复杂化。较大的囊肿可压迫尿道并引起排尿困难。常见症状包括尿急，尿频，尿潴留，尿路细腻和尿潴留。先天性的前列腺囊的肿通常与先天性的疾病相关，如尿道下裂，隐睾症和肾的发育不全。当囊肿较大时，在前列腺中检测到直肠手指并且可以看到囊肿。尿道可见于后尿道，有弯曲的印象。超声和CT可以确认位置。较小的无症状囊肿可能无法治疗，较大的囊肿或有症状的小囊肿可通过手术治疗。前列腺的小囊肿有时会从尿道中产生浓缩的分泌物，肛门检查可以通过波动感触及前列腺，但常常出现在背部。偶尔，脓肿会进入尿道，直肠，会阴或膀胱周围的空间，引起结缔组织炎症。然而，有些患者可能没有发烧，主要危害是下尿路梗阻，许多患者有附睾和睾丸炎。前列腺囊肿通常在成人中发现。患者可能会出现尿路梗阻或粪便阻塞等症状。尿路梗阻常引起急性尿潴留。这些条件对成年人的生活产生了很大的影响。除了上述一些症状外，先天性前列腺囊肿还与尿道下裂等其他疾病有关。前列腺囊肿仍有许多危害。我不会在这里列出它们。我希望患者能够面对自己的疾病，不要拖延治疗。否则会引起许多疾病。建议您照顾前列腺囊肿并积极治疗，以免造成其他伤害。
杂粮通常是指水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆以外的粮豆作物，主要包括各种谷类（高粱、糜子、燕麦、大麦、青稞）、拟谷类（荞麦、藜麦、苋属如尾穗苋、繁穗苋、千穗谷）、甘薯, 以及普通菜豆、绿豆、小豆、蚕豆和豌豆等。日语中的狭义指杂穀，广义指杂粮。参见五谷粮食谷物
提格濟爾特（），是阿爾及利亞的城鎮，位於該國北部，由提濟烏祖省負責管轄，是提格濟爾特區的首府，面積42平方公里，2008年人口11,962，人口密度每平方公里287人。阿爾及利亞城市
Hurricane Helene was the most intense tropical cyclone of the 1958 Atlantic hurricane season. The eighth tropical storm and fourth hurricane of the year, Helene was formed from a tropical wave east of the Lesser Antilles on September 21, 1958. Moving steadily westward, the storm slowly intensified, attaining hurricane strength on September 24. As conditions became increasingly favorable for tropical cyclone development, Helene began to rapidly intensify. Nearing the United States East Coast, the hurricane quickly attained Category 4 intensity on September 26, before it subsequently reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum barometric pressure of . The intense hurricane came within of Cape Fear, North Carolina before recurving out to sea. Accelerating northward, Helene gradually weakened, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it passed over Newfoundland on September 29. Helene's extratropical remnants traversed eastwards across the Atlantic Ocean before dissipating near Great Britain on October 4. Despite not making landfall on North Carolina, its close proximity to land caused extensive damage across the US East Coast. Strong winds resulted in widespread power outages, cutting telecommunications along the coast. A weather station in Wilmington, North Carolina reported a wind gust of , setting a new record for fastest wind gust reported there. Though mostly concentrated in North Carolina, rainfall was widespread, reaching as far north as Maine. In the United States, damages reached $11.2 million and there was one indirect death. After impacting the US, Helene produced strong winds and heavy rain across much of Atlantic Canada. In Cape Breton Island on Nova Scotia, the storm was considered the worst in at least 21 years. Power outages cut most communications from the island to the mainland, and property damage in Sydney, Nova Scotia totaled to C$100,000. At Helene's landfall in Newfoundland, strong gusts peaking at in Naval Station Argentia were reported, and loss of power severed communications. Damage across there totaled to at least C$100,000. Total damages associated with Helene in the United States and Canada amounted to $11.4 million, making Helene the costliest storm of the season. Meteorological history The origins of Hurricane Helene can be traced back to an easterly wave that formed near Cape Verde on September 16. Moving towards the west due to trade winds associated with the Hadley cell, the disturbance gradually intensified. On September 20, ships in the system's vicinity reported widespread shower activity and generally low barometric pressures. Early the following day, a reconnaissance flight reported evidence of a weak circulation, with gusts of in heavy squalls surrounding the circulation center. At 0200 UTC later that day, the United States Weather Bureau office in San Juan, Puerto Rico began issuing bulletins on the system for public interests. In HURDAT, the tropical wave was first classified as a tropical depression at 0600 UTC on September 21, well east of the Leeward Antilles. At the time, the depression had maximum sustained winds of . Moving on a west-northwest track at roughly early on September 22, the storm initially changed little in intensity. However, a large upper tropospheric anticyclone developed over the southern Atlantic coast, producing the favorable wind shear needed for tropical cyclone development. A second reconnaissance flight reported an intensified tropical cyclone, indicating that the storm system had reached tropical storm strength. At 0000 UTC on September 23, the depression attained tropical storm strength, with maximum winds of and a central minimum pressure of . The US Weather Bureau issued their first advisory on the newly developed tropical storm at 1600 UTC later that day, giving the storm the name Helene. Despite the storm's poor organization, Helene gradually intensified in favorable conditions generated by the large anticyclone. Throughout the day, a second anticyclone moved eastward until it was situated off of the Mid-Atlantic states, while a mean trough in the lower levels of the atmosphere became situated over the United States East Coast. This would set up a path for Helene to pass very close to the United States. The tropical storm attained hurricane intensity by 2200 UTC on 2200 UTC on September 24, while located east of Fort Pierce, Florida. However, in post-season analysis, it was found that Helene reached hurricane intensity earlier that day, by 1200 UTC. At the time, gale-force winds extended up to out from the storm's center of circulation. The hurricane steadily strengthened as it moved towards the northwest around the western periphery of the Azores High on September 25. Encountering the anticyclone situated off of the Mid-Atlantic states, Helene began to curve slightly towards the west. The lack of strong steering currents in the storm's vicinity caused the hurricane to move very slowly throughout the day, giving the hurricane time to significantly intensify. By 0000 UTC on September 26, Helene strengthened to the equivalent of a modern-day Category 2 hurricane, with a minimum pressure of . Moving slowly towards The Carolinas, the hurricane rapidly intensified. A recon flight reported a minimum pressure of , a drop of from the previous day. As the hurricane neared the coast, its eye became apparent on coastal long-range WSR-57 weather radar images. By 1800 UTC on September 26, Helene strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane and then to a Category 4 hurricane the following day. The major hurricane continued to strengthen before reaching its peak intensity on September 27 with winds of . However, Helene's lowest barometric pressure of was recorded earlier during the day. Still moving northwestward due to the influence of the Azores High, the hurricane came within of the US East Coast before recurving towards the northeast out to sea. As Helene recurved and accelerated towards more northerly latitudes, it steadily weakened. By 1200 UTC on September 28, Helene was no longer a major hurricane. The hurricane's wind field also expanded from the storm's center as it weakened. By midday on September 29, Helene had weakened to minimal hurricane strength, and later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 1800 UTC that day, though it still maintained hurricane-force winds. At roughly the same time, Helene passed over Newfoundland, with gale-force winds having expanded from the system's center, coinciding with the US Weather Bureau's final advisory on the system. Helene's extratropical remnants continued eastward across the Atlantic, becoming a dominant synoptic feature, before entirely dissipating by 0600 UTC on October 4 just west of Great Britain. Preparations Upon the storm's formation, the Weather Bureau cautioned ships in Helene's path of the impending conditions, and did so throughout the storm's duration. As the storm moved west on September 23, advisories specified for small craft in northern islands of The Bahamas to remain in "protected places." After Helene was forecast to remain north of the archipelago, notifications were lifted except for small craft along the coast of the South Atlantic States. Nearing the US East Coast, the Weather Bureau began to issue special bulletins for press radio and television stations early on September 24. At the same time, small craft were warned of the storm from The Carolinas southward. The following day, the weather forecast office (WFO) in Charleston, South Carolina began to issue local statements regarding the hurricane, while small craft alerts were shifted northward to coastal regions between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and Daytona Beach, Florida. The first hurricane watch was issued on 1000 UTC on September 26 for the entirety of the Georgian coast to Charleston, South Carolina. A gale warning was posted at the same time for coastal areas from Daytona Beach, Florida to Wilmington, North Carolina. Small craft alerts continued to shift northwards along with Helene. As the storm began to quickly intensify on September 26, areas of the watch from Savannah, Georgia to Cape Fear, North Carolina were upgraded to a hurricane emergency area at 1600 UTC. Affected communities were advised to begin precautionary measures immediately and evacuate. Shipping and small craft were told to exercise "extreme caution." Gale warnings were changed to warn areas between Fernandina, Florida to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The heightened warnings caused WFOs to issue local bulletins regarding the impending hurricane. At the time, the Weather Bureau projected Helene to make landfall in South Carolina. These landfall forecasts shifted further north along the coast over time, before they were stopped after Helene recurved away from the coast entirely. At 0400 UTC on September 27, hurricane warnings were extended to include areas between Cape Fear and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Gale warning issuance reflected the changes and were too shifted northwards to the Virginia Capes area, while hurricane watches covered both warning areas. At 1600 UTC later that day, hurricane emergency and gale warnings were extended north to Manteo, North Carolina, while hurricane watches were continued for coastal regions from Savannah, Georgia to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. After Helene began recurving away from the coast, all warnings south of Wilmington, North Carolina were discontinued at 2200 UTC on September 27. As Helene passed certain areas, warnings were discontinued upon the storm's passage. At 1000 UTC the next day, all onshore hurricane warnings were either downgraded to gale warnings or discontinued. However, offshore gale warnings were still issued for oceanic regions from the Virginia Capes to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Shortly after, all warnings, with the exception of the offshore gale warnings, were discontinued. Remaining warnings lasted until 2200 UTC on September 28. Despite not issuing any warnings, the Weather Bureau cautioned interests in Newfoundland, and forecasted hurricane-force winds to effect the island. Due to the potential impacts from Helene, the Weather Bureau began to advise prompt emergency evacuation in their advisories. Areas between Beaufort, South Carolina and Cape Fear, North Carolina were urged to begin evacuation procedures immediately. The Southeastern American Red Cross sent ten field staff warnings to locations in Georgia and South Carolina in order to assist in setting up emergency shelters. The Red Cross held 27 hurricane preparation conferences to plan preparation procedures. Other civil defense organizations also mobilized hurricane preparation staff and equipment. The Weather Bureau sent a mobile weather station to Charleston, South Carolina in order to monitor weather conditions and alert surrounding populations with short-range radio equipment. Beaches on North Carolina's coast, including Wrightsville Beach and Carolina Beach, were completely evacuated during the night of September 27. In Wilmington, North Carolina, 100 members of the United States National Guard were dispatched to monitor waterfront property, while 60 others were kept on standby. Civilian vehicles attempting to enter Myrtle Beach, South Carolina were sent back by highway patrol outside the city borders, following an order issued by Governor of South Carolina George Bell Timmerman, Jr. The order was issued to minimize casualties and prevent looting. Approximately 100 members of the National Guard and local police were kept to patrol the beach. Despite repeated orders for mandatory evacuation, a few people remained in Myrtle Beach. Civil Defense authorities forcibly evacuated stragglers, but others were permitted to remain. Impact and aftermath United States East Coast Despite not making landfall, Helene's close proximity to the United States resulted in impacts along the East Coast. Impacts were most severe in North Carolina, where the hurricane made its closest approach. Wind impacts were felt primarily from South Carolina to Virginia, though a frontal zone aided in bringing precipitation as far north as Maine. In the United States, Helene caused $11.2 million in damages and one indirect fatality. North Carolina Roughly paralleling the North Carolina coast beginning on September 26, Helene's slow movement and strong intensity resulted in moderate to heavy impacts in coastal areas of the state. Despite the hurricane's Category 4 hurricane intensity, due to its closest approach to land remaining offshore, its storm surge remained less than initially forecast. The hurricane's track also placed its strongest storm surge in the eastern hemisphere of the storm, away from any landmasses. Surge heights peaked at near Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point. In Wilmington, Helene produced ocean swells at the coast 2.5 – 3 times per minute, indicative of a strong hurricane. There, the cumulative sea level was roughly above normal. However, as a result of the storm striking at low tide, damage caused by storm surge was mostly mitigated. Despite this, sand dunes in southern areas of Fort Fisher, were mostly destroyed by waves. On Cedar Island, strong winds produced by the hurricane pushed waves inland, inundating homes. Elsewhere, minor beach erosion occurred. Further inland, several weather stations reported hurricane-force winds. The Weather Bureau office in Wilmington, North Carolina, reported maximum sustained winds of and a peak gust of , exceeding the previous record for fastest measured wind speed of set during Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Beach resorts there were heavily damaged. In Wrightsville Beach, located of Wilmington, 12 houses were flattened by the hurricane. Damage to homes there were estimated by police to cost $300,000, and extensive damage to the water system was reported. In Long Beach, damage was less severe, with only minor property damage. Waves pushing past sand dunes caused cracks in seaside roads. Though surveys made no damage estimates, damage in Holden Beach was reported to have been worse than in Long Beach. A pier and a pavilion in Ocean Isle Beach were destroyed. In Topsail Beach and Kure Beach, several homes and businesses were either unroofed or destroyed. Yaupon Beach and Shallotte also had similar reports of unroofed homes. Two homes on Topsail Island were demolished, and extensive property damage was reported in Atlantic Beach. At Cape Fear, winds were estimated at , with gusts as high as , well into Category 3 intensity. The powerful winds forced power to be cut off in Wilmington as a precautionary measure. As a result, 7,000 telephones were knocked out of service. Damage to the Southern Bell Telephone Company's offices cost $150,000. Total damages in the city was estimated to cost nearly $2 million. In Morehead City, a roof was blown from a yacht shed and multiple structures. Long-distance telephone services were also cut off. Off the coast on Ocracoke Island, power and communications failed during the storm after the island was battered by winds of . Power outages were commonplace in other areas as well. In Southport, metal debris was scattered across city streets, and the damage there was described as worse than Hurricane Hazel. Half of its pier was swept away by the rough seas, and other buildings collapsed or sustained heavy damage. Numerous trees, including live oak, were uprooted by the winds. The United States Army provided the port with a temporary electrical generator, which provided power for water pumps and light. In Cape Hatteras, Helene caused an estimated $1 million in damages. Although damage to infrastructure tapered off from the coast, crop damage was observed inland. Corn was the crop most affected by Helene. Rainfall associated with Helene was primarily concentrated in coastal regions North Carolina, peaking at in Wilmington International Airport. In Hatteras, of rain was measured. Rainfall totals of at least were commonplace elsewhere along the North Carolina coast. An indirect death occurred when a car skidded off a flooded highway, killing the driver. In the state, damages from Helene amounted to $11 million. South Carolina Effects from Helene in South Carolina were less severe than in North Carolina. Helene made its closest approach to the state on September 27, . In Charleston, sustained winds reached and there was minor damage reported Trees and street signs were blown down, and beach houses suffered shingle damage. Sporadic and small power outages occurred throughout the city. Damage became progressively worse from Georgetown to Little River, with automobile accidents, torn roofs, and damaged piers. On Harbor Island, 50 percent of structure were reported to have roof damage, causing and estimated $125,000 in damages. Elsewhere along the South Carolina coast, beach erosion occurred due to the strong waves, and sections of pier were swept into sea. In Windy Hill and Cherry Grove Beach, three fishing piers were damaged. Damage was minor in Myrtle Beach, and was limited to roof and window damage. Further inland, in Columbia, damage was minimal, with no rainfall reported. Light damage to crops was reported inland, particularly in Marion County. Across the state, damages were estimated at $200,000 from the hurricane, though this did not include beach erosion or damage to sand dunes. Elsewhere in the United States As a result of Helene recurving away from the United States East Coast, damage in the United States outside of the Carolinas was less severe. In Virginia, damage was relatively minor. A peak gust of was reported in Norfolk. In Hampton Roads, damage was minor, and was confined to downed utility wires and marginal infrastructural damage. Although rainfall was primarily concentrated in the Carolinas, 1,434 official rain gauges measured precipitation in coastal areas from South Carolina to Maine. Precipitation was further increased by a frontal zone to the hurricane's north. In the Mid-Atlantic States, rainfall peaked at in Myerstown, Pennsylvania. Outside of Pennsylvania or the Carolinas, no weather station reported rainfall exceeding . In the New England region, rainfall peaked at in Hyannis, Massachusetts. Elsewhere in Massachusetts, rainfall totals ranging from caused minor flooding and road washouts. The minor floods led to several automotive accidents. Other states in New England reported rainfall peaks of at least , with the lowest peak occurring at a weather station in Machias, Maine, which reported of rainfall. Atlantic Canada As Helene approached Atlantic Canada in the process of transitioning into an extratropical storm, it produced heavy rainfall and strong winds along the region. Passing just east of Nova Scotia on September 29, Helene dropped at least across the entire province, peaking at in Cape Breton Island. Gusts peaked at across Cabot Strait, at CFB Shearwater and at Summerside, Prince Edward Island. The storm damaged power lines on the island but they were quickly repaired. The strong winds uprooted trees in the Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia area. In Nova Scotia, Helene's worst effects were felt in Cape Breton Island, where the storm was considered the worst in at least 21 years. Only one communication line from the island to the mainland was effective after the storm passed. Numerous downed power lines resulted in minor fires, and schools were closed throughout the island. In Sydney, Nova Scotia, there was considerable property damage, and as many as 700 people lost power. The lack of sufficient electricity forced the suspension of publications of the Cape Breton Post and disrupted normal restaurant cooking procedures. Damages in the community amounted to C$100,000. Offshore, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police cutter Fort Walsh, measuring in length, was washed ashore on the coast of Scatarie Island. The fishing wharf in Caribou, Nova Scotia was destroyed by rough seas generated by Helene, and at least 1,000 lobster traps were carried into the Northumberland Strait as a result. In New Brunswick, the hurricane's impacts were relatively minor, and rainfall peaked at . Quickly accelerating northwards, Helene made landfall on Newfoundland late on September 29. Rainfall peaked at in northern parts of the island, while rainfall amounts were generally minimal across the Avalon Peninsula. A weather station in Naval Station Argentia reported maximum sustained winds of and a gust of . The winds severed communications in southwestern Newfoundland and cut communications in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador from the mainland. Bell Island was cut off from the rest of Newfoundland due to rough seas generated by Helene, which resulted in the destruction of piers and lack of boat service. Damage caused by the hurricane on the island were estimated to be in excess of C$100,000. Aftermath Following the storm, Governor of North Carolina Luther H. Hodges and United States Senator from North Carolina B. Everett Jordan requested a disaster declaration for the state. President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower designated portions of North Carolina impacted by the storm as a disaster area. According to the American Red Cross, at least 5,000 people were kept in shelters after Helene. Following the large-scale evacuation procedures and resulting low loss of life after the storm, the Weather Bureau recommended that certain organizations be awarded the Outstanding Service to the Public certificate due to their cooperation with the Weather Bureau during the hurricane's duration. The recommended recipients were the radio stations WPTF and WRAL, and the North Carolina State Highway Patrol. See also Other storms of the same name List of North Carolina hurricanes Hurricane Able (1950) Hurricane Diana (1984) Hurricane Florence Sources External links National Hurricane Center Hurricane Helene "Storm Wallet" Archive Movie of a Helene reconnaissance flight Helene Helene (1958) Helene (1958) Hurricanes in Canada 1958 natural disasters in the United States
E2或E-2可以指： E-2空中预警机新幹線E2系電力動車組 E2型柴油机车前列腺素E2 雌二醇，连接阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚山陽自動車道、廣島岩國道路、及（僅限至之間）的日本马来西亚南北大道南段的编号菲律宾、及的编号
Route 6 is a National Road in the South American Andean state of Bolivia. Route description Route 6 has a length of 976 kilometers and crosses almost the entire width of the country in a southeast–northwest direction. It begins in the Bolivian lowlands on the border to Paraguay and leads along almost the entire eastern Andean chain of the Cordillera Central to the eastern edge of the Altiplano near Oruro. The road crosses the Departments of Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Potosí and Oruro, where it ends at Route 1. The entire route from Oruro to Padilla is or will be paved, the area to Monteagudo is still unpaved gravel or dirt track, from Monteagudo to Boyuibe the road is paved, from Boyuibe to the Paraguayan border it is in turn unpaved. History Route 6 is with Decree 25.134 of 21 August 1998 was declared part of the Bolivian trunk road network "Red Vial Fundamental" and at that time only included the 643 km section east of Sucre. References Roads in Bolivia
妇炎净泡沫气雾剂的副作用（不良反应）？个别病人初次使用可能出现局部刺激性，如灼烧感、搔痒等，一般不影响使用。
《夏日冲浪店》（），是爱奇艺制播的冲浪生活体验节目，由黃軒担任经理、韓東君、黄明昊、喬欣担任店员，并与三位冲浪教练及店长及一名厨师一同在海南万宁日月湾共同经营一间夏日冲浪店。第一季于2020年7月4日在爱奇艺播出，于2020年9月5日结束。播出时间各集內容節目成員節目嘉宾参考资料外部链接夏日衝浪店 - 愛奇藝愛奇藝網路節目中国大陆真人秀节目中國大陸綜藝節目
Odyssey (also known as OTN1) is a Canadian Greek language Category A specialty channel and is owned by Odyssey Television Network. It features programming from ANT1 Satellite, a private network from Greece as well as local Canadian content produced by Odyssey and other independent companies. Programming on Odyssey consists of news, sports, Greek serials (comedies & dramas), reality programs and more. History OTN1 was licensed as Odyssey on 4 September 1996 by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) as a regional ethnic specialty channel for the province of Ontario. On 6 June 1997, before the channel launched, the CRTC amended its licence to allow it to be distributed nationally. In December 1998 Odyssey Television was launched on Rogers Cable and Shaw Direct. Notable shows A list of notable shows that air on Odyssey, as of October 2022: ANT1 News – nightly newscast Kalimera Ellada – morning show, airs Monday – Friday Ektos Yperesias – comedy, airs Monday & Tuesday Pagidemenoi – drama, airs Monday - Wednesday Rouk Zouk – game show, airs weekday afternoons Who Wants to Be A Millionaire? – game show, airs Monday – Friday Greek Super League – Live Super League matches References External links ANT1 Satellite Analog cable television networks in Canada Multicultural and ethnic television in Canada Television channels and stations established in 1998 Greek-Canadian culture Greek-language television stations Canada–Greece relations
吻鯔為輻鰭魚綱鯔形目鯔科的其中一種，分布於亞洲印度、尼泊爾、孟加拉、緬甸淡水流域，體長可達45公分，棲息在溪流，可做為食用魚及觀賞魚。参考文献擴展閱讀 R R corsula R
是光榮特庫摩在PlayStation Vita及PlayStation Portable平台發售的電子遊戲，于2013年在日本、臺灣、香港发售，随后于2014年在欧美发售PlayStation Vita版。改良版於2014年8月在日本發售推出，并进一步登陆PlayStation 4、Microsoft Windows平台，當中新增了武器和要素，随后于2015年在欧美发售，并在中国大陆发售PlayStation Vita版，作为中国大陆版PlayStation Vita首发游戏之一上市。概要遊戲目的是要討伐巨大異形「鬼」存在，和鬼戰鬥時可透過「部位破壞」來使其受到極大傷害。系統還重視透過通信多人數的協力來遊玩本作，PlayStation Vita和PlayStation Portable皆可利用無線網路Infrastructure模式來和其他人一起遊戲。和魔物獵人系列不同的是，本作主要帶有濃厚的日本風格。遊戲中共有6種主要武器可選擇，以及各種防具、裝備來完成討伐任務。討伐完鬼時就能從其身上得取素材，作用是使自己的裝備強化。武器與防具的精力有8種，主人公的戰鬥風格和裝備風格皆能自行調整。武器有太刀、雙刀、槍、手甲、鎖鐮、弓共6種類，而防具則分有頭、胸、腕、腳這4個部位。防具的「技能組合」，會給予對一定目標的優勢。鬼府除了裝備的對鬼武器外，還具有一些特殊能力，方便配合武器來戰鬥。系統遊戲中6種主要武器可選擇，以及各種防具、裝備來完成討伐任務。討伐完鬼時就能從其身上得取素材，作用是使自己的裝備強化。武器與防具的精力有8種，主人公的戰鬥風格和裝備風格皆能自行調整。武器有太刀、雙刀、槍、手甲、鎖鐮、弓共6種類，而防具則分有頭、胸、腕、腳這4個部位。臨界的會心值、天、風、火、水、地的屬性值，防具腳的速度會影響受攻擊時的「暗角」有很深的關係，裝備外觀也會產生變化。防具的「技能組合」，會給予對一定目標的優勢。鬼府除了裝備的對鬼武器外，還具有一些特殊能力，方便配合武器來戰鬥。鬼千切（鬼千切り）鬼府在歷史上經過和鬼長時間戰鬥後練就的戰鬥法。當武器量表最大滿格時，按下指令「△＋○」就能施展，是以高極限的魂力一擊解放。對小型鬼有著一擊送葬的威力，對大型鬼則能將其身體部位一擊破壞。攻擊方法因使用武器而異。祓鬼（鬼祓い）將鬼驅除淨化之力。按下指令「R」就能施展，可作出光陣，陣中被破壞的鬼的身體部位淨化並放逐於世外。身體部位淨化成功後就可入手其素材，其鬼的部分將不能再生。當體力為0時，同伴就會考慮及時撤退，但利用鬼驅術能力就能復活。鬼眼（鬼の目）開啟看透真理的第四眼能力。按下指令「Select」就能施展（PS VITA版觸摸畫面即可），消費使用中的氣力，可看見鬼殘存的體力、表層體力、可破壞部位及狀態。普通使用時能視認出地祀石（回復物）和撿拾物獲得，或發現持有罕見素材的特殊鬼可能。故事设定經過千年的時間，在歷史裏側異界中出現的神秘生物「鬼」，為了討伐對人世間造成影響的鬼，由各精英鬥士「鬼府（モノノフ）」長年與其對抗，守護著人們。太平時代結束時，鬼卻反而如災厄般從各地大量出現，鬼府把倖存的人們接入自己的據點，並與鬼展開激烈的戰鬥。七天七夜短暫的激戰過後，總算守住了人類的勢力版圖。後來被稱為「大禍（オオマガドキ）」的災厄降臨，鬼府們再度挺身而出，為了守護一切站上了歷史的表舞台。過了八年，鬼府和鬼的戰鬥仍續，為了結束紛爭鬼府派遣了新的戰士助陣。主要人物玩家角色聲：荒井聰太、新井良平、大空直美、大坪康亮、岡本寬志、陰山真壽美、金本涼輔、佐佐木愛、佐佐木智代、鹽山由佳、鈴木賢、津田美波、滑川洋平、平井啟二、藤本たかひろ、前田綾香、南山裕希、宮坂俊藏、宮崎寬務、山中まどか、山本圭一郎本作主人公。阿祖馬出身，剛配置到泡沫村的鬼府新人。角色的名字、性別、外表、戰鬥中的聲音和武器（能隨時更換）等可依喜好自行調整。在劇情中和角色特定對話時，玩家會以自行選擇對話內容的方式來回應。加入鬼府部隊測試後受認定，並開始一同和同伴們上前討伐鬼。後來逐漸和同伴們打好關係，並成為了隊長。聲：浅野真澄鬼府實戰部隊的領頭。武器為太刀。英勇無畏，賭上自己的性命，捨身保護人類的堅強女性。過度保護於妹妹橘花。聲：野島健兒鬼府中的一人。武器為長槍。看似輕浮的好色男，實際有著慎重、冷靜的性格。堅持以同伴一同從戰鬥平安歸來為信念。聲：佐藤朱鬼府中的一人。武器為弓箭。對鬼的研究有著很長的時間，個性冷靜且友善的女性。原本有治癒能力，但因一次事件的創傷，現已無法治療。聲：福原耕平鬼府中的一人。武器為手甲。個性和行為雖然粗暴，但懂得照料他人，周圍的人都將他當作大哥看待。因某些理由而在尋找一種「鳥姿態的鬼」。聲：野中藍鬼府中的一人。武器為鎖鐮。鬼府當中年紀最小的，不喜歡被當成小孩，言行和思想怪異的少女。聲：中尾良平鬼府中的一人。武器為雙刀。以忍者束裝登場的男性，沉默寡言且經常單獨行動，但意外有著對動物天狐感興趣的一面。泡沫村的住人聲：高塚正也泡沫村的鬼府代表者。過去是個被稱呼為英雄的精英鬼府，因八年前的大禍而失去左眼，現已引退並指揮著鬼府們。鬼府們都叫他「頭子」。木綿的父親。聲：赤羽根健治埋沒於鬼的研究的眼鏡青年。說話語氣平靜有禮。能提供鬼和用語等資料查閱。八年前的大禍發生時，他出身於北方地。聲：庄司宇芽香泡沫村的「神壇巫女」，櫻花的妹妹。因佈下保護結界而使自己的生命削減。主人公會受她的委託而照顧天狐。聲：齊藤佑圭大和實際的女兒。負責坐在櫃檯幫鬼府們託付任務。是個經常以笑臉迎人的高人氣少女。聲：川津泰彦為鬼府們提供武器，頑固的鍛冶屋老闆。以確保幫人製造武器作為信念。聲：牛田裕子管理祭祀堂的巫女。幫助鬼府們將精神和禦魂強化的人。平時很少人能理解她的想法。住在泡沫村中一種奇特生物，外型為雙尾狐。能理解人話，遊戲中的一隻就住在主人公家中，並會遵從指示到各領域收集素材。泡沫村的規則是不得對天狐動粗。用語鬼府（モノノフ）從千年前就開始在歷史的陰影中討伐異形般的敵人「鬼」的組織及其所屬的戰士名。大禍時（オオマガドキ）八年前鬼大量現身作亂的事件。經過七天七夜的戰鬥後已被鬼府鎮壓。禦魂（ミタマ）日本史中的英雄靈魂，因被吞噬而囚於鬼中。打倒鬼後就會被放出，並在祭祀堂中祭祀。在遊戲中玩家得到禦魂後就能將其利用，作為輔助自己的力量。異界的領域古（こ）形似日本古代的領域，隨地有著巨大化的土偶器。長期受風砂塵的侵蝕，呈現荒廢狀態。雅（みやび）形似日本奈良～平安時代的領域。長期夕暮風景，被昏色的金光包覆，還有著巨大的石蓮花和水源。武（ぶ）形似日本鎌倉～室町時代的領域。是個既神祕又寂靜的深山，植物異常地生長，森林目前落入武士的手中。戰（せん）形似日本戰國時代的領域。有著活火山的存在，令人想起戰火造成的不安和建築的崩壞。安（あん）形似日本江戶初期～中期的領域。時常吹舞著櫻花，總是處於夜晚狀態。亂（らん）形似日本幕末的領域。放眼望去都是被冰雪覆蓋的地方。發行本作於2012年9月19日SCEJ Press Conference公開發表。由曾參與過《海賊無雙》的光榮特庫摩控股的開發團隊Omega Force（ω-Force）完全新作。改良版《討鬼傳極》預定於2014年發售推出，當中新增了武器和新角色等要素。參考附註外部連結討鬼伝 - GameCity 2013年电子游戏 2014年电子游戏動作遊戲光荣特库摩游戏 PlayStation Portable游戏 PlayStation Vita游戏 PlayStation 4遊戲 Windows游戏妖怪题材电子游戏官方简体中文化游戏官方繁体中文化游戏日本鬼题材作品
腰椎转移瘤治疗方案是什么？腰椎肿瘤有原发和转移之分.原发肿瘤有良性的和恶性的.转移肿瘤一般都是由其他部位的恶性肿瘤转移来的,因此脊柱转移瘤都是恶性肿瘤.如果确定有其他的原发肿瘤病灶,又确定脊柱肿瘤病灶是由该肿瘤转移来的,那么就说明疾病已经到了晚期了。如果腰椎上的转移瘤是早期发现的,仅在椎体中,椎管内较少有侵犯,可以考虑行经皮椎体成形术治疗.该手术创伤小,痛苦小,止痛效果好,可以再短期内延缓脊柱肿瘤病灶的发展。最常见的骨转移瘤、脊柱肿瘤，好发于胸腰椎。临床表现为局限性疼痛，逐渐加重，有触痛和叩痛；转移癌破坏从椎体到附件，突破皮质进入椎管，或病理骨折成角畸形，压迫脊髓或神经根产生相应症状。核素扫描较敏感，但应除外假阳性；X线、CT、MRI有助于确定破坏部位与范围；CT下穿刺活检可明确诊断。应根据全面评估采取治疗措施，如放疗、化疗，手术治疗适用于对放疗不敏感、预计生存期至少半年以上、出现神经压迫症状、病灶相对局限、原发病灶可以控制的病人，一般采用前路肿瘤切除和减压固定或前后路联合入路，后路减压固定常为姑息性手术。由于脊柱血供较为丰富，因而恶性肿瘤病人尤其是肝癌、肺癌病人，骨转移常好发于此部位，多累及多个附件、椎体及脊髓等。骨扫描对脊柱肿瘤较四肢肿瘤诊断意义更大，可以对脊柱进行广泛地观察，当脊柱多处病变时，应考虑脊柱转移瘤。对于X线平片表现正常的青少年疼痛性脊柱侧弯应选择骨扫描。如果有腰椎转移瘤的话，一定要查查原发灶在什么地方，可以做个全身的pet，如果想减轻腰部的疼痛，可以腰椎内注射骨水泥治疗的。
Enskede gård is a commune in Söderort, Stockholm, Sweden. It is the site of the Enskede gård metro station. The headquarters of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia are located in Enskede gård. References Districts of Stockholm
安其格纳芬的副作用（不良反应）？1.用后可有恶心、呕吐、流涎、眩晕、荨麻疹等不良反应。2.用前必须作过敏试验。3.肝肾功能严重减退、甲亢、活动性结核病人忌用或慎用。
{{DISPLAYTITLE:へのへのもへじ}} Henohenomoheji（），亦作Hehenonomoheji（），是日語中的文字繪之一，屬於一種文字藝術；其作法是依序在不同位置畫上「」等七個平假名文字以繪製成一張人臉的圖樣。结构七字中，最先出現的兩個「」為雙眉、兩個「」為雙目、「」為鼻子、第三個「」為口、最後的「」則是整個臉部的輪廓。「」常被用於簡略地描繪稻草人或晴天娃娃的臉部；此外，它也常在黑板上或漫畫、筆記本中以塗鴉的形式出現。特別是在中，為了產生詼諧的效果，登場人物的表情有時會瞬間變成「」的圖樣。類似的文字組合還包括了「」、「」、「」、「」和「」（前兩個「」橫寫作為雙眉、「」則是臉的輪廓及微凹的下巴）等。此外，亦有描繪老人臉部的「」；其中，「」為頭、「」為耳、「」為額上的皺紋、「」為雙眉、「○○」為雙目、「」為鼻子、「」為臉部的輪廓（口未畫出）。歷史「」的正確起源未有定論。不過，它在江戶時代初期時仍未出現，直到中期以後才廣為流傳，因而有人推測其起源應是江戶時代中期或之前的京都、大阪等地。。最初是由「」衍生出「」等其它畫法，並逐漸向關東地區傳播。此外，歌川廣重的著作《》中也出現了「」的畫法，因而確認了該文字繪的原型。參見 ASCII藝術表情符號塗鴉丁老头參考資料外部連結的各種變形及畫法臉日本傳統繪畫人物畫素描
秩父別停车区（平假名：おとえパーキングエリア）是位於北海道雨龍郡秩父別町的深川留萌自動車道之停车区。由北海道開發局深川道路事務所管理。連接道路深川留萌自動車道历史 2003年7月17日 - 啟用。停车区設施下上行線共用停車場：小型車、大型車、殘疾人士車位廁所：包括輪椅人士專用廁所其他秩父別停车区附近有一個秩父別玫瑰園，之間有一條小徑，以便駕車人士在此泊車，前往玫瑰園。鄰近設施深川留萌自動車道（深川沼田道路） (1)秩父別IC - 秩父別停车区 - (2)沼田IC 相關項目日本服務區與休息區一覽參考外部連結秩父別玫瑰園北海道開發局秩父別町 tsu Chi 秩父別町
Z8或Z-8、Z08可以指： Z08，奧福機場的FAA LID代码直-8直升机，法國航太SA 321超級黃蜂式直升機的中国引进版本 BMW Z8 Z8次列车，青岛至北京的直达特快列车中国图书馆分类法 (Z)：Z8图书目录、文摘、索引另见 Z08，ICD-10 第二十一章：影响健康状态和与保健机构接触的因素中，“恶性肿瘤治疗后的随诊检查”的编号 J8 （消歧义）
结肠直肠多发息肉容易复发吗？直肠息肉大体上来说都是良性疾病，只要切除干净，还是不容易复发。但是对于一些提及比较大，基底比较广，位置比较高的局部满意切除还是有一定困难。如果是息肉又长出来了，取活检证实后，那只有尽早再次切除，否则体积越大，再次切除难度越大。1、直肠息肉容易复发，特别是腺瘤性质息肉，你前面做了直肠息肉切除手术，现在肛裂有出血，担心是直肠息肉复发所致的，较好是复查一下直肠镜检查。2、直肠息肉大体上来说都是良性疾病，只要切除干净，还是不容易复发。但是对于一些提及比较大，基底比较广，位置比较高的局部满意切除还是有一定困难。3、如果是息肉又长出来了，取活检证实后，那只有尽早再次切除，否则体积越大，再次切除难度越大。4、直肠息肉在切除一般每半年需复查一次，直肠息肉中腺瘤性质息肉癌变机率大。结肠是消化道的一部分，包括盲肠、升结肠、横结肠、降结肠、乙状结肠还有直肠，结肠息肉是指结肠黏膜隆起、凸出到肠腔的息肉状病变，多发于45岁以上的人群，由于这类人群免疫力相对低下，因此发病率略高，女性的发病主要与遗传因素、激素和肠道吸收问题相关；而男性发病多与饮食结构有关。结肠直肠息肉术后，部分息肉有复发的可能，如管状腺瘤、幼年息肉、绒毛腺瘤等。所以，手术出院后，一方面我们要避免各种诱发因素，如少食辛辣醇厚之品，提高生活质量，以免息肉的再生;另一方面，要定期随诊，才能及时发现息肉是否复发，早日采取治疗措施。一般认为，结肠直肠息肉术后的复发率在1年内最高，以后降低，5年后则少见。所以，至少5年内的随访复查是必要的。
The United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) initially called the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, was a commission of the United Nations that investigated allegations of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II. History The Commission was constituted at the behest of the British government and the other sixteen Allied nations at a meeting held at the British Foreign Office in London on 20th October, 1943, prior to the formal establishment of the United Nations in 1945. The proposal of its establishment was made by the Lord Chancellor John Simon in the House of Lords on 7 October, 1942. A similar statement was issued by the United States government.The Commission's objects and powers were conferred as follows: It should investigate and record the evidence of war crimes, identifying where possible the individuals responsible. It should report to the Governments concerned cases in which it appeared that adequate evidence might be expected to be forthcoming. One of the Commission's tasks was to carefully collect evidence of war crimes for the arrest and fair trial of alleged Axis war criminals. However, the Commission had no power to prosecute criminals by itself. It merely reported back to the government members of the UN. These governments then could convene tribunals, such as the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The Commission was headed by Cecil Hurst from 1943 to 1945, then by Lord Wright until 1948 before being dissolved in 1949. According to British academic Dan Plesch, Adolf Hitler was put on the UNWCC's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, a month before Hitler's death, "the commission had endorsed at least seven separate indictments against him for war crimes." However limited its powers, the creation of the commission was a landmark in the history of human justice in the field of international law. Vahagn Avedian states that the designation of the subsequent report as "restricted" might explain why it is relatively unknown in the literature and has been overlooked in many relevant discussions about e.g. Crimes Against Humanity, the UN Genocide Convention and their applicability on historical cases. One such highly debated case is the Armenian Genocide, both within the scholarly and the political communities, but also in regard to the conducted UN Genocide studies (the 1973 Ruhashyankiko Report and the 1985 Whitaker Report). The UNWCC report dedicated an entire chapter to the historical background of the term Crimes Against Humanity, a new indictment beside the two existing Crimes Against Peace and War Crime. The seven page historical background used mainly the Armenian massacres during WWI and the findings of the 1919 Commission of Responsibilities to substantiate the usage of the term Crimes Against Humanity as a precedent for the Nuremberg Charter's Article 6, in turn being the basis for the impending review of the UN Genocide Convention. Considering the controversies surrounding both the Ruhashyankiko Report and the Whitaker Report, in which the Armenian case played a pivotal role, Avedian notes that the UNWCC Report were seemingly unknown to the entire Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, including Nicodème Ruhashyankiko and Ben Whitaker (politician) and could have been a highly significant resource in justifying respective Rapporteur's arguments. See also Punishment for War Crimes References Citations Sources External links Records of the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) (1943-1949) at the United Nations Archives World War II crimes History of the United Nations
塭子川，又稱塭仔圳（），位於台灣北部，是淡水河的支流，主流河長約13公里，流域面積約89平方公里，流域分佈於新北市五股區、泰山區、新莊區。塭子川係匯集觀音山、林口台地東坡眾溪流而成，是台北盆地西側的重要河川。其上游名為大窠溪，發源於林口交流道東側，標高372公尺，向東南流入台北盆地後，轉向北注入淡水河。塭子川下游近河口處原有洲子尾溝、觀音坑溪兩條支流分自東、西兩側匯入，再行注入淡水河。後因拓寬淡水河道工程而炸毀獅子頭隘口，即變成現況之各自注入淡水河。塭子川中下游地勢低窪，賴沿岸防潮堤和大小閘門控制河水與潮水，兩岸仍為良田。1968年起，塭子川沿岸開始淹水，1970年艾莉思等颱風的破壞，積水面積擴大，已無法耕種。由於每遇颱風或豪雨，台北盆地西側便因排水不良而造成災害，政府遂興建二重疏洪道以解決當地水患之苦。塭子川流域主要支流塭子川：新北市、桃園市舊塭子川：新北市五股區五股坑溪：新北市五股區中港排水溝：新北市五股區、泰山區、新莊區貴子坑溪：新北市泰山區大窠溪：新北市五股區、泰山區、林口區、桃園市龜山區水碓窠溪：新北市五股區、泰山區橫窠溪：新北市泰山區新寮坑溪：新北市泰山區柯厝坑溪：新北市泰山區錢厝坑溪：新北市泰山區相關條目淡水河觀音坑溪洲子尾溝二重疏洪道參考資料新北市河川淡水河水系
The Toyota TS040 Hybrid is a Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) sports car built and used by Toyota Motorsport GmbH in the 2014 and 2015 seasons of the FIA World Endurance Championship. Work on the car's design began in November 2012, when the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) published its 2014 technical regulations and Toyota utilised its resources after the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car is an aerodynamic improvement on its predecessor, the TS030 Hybrid, and its design allowed four-wheel drive. It has two kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) regenerative-braking devices at the front and rear axles to charge a supercapacitor and, in accordance with the 2014 regulations, was placed in the class. The TS040's engine was carried over from the TS030; its displacement was increased from to for better efficiency, producing to the rear wheels. The TS040 was shown to the press for the first time at the 26 March preseason test session at Circuit Paul Ricard, and was driven before the start of the 2014 season. Toyota supplied two cars, driven by six drivers, for the season. Nicolas Lapierre, Anthony Davidson and Sébastien Buemi won the season's opening two races in the No. 8 car; Lapierre aquaplaned, crashing at the 24 Hours of Le Mans before recovering to finish third. After the crash, Lapierre was dropped and Buemi and Nakajima won two more races and had another podium finish to win the 2014 World Endurance Drivers' Championship. Consistent performances from Alexander Wurz, Stéphane Sarrazin, Kazuki Nakajima and reserve driver Mike Conway won Toyota the World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship at the season-ending 6 Hours of São Paulo. The car was further developed after the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans in accordance with the 2015 regulations. The front of the TS040 changed, a new suspension preserved tyre life, its supercapacitor was altered for better performance, and two body kits were created to match the car to a track. Although the season began with a third-place finish for the No. 1 car (driven by Buemi, Nakajima and Davidson) at the 6 Hours of Silverstone, the TS040 struggled against rivals Audi and Porsche in the seven remaining rounds before Wurz, Sarrazin and Conway's No. 2 entry finished second at the season-ending 6 Hours of Bahrain; Toyota placed third in the World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship. The TS040 was replaced by the TS050 Hybrid for the 2016 season. Development Concept The TS040's initial studies and simulations began immediately after the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) published its first revision of the 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship technical regulations in November 2012. Toyota gradually increased their involvement in the car's development, focusing on the project after the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The TS040, designed to meet the new Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) regulations to improve driver safety and enhance visibility, was an aerodynamic improvement on the TS030 Hybrid. Built at Toyota Motorsport headquarters in the North Rhine-Westphalia city of Cologne, the car's chassis design was supervised by engineer Pascal Vasselon. The TS040's engines were built in Japan, and the team was directed by the French racing squad Oreca. Design The car was refined with hardware-in-the-loop technology and computer-calculation hardware to test individual components based on track data, enabling engineers to optimise its design; and was more efficient than test driving. The new LMP1 regulations made the TS040 shorter than its predecessor and reduced the width of the tyre arches by ; most attention focused on reducing drag and increasing downforce (improving road grip), lowering its fuel consumption by 25 per cent over 2013. The TS040's aerodynamic design was conducted at Toyota Motorsports' wind tunnel in Cologne. Toyota achieved their objective of lowering the car's weight by the mandated with design and lightweight components. The TS040's design permitted four-wheel drive, and its chassis consisted of carbon fibre and aluminium materials. Front airflow to cool the chassis was enabled with exit ducts under the wing mirror stalk at the back of the front wheel guards. Independent push-rod suspensions are linked to a bellcrank, and the torsion bar is mounted at the pivot point. Total, Toyota's petrol supplier, worked with the team to enhance fuel efficiency and performance. The car's seven-speed sequential gearbox was made of aluminium, and the multiplate clutch was supplied to Toyota by ZF Friedrichshafen. The TS040's driveshaft was the constant-velocity joint type (including tripods), with a viscous-constructed mechanical locking differential. The dual-circuit Brembo brake discs, made of lightweight carbon ceramic materials, enabled hydraulically-activated power steering. Michelin remained the team's tyre supplier. The car's mid-mounted, naturally-aspirated petrol V8 engine, angled at 90 degrees, was carried over from the TS030 Hybrid. Its displacement, increased from to by lengthening the stroke for better efficiency, supplied to the rear wheels. The engine was developed to run with a fuel flow metre promoting a concept switch to efficiency from power. The bosses-mounted injection system were in the inlet tract and placed over the angled throttle valves relative to the inlet path. They were fitted with eight solenoid injectors which sent power each of the throttle runners and into the inlet portlets. Toyota installed two systems featuring knock control to detect vibration and real-time combustion pressure sensors to tune the spark timing among other engine components during a race for reliability purposes. Like its predecessor, the TS040 had two kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) regenerative braking devices (the ACO used the alternate acronym, ERS) produced by Toyota Racing Development at the company's road research and development Higashi-Fuji Technical Center to charge a Nisshinbo supercapacitor. Additional power was directed to the axles (the rear by Denso and the front by Aisin AW), giving it an automatic horsepower increase of for a total of . Its motor generator unit acted as a generator while braking, harvesting energy from the drive shaft to slow the car and convert into electricity which is stored in the supercapacitor. The 2014 regulations divided the motor-generator unit hierarchy into increments, from to . Toyota chose the category, since the class had a negative effect on lap time due to its additional weight. 2015 alterations New regulations were enacted for 2015, requiring an 80-per cent redesign of the TS040; this included a new front-end crash structure, a suspension optimised to preserve tyre life and additional weight reduction. Two body kits were designed: one for fast tracks and the other for tight turns. Designers added a guide vane below the car's headlights for balance while braking, but felt that a second (at the rear of the vehicle) would create turbulence. Little work was conducted on the powertrain. Although Toyota considered changing to a battery system, comparing its hybrid technology with that installed in the Porsche 919 Hybrid and switching to the category, the manufacturer ultimately decided to remain in the class. However, the TS040's supercapacitor was modified for enhanced performance. Construction of the car began immediately after the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, and continued until January 2015. Preparation and drivers Toyota announced that they would continue participating in the FIA World Endurance Championship with a new car in July 2013. Drivers Alexander Wurz, Nicolas Lapierre, Kazuki Nakajima, Anthony Davidson, Stéphane Sarrazin and Sébastien Buemi were resigned to the team. Details of the TS040 Hybrid were released to the public by engineer Pascal Vasselon at the 2013 6 Hours of São Paulo meeting on 31 August. Toyota signed IndyCar Series driver (and 2013 Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) quadruple winner for G-Drive Racing) Mike Conway as a reserve and test driver. The TS040s' lineups were changed in February 2014, with Sarrazin moving to the No. 7 car and Lapierre to No. 8 entry after Toyota evaluated driver strengths and characteristics. The TS040 began private testing on the morning of 21 January at the Circuit Paul Ricard, when Wurz and Davidson completed a shakedown session and remained at the track for two days without major problems. The first long-distance pictures of the car being tested at the track were published in the automotive media eight days later, and more photographs and the first video of the TS040 being driven by Davidson in wet weather were released on 3 March. Testing continued into March at the Algarve International Circuit and the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón. On 26 March, the TS040 was introduced to the press during the three-day preseason test session at the Circuit Paul Ricard. The cars had covered more than before their competitive debut at the season-opening 6 Hours of Silverstone in April. Racing history 2014 At Silverstone (despite not topping any of the three practice sessions held before qualifying), the No. 7 TS040 driven by Wurz and Nakajima took pole position by five-thousands of a second from the No. 1 Audi R18 e-tron quattro of Loïc Duval and Tom Kristensen; Davidson and Lapierre's No. 8 car qualified fifth. In the race, Wurz led from the start until he was delayed by traffic and overtaken by André Lotterer in the No. 2 Audi on the fourteenth lap and sometime later Buemi moved to second. Rain fell soon afterwards; Wurz was on rain tyres, and Buemi was on intermediates. The weather conditions improved afterwards, and Buemi's strategy gave the No. 8 car the overall lead. Lapierre and (later) Nakajima did not cede position for the rest of the rain-shortened race to win. Sarrazin and (later) Davidson prevailed over Mark Webber's No. 20 Porsche to finish second. Two weeks later in changeable track conditions at the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, Neel Jani and Marc Lieb's No. 14 Porsche beat Buemi and Davidson for the pole position in the final seconds of qualifying; Sarrazin and Nakajima placed fourth. The No. 14 Porsche held the lead for the opening two hours, before Buemi took over the position (due to Toyota's double-stinting their tyres) and Lieb stalled in the pit lane which allowed Buemi to increase his advantage over Lieb and (later) Romain Dumas, who slowed with an electrical fault which disabled his hybrid system and resulting in the car losing two laps. Davidson, Buemi and Lapierre's No. 8 TS040 was unhindered thereafter for their second consecutive win. The No. 7 Toyota's oversteer and lack of grip cost Wurz, Nakajima and Sarrazin a battle between the lead Audi of Kristensen, Lucas di Grassi and Duval in the second half of the race. In the trio of qualifying sessions held to determine the grid for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Nakajima in the No. 7 car bumped Porsche from the top of the time sheets and improved in the following session to secure Toyota's first pole position at Le Mans since the 1999 race. Buemi put the No. 8 car third, separated from Nakajima by Dumas' Porsche. Wurz started in the No. 7 car and led for most of the opening hours, and Lapierre spun from second after leaving a Mulsanne Straight chicane. Lapierre put the No. 8 car out of contention in the second hour, caught by a change in weather conditions between Marco Bonanomi's No. 2 Audi and Sam Bird's No. 81 AF Corse Ferrari 458 on the Mulsanne Straight and aquaplaning into the barriers. Lapierre returned to the pit lane, and the No. 8 car recovered to finish third overall. Sarrazin took over from Wurz, and lost the lead through the pit-stop phase to Porsche drivers Brendon Hartley and Timo Bernhard before reclaiming it in the fourth hour. As Nakajima drove the No. 7 Toyota into its ninth hour in the lead, the car lost power when an FIA-mandated piece of monitoring equipment melted a wiring loom and forced him to abandon the car at Arnage corner. Seven weeks before the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, it was announced that Conway would take over Nakajima's driving duties in the No. 7 TS040 because Nakajima had a Super Formula commitment that weekend at Autopolis. On a wet track which made driving tricky, Buemi and Davidson achieved another pole position for the No. 7 car; Sarrazin and Conway started fifth. Buemi led for the first hour, with Wurz moving the No. 7 car up to second in the opening laps. A heavy thunderstorm in the second hour stopped the race after Lapierre and Conway aquaplaned off the circuit. This put Lapierre a lap behind the leaders, and Conway was beached in the gravel trap. They restarted in fourth and seventh overall; Buemi drove the No. 8 car to third place, and Wurz finished sixth in No. 7. Lapierre missed the 6 Hours of Fuji due to "personal circumstances"; Toyota did not replace him with Conway, leaving Davidson and Buemi to drive the No. 8 TS040. They again took the pole position, and Wurz and Nakajima were fourth. The No. 8 car only ceded the lead on the race's first lap and the pit stops to Webber's No. 20 Porsche (which made an unscheduled pit stop to replace a punctured tyre) to win; the No. 7 came second. Going into the 6 Hours of Shanghai, Lapierre was announced as not taking any further part in 2014 and plans were made to substitute him with Conway for the season's two remaining races: the 6 Hours of Bahrain and the 6 Hours of São Paulo. Buemi and Davidson qualified with an identical two-lap average time with Lieb and Dumas in the No. 20 Porsche; pole position was awarded to the latter, since they set their times first. Wurz and Nakajima were a further two-tenths of a second behind in fourth. Buemi and Davidson gained the lead from Porsche in the first minutes of the second hour through better pit-stop strategy and did not relinquish it, setting fast lap times consistently for the rest of the race to win. The No. 7 car had intermittent power issues which were eventually fixed, and finished a minute and twelve seconds behind its sister car in second. Nakajima missed the Bahrain round due to a conflicting Super GT commitment in its season-closing race at Twin Ring Motegi, and Conway took over his role in the No. 7 car. Buemi and Davidson qualified the No. 8 TS040 in second, with Wurz and Conway obtaining a fourth-place starting position for the No. 7 car. The No. 8 car was delayed for a half an hour with an alternator problem in the second hour, allowing No. 7 to win the race; Buemi and Davidson recovered for an eleventh-place overall finish, earning them the 2014 World Endurance Drivers' Championship with a round to spare. Conway was again called up for São Paulo because Nakajima had visa problems. Buemi and Davidson recorded the third-quickest time in qualifying, and Conway and Sarrazin were the fifth-fastest. Toyota battled with rivals Audi and Porsche during the race, and Davidson's No. 8 TS040 was almost fifteen seconds behind Jani's No. 20 Porsche before competition ended with Webber's serious crash. Sarrazin was closing on the No. 1 Audi of Kristensen until the battle ended in Kristensen's favour. Toyota scored 289 points to win the 2014 World Manufacturers' Championship. 2015 The 2015 TS040 Hybrid was introduced at the Circuit Paul Ricard on 26 March, after of testing at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón and the Algarve International Circuit. There were two driver changes, as Nakajima moved to the renumbered No. 1 TS040 full-time (after leaving Super GT) and Conway was promoted to a full-time spot in the No. 2 car. Former Formula One racer Kamui Kobayashi was signed as Toyota's reserve driver, and Lapierre became the team's test driver. At the season-opening 6 Hours of Silverstone, Davidson and Nakajima qualified the No. 1 car in fourth position, and Sarrazin and Conway placed the sister No. 2 car in sixth. Toyota were briefly first and second, challenging rivals Audi and Porsche before the No. 1 car finished fifteen seconds behind the No. 7 Audi of Marcel Fässler, Lotterer and Benoit Treluyer. The No. 2 car finished fourth; Conway had to enter the pit lane for a nose-cone change after running over a thin trackside bollard while lapping the No. 50 Larbre Compétition Chevrolet Corvette C7.R at Becketts corner. During practice for the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, Nakajima collided heavily with the back of Oliver Jarvis's No. 8 Audi on the Kemmel Straight due to spray-impaired visibility and broke his back. He was not replaced by Kobayashi because the latter was unavailable, and Buemi and Davidson drove the No. 1 TS040 as a two-person entry. Starting in sixth place, they held fifth until Duval and di Grassi passed them; Conway and Sarrazin qualified in seventh. Both cars lacked the Audis' and Porsches' speed; the No. 2 car finished fifth, and the No. 1 car finished eighth with throttle and electrical problems. Nakajima was cleared by FIA medical delegate Jacques Tropenat to participate in the 24 Hours of Le Mans test day on 30 May, and was announced as taking part in the race four days later. In its three qualifying sessions, Sarrazin put the No. 2 car seventh; the No. 1 entry, driven by Nakajima, took eighth in the first session. None of Toyota's drivers improved their respective car's times in the later sessions. Toyota could not match Audi and Porsche's race pace, despite being more than two seconds per lap faster than in 2014. Davidson damaged the front right corner of the No. 1 car when he made contact with a Ferrari he was lapping (affecting its handling), and had another minor collision soon after. A thirteen-minute pit stop for replacement front and rear bodywork and the installation of a new left-rear suspension dropped him five laps behind the leader, and the car finished eighth. The No. 2 car passed the No. 9 Audi (when it had technical problems in the final hours) to finish sixth. Buemi and Davidson were nominated to drive the No. 1 TS040 to qualify for the inaugural 6 Hours of Nürburgring as part of the World Endurance Championship and placed fifth, with Wurz and Sarrazin starting from sixth. Both cars again could not match Audi and Porsche's pace, finishing three and four laps behind for fifth and sixth place. In qualifying for the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, Buemi and Davidson's No. 1 car narrowly clinched fifth place ahead of teammates Sarrazin and Conway in the No. 2 car. Buemi briefly moved to fourth place on the opening lap, with Wurz fifth. Davidson later relieved Buemi, but incurred a stop-and-go penalty for missing the pit-lane entry and narrowly avoided running out of fuel. After a 12-minute full-course yellow when an LMP2 car crashed, Conway spun to avoid hitting slower LMGTE traffic he was lapping. He soon lost control of the No. 2 car on turn eleven kerbing while going past slower cars, and retired after a heavy impact with the barrier. Nakajima later drove the No. 1 car to fourth after the No. 18 Porsche experienced technical problems. Buemi and Nakajima qualified fifth, and Sarrazin and Conway took sixth for the 6 Hours of Fuji. Changeable weather conditions in the race's first two hours allowed Toyota to challenge Audi and Porsche until they were distanced. Sarrazin hit the No. 88 Abu Dhabi-Proton Racing Porsche 911 RSR in the third hour, losing thirteen minutes as the No. 1 car's cooling system needed replacing; multiple penalties for the car's crew restricted them to sixth. At the 6 Hours of Shanghai, Toyota once again qualified on the third row of the grid; Buemi and Davidson started from fifth place, and Wurz and Conway secured the sixth position. After some positional changes following the safety car start due to morning rain, Davidson ran fifth until a slow puncture forced him into the pit lane. He regained the place until Wurz spun on the wet track and Nakajima spun into the gravel trap on the track's final turn. The track gradually dried, and Buemi drove the No. 1 car to a fifth-place finish; Sarrazin took sixth in the No. 2 car. Toyota again began from the third row of the grid, with Davidson and Nakajima going faster than Wurz and Sarrazin at the season-ending 6 Hours of Bahrain. Both cars moved into fourth and fifth after the No. 17 Porsche was forced into the pit lane for repairs. Later, Nakajima was forced into the pit lane to change the No. 1 vehicle's front bodywork after hitting the No. 36 Signatech Alpine A450b. The No. 2 car moved into third when the No. 8 Audi required repairs, and held the position for the rest of the race; the No. 2 car was close behind in fourth. Competing with the TS040 Hybrid for the second consecutive year, Toyota accumulated 164 points and finished third in the World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship. Retirement from competition Bird, Conway and Davidson shared driving duties of a TS040 at the post-season rookie test session at the Bahrain International Circuit the day after the 6 Hours of Bahrain. A 2015-specification TS040 chassis was tested in January 2016 at the Ciudad del Motor de Aragón and the Circuit Paul Ricard with its successor, the TS050 Hybrid. World Endurance Championship results (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) See also Porsche 919 Hybrid Audi R18 e-tron quattro Nissan GT-R LM Nismo Notes and references Notes References External links TS040 Le Mans Prototypes 24 Hours of Le Mans race cars Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles Hybrid electric cars Green racing
痰检或可找到丝状蚴的诊断是什么？在流行区有赤足下田和粪毒史、贫血等表现应疑诊钩虫病，通过粪便检查可明确诊断。
结肠炎吃什么菜最好呢？结肠炎是一种结肠炎症性病变，引起的原因也是很多的。主要表现为腹泻、腹痛、黏液便及脓血便，也有便秘、数日内不能通大便的情况；常伴有消瘦和乏力等症状，具有反复性。对于结肠炎的调养要坚持不懈，要有耐心，不能半途而废让结肠炎反复发作，平时的饮食至关重要，建议平时饮食要吃软烂的、易消化的、少纤维的、富含营养又有足够热量的食物，利于胃肠消化吸收，也可以减轻胃肠负担压力，也能减少对胃肠道刺激，所以，要避免吃辛辣的食物、油腻的食物、坚硬的食物、生冷的食物，不要吃高纤维的蔬菜（含纤维多的食物如韭菜、芹菜、黄豆芽、洋葱等）等等，甜食以及高脂的牛奶乳制品、易产气食物等也要控制不要吃。结肠炎期间因为有腹泻的情况，所以不管是水分还是营养流失都比较多，所以，要注意蛋白质及维生素的摄入，可以吃一些易消化的优良蛋白质食物如鱼、蛋以及含维生素丰富的嫩绿叶蔬菜、鲜果汁和菜汁等，多喝水，及时补充水分保证不脱水，还要补充淡盐水保持电解质平衡。多吃水果。柿子、石榴、苹果都含有鞣酸及果胶成分，均有收敛止泻作用，结肠炎可适量食用。最后，结肠炎还要注意个人卫生以及饮食卫生，不喝生水、不生吃瓜果蔬菜、不吃变质腐坏隔夜的食物、食物要充分清洗干净，同时，饭前便后要洗手，餐具要充分清洗干净并消毒。保持足够的休息时间。对于病人来说保持充分休息是很有必要的，要减少精神和体力负担。以后情况好转可逐渐增加活动量，但一般应避免重体力活动。平常应加强锻炼。如打太极拳，以强腰壮肾，增强体质。
Jovian Chronicles Mechanical Catalog, subtitled "Exo-Armors & Spacecraft", is a supplement published by Dream Pod 9 in 1997 for the science fiction mecha role-playing game Jovian Chronicles that details various spaceships. Contents Jovian Chronicles Mechanical Catalog is a supplement containing details of numerous space vehicles, including missile cruisers, escort carriers, space stations, and cargo haulers, each one illustrated and presenting diagrams and blueprints. Publication history Dream Pod 9 published the Jovian Chronicles role-playing game in 1997, and immediately published the Mechanical Catalog, a 136-page softcover book designed by Philippe Boulle, Tyler Millson-Taylor, Marc A. Vezina, with interior art by Ghislain Barbe, Normand Bilodeau, and Bobbi Burquel, and cover art by Ghislain Barbe. Reception In Issue 244 of Dragon (February 1998), Rick Swan called this book "a nuts-and-bolts nirvana" aimed "at players more interested in hardware than human beings." He concluded by giving it an above average rating of 5 out of 6, saying, "With its striking graphics, sharp text and meticulous blueprints, the Mechanical Catalog rivals the best of FASA's BattleTech Technical Readouts series. References Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1997 Science fiction role-playing game supplements
请描述莲的种植？荷花依赖走茎繁殖，如果走茎生长受到阻碍，开花性将受到影响，植株也会长的相对娇小。种植荷花的盆器依种类有别，迷你品种15厘米宽、10厘米深的盆即可种植，小型品种则是25厘米宽、15厘米深的盆，中型品种需40厘米宽、30厘米深的盆，大型品种需要田植，需60厘米以上宽的盆，90厘米以上的深度方可达到最佳生长，但有些品种可随着盆子改变大小，有些品种在过小的盆子会导致花瓣数减少，叶子缩小且无波浪的边缘，或者是不开花，结实量减少。种植时间是以春季最佳，夏季虽可移植，但须注意失水，移植时最好以袋子套住叶子，并种植在散光处，等叶子数量增加后，再移到全日照处，此外必须注意水温，夏季移植的常常使水温高于30，据说这会导致开花量减少，等到叶子数量足以遮檐水面时，气候已转凉，日照减少。莲花可以用种子或根茎繁殖。其种子莲子可以存活上千年。有科学家培育了一些有千年历史的莲子，繁殖出来的莲花依然生机盎然。在中国的大连市普兰店区曾出土过千年前的古莲子。在中国郑州大河村仰韶文化遗址中发现的两枚古莲子，有超过3000年历史，但是过于珍贵，未进行栽培试验。野生莲在中国被《国家重点保护野生植物名录》》
When the Wrong One Loves You Right is the third studio album by American country music artist Wade Hayes. Released in January 1998 as his final album for Columbia Records Nashville, it includes the singles "The Day That She Left Tulsa (In a Chevy)" and "How Do You Sleep at Night", which peaked at #5 and #13, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Also released were the title track and "Tore Up from the Floor Up", neither of which reached Top 40. The album was originally to have been released in 1997 under the title Tore Up from the Floor Up, with a cover of Glen Campbell's "Wichita Lineman" serving as the lead-off single. After this cover failed to reach Top 40, however, it was replaced with "The Day That She Left Tulsa" and the album was re-titled, with "Wichita Lineman" not making the album's final cut. The track "Summer Was a Bummer" was previously cut by Ty Herndon on his 1995 debut album What Mattered Most. Track listing Personnel As listed in liner notes. Bruce Bouton – pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar Larry Franklin – fiddle, mandolin Wade Hayes – lead vocals, background vocals, electric guitar John Barlow Jarvis – piano, keyboards, Hammond organ Liana Manis – background vocals Brent Mason – electric guitar, gut-string guitar, 6-string bass guitar Joey Miskulin – accordion Michael Rhodes – bass guitar John Wesley Ryles – background vocals Dennis Wilson – background vocals Lonnie Wilson – drums, percussion Glenn Worf – bass guitar Chart performance References External links Allmusic (see infobox) Liner notes to When the Wrong One Loves You Right. Columbia Records, 1998. 1998 albums Columbia Records albums Wade Hayes albums Albums produced by Don Cook
Breyers is a brand of ice cream started in 1866 by William A. Breyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. History In 1866, William A. Breyer began to produce and sell iced cream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, first from his home, and later via horse and wagon on the streets. Breyer's son Henry incorporated the business in 1908. The formerly independent Breyer Ice Cream Company was sold to the National Dairy Products Corporation/Sealtest in 1926. National Dairy then changed its name to Kraftco in 1968, and Kraft by 1975. Kraft sold its ice cream brands to Unilever in 1993, while retaining the rights to the name for yogurt products. Ice cream Prior to 2006, Breyers was known for producing ice cream with a small number of all-natural ingredients. In recent years, as part of cost-cutting measures since their move from Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Unilever's U.S. headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Unilever has reformulated many of its flavors with nontraditional, additive ingredients, significantly changing the taste and texture of their desserts as a result. Following similar practices by several of their competitors, and to the consternation of many former customers, Breyers' list of ingredients has expanded to include thickeners, low-cost sweeteners, food coloring and low-cost additives — including natural additives such as tara gum and carob bean gum; artificial additives such as maltodextrin and propylene glycol; and common artificially separated and extracted ingredients such as corn syrup, whey, and others. An ingredient list for Breyers Frozen Dairy Dessert may now include up to forty ingredients: milk, skim milk, sugar, corn syrup, cream, maltodextrin, whey, cellulose gel, mono & diglycerides, guar gum, cellulose gum, natural flavor, carob bean gum, carrageenan. caramel swirl: sugar, water, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, non fat milk solids, butter, salt, molasses, pectin, soy lecithin, sodium citrate, natural flavor, lactic acid, potassium sorbate. waffle cone pieces: fudge coating (sugar, coconut oil, cocoa powder, nonfat milk powder, whole milk powder, anhydrous milkfat, soy lecithin, vanilla), waffle cones (unenriched wheat flour, sugar, corn starch, palm and/or soybean oil, bamboo fiber, soy lecithin, natural flavor, soy flour, salt), natural flavor. One result of these cost-cutting practices has been that many (but not all) of Breyers' products no longer contain enough milk and cream to meet labeling requirements for ice cream, and are now labeled "Frozen Dairy Dessert" in the United States and "Frozen Dessert" in Canada. For several decades over 30% of Breyers products, including most of its products sold in the Northeastern U.S., were produced in a large plant outside Boston, in Framingham, Massachusetts. As part of cost-cutting by Unilever, the plant was closed in March 2011. Marketing In the 1980s, when Breyers produced all-natural ice cream, the company ran a television advertisement in North America featuring a child who attempted to read an ingredients list from another ice cream brand and experienced extreme difficulty pronouncing several listed artificial additives. The child then turned to the Breyers package and easily read the names of ingredients like milk, cream, and strawberry. Confusion with Dreyer's In the Western U.S. and Texas, Breyers ice cream is sometimes confused with Dreyer's ice cream. Henry Breyer founded Breyers in 1908 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while William Dreyer and Joseph Edy co-founded Edy's Grand Ice Cream in 1928 in Oakland, California. The root of the confusion dates to 1953, when "Edy's Grand Ice Cream" was changed to "Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream". Seeking to eliminate the confusion this created, Dreyer's changed its brand name in the home market of Breyers from "Dreyer's Grand" back to "Edy's Grand" in 1981. Around that same time Breyers had begun an expansion toward the West Coast—the home market of Dreyer's—and by the mid-1980s was distributing ice cream throughout the western U.S. and Texas. Unlike Dreyer's, Breyers kept its brand name nationally, and as a result, both Breyers and Dreyer's can be found on store shelves in the western U.S. and Texas. Yogurt Breyers Yogurt was a brand of yogurt, owned by Kraft Foods then by CoolBrands International, a former Canadian frozen foods manufacturer. After CoolBrands ran into financial trouble, it was sold in 2007 to Healthy Food Holdings, an affiliate of Catterton Partners, a private equity firm based in Greenwich, Connecticut. The yogurt was manufactured under license from Unilever at an upstate New York facility until the licensing agreement was terminated and the Breyers Yogurt line was discontinued in April 2011. Catterton continued to produce YoCrunch yogurt but without the Breyers co-branding until it sold the company in August 2013 to Group Danone. See also Henry West Breyer Sr. House List of ice cream brands References External links Food and drink introduced in 1866 Products introduced in 1866 1926 mergers and acquisitions 1993 mergers and acquisitions Unilever brands Ice cream brands History of Philadelphia Cuisine of Philadelphia
The Orkney Antiquarian Society was founded in 1922 by Dr. Hugh Marwick, Archdeacon James Brown Craven, Joseph Storer Clouston and John Mooney, and continued in existence for 17 years. Its focus of interest was the history and archaeology of Orkney, in Scotland, in the United Kingdom. During its lifetime, the Society published 15 volumes of Proceedings, the last being in 1939. An Orkney Research Agenda commissioned by Historic Scotland describes the society's founding in 1922 as a "major advance" in Orkney archaeology which provided a "vital outlet for discoveries and research in Orkney". Early 20th century writing on the islands often emphasised their distinct character and Nordic elements in their history, and this influenced subsequent scholarly thought. However, work exploring "Orkneyness" or "Norseness" varied from "excellent" to "suspect" and must be "used critically". Articles from the society's Proceedings are regularly cited by modern writers on archaeology and historical linguistics. Members of the society could be on site shortly after an accidental discovery, observing, advising and recording, and finds were sometimes given to the society for their own museum in Kirkwall. The society had links with other learned societies in Scotland and Scandinavia. It came to an end with the beginning of World War II, although its name is on some of Marwick's post-war notes about finds made after 1939. Orkney Miscellany, started in 1953, was the successor to the Proceedings of the Antiquarian Society. Society officers Presidents: 1922 – 1924 James Brown Craven 1924 – 1941 Joseph Storer Clouston Secretary: 1922 – 1941 Hugh Marwick See also List of Antiquarian Societies References The Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site: Research Agenda ed. Jane Downes, Sally M Foster and C R Wickham-Jones (Historic Scotland 2005) Archaeology Data Service Brinnoven: Dr Hugh Marwick OBE 1941 disestablishments in the United Kingdom Learned societies of Scotland History of Orkney Archaeology of Scotland Organizations established in 1922 1922 establishments in Scotland History organisations based in Scotland Organisations based in Orkney
Lactarius torminosulus is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius, in the order Russulales. A European species, it was officially described in 1996 from collections made in Norway. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are small to medium-sized, yellowish orange in colour. Young specimens have a hairy cap margin; these hairs slough off in maturity—a field characteristic that can be used to help distinguish this species from the similar Lactarius torminosus. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with dwarf birch species. Description The cap is initially convex before developing a central depression, sometimes becoming developing a papilla, and reaches diameters of . The cap surface of young specimens is hairy near the margin, which is usually fringed with hairs up to 5 mm long. The colour is initially pale cream to whitish, later becoming pale pinkish-buff to cream, with a more yellowish to yellowish-brown centre. The crowded gills have an adnate to decurrent attachment to the stipe. Whitish to pale pinkish-buff in colour, they are sometimes forked near the stipe attachment. The stipe measures long by in diameter, and is either cylindrical to slightly club-shaped to barrel-shaped. It has a smooth and dry surface with a salmon to pinkish-buff colour that turns to pinkish to yellowish-orange to reddish. The flesh is similar in colour to the outer surfaces; it has an acrid taste and an acidic to fruity odour. The sparse latex is white and has an immediately acrid taste. Lactarius torminulosus mushrooms produce a pale cream spore print. Spores are ellipsoid in shape, measuring on average 8.2–8.8 by 6.4–6.6 µm. The spore surface features warts and ridges up to 0.5 µm (less frequently up to 1 µm) high that are connected by thin ridges to form a partial reticulum. The spore sometimes has a plage, resulting in a bare spot on its surface. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are roughly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–50 by 9–11.5 µm. Similar species Lactarius torminulosus is closely related to Lactarius torminosus, and the two have very similar microscopic characteristics. They can be separated by field characters: L. torminosus has longer hairs on the cap margin that persist even in old fruit bodies, whereas those of Lactarius torminulosus are shorter and slough off in age. Also, the cap colours of L. torminulosus are typically more subdued than those of L. torminosus. Habitat and distribution An ectomycorrhizal species, Lactarius torminulosus associates with the dwarf birch species Betula nana and Betula glandulosa. It can also be found in Sphagnum moss-rich habitats where those host plants are. Mushrooms fruit in August and September. The fungus is common in Nordic countries (including Greenland and Iceland), and has also been collected in Siberia. It prefers boreal, hemiboreal, and arctic habitats. See also List of Lactarius species References External links torminosulus Fungi described in 1996 Fungi of Europe
糖尿病足治疗治疗费用？糖尿病足是指糖尿病足部神经病变使下肢保护功能减退，大血管和微血管病变使动脉灌注不足致微循环障碍而发生溃疡和坏疽的疾病状态。糖尿病足是糖尿病一种严重的并发症，是糖尿病患者致残，甚至致死的重要原因之一。平时应该多休息，可以通过药物进行治疗。直接使用胰岛素，如果你现在出现糖尿病并发症应该对症治疗，严重的可以进行截肢，需要几万元。可以行保守治疗。手术固定不会加速愈合。相反，手术因可能造成新的不稳以及可能有内固定周围骨折，所以可暂时延迟病变区域的愈合。非手术治疗在超过70%的病例中获得了成功。但是在后足与踝关节的Charcot关节病患者中成功率较低。终末期神经关节病可遗留严重的畸形，需要患者持续穿足部支具，如后方壳样踝足支具、后足托或是特殊的鞋子，以减少之后溃疡的发病。溃疡的治疗，根据糖尿病足损伤的6个分级，0级伤口如果足部有溃疡风险可采用改造鞋子、模具式内垫或是加深的鞋子来治疗，并进行患者教育，定期随访。一旦出现皮肤开裂，则必须进行积极的干预，以免损伤进一步发展。缓解1级伤口所受外来压力的方法有，穿术后鞋、使用足踝支具、穿预制可行走支具，或使用全接触石膏。除了恰当的减压受压部位以外，还需要恰当的溃疡伤口护理，以避免组织脱水性细胞坏死，加速伤口愈合。.感染的治疗，严重感染或有脓肿的伤口应当积极地清创，直至到达有活性的出血组织；清创不应仅限于表浅的皮肤组织。要在保持稳定性与去除病灶之间找到平衡点。行脓肿引流时应取纵形直切口，以增加灵活性，并利于愈合。有骨髓炎的区域应当行尽量大范围的清创，同时要考虑足的稳定性与清除病灶之间的平衡。除手术治疗以外，严重的感染伤口还通常需要住院进行静脉抗生素治疗。治疗的时间和抗生素的选择要根据细菌培养结果、感染程度以及治疗取得的临床反应。
服用回生甘露丸须注意的事项？孕妇慎用，新旧肺病等
服用氯化琥珀胆碱注射液须注意的事项？1? 不具备控制或辅助呼吸条件时，严禁使用。 2? 忌在病人清醒下给药。 3? 严重肝功能不全、营养不良、晚期癌症、严重贫血、年老体弱、严重电解质紊乱等患者慎用。 4? 接触有机农药患者，已证明无血浆胆碱酯酶减少或抑制者，方能使用至足量。 5? 为了解除本品肌松作用引起的短暂纤维颤动，可预先静脉注射小剂量非去极化肌松药（维库溴铵0.5mg）。 6? 预先给予阿托品可防止本品对心脏的作用。 7? 出现长时间呼吸停止，必须用人工呼吸，亦可输血，注射干血浆或其他拟胆碱酯酶药，但不可用新斯的明
This article is about music-related events in 1821. Events Construction work begins on the Teatro Regio at Parma. José Bernardo Alcedo wins a contest, sponsored by General José de San Martín, to choose a national anthem for Peru. The anthem is "Somos libres, seámoslo siempre," with lyrics by José de la Torre Ugarte. Classical music Ludwig van Beethoven – Piano Sonata No. 31 Friedrich Wilhelm Kalkbrenner – Piano Sextet Op. 58 Friedrich Kuhlau – 9 Variations For Piano Felix Mendelssohn – Symphonies for Strings 1–6 George Onslow – Cello Sonata, Op.16 No.3 (with viola part) Ferdinand Ries 2 Piano Sonatinas, Op. 5 Fantasie nach Schiller's Gedicht 'Resignation', Op. 109 Franz Schubert "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern", D.714; part song for male voices and low strings; Op.posth. 167 (1858) Symphony No. 7 in E major, D 729 Louis Spohr Clarinet Concerto No. 3 in F minor, WoO 19 Mass in C minor, Op. 54 Jan Václav Voříšek – Symphony in D Carl Maria von Weber – Konzertstück in F minor, for piano and orchestra, Op. 79 Opera Johann Kaspar Aiblinger – Rodrigo und Chimene Michele Carafa – Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans Saverio Mercadante Andronico Elisa e Claudio Giovanni Pacini – Cesare in Egitto Gioachino Rossini – Matilde di Shabran, premiered Feb. 24 in Rome. Carl Maria von Weber – Der Freischütz Publications Ananias Davisson – Introduction to Sacred Music, Extracted from the Kentucky Harmony and Chiefly Intended for the Benefit of Young Scholars Births April 27 – Henry Willis, organ builder (d. 1901) May 6 – Emilie Hammarskjöld, composer (d. 1854) May 25 – Diederich Krug, pianist and composer (d. 1880) June 15 – Nikolai Zaremba, musical theorist and composer (d. 1879) June 27 – August Conradi, organist and composer (d. 1873) July 18 – Pauline Viardot, singer and composer (d. 1910) October 4 – Fanny Stål pianist (d. 1889) October 8 – Friedrich Kiel, composer (d. 1885) October 13 – Oscar Byström, academic and composer (d. 1909) October 16 – Franz Doppler, flautist and composer (d. 1883) October 20 – Emilio Arrieta, composer (d. 1894) December 8 – Josif Runjanin, composer of the Croatian national anthem (d. 1878) December 22 – Giovanni Bottesini, composer (d. 1889) Deaths March 8 – Harriett Abrams, operatic soprano (b. c.1758) May 15 – John Wall Callcott, composer (b. 1766) June 25 – Antoine Bullant, bassoonist and composer (born 1750) August 6 – Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni, violinist, conductor and composer (born 1757) August 10 – Salvatore Viganò, choreographer and composer (born 1769) September 22 – Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre, "Madame Dugazon", entertainer (born 1755) October 28 – Gaspare Pacchierotti, castrato singer (born 1740) November 10 – Andreas Romberg, violinist and composer (born 1767) date unknown Jules Granier, composer (born 1770) Kamalakanta Bhattacharya, Bengali poet and songwriter (born 1722) References 19th century in music Music by year
閩越（；；；闽中语：；；邵将语：；前306年－前110年1月），又稱閩越国、闽粤、东越，是中国福建省历史上的一个国家，定都东冶（今福建省福州市）。在中國戰國時期，越國主要势力被楚國所滅，於越人外遷至闽中地区，與當地的百越土著“闽人”所共同建立的一個國家，主体部族为当时的闽部落和於越部落，后世人便将融合了越国文化并承袭了越国衣钵的古闽人称为閩越人，存在的時間大致上在前306年至前110年之間。尤其是前202年之後的六、七十年之間，國力達到鼎盛，是當時中國東南方勢力最強的國家，闽越王无诸定都于东冶（今福州），后东越王余善在城村（今福建省武夷山市南部的興田鎮）建立王城。歷史越人南遷前306年，越王勾踐七世孫越王無彊與楚威王作戰，戰敗被殺，越國从此衰微，部分越國王族在此时渡海入閩，徙居越遷山（今福建省福州市长乐区）。越人在閩地北部定居下來後，與當地原住民逐漸融合成閩越人，建立了閩越國。無諸之治前222年（秦王政二十五年），秦國消滅楚國後，開始向閩越進軍，於東冶設置了「閩中郡」。當時秦王朝認為閩中遠離中原，地處偏遠、山高路險，而且越人強悍，難於統治。因此，「閩中郡」雖為秦王朝的四十郡之一，建制卻不相同，秦未派守尉令長到閩中來，只是廢去闽越王無諸的王号，改用「君長」的名號讓無諸繼續統治閩中。因此，秦王朝只是名義上建立了閩中郡，實際上並未在閩中實施統治。秦末，陳勝、吳廣揭竿起義後，君長無諸跟隨吳芮北上中原協助各國諸侯消滅秦國。秦王朝滅亡後，項羽未分封無諸為王。前206年，楚漢戰爭爆發，無諸再度北上幫助漢王劉邦打擊西楚霸王項羽。西元前202年，楚漢戰爭結束，項羽自殺，劉邦稱帝建立漢王朝。劉邦建國後，大肆分封功臣。前202年（漢高帝五年），無諸受封閩越王，建都東冶，恢復並繼續統治閩越。郢王征伐無諸死後，又经历了数代闽越王的统治，但史书没有载明其世系。漢朝鎮壓吳楚等七國之亂後，吳王劉濞的兒子劉子駒逃亡到了閩越，勸說闽越王郢起兵討伐東甌。於是郢在前138年（建元三年）大舉進攻東甌，包圍其都城，東甌向漢朝求援。漢武帝遣嚴助率軍，自會稽從海上增援東甌。郢見漢軍兵至，退兵回國。此後，東甌被漢朝遷到了江淮一帶，閩越成為漢朝東南方最強盛的國家，百越諸部因此臣服，周邊的劉姓諸國均以財物珍寶討好閩越。前135年（建元六年），閩越王郢發兵攻打南越，南越王趙胡上表漢廷請求增援。漢武帝遣大行王恢率軍自豫章出發，大司農韓安國自會稽出發，水陸並進攻打閩越。郢立即發兵拒險。其弟余善認為漢軍強大，不可與之為敵，與大臣合謀，用鏦（矛）擊殺了郢，向漢朝投降。也暫時結束了閩越向外擴張的野心與企圖。雙王并立前135年（建元六年），郢被殺後，漢朝軍隊撤回北方，漢武帝冊封並未參與入侵南越行動的閩越繇君——丑為「越繇王」（也作「繇王」），命令其統治閩越。然而，刺殺郢成功的余善受到閩越宗室與貴族們的支持，威行於國中，私下自立为王，繇王拿他没办法。於是，漢廷只好再冊封余善為「東越王」，與繇王一同統治閩越；然而，閩越的權力基本上仍在東越王余善的手中。丑去世后，居股繼承繇王之位。余善稱帝元鼎六年（前111年）秋，東越王余善刻「武帝」璽，自立為帝，並發兵反漢。這時的西漢王朝經過近百年的休養生息，國富民強，特別是漢武帝在位期間，漢朝進入鼎盛時期。漢武帝在擊敗北方匈奴、解除北方邊患之後，調遣四路大軍共數十萬人圍進攻閩越。余善建六座城池拒汉兵。居股降漢漢朝對閩越內部採取分化瓦解的手段，爭取繇王居股、建成侯敖和原来的越衍侯吴阳殺余善後降漢。漢武帝為了徹底消除後患，詔令大軍將閩越舉國遷往江淮內地，同时拆毁閩越的城池和宮殿，时为元封元年冬（前110年1月）。地理与人口疆域闽越辖境南界南海国北（今福建九龙江一带），西达今江西省东北部铅山北至东瓯南最南到潮州，境内有泉山。部族閩越的居民主要是閩越人，是古代福建的原住部落，為百越的一支。對於閩越部落的形成，史學界有兩種看法。第一種認為閩越人是福建的原住部落；第二種則認為是越國人與百越的融合。人口有人認為南越、閩越二國的甲卒都各有數十萬，甚至近百萬，其全國人口當然都以百萬計。。根據《漢書》給出公元2年的人口數據，原越國、東甌、閩越故地的會稽郡人口有1,032,640人。統治政策秦佔有閩越後，設立了閩中郡，但實際上卻無法有效控制該郡，真正的統治者依然是君長無諸。為了加強對閩中的控制，秦王朝一方面把大量閩越人遷移到現在的浙江省北部和安徽、江西等省境內；另一方面又把中原的罪犯流放到閩中來。這一政策一方面造成了各個不同地區人群的互相融合，另一方面也造成了閩越文化和華夏文化的互相交流。然而，由於秦朝國祚甚短，所以地域融合的效果並不顯著。外交與秦朝的外交前222年，秦朝攻克閩越後，於東冶設置閩中郡，並廢閩越王無諸為「君長」繼續統治該郡。此時的閩越名義上已經亡國；但事實上，此時的閩中郡並未直接受到秦朝的統治。與漢朝的外交閩越與漢朝的外交可分為兩個階段，臣屬與對立：前202年楚漢戰爭後，劉邦戰勝項羽稱帝。漢朝建立後，劉邦開始分封功臣，無諸因此受封閩越王，封國閩越。此時閩越的地位是漢朝的外臣（與南越、東甌相同）。前112年冬（元鼎六年冬十月），漢武帝發兵消滅南越後。翌年，余善得知漢朝有進攻閩越的企圖，勃然大怒，遂自稱「東越武帝」，並刻皇帝印璽以自立。此後的閩越（東越）自主並與漢朝對立，直到余善被繇王居股殺害、閩越亡國為止。與南越的外交南越位於閩越的西南面，疆域包含今日的兩廣與越北。南越是秦朝南海尉趙佗於秦末時建立的國家，都城位於番禹。前196年，趙佗第一次臣服漢朝後開始，此時，南越和閩越同臣屬於漢朝，皆為漢朝的外臣，是平等的關係。前135年，閩越王郢入侵南越，趙眜請求漢武帝出兵，殺死了閩越王郢。在這之後，閩越重新臣屬漢朝，和南越恢復了平等的關係直至南越亡國。與東甌的外交根據史記記載，閩越與東甌的王室都是越國王室的後裔。當兩國分別傳位至無諸與搖時，皆被秦始皇征服並廢位，後降級為隸屬於秦朝的「君長」。前202年，楚漢戰爭結束，又皆因幫助漢高祖劉邦稱帝，而分別受封復國，國號閩越與東甌。前154年，漢朝發生七國之亂，兵敗後，吳王劉濞逃至東甌避難，但卻遭東甌王弟「夷鳥將軍」刺殺而死。吳王子劉駒則是逃至閩越，由於對東甌刺殺其父十分不滿，因此他經常遊說閩越朝廷發兵進攻東甌。前138年（漢建元三年），閩越發兵圍困東甌都城，東甌轉而向漢朝求援。但在漢軍抵達前，閩越軍早已聞訊撤退。閩越軍隊撤退後，東甌迫於閩越的壓力，因而請求漢朝允許東甌舉國遷往江淮，國除。閩越與東甌的關係也就此告一段落。文化宗教崇拜福建至今仍傳承著閩越人遺留的古代信仰，如皇太姥、武夷君等閩越山神；無諸、白马三郎等閩越英雄神；猴神齊天大聖、蛇神蟒天神王及九使爺、蛙神鐵甲將軍等閩越動物神，這些閩越古神多已漢化並融入漢人民間信仰。據《三山志·祠廟》記載，福州在唐代大曆之前，有名望得以通祀的只有南台廟（祭祀無諸）、鱔溪廟（祭祀騶寅，即白馬尊王）、城隍廟、明德贊福王廟（祭祀郢）四處廟宇，除城隍外，其餘三處皆為閩越人所遺留，今唯獨對明德贊福王郢的崇拜似已失傳。现今闽南人保留的“拜天公“风俗，並非从北方传来，而是闽越人祭天习俗的延续。“天公”實為闽越传说中的“天帝”，民間常將其與道教的玉皇大帝混為一談。语言文字境內土著所說的语言是閩越語，為百越語的一個分支。現今的閩語（閩東語、閩南語、闽北语等）的用詞主要來自五胡亂華起由中原帶來的古漢語，但閩語支仍保留了部分閩越語底层词汇。建築文化閩越王城佔地48萬平方公尺，有四個城門。東西城門之間是一條寬10公尺的大道，用鵝卵石鋪成。大道北面是佔地兩萬平方公尺的宮殿區，僅主殿就有900多平方公尺。當時的閩越是漢代時東南一帶勢力最強的國家，城村的王城也是東南一帶規模最大的城市(李菁 2005)。在往後將近一個世紀的發展中，閩越人民一方面保持了福建遠古百越文化中的風俗習慣、宗教觀念、文化、藝術等，又在政治和經濟等方面受到華夏文化某種程度的影響，從而創造出燦爛一時的閩越古國文化。公元前202年，刘邦封无诸为闽越王，统治闽中。这一年，无诸开始修建闽越王城“东冶”。公元前110年，闽越被汉武帝消灭。闽越王城的確切地點在学术界曾引起各种争论。福建师范大学社会历史学院博士生导师戴显群教授表示，之前曾出现“崇安论”、“福州论”、“浙南论”等，而武夷山汉代古城遗迹的发现更是一度让“崇安论”独领风骚。但是近几年，屏山附近的考古发现豐富，使“福州论”成为主流说法。福建省考古队队员高建斌表示，1990年代在屏山一带曾有不少考古发现，其中鼓屏路钱塘巷基建工地，发现了汉代文化堆积层、几何图案的陶片等文物。1997年，屏山永辉超市附近，出土多块“万岁瓦当”，轰动一时，並可能与汉代皇宫有关。此后，省财政厅工地的探方中又发掘出两期叠压的建筑遗迹。而在後續屏山站地铁施工现场的考古勘察中，年代分明的地层、宫廷级别的汉代陶片、疑为城墙遗址的“砖墙”，再一次為閩越王城“福州論”提供了有力论证。風俗儀式兩千多年前，閩地（今福建）对中原文明来说还是偏遠之地。當地毒蛇很多，人們敬畏蛇，把蛇當作是部落的圖騰。蛇在古語中又被稱為長蟲，就以蟲為義，把這裡稱為閩。台灣學者吳守禮認為漢朝許慎著作《說文解字》時解釋這個「閩」字為「東南越蛇種」。請看：「閩」字的構成，從「門」從「-{虫}-」；「門」是音符，「-{虫}-」是義符。依我看，這義符「-{虫}-」，可能就是許慎解釋做「蛇種」的由來，就是說許氏據字形而做的解釋。如今我們似乎可以用民俗學的眼光，把「閩」解釋為：以蛇紋的形狀做「圖騰」（Totem）的民族，並不是「蛇」變「人」，這樣比較合理。遺跡城村閩越王城 1958年，閩越古城遺跡被發現，並進行了試掘，出土了大量的文物。古城平面似長方形，南北長約860公尺，寬約550公尺，總面積48萬平方公尺。在已發掘的高湖坪，出土了一個大型的宮殿建築群，布局嚴謹，結構完整，底下還舖設了流暢的排水系統。在城內外還發現了多處居住遺址和冶鐵遺址，出土了大量的鐵器、陶器、建築材料和銅器。其中的陶器，無論是形制或紋制，皆與中原地區的陶器截然不同，具有濃厚的地方風格。城村閩越古墓 2000年，在閩越王城遺址東南3公里處，又發現了一處古墓。2002年10月，研究人員開始了探索性的挖掘，經考察後，發現這是一處閩越王時期的貴族古墓。福州屏山閩越宮殿 2012年12月，在福州修建地铁1号线的时候，在屏山一带意外发现了另一座閩越國王城的宮殿遺址。随后工程停止，考古队进行发掘。部分遗址被切割运走异地保存，待地铁施工完毕后将运回原址复原。其发掘出来的文物被运往福州市博物馆，部分文物于2014年1月在该馆公开展览。中国社会科学院考古研究所原常务副所长徐光冀认为此次的考古发掘肯定了冶城与闽越王城就在福州。福建省文物局原局长郑国珍认为此次发现的大型夯土台基和宫殿遗迹为闽越王城位于福州提供了有力的证据。福建省文史研究馆馆员、考古学教授欧潭生根据碳十四的检测报告木炭的年代为春秋时期以及城墙、陶片的材料来看证明了闽越王城位于福州。君主列表参见七闽古闽人闽越人百越越國閩中郡冶城閩越王城遺址南海国南越国福建历史参考文献李菁，2005，武夷山下：閩越故地 [online]。np：中國中央電視台。1月14日 [引用於2005年1月26日]。全球資訊網網址：。唐風宋韻網頁，2004a，閩越融合逐步漢化 [online]。np：唐風宋韻網頁。10月28日 [引用於 2005年1月21日]。全球資訊網網址：唐風宋韻網頁，2004b，古遠文明的魅力：閩越王城 [online]。np：唐風宋韻網頁。10月28日 [引用於 2005年1月21日]。全球資訊網網址：吳守禮，1986，閩南方言過台灣：「綜合閩南方言基本字典」代序 [online]。np：老醫之家：Dr. 吳昭新的Home Page。[引用於2005年1月13日]。全球資訊網網址：。新華網福建頻道，2003，福建歷史沿革 [online]。北京：新華網。[引用於 2005年2月3日]。全球資訊網網址：。新浪，2004，歷史文化積澱豐厚的閩越王城 [online]。南京市：江蘇新聞網。5月24日 [引用於2005年1月21日]。全球資訊網網址：。中華萬年網，nd，楚漢戰爭，見秦朝 [online]。np：中華萬年網。[引用於2005年2月4日]。全球資訊網網址：。外部連結武夷山旅行社：閩越王城古遺跡之旅泉州土著閩越人福州屏山地鐵站下藏古城閩越王曾在此建城《閩越民族論》李辉：〈分子人类学所见历史上闽越族群的消失〉。延伸閲讀 (按照作者姓氏漢語拼音順序排列；不收入書籍篇章和期刊論文) 福建歷史政權閩越國漢朝周邊國家福州政治史中国历史上的王国
宫颈癌吃什么蔬菜最好？早期宫颈癌常无明显症状和体征，早期多为接触性出血;中晚期为不规则阴道流血。出血量根据病灶大小、侵及间质内血管情况而不同，若侵袭大血管可引起大出血。多数患者有阴道排液，液体为白色或血性，可稀薄如水样或米泔状，或有腥臭。那么宫颈癌吃什么蔬菜最好？宫颈癌吃以下几种蔬菜最好：1、大蒜：大蒜含有大蒜素,能从多个方面阻断致癌物质亚硝胺的合成。对于预防食管癌、胃癌及多种癌瘤均有一定的作用，以生食效果较好。阴虚火旺者不宜多食。3、番茄：番茄是维生素C的重要来源，在储存和烹调的过程中，它所含有的维生素C不易遭到破坏，番茄中还含有胡萝卜素、番茄红素、维生素B族，番茄红素是抗氧化性最强的类胡萝卜素。不要在空腹时吃番茄，不能吃未成熟的番茄，不要和黄瓜一起吃，因为黄瓜中含有大量维生素C分解酶。4、黄瓜：黄瓜含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类化合物、矿物质、维生素、丙醇二酸等成分。无论是癌症性发热还是炎症性发热的患者，吃黄瓜可以清热。伴有腹水、胸水或全身水肿的患者，吃黄瓜都有作用。5、椰菜：椰菜富含维生素C、胡萝卜素、纤维素以及钙、钾等，并且具有低脂肪、低热量的优点。6、芹菜：芹菜含有蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、维生素及矿物质，同时芹菜还含有挥发性的芹菜油，能促进食欲。芹菜中含有大量维生素，经常食用可预防大肠癌。英国科学家研究发现，食用水芹可以抵硝烟草中有毒物质对肺的损伤，在一定程度上防治肺癌。综上所述，宫颈癌患者在食用有益蔬菜的同时还要少食吃餐，食用一些比较容易消化的食物，可进食高蛋白食物如鱼，鸡蛋，牛奶，豆制品等，少吃牛羊肉及刺激性食物。饮食调理固然重要，但是要从根本上解决肿瘤治疗带来的副作用，还是需要药物支持。
（）是一种有机化合物，化学式为C18H20N2，属于四环类抗抑郁药（TeCA），从未上市。参考文献外部链接中止研发的药物四环抗抑郁药二苯并氮䓬仲胺
脑萎缩治疗需要多少钱？脑萎缩这种疾病是多见于老年朋友身边的疾病，由于年龄大的缘故，身体上的各项机能都在下降，所以大脑的健康也会遭受到破害，引起脑萎缩的发生，关于脑萎缩的治疗费用这个问题，小编给朋友们来简单的介绍一下吧。脑萎缩治疗的费用不仅与脑萎缩患儿的病情有关，还与选择的脑萎缩治疗方式相关，许多脑萎缩患者选择了疗效不佳，治疗周期长的治疗方式进行治疗，结果治疗了很长一段时间脑萎缩病情都没有好转，这样一拖费用自然就不低了。治疗脑萎缩应该选择起效迅速，恢复周期合理的脑萎缩治疗方式，这样脑萎缩治疗的费用才会比较低，这样脑萎缩患者也能够留更多的钱用于后期康复护理了。脑萎缩如果没能尽早治疗，会引发各种并发症，，这些并发症只会越来越严重，从治疗脑萎缩发展到治疗各种后遗症，所花费的金钱就会多得多。因此脑萎缩患患者一旦明确诊断，就应该立即进行早期治疗，抓住最佳时期进行治疗，可以让脑萎缩患者获得最好的治疗效果，这样所花费的脑萎缩的治疗费用也是值得的。怎样治疗脑萎缩，治疗脑萎缩的方法主要有以下几种：1、传统的中医中药治疗脑萎缩是开通经络：活血化瘀、祛除外邪、补益脾肾、调理脏腑、恢复正气，不足为用药时间长，疗效慢，不能阻止疾病的进展。2、康复治疗：劳逸结合，适度锻炼避免过度疲劳，适当参加一些力所能及的体力劳动和体育运动，以增强体质，增强机体的抗病能力。3、推拿治疗：推拿的主要作用是通过对肢体或穴位和按摩，达到疏通经络，活血化瘀的作用，从而使脑萎缩的肢体功能和其他功能的障碍得以恢复。对于脑萎缩的患者来说，假如没有肢体功能障碍，推拿部位则以头面部为主。大家在了解了以上的内容以后，已经非常清楚的认识到了脑萎缩的治疗费用的相关知识了，脑萎缩会让患者的健康受到特别严重的伤害，并且影响着大脑的正常运作，因此这种疾病的治疗要及时，而且在治疗过后要注意康复训练的加强。
Matthew Arthur Tilt (born 25 July 1981) is an English former cricketer. Tilt is a right-handed batsman who fields as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Tilt made his debut for Shropshire in the 1999 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. Tilt played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1999 to present, which has included 53 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 29 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his List A debut against Ireland in the 2000 NatWest Trophy. He made 6 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 2005 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 7 List A matches, he scored 4 runs at an average of 1.33, with a high score of 3. Behind the stumps he took 8 catches and made 4 stumpings. References External links Matthew Tilt at ESPNcricinfo Matthew Tilt at CricketArchive 1981 births Living people Cricketers from Shrewsbury English cricketers Shropshire cricketers People educated at Wrekin College Wicket-keepers
A paramedic is a healthcare professional predominantly in the pre-hospital and out-of-hospital environment. Paramedics or Paramedic may also refer to: Paramedics (U.S. TV series), a 1998 spin-off factual television series of Trauma: Life in the E.R. Paramedics (Australian TV series), a 2018 Australian factual television series "Paramedic!", a song from the soundtrack of the 2018 film Black Panther Paramedics (film), a 1988 comedy film Other 911 Paramedic , a video game released for PC. Published by Legacy Interactive.
答剌麻八剌（；），元朝世祖忽必烈太子真金之次子，元武宗、元仁宗之父，娶蒙古弘吉剌部出身的答己为正妃，娶郭氏为偏妃。一作塔剌麻八剌，達爾瑪巴拉，答理麻哈剌。在1286年真金太子去世之后，頗受元世祖的鍾愛，但其在1292年世祖仍健在時就因病去世。1307年元成宗去世，答剌麻八剌的儿子海山即位，是为元武宗，元武宗追尊答剌麻八剌为皇帝，为答剌麻八剌上廟號順宗，汉文諡號昭聖衍孝皇帝。生平他的早年詳細行積不祥。至元二十二年十二月十日（1286年1月5日），真金太子去世，元世祖頗為鍾愛答剌麻八剌。至元二十八年（1291年），元世祖令答剌麻八剌出镇怀州。至赵州，惩罚扰民的士卒来管束下属。没有抵达怀州，就因病召还。1292年春，元世祖前往上都，答剌麻八剌留在大都治病，两个月后病逝。中国中央研究院歷史語言研究所研究員洪金富是他的死亡日於1292年5月8日。大德十一年五月二十一日（1307年6月21日），答剌麻八剌的儿子海山在上都大安阁即位，是为元武宗，元武宗在即位当天追尊父亲答剌麻八剌为皇帝，尊母亲弘吉剌·答己为皇太后。尊谥庙号大德十一年九月十一日（1307年10月7日），元武宗为答剌麻八剌上廟號順宗，汉文諡號昭聖衍孝皇帝。《顺宗皇帝谥册文》，内容如下：顺宗实录至大元年三月二十日（1308年4月11日），元武宗命翰林国史院纂修《顺宗实录》、《成宗实录》。皇庆元年十月二十六日（1312年11月25日），翰林学士承旨玉连赤不花等向元仁宗进呈《顺宗实录》、《成宗实录》、《武宗实录》。其中，《顺宗实录》共有1卷。明朝初年史官修《元史》，参照实录修成《顺宗传》（《睿宗传》、《裕宗传》、《显宗传》、《顺宗传》合为一卷），《顺宗实录》今已失传，其主干内容保存在《顺宗传》中。玉连赤不花等《进三朝实录表》，内容如下：轶闻明初，葉子奇所著《草木子》卷四記「世祖生子口啞，即裕宗。及壯，當有室。使其遊都市，使擇其意之所可者為妻。獨指一屠人婦，世祖即為娶之，迺妲吉妃子也。腹生二帝。」妲吉，即答己。所謂「裕宗」應係「順宗」（答剌麻八剌）之誤，而「世祖」則當改正為「裕宗」。順宗生而口啞，藏文文獻《紅史》亦見記載。《紅史》的作者蔡巴·貢噶多吉，原为薩迦巴的万户，他在1346年開始撰寫《紅史》，而於1363年成書。两者可互相印证。有野史传闻认为，答剌麻八剌的正妃答己不能生育，他的三个儿子长子魏王阿木哥，次子元武宗海山，三子元仁宗爱育黎拔力八达，以及一个女儿鲁国公主祥哥剌吉都是偏妃郭氏所生。根据史书记载，郭氏先嫁给答剌麻八剌，在魏王阿木哥出生之后，答己才嫁给答剌麻八剌为正妃。传闻认为，答己不能生育，于是就抱养郭氏后生的两个儿子海山和爱育黎拔力八达为嫡子，抱养女儿祥哥剌吉为嫡女，郭氏为了儿女的前途也同意了。此传闻并非毫无依据，根据《元史》记载，1307年元武宗即位，封阿木哥为魏王，赐兽纽金印，1311年三月元仁宗即位，六月，魏王阿木哥前往大都朝觐，仁宗对大臣说：“朕与阿木哥同父而异母，朕不抚育，彼将谁赖？其赐钞二万锭，他勿援例。” 1312年又赐庆元路定海县六万五千户为食邑，对他特别的好，其实天下人都知道阿木哥与元武宗元仁宗同父异母，又何必元仁宗特别点出，这一句话反而让人有些怀疑了。家庭父母兄弟姐妹父母父亲：真金太子，1261年被封为燕王，1273年被封为皇太子，1286年去世，1293年元世祖上谥号明孝太子，1294年元成宗追尊为皇帝，上庙号元裕宗母亲：阔阔真王妃，1294年元成宗登基后尊为皇太后，1300年去世后元成宗上谥号徽仁裕聖皇后兄弟大哥：甘麻剌，1290年封为梁王，出镇云南，1292年改封晋王，移镇漠北，1302年去世，1324年元泰定帝追尊为皇帝，上庙号元顯宗，母亲阔阔真王妃三弟：元成宗鐵穆耳，1293年受皇太子宝，1294年元世祖去世后登基称帝，1307年去世，母亲阔阔真王妃姐妹赵国公主忽答迭迷失，下嫁闊里吉思鲁国公主南阿不剌，下嫁蛮子台妻妾儿子女儿妻妾正妻答己王妃，1307年元武宗登基后尊为皇太后，1311年元仁宗登基后继续尊为皇太后，1320年元仁宗登基后尊为太皇太后，1322年病逝，1323年元英宗上谥号昭献元圣皇后郭氏妃子，生魏王阿木哥儿子長子魏王阿木哥，郭妃所生，1307年元武宗即位，封为魏王，赐兽纽金印。1311年元仁宗赐钞二万锭，1312年，赐庆元路定海县六万五千户为食邑。不久因为获罪贬谪到高丽耽罗岛，后来贬谪到高丽大青岛，后来因涉嫌谋反被贬谪到山西大同。1324年，元泰定帝将阿木哥召回京师，1324年六月去世。长子阿鲁，1330年被元文宗封为西靖王，出镇陕西；次子孛罗帖木儿，1324年袭封魏王，1353年在河南因为疏于防范被红巾军所杀。次子元武宗海山，生母答己王妃，1307年即位称帝，1311年去世三子元仁宗爱育黎拔力八达，生母答己王妃，1311年即位称帝，1320年去世女儿鲁国公主祥哥剌吉（约1283-1331年），下嫁碉阿不拉，1307年元武宗即位，封鲁国大长公主，1311年元仁宗即位，进号皇姐大长公主。热衷书画收藏，有“皇姊图书”印。延伸阅读参考文献《元史·顺宗传》《元史》卷106《后妃表》《元史》卷107《宗室世系表》《元史》卷108《诸王表》《元史》卷109《诸公主表》註釋元朝政治人物元 2
東五反田（）是東京都品川區的地名，設一丁目至五丁目。2013年（平成25年）8月1日為止的人口有13,939人。郵遞區號141-0022。地理位於品川區北部。北鄰品川區上大崎、港區白金台，東接港區高輪，東南通品川區北品川，南與品川區大崎之間以目黑川為界，西與品川區西五反田之間以山手線路廊為界。町域西部有首都高速2號目黑線通過。櫻田通貫穿町內。西邊有山手線、都營淺草線、東急池上線五反田站。五反田站周邊為商業區，其他地區辦公大樓、公寓、低層住宅混雜。東五反田三丁目附近俗稱「島津山」，東五反田五丁目附近俗稱「池田山」，兩者皆為山之手代表的高級住宅區。皇后美智子也是本地（東五反田五丁目）出身。歷史 1932年（昭和7年）10月1日編入東京市。地名由來此地為五反田東部而得名。交通鐵路五反田站（JR山手線、東急池上線、都營地下鐵淺草線）巴士都營巴士五反田站前停留所東五反田三丁目停留所設施東五反田一丁目五反田站電波新聞社五反田有樂街寶塔寺雉子神社幸福科學總合本部東五反田二丁目 Oval Court大崎 COMSYS Holdings本社神鋼建機本社神鋼起重機本社富士通電子零件本社 IMAGICA本店品川區立日野學園東五反田三丁目清泉女子大學住友不動產高輪公園塔東五反田四丁目東京醫療保健大學相生坂東五反田五丁目 NTT東日本關東醫院品川區立池田山公園品川區立合歡木庭（前正田邸，皇后美智子舊家）印尼駐日大使館渡邊拳擊館伊朗文化中心圖片備註相關條目大崎副都心（含東五反田一部分）池田氏（當地的「池田山」是因池田氏的下屋敷而得名）五反田 Higashi 大崎副都心品川區町名
成人睾丸鞘膜积液能自愈吗？鞘膜积液这种疾病一般都发生在男性身上，当然也有小孩甚至是婴儿患上这种疾病。我们今天来探讨的是关于大人患上鞘膜积液会不会自愈。一般来说这种疾病如果发生在成人的身上，建议大家还是要及时的去医院采取正规的治疗比较好。鞘膜积液比较常见于新生婴儿身上，新生儿患上这种疾病一般都可以自行恢复健康，或者自行进行吸收。但是如果在两岁以后还没有发生缓解的话，则需要采取手术的治疗方式来进行缓解了。大人鞘膜积液能自愈吗?答案是不能。大人如果患上鞘膜积液一定要采用手术的方式来进行治疗了。但是，手术治疗只适用于比较大的鞘膜积液，而比较小的鞘膜积液则采用穿刺抽液的方式进行治疗。一般来说鞘膜积液自愈只发生在两周岁以前的婴儿身上，因此，大人想要达到鞘膜积液自愈是不可能的。因此，建议大家如果发现自己患上了鞘膜积液一定要尽早的去医院进行检查，争取能够尽早采取正规的治疗，否则的话，长时间会影响生育的。当然鞘膜积液也分类型的，不同类型的鞘膜积液采用的治疗方式会不一样。上文我们也介绍了，体积小的鞘膜积液一般可以不用采取手术进行治疗，体积大的鞘膜积液就可以考虑通过手术的方式进行治疗了。当然，一般来说睾丸鞘膜积液不用考虑会往肿瘤的方向发展，但是，如果睾丸鞘膜积液发生在左侧的话，那么就要往肾脏肿瘤方向考虑了。以上便是我们对于大人鞘膜积液能自愈吗的全部内容的详细介绍了，相信通过以上文章的了解大家知道大人鞘膜积液一般是不能发生自愈的。因此，大家还是要尽早的去医院进行检查，积极的接受治疗，同时也要选择正规的大医院进行治疗，不要为了省钱，盲目地选择各种小医院小诊所进行治疗。
極地俱樂部冰川（），是南極洲的冰川，位於南設得蘭群島的喬治王島，處於斯特蘭傑角東北面，最終注入布蘭斯菲爾德海峽，現時由南極條約體系管理。南極洲冰川
神明神社（しんめいじんじゃ）是以天照大御神為主祭神，伊勢神宮內宮（三重縣伊勢市）為總本社的神社。也稱神明社（しんめいしゃ）、神明宮（しんめいぐう）、皇大神社（こうたいじんじゃ）、天祖神社（てんそじんじゃ）等，或多通稱「お伊勢さん」。概要根據神社本廳，日本全國約有5千社，一說約1萬8,000社。根據神道學者岡田莊司，若以祭神為全國神社分類，伊勢信仰的神社是全國第2位（4425社）。明治時代，名為「神明宮」的神明神社，為了避免和「伊勢神宮」的「宮」重複，多改為「天祖神社」或「神明社」等名稱。主要的神明社・神明神社・大神宮根據岡田莊司等之研究，分類為伊勢信仰的神社多在中部地方，和鎌倉期的伊勢神宮所領幾乎一致。北海道山上大神宮 - 北海道函館市徳山大神宮 - 北海道松前郡松前町姥神大神宮 - 北海道檜山郡江差町東北地方櫻岡大神宮 - 宮城縣仙台市青葉區開成山大神宮 - 福島縣郡山市關東地方東京大神宮 - 東京都千代田區富士見芝大神宮（芝神明宮）- 東京都港區芝大門伊勢山皇大神宮 - 神奈川縣橫濱市西區中部地方仁科神明宮 - 長野縣大町市近畿地方朝日神明宮 - 京都府京都市下京區日向大神宮 - 京都府京都市山科區中國地方山口大神宮 - 山口縣山口市四國地方東雲神社 - 愛媛縣松山市丸之内九州地方天照皇大神宮 - 福岡縣糟屋郡久山町熊本大神宮 - 熊本縣熊本市中央區海外的神明神社布哇大神宮 - 美國夏威夷州檀香山南洋神社 - 帛琉柯羅聖馬利諾神社 - 聖馬利諾脚注關連項目天照大神伊勢神宮元伊勢
何畏可以指：何思敬，笔名何畏，中国作家、哲学家和法学家何畏 (1900年)，中国工农红军高级将领何畏 (1922年)，原名何永祥，抗日战争烈士何畏 (1983年)，南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院副院长，第十三届全国青联常委何畏，匡亚明的笔名之一 wei
The Hamburger Morgenpost (Hamburg Morning Post) (also known as Mopo) is a daily German newspaper published in Hamburg in tabloid format. As of 2006 the Hamburger Morgenpost was the second-largest newspaper in Hamburg after Bild Zeitung. History and profile The Hamburger Morgenpost was founded in 1949 by the Hamburg section of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) with a circulation of 6,000 copies. Until the late 1950s, the circulation increased to 450,000 copies. When Bild Zeitung was brought out by the Axel Springer publishing house as a second tabloid serving Hamburg, the circulation of the Hamburger Morgenpost declined steadily. Due to the existing competition with other newspapers, such as the 1948 re-founded Hamburger Abendblatt, there was a decline in interest in political party-owned newspapers in Hamburg. The SPD sold the newspaper following financial problems in the mid-1970s. After having several owners, the Gruner + Jahr publishing company bought it in 1986. In 1989, its circulation had fallen to 135,000. In 1999, Gruner + Jahr sold the newspaper in to Frank Otto and Hans Barlach. In 2006, the BV Deutsche Zeitungsholding, a company of David Montgomery's Mecom Group and Veronis Suhler Stevenson International, bought the newspaper. In 2009, Mecom Group sold it to the Cologne-based private publishing company DuMont Schauberg. The circulation of the Hamburger Morgenpost was 115,845 copies in the second quarter of 2009. Editor-in-chiefs 1985–1986: Nils von der Heyde 1986: Jürgen Juckel 1986–1989: Wolfgang Clement 1989–1992: Ernst Fischer 1992–1994: Wolf Heckmann 1994–1996: Manfred von Thien 1996–1998: Mathias Döpfner 1998–2000: Marion Horn 2000–2006: Josef Depenbrock 2006–2008: Matthias Onken 2008–2020: Frank Niggemeier since 2020: Maik Koltermann 2015 arson In response to the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in which 12 people died on January 7, 2015, some international organizations such as Reporters Without Borders called for controversial Charlie Hebdo cartoons to be re-published in solidarity with the French satirical magazine and in defense of free speech. The Hamburger Morgenpost included Charlie Hebdo cartoons on its front cover on January 8 and other publications such as Germany's Berliner Kurier and Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza reprinted cartoons from Charlie Hebdo the day after the attack; the former depicted Muhammad reading Charlie Hebdo whilst bathing in blood. At least three Danish newspapers featured Charlie Hebdo cartoons, and the tabloid BT used a Charlie Hebdo image depicting Muhammad lamenting being loved by "idiots" on its cover. The newspaper was attacked by an arsonist on January 11, possibly relating to the cartoons. References External links 1949 establishments in West Germany Daily newspapers published in Germany German-language newspapers Newspapers published in Hamburg Newspapers established in 1949
脑积液会导致什么症状？脑积水的常见症状有哪些？脑积水常常伴有颅内压增高。患有脑积水的婴儿，由于颅缝尚未闭合，头颅常迅速增大，导致患儿形成头颅大、颜面小、前额突出、下颌尖细的容貌。对于成人和青少年患者，则常见头痛、颈部疼痛、恶心呕吐、虚弱无力、嗜睡或昏睡、走路困难或小便失禁等症等安全装置，以免头部受伤。对于年幼的孩子，坐汽车时应配备儿童安全座椅。脑脊液到底有什么作用呢？脑脊液是由脑室内组织产生的，它不断产生又不断被吸收回流至静脉，达到一种“动态平衡”。脑脊液充满脑室系统的无色透明液体。在脑功能中起着重要作用：保持大脑浮力，让相对沉重的大脑浮在头骨内；为大脑提供缓冲，以防止受伤；运走大脑的代谢产物；维持颅内压平衡。一般医生如何治疗脑积水？脑积水的治疗包括手术治疗和药物治疗。手术治疗是主要治疗手段，药物治疗一般作为暂时性对症治疗或手术治疗的辅助治疗。脑积水的手术治疗方法分为：分流术及神经内镜术。分流手术是通过分流管将脑室内多余的脑脊液引到身体其他部位吸收掉。神经内镜手术是一种微创手术，不需要引流管，常用于梗阻性脑积水患者的治疗。大量临床数据显示，脑脊液成分、脑室壁异常和腹腔壁的异常，是脑积水神经内镜微创术和脑脊液分流手术失败的重要原因。因为神经内镜微创术和脑脊液分流手术，均不对脑脊液成分进行任何治疗，而仅对脑脊液量进行正常化治疗的方法。脑积水的最佳治疗方法是什么？脑脊液科综合治疗法，是权威专家李小勇从业30多年研究独创的，具体分为：脑脊液科分流性治疗、脑脊液科引流性治疗、显微脉络丛切除术三种。治疗目的：帮助患者达到无分流并发症（无分流感染并发症、无分流管）或脑脊液感染的脑脊液在其分流管内“终生”流过，能够维持患者正常生活或保持脑功能最好而非不全恢复状态。纠正婴儿发育性脑顺应性增高症，达到一部分婴儿脑积水分流术后可以拔除分流管的目的。
Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center is a Michigan Air National Guard training facility. It is located west-northwest of Alpena, Michigan. Overview The Alpena CRTC is a year-round training facility. It provides premier support, facilities, instruction and airspace to Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, Coalition and emergency responders to meet the mission requirements of combatant commanders and civil authorities. It is one of four Combat Readiness Training Centers in the United States. (The others are at Volk Field in Wisconsin; Gulfport, Mississippi; and Savannah, Georgia.) The Alpena CRTC boasts the largest airspace east of the Mississippi River, has 147,000 acres available for ground maneuver units, and trains over 20,000 joint and coalition personnel annually. The Alpena CRTC is the second organization in the Air National Guard to be certified as a Joint National Training Center. The base has three JTE's, offers JTAC Training, and operates a JTAC 4m dome simulator. The Alpena County Regional Airport is a shared use airport between the Alpena CRTC and the Alpena County, allowing for both civilian aircraft operations and military aircraft operations. Mission statement "Our mission at the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center (CRTC) is to provide premiere support, facilities, instruction, and airspace to the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, Coalition Forces, and Emergency Responders in order to meet the mission requirements of Combatant Commanders and Civil Authorities." History Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center (CRTC), formerly named Phelps Collins Field and the Phelps Collins Air National Guard Base, has a long interesting history beginning in the early 20th century. Before that date, the area had a reputation for yielding blueberries in abundance to local Indians and early settlers in the area. In the early 20th century, the area was known as the "Seven Mile Plains" named because the flat open area stretching from the Seven Mile Dam to M-32. During the early part of the 20th century, flying machines began to appear in the sky over most of the country including the Alpena area. It didn't take long for the early aeronautical risk takers to realize the flat open area was just what they needed to land and take off with their aircraft known as Jennies. The landing area was a bit rough going, but so was the practice of flying in general during those early years. Around the same time, local developers and land owners realized the potential of the flat area and foresaw the need for a landing strip as a result of the onset of air travel. Thus the idea of an airport was born. Harry Fletcher and his brother Philip (Nephews of Alan M. Fletcher, founder of Fletcher Paper Co.) began negotiations along with Robert Scott (then president of Scott Engineering) and James McQuarrie, who later sat on the County Board's Airport Committee. These individuals were fundamental in developing the plan and getting the state on board. The tract of 80 acres, previously surveyed by the Army Corps of Engineers, was donated by Harry and Phillip. Several other 40 acres plots donated by Alpena Power Company set the proposed plan into action. During that same time, Works Progress Administration (WPA) crews were working on projects around the country. They were pressed into service to begin the clearing of the underbrush and leveling out the land in preparation for the first landing area, which would later become the main part of the runway now in existence. On 31 August 1931, the airport was formally dedicated as Captain Phelps Collins Field in honor of Alpena's World War I hero, who in May 1917 volunteered to the French Air Service and fought with the celebrated French Escadrille 103. On 7 January 1918, he transferred to the famed American 103d Aero Squadron, a successor to Lafayette Escadrille, and died while defending the airspace over Paris on 12 March 1918. Governor Wilber M. Brucker flew in to formally accept the Airport and it became Michigan's first State owned airport. Phelps had spent a lot of time in Alpena as a youth shortly before he became interested in flying. There is a monument in France honoring the escadrille and his name appears on it. Construction of the first hangar, a 40x90 foot structure built of cobblestone, began in 1935 and was completed in 1937. It could accommodate four average size aircraft of the era. The 1st Pursuit Group out of Selfridge Field practiced flying maneuvers and gunnery training near Oscoda, Michigan. When they became aware of the facility at Alpena, they were eager to try it out. By the late 1930s, they began to use the airfield, housing their personnel in tents at the Alpena County Fairgrounds. This marked the beginning of military personnel using the site for training maneuvers as they still do today. In 1940, 400–500 Selfridge men trained at Phelps Collins with a complement of 35 Seversky P-35's. With World War II looming on the horizon the training tempo increased. The next year they brought P-40 Warhawks and the first P-38's Lockheed Lightning fighters. World War II As a result of World War II, the demand for training facilities became crucial and so the field was taken over by the War Assets Administration. The rough landing strip was replaced by a military airfield, with construction beginning on 29 July 1942. When completed, Alpena Army Airfield consisted of three hard-surfaced concrete runways (5000x150 (01/19), 5030x150 (70/250), and 5030x150 (16/34). Improvements included: housing for 2,000 personnel, two mess halls, operation buildings, a hospital and three runways over a mile long and 150 feet wide. Actual construction began in 1942. This was a big project for Alpena. By this time the total acreage of the base had increased to 2,500 acres. It was activated on 19 April 1943. The planned use of the base, along with training military personnel, was to provide air defense for the Soo Locks. Controlled by the 4250th Army Air Force Base Unit. the airfield was initially assigned to Air Transport Command as a training base for long range transport pilots. In addition, the base was also tasked with certifying and training a pool of new pilots resulting from the P-47 Thunderbolt modifications for staging out aircraft to overseas bases. It operated two sub-bases, one being Kinross Army Airfield, which later became the Strategic Air Command Kincheloe Air Force Base and Raco Army Airfield, which later became an Air Defense Command CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile site during the Cold War. It was transferred to Air Technical Service Command in late 1944 when the ATC training program was wound down. Designated as Alpena Army Air Base, the facility was a maintenance and overhaul facility for B-24 Liberator bombers produced by Ford at its Willow Run, Michigan aircraft manufacturing plant. Aircraft would be sent to Alpena for modifications prior to their deployment to overseas combat units. Postwar era In 1946, Alpena Army Air Base was declared surplus and turned over to the War Assets Administration for disposition. It became Alpena County Regional Airport. Many of the buildings constructed in 1942 were stripped down and auctioned off and the only buildings left standing were the hospital area and big hangar built in 1943. Some of the barracks (which were very small) were sold off and moved. Some were placed in neighborhoods on Alpena's North side and were converted into private residences. Air Defense Command Alpena Air Force Station (ADC ID: M-105) was established in 1954 by the United States Air Force Air Defense Command as one of a planned deployment of forty-four Mobile radar stations to support the permanent ADC Radar network in the United States sited around the perimeter of the country. This deployment was projected to be operational by mid-1952. Funding, constant site changes, construction, and equipment delivery delayed deployment. Exercising a right of return to the facility, ADC constructed the radar station on the northwest corner of the airport on the grounds of the former Army Air Base ground station. This site became operational in December 1954 when the 677th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was moved to the new station from Willow Run Air Force Station, Michigan. Beneficial occupancy was achieved at this Phase I mobile radar site in late 1954. Operations began in 1956, with an AN/TPS-1D radar, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station. As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes. Budget cuts forced the station to close in 1957. It was then replaced by an unmanned gap-filler radar site, designated P-34E with an AN/FPS-18 radar, located on the southwest side of the airport. It was operated as such by the 752d Radar Squadron at Empire AFS, Michigan from June 1960 until June 1968. Today, a few buildings remain of the ADC Radar Station, and the FPS-18 support building remains of the Gap Filler site. Air National Guard use By January 1952, plans were in place to have joint use with the civilian airport. The facility would be instated as an ANG Permanent Field Training Site (PFTS). Once the ANG took over the site, they completed another round of construction projects totaling $2.5M dollars. Sixty-two concrete block buildings were built including two dining facilities and barracks to house 2,000 men. The north–south runway was extended to 8,000 feet. Most of the day-to-day operations were performed by the Alpena County Road Commission still occupying a few building on the base. During the 1960s, the runway taxiways were extended and an air traffic control tower was added. Also during that decade, the Air Defense Command Detachment from Wurtsmith AFB, Oscoda Michigan, had 60 persons permanently stationed here in Alpena until 1972/73 at which time their unit was discontinued. The original military personnel assigned in 1953 totaled seven individuals and an additional two military and two Federal Civil Service personnel were added the following year. The next major personnel change was in 1979 when the military personnel had their status changed from Federal Civil Service Technicians to Active Guard Reservists (AGR). About that time the civilians employed on the base became Michigan State Civil Servants. In early 1960s, the Grayling Air-to-Ground Gunnery Range Negotiations began and early during the decade the range was constructed on 1,900 acres near Grayling, Michigan. Soon after, aircraft could be seen using the site to fly sorties for aircraft gunnery and bombing exercises. This added asset increased the usage and value of the base immensely. Units from all over the United States come annually to train, with Air National Guardsman totaling in the tens of thousands. In 1991, the site was renamed the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center (CRTC). This new title was more in line with the base mission of "combat training". With the closing of Wurtsmith AFB in 1993, the need for radar approach and control was assigned to the CRTC. Equipment and personnel to operate it were added to the facility. The mission of the CRTC was increased with the additional tasking of running an ANG Medical Readiness Training School. The schoolhouse was designed to train ANG medical units for field operations. Both of these programs added personnel to the workforce and the number of employees, military and civilian, was over 100 persons. Construction in the early 1990s was ongoing, with a major emphasis on upgrading the 1950s barracks and latrines to current standards. Thus a $3.8 million dormitory upgrade project begun and office buildings and officer quarters were all remodeled. During the period, under the command of Col Thomas G. Cutler, the base created a long range plan including a new dining facility, fire station, operations facility, squadron operations (office) buildings, a convention center, a new facility at the Grayling Range and new dormitories. In 1991, another tasking was added to the mission when the Air Combat Maneuver Instrumentation (ACMI) was instated. This system involves computerized communication between the aircraft and a computer satellite, providing full mission replay. With the addition of the Fire Training Site and MOUT City in early 2000, the CRTC hosts several Fireman Schools and numerous law enforcement training courses annually. Although the CRTC's core mission is to train ANG units, other military train here regularly. Air Force, Army, Navy Seals Marines and Latvian and Italian military have trained at the site. In recent years the CRTC has opened its gate to numerous non-profit organizations. It is not uncommon to see canine training, emergency response training along with other training maneuvers running all at the same time. Youth programs have expanded from the traditional Civil Air Patrol Cadets to include ROTC, JRROTC, Boy Scouts of America/Girl Scouts of the USA, Freedom Academy Students, Michigan Youth Camp Cadets. With the addition of 26 Traditional Guardsman positions in 2000, the number of total base personnel now is over 200 employees. AGRs, Traditional Guardsman, Michigan State Civil Service and contracted employees make up the group. Military members come from all over the United States as well as local residents. Prior to their assignment at the base, many personnel have served the Army, Air Force, Navy and Marines. Personnel have been called to give aid for local area flooding and deployed to Hurricane Katrina relief mission. Many have volunteered and been deployed overseas in support of operations: Desert Storm, Desert Shield, Iraqi Freedom, Joint Forge, Jump Start, Enduring Freedom, Northern Watch, Northern Eagle and Deep Freeze. In 2013 manpower reductions took place with the closing of the Medical Readiness Training Site (MRTS). This closing was part of a reduction in manpower directed by the USAF and ANG. The closing of the MRTS constituted a loss of 14 enlisted and two officers. The Alpena CRTC also faced manpower reductions in 2013. The vehicle maintenance shop has faced manpower reductions. The Alpena CRTC Supply has been reduced to two members. The total loss of manpower in 2013 was over 25 enlisted members. Since 2012, the Alpena CRTC has participated in one of the many Department of Defense's multinational exercises called exercise Northern Strike. This exercise is one of the largest reserve component exercises designed to ensure members of the United States military, as well as other nation's military's train together to accomplish mission essential tasks and training for preparation of the future wartime environment with future adversaries. This exercise is designed to replicate a modern-wartime environment, utilizing aerial live-fire ranges to simulate close air support, as well as other mission essential tasks such as emergency response and testing air mobility capabilities. In 2017, Captain Brett DeVries, assigned to 107th Fighter Squadron in the Michigan Air National Guard, crash landed an A-10 at the Alpena Regional County Airport after the canopy of the aircraft had been removed and the landing gear would not extend down. Northern Strike 2021 Exercise the Alpena CRTC hosted the Arizona Air National Guard's MQ-9 Reaper, an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) that is utilized for aerial reconnaissance, close air support, and aerial precision strikes. During Northern Strike Exercise the United States Air Force tested the capabilities of an upcoming technology called the 'Ground Based Detect and Avoid system (GBDAA) at the Alpena CRTC. In 2021, for the first time in United States history the United States Air Force had conducted the operation of landing an aircraft on a US highway. This operation was conducted at the Alpena CRTC to show United States adversaries that the United States Air Force has the capability to land on highways and continue to be an effective fighting force as long as there are roads to land on. This proof of concept was intended to prove if the US military could operate at any location, anytime. The US Air Force, and Michigan Air National Guard landed four A-10 Thunderbolt II's assigned to the 354th Fighter Squadron, and the Michigan Air National Guard's 127th Wing. An additional two C-146 Wolfhounds, assigned to the Air Force Special Operations Command also participated in this highway landing operation. In 2021, the Alpena CRTC participated in an Air Mobility Command and hosted exercise Mobility Guardian, an exercise where the United States Air Force tests its Agile Combat Employment (ACE) capabilities, as well as its Rapid Global Mobility capabilities with 18 air mobility aircraft at six different military locations. This exercise was designed to test the capabilities the United States Air Force has when it comes to the movement of personnel and equipment in high-stress combat rich environments. Furthermore, this exercise tested the US military's capabilities in a combat environment to refuel and rearm aircraft. Additionally, a Contingency Location Team (CLT) and an Air Force special tactics team simulated an airfield seizure at the Alpena CRTC further proving the US Military's Agile Combat Employment Capabilities. Exercise Mobility Guardian was conducted in preparation for a potential wartime environment with a developed nation or adversary. The Winter Strike 2022 Exercise at Grayling Range, attached to the Alpena CRTC, was a multinational joint exercise between the Michigan Air National Guard and the Latvian military during the winter of 2021. Winter Strike exercise provides training for visiting units to acclimate to the demanding winter weather and to maintain wartime readiness regardless of the climate. See also United States general surveillance radar stations References External links "Alpena Facebook Page" Capt. Phelps Collins USAF Fact Sheet ACRTC – Alpena CRTC History Information for Alpena AFS, MI Military installations in Michigan Aerospace Defense Command units Centers of the United States Air Force Installations of the United States Air National Guard Michigan Army National Guard Radar stations of the United States Air Force Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Michigan Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Technical Service Command Military history of Michigan 1940 establishments in Michigan Installations of the United States Air Force in Michigan
严重骨折吃什么好得快？俗话说“伤筋动骨100天”，可见骨折愈合是一个漫长的过程。除了按医嘱服药和休息外，科学研究证实合理的饮食安排对于治疗效果有很好的辅助作用，某些食物更能加快骨折的愈合速度。骨折病人吃什么好得快？相信这是骨折病人及其家属尤为关心的问题。今天，下面给大家介绍一些骨折吃什么好得快。严重骨折吃以下几种好得快：1.富含骨胶原的食物。如猪皮和猪蹄类食物或者骨头汤都是不错的选择。但要注意，多吃骨胶原可以促进骨折愈合程度，但由于这类食物比较油腻，在骨折初期不适宜多吃，以免使得淤血积滞，反而不利于恢复。一般情况下，可以在骨折3周后才可以进食这类骨胶原食物。2.富含维生素D的食物。骨折病人需要在室内休养，尤其是腿部骨折的病人，更需要长期卧床，而无法到户外晒太阳，从而容易缺乏维生素D，所以这时可以通过饮食及时进行补充。像鱼肉、肝脏、蛋黄、虾米、芝麻酱、豆制品、奶制品等都具有丰富的维生素D。骨头的重要组成成分是钙，所以很多人以为骨折后要多补钙，其实对于骨折病人并没有好处，过多的补钙反而容易引起血钙增高，不利于病情好转。而且骨头汤补的不是钙，而是骨胶原，这点大家也是需要注意的。综上所述，了解到骨折患者要想好的快，饮食是十分重要的，除此以外，骨折患者要多吃一些润肠的食物，如香蕉，蜂蜜等，加速肠道蠕动，吸收营养，且多注意补充体内所需维生素，促进身体的康复。还需要补充一些微量元素的，如锌、铁、锰等，多吃一些蔬果蔬菜，多注意营养搭配，避免辛辣刺激性的食物，并可适当锻炼，以助于患者康复。
四艺可以指：琴棋书画，指中国古代的文人所推崇和要掌握的四门艺术，又被称为“文人四艺”，或“秀才四艺” 四术，指算术、几何、音乐、天文学，毕达哥拉斯把这四门学科作为四艺扎、糊、绘、放：中国风筝技艺中的“四艺” 说学逗唱，相声四艺，又称四门功课點茶、焚香、掛畫、插花：宋代生活中的“四艺” 參考資料
Telipna sheffieldi is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda. References Endemic fauna of Uganda Butterflies described in 1926 Poritiinae Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker
余堃（），字子厚，四川省巴州人，清朝官员。生平光绪乙酉年（1885年），余堃中举人。光绪庚寅年（1890年）中二甲第十七名进士，同年五月，改翰林院庶吉士。光緒二十一年四月，散館，授翰林院編修。此后，他曾总纂国史，任云南乡试主考官，国史馆提调，修辑清代奏议，书成赐花翎二品衔，授资政大夫。后来，余堃任陕西提学使兼布政使。辛亥革命后，余堃辞官回到家乡，提出“弃庙会，兴学堂”，兴办新学。家庭余堃是余焕文的第九子。参考文献 K 巴中人清朝翰林院庶吉士清朝陕西提学使清朝陕西布政使
孕妇急性腹泻怎么办？孕妇整个孕期是非常宝贝的阶段，大家都知道整个孕期是最好不吃药的。但是，孕妇如果拉肚子了怎么办呢？孕妇拉肚子会有流产或者早产的危险，难道也要听之任之吗？如果实在情况紧急，孕妇拉肚子有没有什么应急的方案呢？首先，我们要认清拉肚子，也叫腹泻。拉肚子一般有三个特征：大便次数明显增多；粪便变稀，形态、颜色、气味改变，含有脓血、粘液、不消化食物、脂肪，或变为黄色稀水，绿色稀糊，气味酸臭；大便时有腹痛、下坠、里急后重、肛门灼痛等症状。接下来，我们强调性的讲：孕妇拉肚子最常见的是肠道感染，大多是因为食物的不干净造成。尤其是在怀孕的前三个月，腹泻一定要引起高度的重视。对食物的清洁程度，一定要严格把关。除了细菌、病毒经消化道感染和吃了不干净、不该吃的食物外，孕妇腹泻还有可能与其他慢性疾病有关，比如甲状腺疾病、结核、结肠炎等。非感染因素的腹泻一般不需要用药，进行适当补液，严重时需要禁食。感染因素腹泻需要服用抗生素，这种药物对母婴均较为安全。也可服用一些微生态制剂，24～96小时后恢复正常排便。若不行要到医院进行诊治。另外，建议所有的孕妈们日常饮食清淡，另外注意饮食、食物的清洁，尤其是瓜果最好要在盐水里浸泡过一小时之后再食用；对于会刺激肠胃的冷饮、添加防腐剂的果汁等要尽量少饮或不饮。孕妈的身体好坏是宝宝们健康状况的基础，所以孕妈们一定要在孕期保证自己的健康，尽量避免这种拉肚子的现象发生。对于，孕期不慎出现的拉肚子也不要过度紧张，因为虽然危险但不是无计可施的。当然，我们一定要把孕妇拉肚子的情况控制在萌芽状态，以免给自己和宝宝带来不必要的危险。为了我们和宝宝的健康，孕妈妈么一定要在平时杜绝导致拉肚子的“病源”。
请对无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折脱位进行基本概述？各种暴力作用造成颈椎骨折脱位，通常合并不同程度和类型的脊髓损伤。但是，某些十分严重的骨折脱位却不伴有或仅有轻微的脊髓或神经根损伤，这种特殊类型的损伤，对伤者是幸运的。
苻绍（），是十六国前秦宗室、后燕官员，是苻坚堂弟。高城男爵苻绍在他的封地高城（今河北省盐山县东南故城）。384年（东晋太元九年；前秦建元二十年；后燕燕元年）五月，前秦的苻定、苻绍全都投降了后燕。385年（东晋太元十年；前秦太安元年；后燕燕二年），苻绍和苻定、苻谟、苻亮听说苻丕即位前秦皇帝，全都从河北派遣使者前来谢罪。十一月，苻丕任命苻绍为冀州都督，晋升爵位为郡公。386年（东晋太元十一年；前秦太安二年；后燕建興元年），后燕皇帝慕容垂派太原王慕容楷、赵王慕容麟、陈留王慕容绍、章武王慕容宙攻打前秦苻定、苻绍、苻谟、苻亮等。慕容楷写信给他们，苻定等人全都投降。慕容垂封苻定等人为侯，以报答苻坚的恩德。参考资料前秦官员 S 后燕官员前秦皇族
德里格斯鎮區（）是位於美國阿肯色州洛根縣的一個行政鎮區。地方資料德里格斯鎮區的面積為61.53平方千米，當中陸地面積為61.40平方千米，而水域面積為0.13平方千米。根據2010年美國人口普查的數據，當地共有人口517人，而人口密度為每平方千米8.4人。參考文獻阿肯色州鎮區洛根縣鎮區 (阿肯色州)
Compulsion is a 2013 Canadian psychological thriller film directed by Egidio Coccimiglio and starring Heather Graham, Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Dillon, and Joe Mantegna. The movie is a remake of the South Korean film 301, 302 directed by Park Chul-soo. It focuses on two women occupying neighboring apartments, each one grappling with psychological disorders that begin to overtake their lives. According to the film’s press release: "With images of sumptuous food and sensual enjoyment, the film explores the intimacy between the two through their connection with food, eating disorders and sex. In a battle of wills, one woman overflows with illusions and fearlessly faces life while the other withdraws from everything and fearlessly faces death." The movie opened for limited release on June 21, 2013. Plot Amy (Heather Graham), an obsessive chef, befriends a bulimic former child star Saffron (Carrie-Anne Moss) living in the apartment next door, sparking a fiery battle of wills. Unstable Amy wields a spatula like a samurai, and dreams of the day she'll have her own cooking show. As a young girl, Amy was infatuated with a television show starring Saffron, who subsequently vanished into obscurity. The damaged daughter of a tyrannical stage mother, Saffron has struggled with an eating disorder ever since she was a little girl. Plagued by deep-rooted intimacy issues, she spends most of her time alone until the day she crosses paths with Amy. At first, Amy can't believe her luck at having her childhood idol living right next door, and at first the two women even sense an ethereal connection that bonds them. Later, as their true colors begin to emerge, both Amy and Saffron discover just how toxic their chemistry may be. Cast Production Although the film takes place in New York City, principal photography took place in Sault Ste. Marie and Toronto, Ontario. Reception Charlie Schmidlin of IndieWire stated "Sustaining a post-child-star career seems a difficult enough labyrinth to manage by itself, but combine that challenge with a bubbly, incessant neighbor intent on stardom, as a new film exploring the toll of celebrity aims to do, and you have an interesting dark vehicle for two talented actresses as a result." Chuck Wilson of the Miami New Times commented "The game of wills [...] between the two women isn't terribly interesting, much less suspenseful, and in fact, it's not clear that director Egidio Coccimiglio and screenwriter Floyd Byars ever settled on whether they were making a thriller or a satire about food and celebrity. The ever-vibrant Graham has fun with Amy's slyly embittered patter to her imaginary TV audience, while Moss valiantly commits herself to Saffron's psychological pain." See also 301, 302, the original, released in 1995. Girl, Interrupted, a 1999 drama film. References External links 2013 films Canadian psychological thriller films English-language Canadian films 2013 psychological thriller films Films shot in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 2010s erotic thriller films Canadian independent films 2013 independent films Dimension Films films Canadian erotic thriller films 2010s English-language films 2010s Canadian films
聂凤智（），湖北省黄安县（今湖北省孝感市大悟县）人，是中國人民解放軍軍事將領。生平聂凤智出生于黄安县吕王镇花桥村聂家塝（今属大悟县），和刘华清是同乡，两人的家就相隔两三公里。1928年，聂凤智经刘华清介绍参加中国共产主义青年团，1929年又经刘华清动员加入中国工农红军，1933年加入中国共产党。在长征前他就已经任到团长级。他随同红军长征到陕北，官至旅长和威海军分区司令员。在第二次国共内战中他任师长和军长，在济南战役中他擅自将“助攻”的命令改为“主攻”，他指挥的华东野战军第九纵队第一个攻入济南。在渡江战役中他指挥的第27军第一个渡过长江。在朝鲜战争中他任中朝联合空军司令员。在大陈岛战役中他担任空军司令。此后他任福州军区副司令和空军司令、南京军区副司令和空军司令以及南京军区司令等职。 1988年荣获一级红星功勋荣誉章。是党的第十一届中央委员。在中共第十二次全国代表大会上被选为中央顾问委员会委员。1992年4月3日在南京逝世，享年78岁。参考资料中国人民解放军上将中国人民解放军空军中将南京军区司令员南京军区副司令员南京军区空军司令员福州军区副司令员福州军区空军司令员中国共产党第十一届中央委员会委员中共中央顾问委员会委员中国共产党党员 (1933年入党) 大悟人 F凤智二级八一勋章获得者二级独立自由勋章获得者一级解放勋章获得者
Henriett Seth F. (born Fajcsák Henrietta, 27 October 1980), also known by the Hungarian pseudonym Seth F. Henriett, is a Hungarian autistic savant poet, writer, musician and artist. Childhood Henriett did not make eye contact in her early childhood. In 1987, all the primary schools in her town refused to admit her because of her communication problems. She was placed in a music and art class, but she would not sing, so, in 1989, she was sent to a mentally handicapped primary school by two teachers, although she remained in the music and art class. She played flute from the age of 8 and played contrabass at the age of 10–12, and until the age of 13, she was in many concerts in the Garrison and Soldiers of Club (in Hungarian: Helyorsegi Klub) She was also found to have echolalia, communications problems and repetitive behaviors. She was diagnosed with childhood autism by Hungarian Autism Research Group (Autizmus Alapítvány és Kutatócsoport) and two psychiatries of Eger. Henriett started writing between the ages of nine and thirteen. She painted autistic art paintings to the House of Arts, Eger, and Hotel Stadion of Budapest in the East-European Autism Conference, 2004. Adulthood Education She won the Géza Gárdonyi Prize at the age of 18 for her art and literature. Henriett went to Eszterházy Károly College at the age of 18 to the Psychology Institution. She has Raven IQ above 140 and Magyar Wechsler Intelligence Test(MAWI) IQ above 120 with part some under IQ 90, so she was considered an autistic savant. Writing career Henriett was invited to the Friderikusz Sándor's documentary film, to Szólás Szabadsága ("Freedom of Speech"), in 2005, that was seen by 700,000 people. This documentary film was entitled Esőlány ("Rain Girl"). In 2006 Henriett wrote one novel, Autizmus – Egy másik világ ("Autism – Another World"). That work was published by University of Pécs, in the New Galaxy anthology. Henriett won the 6th-place prize in the International Literature Competition in 2000, at the age of 19. She came in first in 2001, at the age of 20 (by International Alliance of Hungarian Writers). In 2005, she wrote a book, Autizmussal önmagamba zárva ("Closed into myself with autism"), that was published by the Hungarian Autism Research Group and Ministry for National Cultural Heritage. Monodramas In 2010, Orlai Produkciós Iroda made a monodrama, Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature"), from book of Henriett Seth F. The textbook contains details of Donna Williams's Nobody Nowhere: The extraordinary Autobiography of an Autistic Girl few lines, Birger Sellin's Don't want to Be Inside Me Anymore: Messages from Autistic Mind few lines and a few lines by Mark Haddon's: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. That played in Esztergom, Budapest, Pécs, Tatabánya, Székesfehérvár and Eger theatres and made from it TV documentary in Hungarian Television, 2010, and Budapest, Gyöngyös theatres in 2011. End of career She gave up her creative music career altogether at the age of 13, her creative writing career at the age of 25. She also gave up painting before the age of 27. She showed her last art work in Brody Sandor Public Library in June 2007. Henriett Seth F.'s life and arts can be compared to Arthur Rimbaud's life and arts after her "Little Wassily Kandinsky"'s early childhood savant syndrome years. Henriett universal effect of all that was what we now call autism and savant syndrome. and National Talents Support Council, Particular Educational Talents Support Council, Budapest, Hungary: Henriett Seth F. – The Rain Girl Artist. Disabilities Seth has childhood autism, mitral valve prolapse, nearsightedness, astigmatism, strabismus, three autoimmune disorders, orthopedic diseases and other physical disorders. Works In Hungarian Henriett Seth F.' s unpublished poems from her childhood and teen years before the age 25 with title It may be...; Autumn; Well, don't speak this child; Something easy to write and sweet; There in the distance; Silently; Somewhere; A dream in a cage; Liberation from the slavery of the soul and Poem to the patron, on title 2nd Existence, infinity, and the world years between (1989–2005) Winner of the XIIth and XIIIth International Literature Competition(2000–2001) International Alliance of Hungarian Writers Novels to the periodical New Face, (2001) Autizmussal önmagamba zárva ("Closed into myself with autism") by Henriett Seth F. to Hungarian Autism Research Group and Ministry for the National Cultural Heritage (2005) Autizmus – Egy másik világ ("Autism – Another World") by Henriett Seth F. to University of Pécs (2006) Novel to the periodical Esőember ("Rain Man") (2006) by Henriett Seth F. from her kindergarten's, primary school's and Eszterhazy College's life Exhibitions Henriett Seth F.' s paintings and galleries in House of Arts and Brody Sandor Public Library, Eger, 1993–2007 TV documentaries Henriett Seth F. on the first digitized videos of childhood autism and savant syndrome on Hungary on investigations and language development with her photos of paintings by Hungarian Autism Research Group, 2002 Friderikusz Sándor.: "Seth F. Henriett: Esőlány", ("The Rain Girl") – Freedom of Speech, Hungarian Television, 2005 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F.: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek Theatres Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Esztergom' s Theatre by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Budapest Trafó House of Contemporary Arts by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010, 2011 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Pécs' s Harmadik Theatre by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Tatabánya' s Jászai Mari Theatre by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Székesfehérvár' s Vörösmarty Theatre by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Eger' s Gárdonyi Géza Theatre by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2010 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Budapest' s Radnóti Színház by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2011 Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F., text book contains details of Donna Williams, Birger Sellin and Mark Haddon: Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature") in Gyöngyös' s Mátra Művelődési Központ by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, 2011 Criticism Henriett Seth F.'s book Autizmussal önmagamba zárva ("Closed into myself with autism") by Alliance Safeguarding for Hungarian Autistic Children and Adults Henriett Seth F.'s book Autizmussal önmagamba zárva ("Closed into myself with autism") and Henriett Seth F. by Börcsök Enikő, title with Megoszthatatlan belső magány ("Indivisible internal solitude") Henriett Seth F.'s book Autizmus – Egy másik világ ("Autism – Another World") by Magazine Solaria Science Fiction See also Autistic art Autistic savant List of child prodigies List of music prodigies List of pseudonyms Further reading [ Article (Rain Girl) from Henriett Seth F.] – Contains biography of Henriett, paintings and photos by Dr. Darold Treffert Documentary film from Henriett Seth F. – Contains autism and savant syndrome from Henriett, title with Esőlány ("The Rain Girl") – Freedom of Speech in Hungarian Television by Friderikusz Sandor, 2005 References External links Monodrama from book of Henriett Seth F. – Contains book (Autizmussal onmagamba zarva) of Henriett Seth F. , title with Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek ("Notanobodycreature"), by Orlai Produkciós Iroda, RTL Klub, ATV, Port, 2010 Henriett Seth F.' s international influences: Arts in Difference – Contains Arts in Difference: Henriett Seth F., Nemsenkilény, monológ nemmindegyembereknek "Notanobodycreature", 2010 1980 births Autistic savants Hungarian painters 21st-century Hungarian poets Hungarian women artists Hungarian women poets Hungarian women novelists Living people People from Eger 21st-century Hungarian novelists Hungarian people with disabilities Artists with autism 21st-century Hungarian women writers
马斯略伦斯（；）是西班牙加泰罗尼亚塔拉戈纳省的一个市镇。总面积7平方公里，总人口429人（2001年），人口密度61人/平方公里。参考文献塔拉戈纳省市镇
The Sophia Range is a low, small mountain range on southern Nootka Island, forming a peninsula west of Tahsis Inlet, between Esperanza Inlet and Nuchatlitz Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. It is made up of hills and has an area of 150 km2 and is a subrange of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in turn form part of the Insular Mountains. In the 1850s five daughters of Captain Edward E. Langford were the belles of Victoria. Captain George H. Richards named this range after Sophia Elizabeth, the fourth daughter of Langford. See also List of mountain ranges References External links Vancouver Island Ranges Mountain ranges of British Columbia
Goat Hall Productions (GHP) is an opera company and musical theatre company based in Potrero Hill in San Francisco, California, United States. Presenting programs under the names San Francisco Cabaret Opera, Fresh Voices Festival of New Works, and The Kurt Weill Project, it was co-founded in 1997 by Harriet March Page and Dave Hurlbert, and is dedicated to the performance of opera and song, with a special interest in contemporary music. They have presented works by Henry Purcell, John Pepusch, W.A. Mozart, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johann Strauss II, Gustav Mahler, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Igor Stravinsky, Francis Poulenc, Kurt Weill, Gian Carlo Menotti, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim, and living composers—particularly those of the San Francisco Bay Area. History Goat Hall was founded in the venue of that name, located at 400 Missouri Street in San Francisco's Potrero Hill district—the former home of the Pickle Family Circus. The group has presented world, U.S., and San Francisco premieres of works including those of Mark Alburger, Greg Bartholomew, John G. Bilotta, Daniel Felsenfeld, Steven Clark, Alden Jenks, Veronika Krausas, Lisa Scola Prosek, Mona Lyn Reese, Mary Watkins, and Cynthia Weyuker. Since 2001, GHP has also presented productions elsewhere in San Francisco (including Community Music Center, EXIT Theatre, Old First Church, Potrero Hill Neighborhood House, and Thick House), as well as Berkeley (Julia Morgan Chamber Arts House, and Live Oak Theatre), Oakland (Chapel of the Chimes and Oakland Metro Opera), and San Rafael (Dominican University of California). The organization's Artistic Director and Founder is Harriet March Page. Mark Alburger is Music Director. Guest artists have included Janis Martin (soprano) and Erling Wold, the latter on a collaborative program with San Francisco Composers Chamber Orchestra. GHP has been covered by Berkeley Daily Planet, East Bay Express, San Francisco Bay Guardian, and San Francisco Chronicle. Goat Hall has received support from the Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Marra Foundation, Meet the Composer, MetLife Foundation, Theatre Bay Area CASH Grants, and the Zellerbach Family Foundation. With its annual Fresh Voices programs, Goat Hall Productions is at the forefront of presenting new operas and songs in the San Francisco Bay Area, having showcased more than 120 new works in the last decade. References External links Goat Hall Productions official website Goat Hall Productions official YouTube channel California opera companies Musical groups from San Francisco Organizations based in San Francisco Musical groups established in 1997 Musical theatre companies Potrero Hill, San Francisco
Minzuhar () is a village in Chernoochene Municipality, in Kardzhali Province, in southern-central Bulgaria. It is located southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 8.581 square kilometres and as of 2007 it had a population of 470 people. References Villages in Kardzhali Province
Deborah Kamen is Chair and Professor of Classics at the University of Washington. Her research is on Greek cultural and social history, with a particular focus on ancient slavery. Career Deborah Kamen read for her BA in Classical Languages at Bryn Mawr College in 1998, where she began studying Greek after learning Latin in high school. This was followed by an MSt in Greek History at New College, Oxford University in 1999, and an MA in Greek at the University of California Berkeley in 2000. In 2005 she completed a PhD in Classics at Berkeley, with a thesis titled "Conceptualizing manumission in ancient Greece." From 2005-7 she was a Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow at Stanford University, before moving to the University of Washington in 2007 as an Assistant Professor in Classics. She was promoted to Professor in 2020. Between 2010 and 2019 she was one of the co-chairs of the Lambda Classical Caucus, "A Coalition of Queer Classicists and Allies." Kamen has been the recipient of multiple awards for her research on Greek History. In 1998-9 she was awarded The Lionel Pearson Fellowship by the Society for Classical Studies. In 2014 she was the Simon Visiting Professor in Ancient History at the University of Manchester. In 2017 she and Sarah Levin-Richardson won the Barbara McManus Award for Best Article from the Women's Classical Caucus, for their article "Lusty Ladies in the Roman Imaginary." Research Kamen works primarily on the social and cultural history of Ancient Greece, with particular attention to slavery. Her first book Status in Classical Athens (2013) was described as "indispensable reading for anyone interested in ancient Athenian society" and an "important contribution to scholarship." She has also written a book on Insults in Classical Athens (2020) and co-edited the volume Slavery and Sexuality in Classical Antiquity (2021). References Women classical scholars Year of birth missing (living people) Bryn Mawr College alumni University of Washington faculty Historians of antiquity University of California, Berkeley alumni Alumni of New College, Oxford Living people
裂谷热媒介是什么？一些不同种类的蚊子可起到传播裂谷热病毒媒介的作用。各地区的显性媒介物种有所不同，不同物种在维持病毒生存及传播病毒方面可起到不同的作用。裂谷热在动物中的传播主要是通过感染蚊子尤其是白纹物种的叮咬所致，蚊子可通过以受感染动物为食而染上病毒。母蚊子也能通过卵子将病毒直接传播给她的后代，从而孵化出新一代的受感染蚊子。这说明了流行性疫源地裂谷热病毒之所以持续的原因，它也使病毒具有一种可持续存在的机制，因为这些蚊子的卵子在干旱条件下可存活数年。在大雨期间，幼虫栖息地通常会被水淹没，从而有利于卵子孵出，蚊子种群会迅速繁殖，将病毒传播给其吸食过的动物。家畜流行病和相关的人类流行病也有可能传播到之前未受影响的地区。感染动物将病毒带入有媒介存在的地区时，就会造成疾病的传播，此种传播尤其令人感到关切。如果未感染的白纹伊蚊和其他物种蚊子吸食受感染动物，通过将病毒传播给其后来吸食过的其他动物，一次小的疫情暴发就可能迅速扩大范围。
Frampton, meaning "farmstead on the River Frome", may refer to: Places Frampton, New South Wales, Australia Frampton, Quebec, Canada United Kingdom Frampton, Dorset Frampton, Lincolnshire Frampton on Severn, Gloucestershire Frampton Cotterell, Gloucestershire Frampton Mansell, Gloucestershire Frampton, Vale of Glamorgan Frampton (liberty) Frampton West End Frampton Court, a Grade I listed country house and estate in Frampton-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, England Frampton Pools, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire Frampton Priory, a priory in Dorset, England. Other uses Frampton (surname) Frampton (album), album by Peter Frampton Frampton Comes Alive!, another Peter Frampton album George T. Frampton (born 1944), American attorney Lorna Frampton (1920–2009), English backstroke swimmer Mary Frampton (1773 – 1846), English diarist and botanist Owen Frampton (1919–2005), English art teacher. Stephen Frampton (born 1969), Irish sportsperson. Tregonwell Frampton (1641–1727) See also
Galzinia is a genus of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, effused, corticioid, and typically occur on rotten, fallen wood. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, suggests the genus may be polyphyletic. The type species has not yet been sequenced, but Galzinia longibasidia belongs in the Polyporales. References External links Agaricomycetes genera
Kalischer, also Kalisher or Kaliszer, is a Jewish surname (meaning literally "from Kalisz"). Notable people with the surname include: People Kalischer Clemens Kalischer (1921–2018), German photographer in reportage and art photography Peter Kalischer (1915–1991), American journalist Salomon Kalischer (1845–1924), German composer, pianist, and physicist Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795–1874), German rabbi and Zionist leader Kalisher Jesse Kalisher (1962–2017), American art photographer Reuven Kalisher (1828–1896), Jewish doctor Simpson Kalisher (1926–2023), American photojournalist See also Kalisch Yiddish-language surnames
2022年冬季奥林匹克运动会德国代表团是德国所派出的2022年冬季奥林匹克运动会代表团。这是两德统一后该国第九次参加冬季奥运。经德国奥林匹克体育同盟于2022年1月下旬确认，德国队共有149名运动员入选代表团名单，参加该届冬奥除冰壶以外所有大项的比赛。代表团整体规模为21世纪以来最小（截至2022年），入选代表团的运动员当中有51人为女选手，数量为1998年长野冬奥以来最少，另外98人则为男选手。49岁的速度滑冰运动员克劳迪娅·佩希施泰因不仅是代表团年龄最大的运动员，也是该届冬奥年龄最大的参赛选手，她凭借此次入选，成为世界上首位参加八届冬奥的女选手，她和雪车运动员弗朗切斯科·弗里德里希共同获选为代表团的开幕式旗手。另一名雪车运动员托尔斯滕·马尔吉斯则担任代表团的闭幕式旗手。德国代表团共获得包括12枚金牌、10枚银牌和5枚铜牌在内的共27枚奖牌，排名奖牌榜第二位。雪车雪橇项目是该国最主要的奖牌来源，占代表团所有奖牌的超过一半，10枚雪车雪橇金牌当中，该国拿走其中9枚。滑雪项目（含冬季两项）共获得11枚奖牌，达到德国滑雪协会预定的11至15枚奖牌的目标。冰上项目则差强人意，未能获得任何奖牌。奖牌统计各项目奖牌分布奖牌获得者高山滑雪根据国际滑雪联合会公布的各代表团所获席位列表，德国队在高山滑雪项目上原本共可派出六名男选手和七名女选手参赛，同时该国还获得一个团体席位，后来该国放弃了两个女子名额，又递补获得两个男子名额。德国奥委会仅确认了其中十一个名额的具体归属，其中十个于2022年1月19日确认，另一个于同年1月25日确认。男子女子混合团体 =凭借最快男运动员和最快女运动员的合计时间优势获胜冬季两项根据2020–21赛季及2021–22赛季冬季两项世界杯的国家排名，德国在奥运冬季两项上共可派出六名男选手和五名女选手参赛。完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。David Zobel和Anna Weidel尽管入选名单，但并未参加任何一项比赛。男子女子混合雪车根据2021–22赛季世界杯的结果，德国队在雪车项目上获得三个男子双人、三个四人、两个女子单人和三个女子双人席位，实现满额参赛。完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。越野滑雪根据国际滑雪联合会公布的各代表团所获席位列表，德国队在越野滑雪项目上可派出六名男选手和八名女选手参赛。完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。男子距离赛女子距离赛竞速赛注：Q=直接晋级下一轮；q=凭借总成绩晋级下一轮花样滑冰德国队在花样滑冰项目上共获一个女子单人滑、一个双人滑和一个冰舞席位，均来自于2021年世界锦标赛。除此之外，该国还凭借团体排名获得团体小项的参赛资格。具体名单于2021年12月15日公布。个人双人团体注：Q=晋级自由滑/自由舞阶段自由式滑雪根据2019年7月至2022年1月各世界杯分站赛的结果以及2021年世界自由式滑雪和单板滑雪锦标赛的结果，德国在自由式滑雪项目上获得以下席位：完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。空中技巧注：Q=晋级到下一轮障碍追逐注：Q=晋级到下一轮；FA=晋级到A组决赛；FB=晋级到B组决赛半管、障碍技巧和大跳台注：Q=晋级到下一轮；=大跳台取三跳当中分数最高的不同动作两跳相加，半管和障碍技巧均只取同阶段所有两次或三次尝试当中分数最高者冰球男子赛事德国国家男子冰球队凭借2019年国际冰球联合会世界排名直接获得奥运资格。队员名单德国奥运男子冰球队名单于2022年1月25日公布。守门员 Danny aus den Birken Mathias Niederberger Felix Brückmann 防守后卫 Dominik Bittner Korbinian Holzer Marco Nowak Konrad Abeltshauser Fabio Wagner 约纳斯·米勒 Marcel Brandt 莫里茨·米勒前锋 Tobias Rieder Stefan Loibl Nico Krämmer Matthias Plachta Tom Kühnhackl Yasin Ehliz 帕特里克·哈格尔 Lean Bergmann 多米尼克·卡洪莱昂哈德·普弗德尔 Daniel Pietta 达维德·沃尔夫马塞尔·内贝尔斯 Frederik Tiffels 注：Q=直接晋级-{zh-hans:1/4决赛;zh-hant:半準決賽;}-；q=晋级附加赛雪橇根据2021–22赛季世界杯的结果，德国队在雪橇项目上获得三个男子单人、两个双人、三个女子单人和一个混合团体接力席位，实现满额参赛。具体参赛名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月11日公布首批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。单人双人混合北欧两项根据国际滑雪联合会公布的各代表团所获席位列表，德国队在北欧两项项目上可派出五名选手参赛，同时该队还获得团体的资格，实现满额参赛。完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。埃里克·弗伦策尔和Terence Weber在北欧两项项目开赛前因2019冠状病毒病检测呈阳性而需接受隔离，其中弗伦策尔在团体赛前解除隔离，得以上场参赛，Weber则因未能确保在团体赛前满足解除隔离条件而被曼努埃尔·法伊斯特顶替。短道速滑根据2021–22赛季世界杯分站赛的结果，德国队在短道速滑项目上原先获得两个女子1500公尺席位，后来该国放弃其中一个女子1500公尺席位。Anna Seidel获德国队提名，得以代表国家参加该项目。钢架雪车根据2021–22赛季世界杯的结果，德国队在钢架雪车项目上获得三个男子和三个女子席位，实现满额参赛。完整名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。跳台滑雪根据国际滑雪联合会公布的各代表团所获席位列表，德国队在跳台滑雪项目上共可派出五名男选手和四名女选手参赛，同时该国还获得男子团体和混合团体的资格，实现满额参赛。大部分席位的具体归属随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定，余下两个男子名额之归属则在数日后公布。男子女子混合单板滑雪根据2019年7月至2022年1月各世界杯分站赛的结果以及2021年世界自由式滑雪和单板滑雪锦标赛的结果，德国在单板滑雪项目上获得以下席位：单板滑雪项目全部席位的具体归属随德国奥委会于2022年1月19日公布第二批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。高山注：Q=晋级到下一轮障碍追逐注：Q=晋级到下一轮；FA=晋级到A组决赛；FB=晋级到B组决赛半管、障碍技巧和大跳台注：Q=晋级到下一轮；*=大跳台取三跳当中分数最高的不同动作两跳相加，半管和障碍技巧均只取同阶段所有两次或三次尝试当中分数最高者速度滑冰根据2021–22赛季世界杯分站赛的结果，德国队在速度滑冰项目上获得以下席位：具体参赛名单随德国奥委会于2022年1月11日公布首批该国冬奥代表团名单而正式确定。距离赛集体出发赛注：Q=晋级至下一轮参考资料 Germany 奧林匹克運動會德國代表團 2022年德國體育
《經史百家雜鈔》是清人曾国藩编纂的一部文言散文选集。共二十六卷，所选分为论著、辞赋、序跋、诏令、奏议、书牍、哀祭、传志、叙记、典志、杂技等十一类。参见古文觀止古文辭類纂中国文学清朝典籍曾国藩
後結構主義是指跟隨在結構主義覺醒之後出現的一套思想，它試圖去了解這個分割成數個體系的世界。後結構主義者與它的結構主義前輩最明顯不同的地方在於，他們拋棄了結構主義的簡化主義方法論。他們挑戰結構主義宣稱自己是能夠詮釋所有文本的批評後設語言（metalanguage），並且認為一個文本之外中立全知的觀點是不可能存在的。後結構主義者追求的是意符的無限扮演（play），並且不會給予任何一種閱讀方法比其他方法還要更高的地位。也因此，後結構主義領域中很少有互相一致的理論，但是每個理論都是從對結構主義的批判為起點。後結構主義是針對歷史相對論、意義與後文藝復興的理性哲學批判的批判性理論，但反對結構性語言學為理論基礎，強調片段不連續性，不相信歷史進化和知識累積論。而後結構主義的研究是帶有政治性的，因為許多後結構主義者相信，我們認為我們居住的這個世界事實上只是一個社會建構，在當中有許多不同的意識形態推動著想要成為霸權。一些主要的後結構主義者有德希達、福柯、羅蘭·巴特（至少在後期的著作中）以及或許有爭議的布希亞。其他主題解構結構主義後現代主義外部連結結構主義後現代理論批判理論社会工作理论
Tami Hoag (born Tami Mikkelson; January 20, 1959) is an American novelist, best known for her work in the romance and thriller genres. More than 22 million copies of her books are in print. Biography Hoag was born in Cresco, Iowa and raised in the small town of Harmony, Minnesota, where her father sold insurance. From childhood, she knew she wanted to be a writer. "I had to spend a lot of time entertaining myself," she told an interviewer in 2016. "I found books at a really young age and fell in love with books." Hoag's first job after graduating from high school was in the La Crosse Tribune circulation department. Before publishing her first novel, she also worked as a photographer's assistant, trained show horses, and sold designer bathroom accessories. She married and divorced Daniel Hoag, whom she had dated in high school. Hoag began her career as an author in 1988, writing category romances for the Bantam Books Loveswept Line. After several years of success in that field, Hoag switched her focus to single-title suspense novels. She has had thirteen consecutive New York Times bestsellers, including five in a 20-month span. Her novel Night Sins became a TV miniseries starring Valerie Bertinelli and Harry Hamlin. Hoag has been invited to do a reading at one of Barbara Bush's literacy functions. Hoag and three other authors who made the leap from romance to thrillers at roughly the same time (Eileen Dreyer, Elizabeth Grayson, and Kimberly Cates) have formed a group they call the Divas. The group provides support and encouragement for each other, and Hoag often thanks them in the acknowledgement section of her books. Hoag owns horses, and often goes for a ride to combat writer's block. She has competed in dressage at a national level, but stopped competing after breaking five vertebrae in her back during a fall while trying out a horse for a friend. Hoag is fully recovered from her accident, and has returned to the competition arena. She currently lives in Malibu, California, and Wellington, Florida. Bibliography Standalone novels McKnight in Shining Armor (1988, Loveswept #276), (2009) Reissue Mismatch (1989, Loveswept #315), (2008) Reissue Sarah's Sin (1991, Loveswept #480) Heart of Dixie (1991, Loveswept #493), (2008) Reissue Taken by Storm (1992, Loveswept #532), (2007) Reissue Still Waters (1992, Bantam Fanfare) The Last White Knight (1992, Loveswept #561) Dark Paradise (1994, Bantam Books) Kill the Messenger (2004, Bantam Books) Oak Knoll series Deeper than the Dead (2009) Secrets to the Grave (2010) Down the Darkest Road (2011) Elena Estes series Dark Horse (2002) The Alibi Man (2007) Kovac & Liska series Ashes to Ashes (1999) Dust to Dust (2000) Prior Bad Acts (2006) also known as Dead Sky The 1st Victim (2013, an e-book short story) The 9th Girl (2013) Cold Cold Heart (2015, Dutton) The Bitter Season (2016) Deer Lake series Night Sins (1995) Guilty as Sin (1996) Doucet series The Restless Heart (1991, Loveswept #458), (2007) Reissue Lucky's Lady (1992) Cry Wolf (1993) A Thin Dark Line (1997) The Boy (2018) Bad Liar (2024) Hennessy series The Trouble with J.J. (1988, Loveswept #253), (2009) Reissue Magic (1990, Bantam Fanfare, also in The Rainbow Chasers series) Lynn Shaw Straight from the Heart (1989, Loveswept #351), (2007) Reissue Last White Knight (1992, Loveswept #561), (2008) Reissue Quaid Horses series Rumor Has It (1989, Loveswept #304), (2009) Reissue Man of Her Dreams (1989, Loveswept #331) (2008) Reissue Tempestuous (1990, Loveswept #434), (2007) Reissue The Rainbow Chasers series Heart of Gold (1990, Loveswept #393), (2010) Reissue Keeping Company (1990, Loveswept #405), (2010) Reissue Reilly's Return (1990, Loveswept #417), (2010) Reissue Magic (1990, Bantam Fanfare, also in the Hennessy series) Notes Sources External links Living people 1959 births People from Malibu, California People from Wellington, Florida American romantic fiction writers American thriller writers American dressage riders American women novelists Women thriller writers Women romantic fiction writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American women writers People from Cresco, Iowa People from Harmony, Minnesota Novelists from Iowa Novelists from Minnesota Novelists from Florida Novelists from California
请描述丹毒的体征和症状？病人的典型症状包括高烧、颤抖、寒颤、疲倦、头痛、呕吐以及初期感染48小时内的一般病症。皮肤的红斑病变迅速地增大，红斑的边缘界限明显且凸起。红疹肿大、灼热、较硬，有疼痛感，外观类似橘皮。更严重的感染会导致囊疱、水泡以及瘀点，也可能有皮肤坏死。淋巴结可能会肿大，可能会造成。偶尔还会看到红疹延伸到淋巴结的一道红色条纹。丹毒可能会出现在皮肤的任何部位，包括面部、手臂、手指、腿和脚趾，但发病最多的部位是肢端。脂肪组织最容易受到感染，面部特别是眼部、耳、面颊皮肤也很容易受到感染。肢端的重复感染可能会导致慢性淋巴结炎。
Bibliographical Center for Research (BCR) was a regional cooperative libraries network established in 1935, headquartered in Aurora, Colorado, and active through 2010. BCR members included over 9000 libraries in an 11-state region of the western United States: Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Before its merger with Lyrasis, BCR was the nation's oldest multi-state library cooperative, with services including assisting researchers and libraries with locating materials outside their local community, catalog creation, consulting, product and service discounts, and computer systems training. BCR also offered OCLC products and services. BCR membership was funded by state library agencies, offering statewide membership on behalf of all libraries in their states. The nonprofit organization's records have been deposited at the University of Denver archives. External links Cooperatives in the United States Library centers Library consortia in Colorado OCLC
Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi are fungi that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and eating microscopic or other minute animals. More than 200 species have been described, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota, Mucoromycotina, and Basidiomycota. They usually live in soil and many species trap or stun nematodes (nematophagous fungus), while others attack amoebae or collembola. Fungi that grow on the epidermis, hair, skin, nails, scales or feathers of living or dead animals are considered to be dermatophytes rather than carnivores. Similarly, fungi in orifices and the digestive tract of animals are not carnivorous, and neither are internal pathogens. Neither are insect pathogens that stun and colonize insects normally labelled carnivorous if the fungal thallus is mainly in the insect as does Cordyceps, or if it clings to the insect like the Laboulbeniales. All of these are examples of parasitism or scavenging. Two basic trapping mechanisms have been observed in carnivorous fungi that are predatory on nematodes: constricting rings (active traps) adhesive structures (passive traps) Sequencing of ribosomal DNA has shown that these trap types occur in separate fungus lineages, an example of convergent evolution. See also Carnivorous plant Predatory dinoflagellate Protocarnivorous plant References Hauser, J.T. 1985. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(1): 8-11. [reprinted from Carolina Tips, Carolina Biological Supply Company] External links Nematode Destroying Fungi Fungus
腘动脉瘤的并发症？腘动脉瘤远端栓塞和发生破裂出血是本病的主要并发症。其中因动脉瘤内血栓闭塞或因瘤腔内层状血栓脱落栓塞胫、腓动脉引起下肢缺血最为常见，可出现跛行、静息疼痛，也可因急性完全闭塞引起皮肤坏死和下肢坏疽。
肝硬化脾肿大饮食注意什么？肝硬化是慢性停止性肝病，由一种或多种病因长期或重复作用构成的洋溢性肝损伤。在我国大多数为肝炎后肝硬化，少局部为酒精性肝硬化和血吸虫性肝硬化。病理组织学上有普遍的肝细胞坏死、残存肝细胞结节性再生、结缔组织增生与纤维隔构成，招致肝小叶构造毁坏和假小叶构成，肝脏逐步变形、变硬而开展为肝硬化。早期由于肝脏代偿功用较强可无明显病症，后期则以肝功用损伤和门脉高压为主要表现，并有多系统受累，晚期常呈现上消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染、脾功用亢进、腹水、癌变等并发症。肝硬化病因很多，在我国以病毒性肝炎为主，欧美国度以慢性酒精中毒多见。同时还有酒精肝、脂肪肝、胆汁淤积、药物、营养等方面的要素长期损伤所致。肝硬化其病理演化过程包括有以下4个方面：1致病要素的作用使肝细胞普遍的变性、坏死、肝小叶的纤维支架塌陷;2残存的肝细胞不沿原支架排列再生，构成不规则结节状的肝细胞团(再生结节);3各种细胞因子促进纤维化的产生，自汇管区-汇管区或自汇管区-肝小叶中央静脉延伸扩展，构成纤维距离;4增生的纤维组织使汇管区-汇管区或汇管区-肝小叶中央静脉之间纤维距离互相衔接，包绕再生结节或将残留肝小叶重新分割，改建成为假小叶，构成肝硬化典型形态改动。肝硬化脾肿大饮食依据病因、病情在饮食上制定合理的饮食构造，留意优质蛋白、多元维生素、微量元素、氨基酸及矿物质的合理补充，软而易消化、营养全面而平衡化，在饮食上可以针对病情有所选择与留意.
This list of mines in the United States is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output. For practical purposes stone, marble and other quarries may be included in this list. Coal Copper Diamond Gold Iron Lithium Bessemer City mine Manganese Batesville mine Cuyuna Range mine References
左半头经常疼是怎么回事？引起左侧头顶阵痛的原因有很多，常见的是偏头痛，引起偏头痛的原因也有很多，比如有家族性的偏头痛，有因为内分泌失调而引起的偏头痛，也可能有一部分人是由于生活压力太大、过度紧张、劳累以及睡眠不好、受凉感冒引起偏头疼。还有一部分病人是由于颈椎疾病引起偏头痛，由于颈椎关节突出或者椎间盘突出，压迫神经和血管，导致血流不通畅造成的头痛、头晕，还可以出现恶心、呕吐、手臂麻木和手指麻木的症状，可相应出现腕管综合征和肘管综合征。还有一部分病人是由于脑血管疾病引起，由于脑动脉硬化出现脑梗死、脑出血等等。所以出现头痛时，要及时到正规的医院做详细的检查，明确病因，给予相应的治疗。如果出现左半边头阵阵的疼痛，那么考虑是由于脑部血液循环障碍所形成的，最常见的就是高血压以及高血糖的病人，所以在日常生活中一定要保持良好的心情，必要时要服用药物来进行调理。半头疼又叫偏头疼，发病原因非常复杂，可能是因为颅内外的各种痛觉敏感结构受到刺激而造成的。偏头疼的人有很大一部分有家族遗传倾向，并且发作与神经功能的兴奋性、内分泌和代谢都有一定的关系。在进食食物，比如奶酪、巧克力、熏肉、腌制品或者酒精、葡萄酒的情况下，也可以出现偏头痛;在强光刺激、噪声过大或刺激性气味也可以使偏头痛发作，在睡眠过多或过少、工作压力太大、生活不顺心、太紧张，在劳累、受凉、用脑过度、熬夜的情况下也可以出现偏头痛发作。所以，偏头痛发作的病人要注意平时睡眠要有规律，工作压力不要太大，生活要顺心，保持情绪稳定，要有良好的心态，避免熬夜、避免劳累等等，都可以预防和缓解偏头痛的发作。
Ernest James Keeley (26 May 1890 – 23 July 1918) was a South African sports shooter. He competed in four events at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action in Belgium during World War I while serving as a Second Lieutenant in the 4th Regiment of South African Infantry, and, having no known grave, is commemorated on the Commonwealth Ploegsteert Memorial. See also List of Olympians killed in World War I References 1890 births 1918 deaths South African male sport shooters Olympic shooters for South Africa Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics South African Republic people Sportspeople from Pretoria South African military personnel killed in World War I South African Army officers 20th-century South African people
The locomotive that came to form VR Class Vk4 was originally one of a pair of 0-4-0T locomotives ordered from Rheinmetall Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG), Germany to work at Ino fortress at Terijoki on the Karelian Isthmus. The locomotives had 2 axles, they were the wet-steam type, and used a slip-Walschaert valve gear. Production numbers and years were 7268/1909 and 7858/1910. The fortress was in Finnish hands when Finland became independent. The fortress was not needed after the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. It was therefore decided to cancel the order for the locomotives. But this was not possible so it was decided to use the locomotives in the dismantling of the fortress. In 1919, the second locomotive, 7858/1910, was sold to as an industrial locomotive. The first locomotive continued to work dismantling the fort until 1922 when it was acquired by a building company in Hanko. After this the locomotive was sold to Enqvist Ltd Ab, Tampere who scrapped it in 1951. The second locomotive was purchased by the VR Kuopio depot and given the running number 68. The locomotive was still running in the 1960s. The locomotive was used until 1962 and finally withdrawn in 1967. In the early 1980s it was restored externally and placed in the Kuopio locomotive shed. It was discovered in 1986 by Savo Steam Transport Museum. Unfortunately, the museum project floundered and the locomotive was plinthed outside a restaurant. In 2008 it was decided to restore the locomotive. On 24 March 2009, the locomotive was moved to Hyvinkää workshop, where ultrasound measurements were taken. The final restoration was carried out by ABB Services and the Jokioinen Museum Railway, where the locomotive arrived on 8 May 2009. The locomotive was presented to the public on 17 June 2010. The locomotive is currently situated at the Finnish Railway Museum, and is steamed up several times every summer. References Resiina 3/2010: Sakari K Salo: Kulttuuriteko - Vk4 LEENA, s. 26 - 31 http://yle.fi/alueet/hame/2010/06/leena_on_pieni_hidas_ja_tehoton_1776781.html Finnish Website about Vk4 Sakari K. Salo: Höyryveturikirja, s. 14. Helsinki: Kustantaja Laaksonen, 2009. . Pölhö, Eljas – Pykälä-Aho, Mia: Suomen juna- ja raitiovaunukuvasto / Finnish Motive Power 1.1.1996., 1996. . Finnish / English Katajisto, Juhani. (1985). Eilispäivän kulkuneuvoja.. Hämeenlinna:Tietoteos. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130516182252/http://www.rautatie.org/web/en/default.asp Finnish Railway Museum Official website http://www.srhs.fi/index4.htm Finnish website with locomotive technical data See also Finnish Railway Museum VR Group List of Finnish locomotives Jokioinen Museum Railway History of rail transport in Finland VR Class Pr1 VR Class Hr1 VR Class Tk3 Vk4 Vk4 0-4-0T locomotives
西山怜那（，）是屬於前日本女子團體AKB48 Team A的偶像歌手，青森縣出身，所屬事務所為AKS。經歷 2013年 11月10日、經由AKB48集團選秀會議選入Team A。 2014年 2月26日、Team A 「Waiting」公演正式出道。 2015年 12月16日、宣佈畢業。 12月23日、舉行畢業公演。 AKB48的参加曲單曲CD参加曲「拉布拉多獵犬」中收錄你如此任性「希望無限」中收錄順從的Slave 「紅唇Be My Baby」中收錄溫柔的place AKB48前成員青森縣歌手
顺产宫颈撕裂多久恢复？在怀孕中的妈妈，每天都盼望着和自己的孩子早一天见面，可以看一下自己肚子里的宝宝到底长得什么样子。但是没到晚孕期的时候，准妈妈们会面临着两种选择，一种是剖腹产，一种是顺产，准妈妈们也不知道选择哪种方式来和肚子里的宝宝见面。如果一般没有什么特殊情况的话，医生都会建议我们顺产，顺产以后的准妈妈身体恢复的也快，对宝宝的发育也很好。但是顺产是要经过孕妇得慎重考虑的，顺产的妈妈要承受很大很大的痛苦，而且在顺产的时候也可能会造成宫颈撕裂，顺产的时候痛苦，是没有任何人能替准妈妈们分担的，准妈妈们要靠自己的努力克服这些痛苦，那么在顺产时候才生的宫颈撕裂呢？顺产宫颈撕裂多久恢复呢？我们来具体分析，看一下。准妈妈们在临近生产时，选择的是顺产的话，很有可能会造成孕妇的宫颈撕裂，但是一般如果宫颈撕裂的话，医生会在妈妈生产完后给妈妈缝合伤口，以防宫颈在次撕裂伤口。如果妈妈在生产时宫颈撕裂的伤口比较小的情况下，是不需要进行缝合的，一般宫颈伤口是可以自己愈合的。在顺产时造成的宫颈撕裂，一般都会在二到四周恢复，但是具体的恢复情况和到底什么时候可以恢复好，是要根据妈妈的自身体质和在生产后自身的后期保护，有的妈妈身体特别棒，在后期也很注意自己这一方面的情况，在十天就恢复了。如果妈妈想让自己的宫颈恢复到原来没有怀宝宝，甚至生育期之前的宫颈情况，那么是没有很大的可能性的，因为宝宝从妈妈的肚子里生产出来，是会留下一些属于宝宝的痕迹的。
The General Aviation PJ was a flying boat produced in the United States in the 1930s as a search-and-rescue aircraft for the Coast Guard. Design Originally designated FLB (for "Flying Life Boat"), it was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with a flying boat hull and outrigger pontoons mounted on the wings slightly outboard of mid-span. The twin pusher engines were carried in separate nacelles on pylons above the wings. The hull was a monocoque metal structure, and the wing was a wooden structure skinned with plywood. The basic design was based on that of the Fokker F.11, but substantially enlarged (Fokker's American operation was renamed General Aviation after purchase by General Motors in 1930). While not a true amphibian and able to land on dry land, the PJ was equipped with retractable undercarriage that functioned as its own, self-carrying beaching trolley. Five examples were operated by the US Coast Guard during the 1930s, named Antares, Altair, Acrux, Acamar, and Arcturus (hull numbers FLB-51 through FLB-55). In 1933, Antares underwent a major refit that included a redesign of her engine nacelles, converting these to tractor configuration. Variants PJ-1 - original version with pusher engines (five built) PJ-2 - version with tractor engines (one converted) Specifications (PJ-1) References General Aviation PJ-1/2 Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990, p. 495. . External links "Flying Lifeboats." Popular Science, December 1937, pp. 56–57, all photos show PJ-1 except for middle aircraft p. 57 an RD-2. 1930s United States military rescue aircraft Flying boats Atlantic Aircraft aircraft High-wing aircraft Twin-engined pusher aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1933
西尔维娅·施泰纳（，），奥地利女子射击运动员，2022年世界射击锦标赛混合团体10米气手枪金牌得主和女子50米手枪银牌得主、2023年世界射击锦标赛女子50米手枪金牌得主和女子25米标准手枪铜牌得主。参考资料奧地利射擊運動員奥地利奥运射击运动员 2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會射擊運動員 2015年欧洲运动会射击运动员 2019年欧洲运动会射击运动员 2023年欧洲运动会射击运动员
諾瓦克·喬科維奇是上屆冠軍。諾瓦克·喬科維奇是本屆冠軍，決賽以6–3、6–3直落兩盤擊敗羅傑·費德勒，連續三年拿下此地冠軍。種子球手羅傑·費德勒（亞軍）諾瓦克·喬科維奇（冠軍）托馬什·貝爾迪赫（右膝傷退賽）米哈伊爾·尤日尼（第一輪） <li> 伊萬·柳比西奇（第一輪，腿傷退出） <li> 維克托·特羅伊茨基（第一輪） <li> 馬科斯·巴格達蒂斯（第一輪，因疾病退出） <li> 厄內斯特·古爾比斯（第二輪）會外賽籤表決賽上線下線參考資料會內賽籤表會外賽籤表 2011年網球 ATP巡迴賽迪拜网球锦标赛
元洲仔公園（），位於香港新界大埔元洲仔完善路、林村河河口、大埔海濱公園的對面河堤之上，於1991年建成，目前由康樂及文化事務署管理。公園裡的元洲仔自然環境保護研究中心前身為政務司官邸，建於1905年，自1986年起交給世界自然（香港）基金會使用。軼事 2005年8月，有市民發現公園內的樹上滋生了數百隻蛞蝓，事件一度引起傳媒關注。設施參考大埔 (香港) 大埔區公園
瓦讷河畔富瓦西（，）是法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大区约讷省的一个市镇，属于桑斯区。地理（）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區约讷省，该省份为法国中北部内陆省份，西接卢瓦雷省，西北接塞纳-马恩省，南至涅夫勒省，东临科多尔省，东北与奥布省接壤。与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。行政的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。政治所属的省级选区为。人口于时的人口数量为人。参见约讷省市镇列表参考文献约讷省市镇
君滙港（，是一個位於香港九龍油尖旺區大角咀的私人高尚住宅，發展商為新鴻基地產及地鐵公司（今港鐵公司）。屋苑由新鴻基建築設計有限公司負責總體設計，並由馬梁建築師事務所負責詳細設計，共設有5幢樓高48及56層的住宅大廈，共提供1,514個單位。君滙港為奧運站上蓋物業發展第三期項目。屋苑資料一般單位建築面積約由600至2,150平方呎，備有2房2廳至4房雙套房連工人套房單位，另備有特色單位。一及二座主要提供面積過千呎的大單位，而三、五和六座則主打中型單位。物業毗鄰地鐵奧運站及多個大型購物商場，也設有裝飾精美的大型豪華會所，包括米芝蓮豪華宴會廳。君滙港在2005年10月首推，在2006年3月再推售，9月的是再三推售「樓花」。君滙港前名：「金莎西岸」（Canary West），之後更名：「嘉雲西岸」（Harbour West），最終易名為「君滙港」。君滙港附近的大型商場是奧海城。君滙港南望有新油麻地避風塘，遠眺港鐵九龍站上蓋物業凱旋門及擎天半島、再遠眺是維多利亞港西及香港島上環沿岸等。君滙港有住客通道連接較早開發的西九龍紀律部隊宿舍，並有天橋連接埃華街一帶，每位進出君滙港的住客都要出示住客證以利用住客通道進入住宅大樓，訪客則須出示身分證。中聯辦在2007年購入君滙港48個單位，作為九龍工作部幹部宿舍，有不少處長級官員居住。所有樓宇均採用富士達提供的升降機。 2022年4月起，由世紀服務有限公司提供保安服務。圖片集交通著名住客周浩鼎，香港律師、民建聯副主席、立法會議員（區議會第二）、前任離島區區議員（東涌南）譚芷昀，歌手參考資料外部連線君滙港官方網址君滙港地圖油尖旺區私人屋苑奧海城港鐵公司物業新鴻基地產物業 2007年完工建築物香港屏风楼宇香港中聯辦轄下政府宿舍
NGC 3859是一个位于狮子座的螺旋星系，距离地球2.95亿光年，1884年3月23日由讓·瑪里·愛德華·史提芬发现，属于獅子座星系團。2014年2月23日，人们在NGC 3859发现II型超新星SN 2014U。参考外部链接 3859 36582 獅子座狮子座星系团特殊星系 1884年发现的天体螺旋星系星暴星系 6721 交互作用星系
The 2004 Speedway Conference League was the third-tier division of British speedway. Summary The title was won by Mildenhall Fen Tigers. Final league table Conference League Knockout Cup The 2004 Conference League Knockout Cup was the seventh edition of the Knockout Cup for tier three teams. Mildenhall Fen Tigers were the winners for the second successive year. Semi-finals Final Conference Trophy Mildenhall Fen Tigers Riders' Championship James Wright won the Riders' Championship. The final was held on 28 August at Rye House Stadium. Pairs The Pairs Championship was held at the Wimbledon Stadium, on 2 June. The event was won by Mark Burrows and Barrie Evans of the Wimbledon. Final Wimbledon (Burrows & Evans) bt Mildenhall (Hawkins & Armstrong) Fours Mildenhall won the Conference League Four-Team Championship, held on 10 July 2004 at Loomer Road Stadium. See also List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions References Conference Speedway Conference League
胆囊小是怎么回事？胆囊位于肝脏下面，正常胆囊长约8～12cm，宽3～5cm，容量约为30～60ml。胆囊内面以粘膜覆盖，有发达的皱襞。胆囊收缩排空时，皱襞高大而分支;胆囊充盈时，皱臂减少变矮。粘膜上皮为单层柱状。细胞游离面有许多微绒毛，胞质内线粒体和粗面内质网较发达，顶部胞质内可见少量粘液颗粒。固有层为薄层结缔组织，有较丰富的血管、淋巴管和弹性纤维。皱壁之间的上皮常向固有层内延伸，形成深陷的粘膜窦。类似粘液腺，可分泌粘液。肌层较薄，肌纤维排列不甚规则，有环行、斜行、纵行等。胆囊算是一种体积比较小的器官，但是在生活中，有很多人的胆囊比正常胆囊还要小。当然排出自身身体差异的因素，导致这样情况出现的原因往往是疾病。有专家认为，有的人胆囊变小就是因为患上了萎缩性胆囊炎。部分胆囊结石病人，由于胆囊炎症的反复发作，胆囊壁逐渐产生炎症增生、纤维化，以后慢慢形成疤痕。如此反复发作，胆囊逐渐萎缩，甚至紧贴于胆结石上，完全失去收缩和浓缩胆汁的功能。这种情况在医学上称“萎缩性胆囊炎”，又称“硬化萎缩性皱缩胆囊”。它实际上是慢性结石性胆囊炎长期发作的结果，是一种特殊类型的结石性胆囊炎。萎缩后的胆囊壁变厚，从正常的1～2毫米增至5—6毫米，甚至可达1厘米。胆囊失去弹性，胆囊变硬且小，有的不及原来的一半大。胆囊失去原来那种呈淡蓝色、薄薄的囊状形态，它与胆管、十二指肠或部分结石紧密粘连在一起，里面紧紧地包裹着一堆结石。结石之间既无空隙，也无胆汁。萎缩性胆囊炎病人常反复发作右上腹疼痛，平时也隐隐作痛，并有胃纳差、嗳气、腹胀等消化道症状。B超检查见胆囊体积很小，直径不超过3—4厘米，壁厚，无收缩功能，口服胆囊造影剂检查时，胆囊多不能显影。
Line 2 of the Dalian Metro (M2; ), is a rapid transit line running in a "c" shape in central Dalian. Phase 1 of the line was opened on 22 May 2015. Currently, the line is long with 29 stations. In October 2017, most station names were re-translated from Pinyin into conventional English. Opening timeline Service routes — Stations References 02 Railway lines opened in 2015 Airport rail links in China
上气道梗阻的病因是什么？(一)发病原因临床上，上气道阻塞虽较为少见，但可由多种疾病引起，这类原因主要包括：气道瘢痕狭窄：多为气管插管或切开术等治疗所致;气道壁病变：如咽喉部软组织炎、咽后壁脓肿、扁桃体肿大、声带麻痹、喉或气管肿瘤、气管软化以及复发性多软骨炎等;气道腔内病变：以气道内异物为多见，以及带蒂气管内息肉或肿瘤和炎性肉芽肿;气道外部压迫：气道周围占位性病变如甲状腺癌，脓肿、血肿或气体的压迫;气道内分泌物潴留：呼吸道出血或大量痰液未能咳出，胃内容物大量吸入等。兹将引起成人和儿童不同解剖部位上气道阻塞的常见原因，总结于表1，供临床诊断时参考。极少数情况下，功能性声带异常或心理性因素，亦可引起上气道阻塞。(二)发病机制上气道解剖：呼吸系统的传导气道包括鼻、咽喉、气管、主支气管、叶支气管、段支气管、细支气管直至终末细支气管等部分。根据周围小气道和中心大气道在机械力学等呼吸生理功能上的不同，一般将呼吸道分为3个部分，即：小气道，指管径小于2mm的气道;大气道，指隆凸以下至直径2mm的气道;上气道，为自鼻至气管隆凸的一段呼吸道，包括鼻、咽、喉及气管等，见图1。通常以胸腔入口或胸骨上切迹为界将上气道分为胸腔外上气道和胸腔内上气道两个部分。胸腔外上气道包括下颌下腔(包括可产生Ludwig咽峡炎的区域)、咽后腔(包括可生产咽后脓肿的区域)和喉部。广义的喉部范围上至舌根部，下至气管，可分为声门上喉区(会厌、杓会厌皱襞及假声带)、声门(包括杓状软骨的声带平面内的结构)和声门下区(为一长约1.5～2.0cm，由环状软骨所包绕的气道)。气管的总长度为l0～13 cm，其中胸腔内的长度约6～9cm。胸腔外气管的长度约为2～4cm，从环状软骨的下缘至胸腔入口，其在前胸部约高于胸骨上切迹1～3 cm。正常气管内冠状直径，男性为l3～25 mm，女性为10～21 mm。引起气管管径缩小的因素有以下几种：Saber鞘气管;淀粉样变性;复发性多软骨炎;Wegener肉芽肿;气管支气管扁骨软骨成形术;鼻硬结病;完全性环状软骨;Down综合征。上气道阻塞的病理生理学：正常情况下，吸气时，呼吸肌收缩使胸内压力降低，气道内压力低于大气压，气体由外界进入肺内;相反，呼气时，呼吸肌松弛使胸内压力升高，气体由肺内排出体外。急性上气道阻塞则可直接影响机体的通气功能，外界的氧气不能被吸入肺内，机体代谢所产生的二氧化碳亦不能排出体外，引起急性呼吸衰竭，如未能获得及时救治，每因严重缺氧和二氧化碳潴留导致患者死亡。上气道的胸外部分处于大气压之下，胸内部分则在胸膜腔内压作用之下。气管内外两侧的压力差为跨壁压。当气管外压大于胸膜腔内压，跨壁压为正值，气道则趋于闭合;当跨壁压为负值时，即气管内压大于气管外压，气管通畅，见图2。上气道阻塞主要影响患者的通气功能，由于肺泡通气减少，在患者运动时可产生低氧血症，但其弥散功能则多属正常。上气道阻塞的位置、程度、性质(固定型或可变型)以及呼气或吸气相压力的变化，引起患者出现不同的病理生理改变，产生吸气气流受限、呼气气流受限，抑或两者均受限。临床上，根据呼吸气流受阻的不同可将上气道阻塞分为以下3种：可变型胸外上气道阻塞、可变型胸内上气道阻塞和固定型上气道阻塞。1.可变型胸外上气道阻塞可变型阻塞指梗阻部位气管内腔大小可因气管内外压力改变而变化的上气道阻塞。可变型胸外上气道阻塞，见于患气管软化及声带麻痹等疾病的患者。正常情况下，胸外上气道外周的压力在整个呼吸周期均为大气压，吸气时由于气道内压降低，引起跨壁压增大，其作用方向为由管外向管内，导致胸外上气道倾向于缩小。存在可变型胸外上气道阻塞的患者，当其用力吸气时，由于Venturi效应和湍流导致阻塞远端的气道压力显著降低，跨壁压明显增大，引起阻塞部位气道口径进一步缩小，出现吸气气流严重受阻;相反，当其用力呼气时，气管内压力增加，由于跨壁压降低，其阻塞程度可有所减轻，见图3。因此，对该类患者进行动态流量-容积环描记时，表现为吸气流速受限而呈现吸气平台，但呼气流速受限较轻不出现平台，甚或呈现正常图形，见图4。2.可变型胸内上气道阻塞可变型胸内上气道阻塞，见于胸内气道的气管软化及肿瘤患者。由于胸内上气道周围的压力与胸膜腔内压接近，管腔外压(胸膜腔内压)与管腔内压相比为负压，跨壁压的作用方向由管腔内向管腔外，导致胸内气道倾向于扩张。当患者用力呼气时，Venturi效应和湍流可使阻塞近端的气道压力降低，亦引起阻塞部位气道口径进一步缩小，但出现呼气气流严重受阻，见图4。对该类患者进行动态流量-容积环描记时，表现为呼气流速受限而呈现呼气平台，但吸气流速受限较轻，见图4。3.固定型上气道阻塞固定型上气道阻塞指上气道阻塞性病变部位僵硬固定，呼吸时跨壁压的改变不能引起梗阻部位的气道口径变化者，见于气管狭窄和甲状腺肿瘤患者。这类患者，其吸气和呼气时气流均明显受限且程度相近，动态流量-容积环的吸气流速和呼气流速均呈现平台，见图5。多数学者认为，50%肺活量时呼气流速与吸气流速之比(FEF50%/FIF50%)等于1是固定型上气道阻塞的特征。但与阻塞病变邻近的正常气道可出现可变型阻塞，对FEF50%/FIF50%有一定的影响，应予以注意。
跖骨骨折的疾病病因是什么?？在足的5个跖骨中，第1跖骨最粗大，发生骨折的机会较少，2-4跖骨发生骨折机会最大，第5跖骨基底由于是松质骨，常因腓骨短肌猛烈收缩而发生骨折。在大多数情况下，跖骨骨折为直接暴力引起，如重物打击，车轮碾压等，少数情况下，由长期慢性损伤（如长跑、行军）致第2或第3跖骨干发生疲劳骨折。
肛瘘会是克罗恩吗？肛瘘是肛肠疾病中最常见的疾病，也是一种严重的疾病。你知道什么是肛瘘吗?为什么肛瘘在日常生活中不能自愈?如何预防肛瘘?为什么肛瘘不能自愈?内口孔的存在主要是由于脓肿已经塌陷或已经切开和排出，但是原始感染源如肛窦炎或肛门腺感染仍然存在，而肠内容物仍可来自内。嘴继续进入瘘管;所以没有办法治愈自己。肛门不能休息，脓肿不易粘连：当排便或排尿时，由于括约肌收缩或肛门括约肌炎症，肛门括约肌常常处于瘫痪状态;肠道内的粪便，肠液和气体将继续进入瘘管。然后刺激管壁，迫使壁的结缔组织变厚，变厚，管腔难以闭合;导管在不同高度穿过肛门括约肌，括约肌收缩。它阻碍了脓液的排出，导致排水不畅。肛瘘是肛门直肠瘘的缩写，是肛门周围脓肿或切口引流的后部病变。肛瘘是一个脓肿的时代，是一个疾病的两个阶段，中医称为肛门漏。典型的肛瘘是一个无阻碍的完整管，一个在肛门窦，一个在肛门边缘，或在直肠壁。非典型肛瘘一般只有一个内口而没有外口，或者虽然有一个外口和一个外口，但中瘘闭合，或只有外口，内口无法找到，或者只是那里只是一种强迫症。如果你没有及时治疗肛瘘，它会使你的身体虚弱无力，缺乏活力，并降低你抵抗疾病的能力。贫血会发生，发作会更频繁，导致相互因果关系。脓液可穿透心包壁，形成多发复杂的肛瘘，不仅给治疗带来困难，还影响肛门的正常生理功能;多发性肛瘘可形成直肠阴道瘘，直肠尿道瘘和直肠膀胱皮肤，危害周围器官，肛瘘有恶变倾向。由于肛管的直肠部位是“污水”的重要通道，细菌很容易侵入肛门隐窝，肛门腺管和肛门腺，导致感染发展，逐渐形成脓肿，这是肛瘘。肛周脓肿是导致肛瘘的主要因素之一。因为粪便留有肛门隐窝，引起肛门腺炎症，导致肛周脓肿，患者往往不注意，肛周脓肿溃疡后，脓液排出，脓肿逐渐萎缩，外部溃疡和切口也缩小，腔壁形成结缔组织增生的硬管壁，即瘘管和肛瘘。
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Paris, France. Prehistory 9000-5000 BCE First known settlements in Paris during Mesolithic era, located near rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement. The Parisii and the Roman Lutetia 250-225 BCE The Parisii, a Celtic tribe, found a town, called Lucotecia, on the Île de la Cité. 53 BCE Julius Caesar addresses an assembly of leaders of the Gauls in Lucotecia, asking for their support. 52 BCE The Parisii are defeated by the Roman general Titus Labienus at the Battle of Lutetia. A Gallo-Roman garrison town, called Lutetia, is founded on the left bank of the Seine. Between 14 and 37 CE The sailors of Lutetia erect the Pillar of the Boatmen in honor of the Roman god Jupiter. Between 40 and 11 CE Construction of the Forum of Lutetia Between 100 and 200 CE Construction of the baths, the amphitheater and the theater of Lutetia 3rd century CE Lutetia gradually becomes known as Civitas Parisiorum, the "City of the Parisii", then simply "Paris". c. 250 CE Arrival of Christianity in Paris; execution by Romans of Bishop Saint Denis on Montmartre, the "Mountain of Martyrs". 275-276 The settlement on the left bank is ravaged by Germanic tribes. About 300 CE A rampart is built around the Île de la Cité. 358 CE The Roman commander Julian the Apostate resides in Paris during the winter, when not fighting the Germanic tribes. 360 CE Julian is proclaimed Roman Emperor by his soldiers. 365-366 The Emperor Valentinian I resides briefly in Paris. 385 Saint Martin of Tours visits Paris, and according to tradition heals a leper at the north gate of the town. 451 Paris is threatened by the Huns. Saint Genevieve persuades the Parisians not to abandon the city, and the Huns attack Tours instead. 464 The city is blockaded by Chilperic I, King of the Franks. The Middle Ages Frankish Paris 486 Clovis I, King of the Franks, negotiates with Saint Genevieve the submission of Paris to his authority. About 502 Burial of Saint Genevieve atop the hill on the left bank which now bears her name. A basilica, the Basilique des Saints Apôtres, is built on the site and consecrated on 24 December 520. It later becomes the site of the Basilica of Saint-Genevieve, which after the French Revolution becomes the Panthéon. 511 Clovis I, the king of the Franks, makes Paris his capital. (Some sources give the date 508) About 540-550 Construction of the Saint-Étienne cathedral, predecessor to Notre-Dame de Paris, begins. 543 Founding of the Basilica of Saint-Vincent, by Childebert I, the King of Paris. The Basilica becomes the burial place for the first French kings, beginning with Childebert. 576 Saint Germain, the Bishop of Paris, is buried at the Abbey of Saint-Vincent, which thereafter is known as the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. 577 King Chilperic I has the Roman amphitheater repaired, and theatrical events are performed there. 585 A fire destroys most of the buildings on the Île de la Cité. 614 Council of Paris meets under King Chlothar II, who issues his Edict of Paris on 18 October. 639 King Dagobert I is buried in the abbey of Saint-Denis, which becomes the main necropolis for French kings. about 680 The city stops minting gold coins and replaces them with silver coins. 775 Consecration of the new Basilica of Saint-Denis, attended by the Emperor Charlemagne 820 Mention is made in documents of what is the oldest known street in Paris, rue Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois (1st arrondissement). 845 Siege of Paris — The first attack on the city by the Vikings, who burn the city. King Charles the Bald gives them 7000 pounds of silver to go away. 846 Council of Meaux–Paris — The church council opened at Meaux because of the siege but ended in Paris in February 846. 856 28 December – The Vikings return and burn the city again. 857 Vikings led by Björn Ironside almost destroy Paris, and burn all its churches, except those that pay a ransom: Saint-Étienne (now Notre-Dame cathedral), Saint-Denis and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. 861 The Vikings burn Paris and the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The Abbey is pillaged again in 869. 870 King Charles the Bald orders the construction of two bridges, the Grand Pont and the Petit Pont, ostensibly to block the passage of the Vikings up the Seine. 885 24 November – Gozlin, the Bishop of Paris, repairs the city wall and reinforces the bridges; the city resists an attack by the Vikings. 886 6 February – The Petit pont washes away, allowing the Vikings to lay siege to the city and pillage the surrounding region. September – The Carolingian Emperor Charles the Fat pays the Vikings 700 pounds of silver to depart. 887-889 The Vikings attack Paris again in May 887 and June–July 888, but thanks to strengthened defenses the city is not captured. 978 October – Siege of Paris by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II. The Parisians block the supplies of the invaders from going up the Seine. An army led by Hugh Capet arrives and the siege is finally lifted on 30 December. 988 Hugh Capet, elected King of the Franks in 987, resides in Paris for a time, and returns again in 989, 992 and 994–995. 996 Hugh Capet dies in Paris and is buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis. 11th century c. 1014 Construction of a new nave of the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, begun by Abbot Morard. 1021 Students begin arriving in Paris to study at the episcopal school of Notre-Dame. 1060 Reconstruction of the Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory. The church is consecrated in 1067. 12th century 1100s The Holy Innocents' Cemetery in Paris is established, becoming home to mass graves. 1100 The celebrated scholar Abélard begins teaching at the school of Notre-Dame. 1112 King Louis VI gives special privileges to the Basilica of Saint-Denis, raising the status of Paris over Orléans as the capital of the Capetian Kings. 1113 Construction begins of a new Grand Pont, later called the pont au Change, completed in 1116. The Petit Pont is also rebuilt. 1116 The scholar Abélard begins what becomes a legendary romance with the nun Héloïse in about 1116. In 1117 is punished for his relationship by castration. He retires to the monastery of Saint-Denis and then to Saint-Ayoul, but later returns to Paris and to Héloïse. c. 1120 Teachers and students begin taking up residence on the left bank, around the montagne Sainte-Geneviève, since the cloister of Notre-Dame is not large enough to house them all. This is the beginning of the Latin Quarter and the future University of Paris. 1131 13 October – Death of Philippe, the eldest son of king Louis VI, who died the day after being thrown from his horse, which panicked when he encountered a pig. As a result, it is forbidden to let pigs go freely on the city streets. 1132 The Bishop of Paris punishes the teachers and students on the montagne Sainte-Geneviève for the growing number of conflicts between the students and the townspeople. Abbot Suger begins the reconstruction of the Basilica of Saint-Denis in the new Gothic style. The new Basilica is consecrated on 11 June 1144, and becomes a model for cathedrals and churches across Europe. 1134 King Louis VI grants to the merchants of Paris the right to seize the property of their debtors and to form associations, the first steps toward a municipality. 1137 A new market is installed at Champeaux, which gradually replaces the market on the place de Grève and becomes the central market of Les Halles. 1139 Establishment of the Templars in the old Temple, near the church of Saint-Gervais. 1146 First mention in documents of the corporation of butchers in the city. 1147 The Templars occupy their new building in Paris, in the presence of king Louis VII and of the Pope. When he departs for the Crusades, the king leaves the royal treasury in the care of the Templars, and the regency with Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis. 21 April – Pope Eugene III consecrates the new church of Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre. 1163 21 April – Consecration of the choir of the abbey church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés by Pope Alexander III. Beginning of the reconstruction of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris in the Gothic style. 1170 King Louis VII confirms the privileges of the corporation of water merchants, whose water-bearers carry water from the Seine to residences. 1176 First mention in documents of the Fair of Saint-Germain. Half of the profits were reserved for King Louis VII. 1180 Founding of the collège des Dix-Huit by Messire Josse de Londres, an Englishman. This was the first college in Paris, established for eighteen poor clerical students in a room within the Hôtel-Dieu. 5 February – King Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste) arrests the leaders of the Jewish community, and requires them to pay 15,000 silver marcs. 1182 Philip Augustus expels the Jews from the Île de la Cité, and their synagogue is turned into a church. They are allowed to return in 1198, in return for paying heavy taxes. 19 May – Consecration of the altar of the cathedral of Notre Dame. 1183 Two market buildings are constructed at the small hamlet Les Champeaux meaning ("little fields"), the beginning of Les Halles. 1186 Philip Augustus orders the paving of the major streets of the city with cobblestones (pavés). 1190 Philip Augustus departs for the Third Crusade. Six Paris merchants are assigned to act as a council of the regency in his absence, each with a key to the treasury. Before departing, he orders the construction of the first wall around the entire city. The wall on the right bank is finished in 1208, and on the left bank between 1209 and 1213. He also begins construction of the fortress of the Louvre on the right bank. 1197 March – A flood destroys all the bridges over the Seine; the King is forced to abandon his palace on the Île de la Citè and move to the hill of Sainte-Geneviève. 13th century 1200 Battles between the sergeants of the Provost of Paris and students, which cause the death of five students. When the Paris students threaten to leave the city, Philip Augustus grants the students the right to be judged exclusively by the tribunal of the Bishop of Paris. This marks the beginning of the legal status of the University of Paris. 1202 Completion of the Louvre fortress. The Abbot of Saint-Geneviève purchases the clos Garlande on the Left Bank and builds houses in the neighborhood for students. 1207 Pope Innocent III limits the number of chairs of theology at the University to eight, to maintain control over the University. 1209 The second college of the University is founded; the Collège des pauvres écoliers de Saint-Honoré, for thirteen students without funds. 1210 Pope Innocent III permits the teachers of the University to form a corporation, and in 1212 gives them a degree of independence from the authority of the Bishop of Paris. Ten Amauriciens, students of the scholar Amaury de Chartres, are condemned for heresy and burned at the stake outside of Paris, beyond the rampart gate porte des Champeaux, for making too much of the works of Aristotle. 1215 – The University of Paris is chartered by Pope Innocent III. 1219 16 November – Pope Innocent III prohibits the teaching of Roman, or civil law, at the University; only canon law can be taught. December – Conflicts between the Bishop of Paris and the University, which is supported by the new Pope, Honorius III. 1229 26 February – More street battles between students and the sergeants of the Provost of Paris. On 15 April the University temporarily leaves the city in protest, and some of the teachers depart for Oxford and Cambridge. 1230 Paris scriptoria producing illuminated manuscripts flourish. The style of the Paris school is copied throughout France. 1231 Draining of the marshes Le Marais begins. c. 1240 For the first time, the ringing of the bells of the churches of Paris is regulated by clocks, so that all sound at about the same time. The time of day becomes an important feature in regulating the work and life of the city. 1246 The University of Paris is granted financial and judicial autonomy, and its own seal. Founding of the College and Priory of Saint-Bernard, to house the Cistercian monks who have come to Paris to study theology. 1248 Saint Bonaventure begins to teach at the University of Paris. 26 April – Consecration of Sainte-Chapelle, built to house sacred relics from the Holy Land purchased by Louis IX (Saint Louis). c. 1250 Founding of the Parlement of Paris (Curia Regis), to advise the King on legal matters and later to make judicial decisions. 1252 Saint Thomas Aquinas begins to teach at the University of Paris, and remains until 1259. He returns between 1269 and 1272. 1254 June – Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Louis IX, moves into his recently built townhouse (hôtel d'Hosteriche) near the Louvre. Following his example, other princes of the blood and members of the high aristocracy built princely residences in the same neighborhood. 1256 10 June – First stone laid for the Abbaye royale de Longchamp, the royal convent of Longchamp, by Isabelle, Louis IX's sister. 1257 1 September – Opening of a new college of the university founded by Robert de Sorbon, advisor to the King, later known as the College of Sorbonne. 1260 Geoffroy de Courfraud is named the first chevalier de guet, or knight of the watchmen, responsible for security in the city. Corporation of surgeons and corporation of barbers are organized. 1261 Étienne Boileau is named the first prévôt, or provost of Paris, the royal administrator of the city. A new college is organized for students of the Abbey of Cluny. 1263 Évroïn de Valenciennes becomes the first recorded provost of the merchants of Paris, a position which gradually becomes equivalent to that of mayor. 1280 December – A major flood washes away two arches of the Grand Pont and one arch of the Petit Pont, and encircles the city on the right bank. 1291 May – King Philip IV, ("Philip the Fair"), expels the money-lenders, or Lombards, from the city. 1292 First written mention of the Paris concierges, who serve as doormen and guardians at palaces, convents and private mansions. 1296 The fortifications of the Palais de la Cité are demolished and the palace is enlarged, so that by 1314 it houses all of the royal administration. The Conseil de Ville, or city council, is organized, made up of twenty-four leading citizens. 1299 First mention of the construction of a clock tower in Paris (installation of clock will take place in 1370). 14th century 1302 First meeting of the Estates General convened by King Philippe IV, to win support for his conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. 1304 Money-changers establish themselves on the Grand Pont, which becomes known as the Pont-au-Change. 1306 21 July – Expulsion of the Jews from Paris, and confiscation of their property. They are allowed to return in July 1315, but recover only a third of their property. 30 December – Riots following an increase in rents. King Philip IV is besieged in the tower of the temple. Twenty-one rioters are later hanged. 1307 13 October – Philip IV orders the arrest of the Knights Templar, and the seizure of their property. 1310 Construction begins of a clock tower in the Palace on the Île de la Cité, finished in 1314. 1314 The leaders of the Knights Templar, including Jacques de Molay, are burned at the stake on the Île aux Juifs, also called Île des Templiers, an island west of the Île de la Cité. 1321 14 September – Organization of the first recorded company of musicians, the Confrérie de Saint-Julien-des-Ménétriers. 1326 The breakup of ice on the Seine destroys all the wooden bridges. The Île de la Cité is supplied with food by boat for a period of five weeks. 1337 Construction begins of the Château de Vincennes, completed about 1410. 1339 Founding of the first two recorded theater companies in Paris; the Confrérie de la Passion, which originally performed religious dramas, and the Gallants sans souci, which performed farces. 1348–1349 The Black death, or bubonic plague, ravages Paris. In May 1349, it becomes so severe that the Royal Council flees the city. 1348 Building of the first open sewer in Paris. It begins at place Baudoyer, runs east along rue Saint-Antoine, and empties into the moat of the Bastille. 1354 Étienne Marcel is chosen as the Provost of the merchants of Paris. 1356 Decision to build a new wall around the city, called the wall of Charles V, finished in 1383. 19 September – The capture of King Jean II (Jean le Bon) by the English at the Battle of Poitiers throws France into political chaos and opens the Hundred Years War. 1357 7 July – Étienne Marcel buys a house on the place de Grève to serve as the first city hall. 1358 22 February; Armed supporters of Étienne Marcel invade the Palace. In the presence of the Dauphin, Charles, the heir to the throne, future Charles V, they kill the Marshals of Champagne and Normandy, and take the Dauphin under their protection. On 24 February, four Paris merchants, including Étienne Marcel, become members of the new royal council. 4 May – King Charles II of Navarre, accompanied by an army of English mercenaries, enters Paris. Étienne Marcel takes his side, and the Dauphin flees the city. 22 July – Battles within and around Paris between supporters of the Dauphin and of Charles of Navarre. Charles of Navarre flees the city. 31 July – Étienne Marcel attempts to open the gates of the city to the mercenaries of Charles of Navarre, and is killed at the bastion of Saint-Antoine by supporters of the Dauphin. 2 August – The Dauphin returns to Paris. The leading supporters of Étienne Marcel and Charles of Navarre are executed, but others are given a general amnesty. The Dauphin buys the Hôtel Saint-Pol in the Saint-Paul quarter, and lives there until his death. 1368 The course of the Bièvre River at the moat of Saint-Bernard is diverted to empty into the Seine at La Tournelle. The portion within the city is covered and used as a sewer. 1370 A royal decree orders that all churches ring their bells at the hour and quarter-hour, as determined by the clock installed in the square courtyard of the Palais de la Cité. 22 April – Placement of the first stone of the Bastille. 1378 Construction of the first Pont Saint-Michel, known then as the Pont-neuf; finished in 1387. 1390 29 October – First trial for sorcery, Jeanne de Brigue is convicted by the Parlement of Paris and burned at the stake on 19 August 1391. 1391 August – Founding of the first corporation of artists, the Confrérie des peintres and tailleurs d'images. 1393 The publication of first cookbook and how to run a household, titled Le Ménagier de Paris. 1394 17 September – A Royal edict expels Jews from France. The Jewish community loses its legal identity for the next four centuries. 1398 First measures to relax church control over the university. Students and professors of the school of medicine are permitted to marry. 15th century – the Burgundians and English in Paris 1404 18 July – Louis, Duke of Orléans, highly unpopular with the Parisians, flees Paris, taking with him the infant Dauphin of France, the future Charles VII of France. 19 July – Jean Sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy, makes a triumphant return into Paris. 1407 First officially sanctioned dissection of a cadaver at the faculty of medicine of the university. 23 November – Murder of the Duke of Orléans on the rue Vielle-du-Temple, by assassins sent by Jean Sans Peur. 1408 31 January – The breakup of the ice on the Seine destroys the Petit pont and the Grand pont. 28 June – Jean Sans Peur enters Paris at the head of a small army. He is welcomed by the Parisians, and departs in July. 1411 Jean Sans Peur establishes himself in Paris, but the city is soon divided into two rival factions: the Burgundians, supporters of Jean sans Peur; and the Armagnacs, supporters of Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria and Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac. 1413 July–August – After a series of riots and disturbances, the Armagnacs gain control of Paris from the Burgundians; Jean Sans Peur flees the city. 1418 29 May – The Armagnacs have become increasingly unpopular in Paris. During the night of May 29, the merchants of Paris open the porte Saint-Germain-des Prés to the Burgundian soldiers. Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, and the other leaders of the Armagnacs are arrested in their beds and massacred on 12 June. 14 July – Jean Sans Peur and Queen Isabeau enter Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. The fifteen-year-old Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France, escapes the city. 1419 10 September – Jean Sans Peur goes to meet the Dauphin at the bridge of Montereau, and is killed by the Dauphin's supporters (the Armagnacs). 1420 30 May – Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon), the new Duke of Burgundy and ruler of Paris, forms an alliance with the English and persuades King Charles the Mad (Charles le Fol) and leaders of university and the merchants of Paris take an oath to accept Henry V of England as the heir to the French throne. 1 December – King Henry V of England arrives in Paris and takes residence at the Louvre, while King Charles VI the Mad is moved to the hôtel Saint-Pol. 1422 31 August – Death of Henry V of England, followed on 21 October by the death of Charles VI of France. Thereafter the kings of France spend very little time in Paris, until 1528, when François I returns there with the court. 1423 February – The leaders of Paris take an oath of allegiance to the Duke of Bedford, representing Henry VI of England, who is in England and just one year old. 1427 First record of the arrival of the Romani people, or gypsies, in Paris. 1429 8 September – Joan of Arc, fighting for King Charles VII (Charles le Victorieux), tries and fails to retake Paris. She is wounded outside the Porte Saint-Honoré. 1430 May – Joan of Arc, captured by the Burgundians in 1429, is handed over to the English in Rouen and brought to trial for heresy. The case against her is prepared by the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. At Cauchon's request, the faculty of the University of Paris endorses the charge of heresy against her. She is convicted and burned at the stake. 1431 16 December. Henry VI of England, nine years old, comes to Paris for a month and is crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Notre Dame by his uncle, the Cardinal of Winchester. 1432 March to 8 April – Floods submerge Le Marais from the porte Saint-Antoine to the porte Saint-Martin. 1436 28 February – After a series of victories, the army of Charles VII surrounds Paris. Charles VII promises amnesty to the Parisians who supported the Burgundians and English. 13 April – Uprising within the city against the English and Burgundians; the soldiers of Charles VII enter the city through the porte Saint-Jacques. 15 April – The English soldiers are allowed to depart by boat on the Seine for Rouen. 1437 12 November – Charles VII returns to Paris, but remains only three weeks. He moves his residence and the court to the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. 1438 Epidemics of bubonic plague and smallpox strike the city. 1446 26 March – The university has its independence limited, and is put under the authority of the Parlement of Paris. 1447 Establishment of the tapestry workshop of the Gobelins family beside the Bièvre River in the faubourg Saint-Marcel. 1450 26 July – Ordinance sets the procedure for the election of the Provost of the merchants and the échevins, or municipal magistrates. 1464 Performance in Paris of La Farce de Maistre Pierre Pathelin, the first notable French comedy. 1465 7 July – The Count of Charolais, Charles le Téméraire, and other nobles, forming the League of the Public Weal, rebel against King Louis XI (Louis le Prudent) and attack Paris, but are repelled. Louis XI takes sanctuary in Paris and asks the support of the merchants, university and clergy, whose franchises he abolished in 1461. The siege of Paris by the league continues until 29 October, when a treaty is signed with Louis XI. 1467 The neighborhood militias are abolished, and replaced by sixty-one detachments of professional soldiers, reviewed by Louis XI on 14 September. 1469 The first French printing-press was set up in the Sorbonne. 1470 Publication of the first book to be printed in France, Letters by Gasparin de Bergame. 1474 Reconstruction of the hôtel de Sens (Hôtel des archevêques de Sens) by the Archbishop Tristan de Salazar. 1476 Printing of the first Bible in Paris. 1477 Establishment of royal postal service with couriers on horseback. 1485 Construction begins of the Hôtel de Cluny for the Abbots of the Cluny Monastery, finished in 1510. It is now the museum of the Middle Ages. 1494 The municipality of Paris refuses to loan King Charles VIII (Charles l'Affable) 100,000 écus for a military expedition to Italy, which it considers useless. 15 March – Founding of the convent of the Minimes at Chaillot. 1496 First recorded case of syphilis in Paris, brought from Italy by soldiers of Charles VIII. Foreigners in the city with the disease are expelled from the city on 6 March 1497. 1497 A flood of the Seine reaches the place de Grève, place Maubert and the rue Saint-André-des-Arts. 1499 October 25 – A flood of the Seine causes the collapse of the wooden pont Notre-Dame. 16th century – The wars of religion 1500 6 July – Reconstruction begins of the Pont Notre-Dame in stone, replacing the wooden bridge which collapsed on 25 October 1499. The new bridge is finished in 1514. 1504 July – Ordinance of the Parlement de Paris for the lighting of Paris streets; at nine in the evening Parisians are required to put a candle in a lantern in their window. The ordinance is not widely obeyed, and is repeated in 1524, 1526, 1551, and later. 1505 Publication of the first printed Book of Hours in Roman letters. The use of Gothic script gradually disappears. 5 April – The direction of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital is transferred from the chanoines of Notre-Dame cathedral to eight laymen governors selected among the business leaders of Paris by the City Assembly, 1521 15 April – The College of Sorbonne formally condemns the teachings of Martin Luther. 1523 First French translation of the New Testament of the Bible published. In 1525, alarmed by this unauthorized text, the theology faculty of the University of Paris forbids further translations of the Bible. March – The city police force of 120 archers and sixty arbaletriers is reinforced with one hundred arquebusiers, 8 August – The Augustine monk Jean Vallière is burned at the stake for proclaiming that Jesus Christ was born like other humans. 1527 15 March – Letters of patent issued to construct the quai du Louvre. 1528 King François I begins construction of a large hunting lodge, the Château de Madrid, in the Bois de Boulogne. 28 February – In order to turn the Louvre into a palatial residence, demolition of its great central tower begins. 15 March – François I formally announces that he plans to make Paris his principal residence. 1529 19 August – Miles Regnault, secretary of the Bishop of Paris, who had converted to Lutheranism, is condemned and burned at the stake on the Place de Grève. 1530 March – François I founds the Collège des lecteurs royaux, or Collège de France, to offer lectures in subjects not taught at the College of Sorbonne, including Hebrew, Ancient Greek, and mathematics. 1531 December – New outbreak of bubonic plague. The Holy Innocents' Cemetery is completely filled, so a new cemetery for plague victims is created on the plain of Grenelle, facing the hill of Chaillot. 1532 19 August – First stone placed for the new Saint-Eustache church, not finished until 1637. 22 December – The architect Domenico da Cortona presents his plan for the new Hôtel de Ville. The cornerstone is laid on 15 July 1533. 1533 April – The Ordinance of Fontainebleau orders the demolition of the gates on the right bank of the wall built by Philippe-Auguste. 1 November – At the opening of the academic year, the rector of the university, Nicolas Cop, causes a scandal by giving a lecture inspired by Jean Calvin. 1534 15 August – Ignace de Loyola and his followers take an oath at the base of Montmartre to defend the Church and Pope. This is the founding of the Jesuit order. 17–18 October – Calvinists put up anti catholic posters in the streets of Paris and several towns in France, including on the door of king François Ier's bedroom in Amboise. The Parliament of Paris orders the arrest of two hundred suspected Calvinists, six of whom are burned on the night of 18 October, and many others before the end of the year. 17 November – The printer Antoine Augerau becomes the first printer to be burned at the stake, at Place Maubert, for publishing a book criticizing the sister of the King, Marguerite de Navarre, for her alleged sins. 1535 23 January – First woman heretic, Marie la Catelle, a schoolteacher, burned at the stake for reading the New Testament in French to her pupils. 15 February – The printer Etienne de La Forge is burned at the stake for printing copies of the New Testament and distributing them to the poor. 1540 1 January – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor is welcomed to Paris with a solemn ceremony. 1544 19 August – The Sorbonne publishes the first Index, or list of forbidden books. 7 November – François I creates the Grand Bureau des Pauvres, responsible for assisting the indigent, beggars and vagabonds, under the authority of the Bureau de la Ville, or city administration. 1545 Construction begins of the Hôtel Carnavalet, now the Museum of the History of Paris. 1546 2 August – Letters of patent from François I approve the reconstruction of the west wing of the Louvre, to be done by the architect Pierre Lescot with decoration by sculptor Jean Goujon. 3 August – The printer Étienne Dolet is burned at the stake on Place Maubert. Two other printers are burned that summer, Michel Vincent (19 August) and Pierre Gresteau (13 September). 1547 31 March – Death of King François I, who is succeeded by his son, Henry II. 22 April – For the first time, a large shipment of firewood is made by floating the logs down the river in a raft from the Nivernais region to Paris. 8 October – The Parlement de Paris creates a commission, called the Chambre ardente, to prosecute Protestants. December – The pont Saint-Michel is wrecked by the collision of a boat. The architect Philibert Delorme is commissioned to build a new bridge. 1548 30 August – Inauguration of a new theater next to the Hôtel de Bourgogne used to present religious dramas and comedies by a troupe called Les Confrères de la Passion. This was the first theatre in the city. 1549 16 June – Inauguration of the Fontaine des Innocents, the oldest existing fountain in Paris, with decoration by Jean Goujon. 1550 8 September – King Henry II signs letters of patent to build a new wall around the faubourgs of the left bank. 1552 4 January – Architect Pierre Lescot receives the contract to rebuild the Petit Pont. 1553 Introduction of frozen sorbets to Paris by Italian limonadiers, or lemonade-makers. February – First performance of a French tragedy, Cléopâtre captive, by Étienne Jodelle. Henry II attends the performance. 1554 7 February – The Parliament of Paris forbids secret schools which provide religious instruction. 12 July – First stone placed for a new city gate, called the Porte Neuve and then the Porte de la Conférence, at the western edge of the Jardin des Tuileries. 1557 11 August – Many Parisians flee the city after a Spanish army advancing from Flanders defeats the French at Saint-Quentin. Queen Catherine de' Medici remains in the city and helps re-establish confidence. 1558 13 May – Gathering of thousands of Protestants at the Pré-aux-Clercs for an open-air service, despite threats from the city authorities. 1559 25 May – First synod of Calvinists on rue des Marais (now rue Visconti) formally establishes the Reformed Church of France on 29 May. 10 June – The Parliament of Paris debates new royal edicts prohibiting the Protestant church. Henry II personally attends the session, and the members calling for tolerance are arrested. 30 June – During the celebrations of the marriages of the sister and daughter of King Henry II on rue Saint-Antoine, Henry II is mortally wounded in the eye by a lance carried by the commander of his Scottish guard, Gabriel de Montgomery. He dies on 10 July and his young and sickly son François II succeeds him. 23 December – Anne du Bourg, a member of the Parliament of Paris and Catholic defender of tolerance for Protestants, is first hung and then burned at the stake for opposing the King's views. 1560 5 December – On the death of François II, his ten-year-old brother Charles IX succeeds him. 1561 29 December – the "Tumulte" of Saint-Médard. Catholics attack Protestants conducting a service at the maison du Patriarche, near the church of Saint-Médard. The building where the service was held is burned the next day. 1562 4 April – The connétable de Montmorency orders the burning of the chairs and pews of the Protestant temples of Popincourt and Jerusalem. 1563 2 July – Opening by the Jesuits of the Collége de Clermont, today Lycée Louis-le-Grand. November – A royal edict creates the tribunal des juges consuls, ancestor of the modern Tribunal de Commerce. It meets in the Abbaye de Saint-Magloire on rue Saint-Denis (at the site of today's number 82). 1564 Construction begins of the Tuileries Palace for Catherine de' Medici, widow of Henry II. The edifice is designed by Philibert Delorme. 14 July – A royal ordinance modifies how municipal elections are conducted; under the new rules, the cities present the King with two lists of candidates, and the King decides. 1565 9 March – New regulations for the façades of houses: wooden decoration must be replaced by cut stone or plaster. 1 August – Decision taken to build a quay along the river at what is now Chaillot. 1566 Creation of the Marché Neuf, or new market, at the west end of the Petit-Pont and beginning of the construction of the Quai de Gloriette. 12 July – construction begins of a new city wall on the west, which includes the Tuileries Palace and the gardens of the Tuileries. 1568 City militia reorganized into neighborhood companies commanded by captains; the companies of each quarter of the city are formed into columns commanded by colonels. 1569 30 June – Several members of a wealthy Protestant family, the Gastines, are sentenced to death, and their house demolished and replaced by a cross to expiate their "sins". 1571 6 March – The first troupe of Italian actors, called I Gelosi, arrives in Paris. After a few performances, they are banned by the Parliament of Paris. 1572 15 August – Marriage of Henri de Bourbon, King Henry III of Navarre, with Marguerite de Valois, the sister of King Charles IX. The town is full of Protestants for the ceremony, and also with ultra-Catholics, led by Henry I, Duke of Guise. 22 August – Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a prominent Protestant leader, is attacked and wounded on rue des Poulies, not far from the Louvre. 24 August – At four o'clock in the morning, the bells of the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois give the signal to begin the massacre of Protestants, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The killing continues until August 30, and takes the lives of about two thousand Protestants in the city. 1573 The architect Jean Bullant begins construction of a new residence for Catherine de' Medici, the future Hôtel de Soissons, finished in 1584. 1574 30 May – King Charles IX dies at the Château de Vincennes, and is succeeded by his brother Henry III. 1576 Founding by Nicolas Houel of the first school of pharmacy in France. 19 June – First performance of the Italian theater troupe I Gelosi in the hall of the Petit-Bourbon, with great success. 1577 A commission is named to study projects for a new bridge over the Seine. On 15 February 1578, Henry III chooses the project for a bridge across the western end of the Île-de-la-Cité, the future Pont Neuf. 1578 31 May – Henry III places the first stone of the Pont Neuf ("new bridge"). 1581 24 September – First performance of a ballet at the French court: Circé by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, performed at the Louvre. 1582 The Gregorian calendar is introduced in Paris, with the elimination of ten days; 9 December is followed by 20 December. 1587 The teaching of Arabic is introduced at the Collège de France. 1588 9 May – Henry I, Duke of Guise, leader of the ultra-Catholic faction, makes a triumphal entry into Paris, cheered by the Parisians. 12 May – Day of the Barricades. The Duke of Guise leads an insurrection against Henry III. The King flees Paris for the Loire Valley on 13 May. 18–20 May – the Holy League, the Catholic party, takes charge of the administration of Paris. The Duke of Guise is named lieutenant-general of the armies. 25 December – After the murder of the Duke of Guise and Louis II, Cardinal de Guise at the Château de Blois, the Sorbonne declares that the French owe no more allegiance to King Henry III. A new city council of forty members, dominated by supporters of the Holy League, is chosen. 1589 13 March – The league proclaims the cardinal de Bourbon is the new king, under the name Charles X. 1 August – Henry III is murdered at the Château de Saint-Cloud by a Dominican friar, Jacques Clément. 2 August – Henry III of Navarre becomes Henry IV, king of France, 1 November Henry IV tries to capture Paris by a surprise attack on the walls around the left bank, but fails. 1590 7 May – Henry IV attacks the city again, this time at the faubourgs Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin, but the attack fails. 14 May – The Catholic League holds a large procession in the city to keep up the morale of the catholic Parisians. 8 August – Popular revolt within Paris against the Catholic League, demanding either bread or peace. The rebellion is harshly suppressed. 10–11 September – Night attack on the city by Henry IV between the gates of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Marcel. The attack is unsuccessful. Henry IV lifts the siege when he learns that a Spanish army is approaching to aid the Catholic League. 1591 2 September – The ruling council of the Catholic League, called the Seize ("Sixteen"), offers the crown of France to Philip II of Spain. 15 November – Growing tensions between the Seize and the Parliament of Paris. Three leaders of Parliament are arrested, tried and hanged. 4 December – The Seize are arrested by Charles de Mayenne, military commander of the Catholic League, and four members are hung at the Louvre. Growing discontent in Paris against the league. 1593 16 May – Henry IV announces that he will give up the Protestant faith. 25 July – Henry IV formally converts to Catholicism in the Basilica of St Denis. 1595 9 January – Surveying begins for a new (southern) wing of Louvre, on the side of the Seine river, the galerie du bord-de-l'eau, to connect the Louvre with the Tuileries Palace. 14 March – The Catholic League's governor of Paris, the comte de Brissac, agrees to surrender the city to Henry IV in exchange for money and the promise of the title of maréchal. 22 March – The gates of Paris are opened to the army of Henry IV. 24 March – Henry IV enters the city, and is welcomed by a cheering crowd. 12 May – Expulsion of the Jesuits from the city, declared "enemies of the State," by the Parliament of Paris and the rector of the university. 1596 23 December – The pont aux Meuniers collapses. It is replaced in 1609 by the pont Marchand. 1598 13 April – The Edict of Nantes brings an end to the wars of religion. Protestant temples are banned inside Paris and within five leagues of the city. The first Protestant temples open at Grigny, then at Ablon. 17th century The Paris of Henry IV and Louis XIII 1600 28 September – New statutes of the University of Paris published which increase royal authority and reduce power of students. 1602 Tapestry weavers from Brussels introduce Flemish techniques at what later became the Gobelins Manufactory. 2 January – Construction begins La Samaritaine, a giant pump, located at the Pont Neuf, to raise drinking water from the Seine and to irrigate the Tuileries gardens. It began working 3 October 1608. A department store of the same name is built next to the site of the pump in the 19th century. 12 November – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully becomes superintendent of buildings to Henry IV, and is put in charge of the works of the Louvre and Tuileries Palace. 1603 20 June – King Henry IV crosses the Pont Neuf to inaugurate the bridge, though work is not finished until July 1606. It is the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and without buildings 1604 29 June – Convent of the Capucines founded on rue Saint-Honoré. 1605 City Hall rebuilt. July – Henry IV signs letters patent ordering construction of Place Royale (now Place des Vosges), the first residential square in Paris, on the site of the former park of the royal Hôtel des Tournelles. It is completed in 1612. 1606 1 August – Royal authorization given to build a Protestant church at Charenton. Workshop created within the Louvre to make tapestries of silk, "in the Persian and Turkish fashion". 1607 6 February – Opening of rue Dauphine, followed shortly by rue Christine and rue d'Anjou Dauphine (now Rue de Nesle), in honor of Henry IV's third son, Gaston de France, the Dauphin, bearing the title of duc d'Anjou. 28 May – Approval given for creation of Place Dauphine, on the site of the old royal gardens on Île de la Cité. 1608 1 January – Inauguration of the galerie du bord-de-l'eau of the Louvre, connecting the Louvre with the Tuileries Palace. 1610 14 May – Assassination of Henry IV by Ravaillac on Rue de la Ferronnerie, while the King's carriage is caught in a traffic jam. 18 August – First stone placed of the Collège Royal, later the Collège de France. 1611 18 September – Placing of the first stone for the Church of the Minimes on the Place Royale (later Place des Vosges). 1612 5–7 April – Celebration of the wedding contract between Louis XIII and Anne of Austria and inauguration of the Place Royale, with the famous Ballet équestre du Carrousel taking place within the Place Royale. 1614 19 April – Contract signed to create the Île Saint-Louis by combining two small islands, the Île aux Vaches and Île Notre-Dame, and building a new bridge, the Pont Marie, to the Right Bank. The work was finished in 1635. 1615 2 April – Construction begins of the Luxembourg Palace and gardens by Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV. It was completed in 1621. 1616 30 January – A major flood washes away the Pont Saint-Michel and damages the Pont aux Changeurs. 24 July – King Louis XIII places the first stone of the façade of the church of Saint-Gervais. Work of the architect Salomon de Brosse, the façade was finished in 1621. 24 April – Concini, Minister of King Louis XIII and favorite the Queen Mother, Marie de' Medici, is murdered on the entry bridge of the Louvre, probably on Louis XIII's orders; Marie de' Medici is exiled to Blois. 1617 22 October – Letters of patent given for three companies of chair bearers, the first organized public transport within the city. 1618 June – Authority over printers, bookbinders and book stores is transferred from the Church to secular authorities. 1619 27 July – first stone placed for the convent of the Trinity of the order of the reformed Petits Augustins, on the site of the modern École des beaux-arts. 1620 Opening of the first Pont de la Tournelle, made of wood. The bridge was destroyed by blocks of ice floating on the river in 1637 and 1651 and rebuilt in stone in 1654. 1621 26 September – The Protestant temple at Charenton is burned by a Catholic mob, after the news of the death of Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne fighting the Protestants in the unsuccessful Siege of Montauban. 23 October – Both the Pont Marchand and the Pont au Change are burned; the Protestants are blamed. . 1622 A windmill, called the moulin du palais, is built atop Montmartre. In the 19th century, it is renamed the Moulin de la galette (it became a famous landmark in the 19th century). 2 September – Cardinal Richelieu becomes the proviseur, or dean, of the Sorbonne. 22 October – For centuries, the bishop of Paris was under the authority of the archbishop of Sens. On this date Paris was given its own archbishop, and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris established. 1623 19 May – First water arrives from Arcueil, in a new channel following the route of the ancient Roman aqueduct, at the new reservoir on rue d'Enfer, near the present Observatory. 1624 Construction begins of the church of Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle. 24 April – First stone placed for the Pavillon de l'Horloge of the Louvre Palace. 31 July – Anne of Austria lays the first stone of the monastery of Val-de-Grâce, on the site of the modern hospital of that name. 1625 17 April – Saint Vincent de Paul founds the Congregation of the Mission charitable community of monks. 1626 Construction of the Pont au Double to connect the right bank with the Hôtel-Dieu hospital on the Île-de-la-Cité. January – Royal decree establishes the Jardin royal des plantes médicinales, future Jardin des Plantes, though the site is not specified. February – Royal edict forbids duels. 25 February – Consecration of the church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, begun in 1492. 25 April – Civil disturbances at Les Halles and at the cemetery of Saint-Jean caused by the high price of bread. 1 December – Establishment of the first Lutheran church in Paris, a chapel at the Embassy of Sweden. 1627 7 March – Louis XIII lays the first stone of the Jesuit church, Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis, on rue Saint-Antoine. Work was finished in 1641. 29 July – A royal decree forbids construction outside the limits of the city. 1629 Construction begins of the Palais Richelieu, later to be renamed Palais-Cardinal, the new residence of Cardinal Richelieu, finished in 1636. 9 December – Louis XIII lays the first stone of the church which in 1633 becomes the church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires. 29 December – The theater troupe known as the Comédiens du Roi is given permission to perform plays at the hôtel de Bourgogne 1630 Construction of the pont Saint-Landry between the Île-de-la-Cité and the recently created Île-Saint-Louis. 1631 30 May – First issue of La Gazette de France, the first weekly magazine in France, published by Théophraste Renaudot. Published every Friday, its last issue was on 30 September 1915. 9 October – Contract to build a new wall around the city, reinforced with bastions. Work continued until 1647. 1632 Construction of the pont Rouge (also known as the pont Barbier) to replace the old bac (ferry). In 1689, the bridge was rebuilt of stone, and named the Pont Royal. 1633 21 March – The state buys land in the faubourg Saint-Victor to create the future Jardin des plantes. 23 November – the State Council approves the construction of new defenses to protect the Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Montmartre and Villeneuve. They were completed in 1636. 1634 13 March – First meeting of the Académie française. The academy was formally established by letters of patent on 27 January 1635. 13 October – A corporation of the distillers and vendors of eau de vie is formed, breaking away from the corporation of vinegar-makers, due to the growing popularity of the beverage. 1634 Théâtre du Marais, also known as the Troupe de Montdory or the Troupe du Roi au Marais, founded in an unused tennis court on the Vieille Rue du Temple opposite the church of the Capuchins. 1635 25 May Cardinal Richelieu begins construction of the new chapel of the College of Sorbonne, designed by Jean Mercier, and completed in 1642. 1636 6 June – Cardinal Richelieu bequeathes his new residence to King Louis XIII; it becomes the Palais-Royal at his death in 1642. August – Panic and flight of many from Paris caused by the invasion of the Spanish army into Picardy. 1637 January – Great success of Corneille's play Le Cid, given by the Troupe du Roi au Marais 26 April – Consecration of the church of Saint-Eustache. 1638 15 January – The Royal Council orders the placing of thirty-one stones to mark the edges of the city; building beyond the stones without royal approval is forbidden. The stones are in place by 4 August. 1640 Founding of the Imprimerie royale, or royal printing house, within the Louvre. Reconstruction of the Hôtel de Villeroy, by Nicolas V de Villeroy, later tutor of Louis XIV. 1641 16 January – First permanent theater in Paris opens within the Palais-Royal. The Paris of Louis XIV 1643 14 May – Death of Louis XIII in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Louis XIV, his four-and-a-half-year-old son, becomes king, under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the influence of Cardinal Mazarin. 30 June – Molière, Madeleine Béjart and several others found the Illustre Théâtre on rue de la Perle, in the Marais. 7 October – The young king and his court move from the Louvre to the Palais-Royal. First coffee house or café opens in Paris, but is not profitable and closes. The first successful café does not arrive until 1672. 11 October – Cardinal Mazarin moves into the Hôtel Tubeuf on rue des Petits-Champs, next to the Palais-Royal, and opens his personal library to scholars. In 1682, he donated his library to the Collège des Quatre-Nations, where it remains today as the Bibliothèque Mazarine ("Mazarine Library"). 1644 1 January – The theater company of Molière and Madeleine Béjart begins performing in the tennis court of Mestayers (jeu de paume des Mestayers). Molière goes deeply into debt to support the company, and is imprisoned in August 1645 in the Grand Châtelet. 1645 28 February – First performance of an opera in Paris, La Finita Panza by Marco Marazzoli, in the hall of the Palais-Royal. 1646 20 February – Construction begins of the church of Saint-Sulpice, not completed until 1788. 1647 Pont au Change rebuilt by architect Androuet du Cerceau. 1648 27 January – Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded by Charles Le Brun and Eustache Le Sueur. 26 August – Cardinal Mazarin has the leaders of the Parlement, or law courts, of Paris arrested, because they have refused to enforce his edicts on fiscal policy and taxes. This begins the insurrection of Paris against the royal government known as the Fronde parlementaire (1648–1649). 27 August – The Day of the Barricades. More than twelve hundred barricades erected in Paris against the royal authorities, and prisoners seized by Mazarin are liberated on the 29th. 13 September – King Louis XIV, the Regent Queen Mother and Mazarin leave Paris for Rueil, then Saint-Germain-en-Laye. After negotiations with the Parlement, they accept the Parlement'''s propositions and return to Paris on 30 October. 1649 5–6 January – The King and Queen Mother flee Paris again to Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 11 January – The leaders of the Fronde take an oath to end the rule of Cardinal Mazarin. The royal army led by Condé, blockades Paris. 14 January – A major flood inundates Paris; the Marais and faubourg Saint-Antoine, Saint-Germain, and Île Saint-Louis are under water. 11 March – Under the Paix de Rueil, the King and court are allowed to return to Paris, in exchange for amnesty for the Frondeurs. 19 September – City hall runs out of funds. City workers go unpaid, and riots break out sporadically through the end of year. 27 August – The Day of the Barricades. More than twelve hundred barricades erected in Paris streets against the royal authorities, and prisoners seized by Mazarin are liberated on the 29th. 13 September – The King, Queen Mother and Mazarin leave Paris for Rueil, then Saint-Germain-en-Laye. After negotiations with the Parlement, they accept its propositions and return to Paris on 30 October. 1650 Mineral springs discovered at Passy, at the present-day rue des Eaux. The mineral baths there remain fashionable until the end of the 19th century. 18 January – Mazarin orders the arrest of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, le Grand Condé, who has turned against the government, and of the Fronde of the Parlement. 1651 21 January – A flood carries away half of the Pont de la Tournelle and one arch of the Pont au Change. 30 January – The Fronde of the princes (Fronde des Princes, 1650–1653), led by Condé, and Fronde of the Paris Parlement join together against Mazarin. 6–7 January – Cardinal Mazarin flees from Paris. 1652 11 April – Condé, leader of the Fronde of princes, enters Paris, pursued by the royal army. 2 July – The Battle of Paris. The royal army, led by Turenne, defeats the army of Condé outside the city; Condé and his men take refuge inside the city walls. 4 July – Soldiers of Condé lay siege to the Hôtel de Ville to force the Parlement to join the Fronde of the princes. 13 October – The Parlement sends a delegation to Mazarin and the King at Saint-Germain-en Laye, asking for peace. 14 October – The Fronde collapses, and Condé flees the city. 21 October – Louis XIV and his court return in triumph to Paris, and take up residence in the Louvre. 22 October – An amnesty is proclaimed for the Fronde participants, except for its leaders. 1653 3 February – Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris. On 4 July, the leaders of Paris honor him with a banquet at the Hôtel de Ville and a fireworks show. 1656 – Hôpital général de Paris (prison) begins operating. 1658 1 March – A historic flood of the Seine washes away the Pont Marie, even though it was built of stone. The water reaches an historic high of 8.81 meters, higher than the 8.50 meters during the 1910 floods. 24 June – The theater troupe of Molière is given the privilege to perform before the King, a privilege earlier given to the troupe of the Hôtel de Bourgogne and the Comédiens italiens. 1659 10 May – Molière and his troupe perform L'Étourdi at the Louvre. On 21 October, they perform Les Précieuses ridicules. 28 November – Privilege of making and selling hot chocolate granted to David Chaillou, first valet de chambre of the Count of Soissons. This begins the fashion of drinking chocolate in Paris. 1660 Introduction of coffee in Paris. It had previously been served in Marseille in 1626, but did not become popular until 1669, during the visit to Paris of the first ambassador from the Turkish sultan. 26 August – A new square, place du Trône (now Place de la Nation) is created on the east side of Paris for a ceremony to welcome Louis XIV and his new bride, Maria Theresa of Spain. 1661 20 January – Theater company of Molière takes up residence at the Palais-Royal 3–7 March – The will of Cardinal Mazarin endows the founding of the Collège des Quatre-Nations, to grant free education for sixty young nobles from the recently annexed provinces of Alsace, Pignerol, Artois and Roussillon. The architect Le Vau is selected to design the building. 1662 14 February – Installation of the salle des machines, a hall for theater performances and spectacles, in the Tuileries. March – Royal letters of patent give to Laudati de Caraffa the privilege of establishing stations of torch-bearers and lantern-bearers to escort people through the dark streets at night. 18 March – First public transport line established of coaches running regularly between porte Saint-Antoine and Luxembourg. The service continues until 1677. 30 March Académie royale de danse founded. 5–6 June – A grand circular procession, or carrousel, gives its name to the open area where it is held, between the Louvre and the Tuileries Palace. 6 June – The King purchases the Gobelins Manufactory of tapestries and places it under the direction of Charles Le Brun, court painter of King Louis XIV. 1663 6 January – Large banquet given at the Louvre, concluding with the premiere of L'École des femmes by Molière. 8 February – The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture re-organized by Louis XIV and his minister Colbert. 1665 First exposition of works by members of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, the origin of the future Salons. October – Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs (mirror manufactory) established at Reuilly. 1666 4 June – Premiere of Molière's play The Misanthrope. 11 December – A decree re-organizes the policing of Paris, and quadruples the number of city watchmen. 22 December – Establishment of the Académie royale des sciences. 1667 17 February – The number of authorized printing houses in Paris is reduced to thirty-six to facilitate censorship. March – The founding of the Paris Observatory, which is finished in 1672. It is located in the avenue de l'Observatoire. The Paris meridian becomes the meridian on all French maps: it runs through the center of the salle méridienne (also known as salle de Cassini) of the observatory. 15 March – A royal edict creates the position of Lieutenant-General of Police. The first to hold the office is Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie, named on 29 March. 18 August – First regulations governing the height of buildings in Paris and the faubourgs. 2 September – First royal ordinance for street lighting. 2,736 lanterns with candles are installed on 912 streets. 15 September – The butte des Moulins, between, rue des Petits-Champs and rue Saint-Roch, is divided into lots, and twelve new streets created. December – The royal Manufacture des meubles de la Couronne (royal manufacture of furniture) is created. 1669 28 June – Académie royale de musique founded, the ancestor of the Paris Opera. 1670 6 June – The King orders the demolition of the city walls built by Charles V and Louis XIII, to be replaced by boulevards lined with trees. 1671 17 January – Performance of Psyché in the Salle des machines or Théâtre des Tuileries, staged by Molière, Corneille, Lully and Philippe Quinault. 10 February – Louis XIV moves the royal court to Versailles. 30 November – First stone placed for the Hôtel des Invalides, a home for wounded soldiers. It was inaugurated in October 1674. 1672 February – First successful Parisian café opens at the foire Saint-Germain, a fair held in the vicinity of the Saint-Germain-des-Prés Abbey. April 1672 – First issue of Mercure galant, later Mercure de France, published. In 1678 it published the first reviews of high fashion.Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 590 26 August – A new city regulation fixes the new limits of the city and tries again to limit any construction beyond them. Thirty-five new boundary stones are placed around the city in April 1674. 1673 Two large pumps built on the pont Notre-Dame to lift drinking water from the Seine. They continued working until 1858. 17 March – Decree of the council to build the quai Neuf, which becomes the quai Le Pelletier. Théâtre de Guénégaud founded. 1676 November – The owners of jeu de paume courts are allowed to install tables for billiards, a popular new game. Limonadiers' guild established. 1680 18 August – Comédie-Française founded. 1682 March – Colbert orders that a count be made of Protestants in Paris, and warns them to convert from what he calls "the so-called reformed religion". 6 May – The official seat of the monarchy is moved from the Tuileries Palace to Château de Versailles. November – The Collège de Clermont is renamed Collegium Ludovici Magni, Collège de Louis le Grand. 1685 The drinking of coffee with milk comes into fashion, described by Madame de Sévigné in a letter of 17 December 1688. 4 July – The state buys the hôtel de Vendôme and the convent of the Capucines in order to build the future place Louis-le-Grand, the modern Place Vendôme. 22 October – The Paris Parlement registers the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, revoking the toleration of the Protestant Church. The same day begins the demolition of the Protestant temple at Charenton. 25 October – First stone placed for the pont Royal to replace the old pont Rouge. It was completed in June 1689. 1686 Café Procope, opens and remains the oldest Paris café in operation. 28 March – Inauguration of Place des Victoires, with an equestrian statue of Louis XIV in the center. Since the houses around it have not yet been built, they are represented by painted backdrops. 1687 Ordinance permitting the Vilain family to open public baths along the river between the Cours-la-Reine and the Pont Marie. 1692 February – Creation of the position of the Lieutenant-General of the King for the government of Paris. The first to hold the title is Jean-Baptiste Le Ragois de Bretonvilliers de Saint-Dié. 1693 20 October – During a bread shortage, the city authorities distribute bread to the poor. The effort ends in a riot, with many killed. 1697 June – The Comédie Italienne theater troupe is banned after they perform La Fausse prude at the Hôtel de Bourgogne; the play has an unflattering character clearly representing Madame de Maintenon, the morganatic wife of Louis XIV. The actors are compelled to leave the city. 1698 18 September – A mysterious prisoner wearing a black velvet mask is incarcerated in the Bastille. Voltaire romanticizes this story into that of a prisoner with an iron mask, who later becomes the subject of the novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later by Alexandre Dumas. 18th century 1701 December – A royal edict divides the city into twenty police districts, added to the sixteen quarters created by the Hôtel de Ville. 1706 28 August – Consecration of the church of Les Invalides, in the presence of the King. 1709 6 January – Extreme cold hits Paris, that will last until the end of March. Temperature drops to -40 Celsius, (estimated as the thermometer was invented that year.)the Seine freezes, causing shipments of food by boat to be stopped. The cold wave paralyzes all of France, making it also impossible to bring supplies to Paris by road. In that period, twenty four to thirty thousand persons die from hunger and cold in Paris alone; near one million in all of France. 15 March – Seine begins to thaw, causing flood. 5 April – First food shipment reaching Paris by road. 20 August – Food riot quelled by the army, leaving two dead. 1714 7 August – Royal Council prohibits building on the boulevards from the Porte Saint-Honoré to Porte Saint-Antoine without authorization of the Bureau de la Ville. 1715 1 September – Death of Louis XIV. Philippe d'Orléans becomes Regent and on 30 December moves the five-year-old king Louis XV and Court from Versailles to Paris. 31 December – An ordinance authorizes the first public ball in Paris, the masked ball at the Paris Opera. 1716 2 May – The founding of the Banque générale, the first private bank in Paris, by the Scotsman John Law. 18 May – The Comédie Italienne theater troupe, banned by Louis XIV in 1697 to perform in Paris, is allowed to return and performs at the Palais Royal. 1718 4 December – The Banque générale becomes the Banque royale and effectively the central bank of France. Two-thirds of its assets are government bills and notes. 10 July – The construction begins of the Hôtel d'Évreux, the town house of Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Count of Évreux, finished in 1720. In the 19th century it became the Élysée Palace, residence of the presidents of the French Republic. 1720 Completion of Place Louis-le-Grand, now Place Vendôme. 24 March – Bank of John Law closes, unable to pay its subscribers. Financial panic follows, and the Paris stock market is closed until 1724. 10 July – Rioters storm the Banque royale, demanding to exchange their banknotes for silver. Banker John Law flees to Brussels, then Venice. 1721 28 November – Public execution of the bandit Louis-Dominique Cartouche, famed for robbing the rich and giving to the poor. Thanks to a play about him the same year by the Comédie Italienne, he became a Parisian folk hero. 1722 Construction begins of the Palais-Bourbon, finished in 1728. After the Revolution of 1789, it became the seat of the National Assembly. 1723 23 February – A royal regulation forbids printing houses and publishing outside of the Latin quarter on the Left Bank. The law is intended to make censorship more effective. 1728 16 January – First street signs, made of iron painted white with black letters, put in place. They were easy to steal, and in 1729 were replaced by carved stone plaques. 1731 – (Royal Academy of Surgery) established. 1732–1775 – Construction of Church of Saint-Sulpice 1735 10 September – A new royal regulation simplifies the procedure for searching publishing houses and bookstores, strengthening censorship. Premiere of Rameau's Les Indes galantes.1738 – The founding of the royal porcelain manufactory in Vincennes; it was transferred in 1757 to Sèvres. 1745 26 March – Permission given by the royal censors for the publication of the first Encyclopédie. It was published between 1751 and 1772. 1749 March – The exhibition at the Saint-Germain fair of the first rhinoceros ever to be seen in Paris. 1751 22 January – The École Militaire is established. 1752 31 January – The first Encyclopédie is condemned by the archbishop of Paris. 1756–1772 – The construction of Place Louis XV (now the Place de la Concorde). Construction begins on the church of Sainte-Geneviève (now the Panthéon). 1760 9 June – First postal delivery begins in Paris. 1761 – City bans hanging shop signs. 1763Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris opens. 6 April – A fire destroys the theater of the Palais-Royal. The Paris Opera moves for seven months to the Tuileries Palace. 20 June – Statue of Louis XV dedicated in the Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde). 1764 3 April – First stone laid of the church of Church of the Madeleine. 6 September – First stone laid of the church of Sainte-Geneviève. 1765Almanach des Muses (poetry annual) begins publication. The establishment of Boulanger offers Parisians a choice of "restaurants", namely soups, meat and egg dishes, in competition with existing taverns and cabarets. This was a predecessor of the modern restaurant. 1767 September – Benjamin Franklin comes to Paris to discuss his experiments with electricity with French scientists 1767–1783 – The grain market (Halle aux Blés) constructed. In 1885 the building became the Paris Chamber of Commerce. 1768 House numbering ordinance issued. 1770 30 May – Tragic fireworks display, Place Louis XV, during festivities given in celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin and Dauphine (the future king Louis XVI and queen Marie-Antoinette); 132 persons died. 1775 23 February – First performance of The Barber of Seville (play) by Pierre Beaumarchais in the theater of the Tuileries Palace.Hôtel des Monnaies (mint) built. 1776 , a covered shopping street in the 6th arrondissement, opens. Société Royale de Médecine (Royal Society of Medicine) established. August – The foundung of a corporation of merchants of fashion, also including feather dealers and florists, separate from the corporation of small shopkeepers. 10 August – The opening of the first Paris chemical factory, making sulfuric acid, Javel water and later chlorine, first at Épinay-sur-Seine, then at Javel. 1777 Mont de Piété and (market) established.Journal de Paris newspaper begins publication. The Courrier de la Mode ou Journal du Goût, the first Paris fashion magazine, begins publication. 1778 Opening of boulevards du Temple, Saint-Martin, Saint-Denis, and Bonne-Nouvelle. 1779 First house numbers are put in place, as part of a project of the Almanach of Paris. 1780s–1790s – The French Revolution 1780 Closing of the 12th century cemetery of the Saints-Innocents. The church was closed in 1786 and demolished the following year. 1781 First sidewalks in Paris constructed on rue de l'Odéon. 1782 Amphithéâtre Anglais, the first purpose-built circus in France, opens. Construction begins of the Hôtel de Salm, finished in 1784. After the Revolution of 1789, it became the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur. 1783 Royal decrees requiring a relation between the height of buildings and the width of the street, and declaring that new streets must be at least thirty feet (about ten meters) wide. 3 September – Treaty of Paris signed at 56 rue Jacob by Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams and Henry Laurens for the United States and David Hartley for Britain, ending the American Revolution. 21 November – The first manned free flight in a balloon launched by the Montgolfier brothers, between the parc de la Muette and the Butte-aux-Cailles.École des Mines established. 1784 – Wall of the Farmers-General construction begins. 1786Galerie de bois (shopping arcade) opens in the Palais-Royal. 8 June – A decree of the Prévôt de Paris authorized caterers and chefs to establish restaurants and to serve clients until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer. The first restaurant in the modern sense, the Taverne anglaise, is opened by Antoine Beauvilliers in the arcade of the Palais-Royal. Construction begins of a large steam-powered pump at Gros-Caillou, on the Quai d'Orsay, to provide drinking water from the Seine for the population of the left bank. September – A royal edict orders the demolition of houses built on the Paris bridges and on some of the quays. The edict was carried out in 1788. 1787 The duc d'Orléans sells spaces in the arcades of the Palais-Royal which are occupied by cafés, restaurants and shops. Construction approved of the Pont Louis XVI, now Pont de la Concorde. 1788 13 July – Devastating hail storms accompanied by strong winds of a force rarely seen, following a path from the southwest of France to the north, destroyed crops, orchards, killed farm animals, tore roofs and toppled steeples. In Paris, the faubourg Saint-Antoine was hardest hit. It caused a major increase in bread prices, and the migration of thousands of peasants into Paris. 16 August – The French state becomes bankrupt, and begins issuing paper money to pay for pensions, rents and the salaries of soldiers. Large-scale demonstrations and civil disorders begin. Société des Amis des Noirs founded. 1789 12–19 May – Paris elects deputies to the Estates-General, a legislative assembly summoned by Louis XVI to raise funds. 12 July – Parisians respond to the dismissal of the King's reformist minister, Necker, with civil disturbances. Confrontations between Royal-Allemand Dragoon Regiment and a crowd of protestors on Place Louis XV, and Sunday strollers in the Tuileries gardens. Mobs storm the city armories and take weapons. In the evening, the new customs barriers around the city are burned. 14 July – Storming of the Bastille, a symbol of royal authority, releasing seven prisoners. The governor of the Bastille surrenders and is lynched by the crowd. 15 July – The astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen Mayor of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville. 17 July – King Louis XVI comes to the Hôtel de Ville and accepts a tricolor cocarde. 5–6 October – The royal family is forced to move from Versailles to Paris. 19 October – The deputies of the National Assembly move from Versailles to Paris, first to the residence of the Archbishop, then, on 9 November, to the Manège of the Tuileries Palace. Théâtre Feydeau founded. 1790 14 July – The Fête de la Fédération, celebrating the first anniversary of the Revolution. 1791 3 April – The church of Sainte-Geneviève is transformed into the Panthéon. Mirabeau is the first famous Frenchman to have his tomb placed there on 4 April, followed by Voltaire on 11 July. 20–21 June – The King and his family flee Paris, but are captured at Varennes and brought back on 25 June. 17 July – A large demonstration on the Champ de Mars demands the immediate proclamation of a republic. The National Assembly orders Mayor Bailly to disperse the crowd. Soldiers fire on the crowd, killing many. 19 September – Mayor Bailly resigns. 1792 25 April – First execution using the guillotine of the bandit Nicolas Pelletier on the Place de Grève. 20 June – Sans-culottes invade the Tuileries Palace and put a red Phrygian cap on king Louis XVI's head. 20 July – Government calls for volunteers for the army, and on 21 June proclaims that the country is in danger of foreign attack. 10 August – The insurrectional Paris Commune seizes the Hôtel de Ville and the Tuileries Palace, and suspends the power of the king. 2–5 September – Massacre of more than 1,300 persons in Paris prisons, among which the princesse de Lamballe. 21 September – Proclamation of the French Republic by the convention, the new National Assembly. Théâtre du Vaudeville opens. 20 November – Discovery of the Armoire de fer, an iron box containing documents incriminating Louis XVI, in his apartment at the Tuileries. 10 to 26 December – King Louis XVI's trial. 1793 21 January – Execution of Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution (former Place Louis XV, now Place de la Concorde). 10 March – Creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal to judge enemies of the Revolution. 16 October – Execution of queen Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Révolution. 6 November – Execution of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippe Égalité, on the Place de la Révolution. 8 November – Opening of the Museum Central des Arts, (later named the Louvre Museum). 12 November – French citizens are required by law to use the familiar personal pronoun "tu" form instead of the formal "vous". 23 November – All the churches of Paris are ordered closed by the government. National Museum of Natural History (founded in 1635) re-organized and renamed. 1794 30 March – Arrest of Georges Danton, chief opponent of Robespierre. He is guillotined 5 April. 8 June – Celebration of the Cult of the Supreme Being held on Champ de Mars, presided over by Robespierre. 11 June – Beginning of the climax of Reign of Terror, period known as the Grande Terreur. Between June 11 and 27 July, 1,366 persons are condemned to death. 27 July – 9th Thermidor, the convention accuses Robespierre of crimes. He is arrested together with several of his acolytes, among which Saint-Just. 28 July – Robespierre and those arrested with him are guillotined, this signaling the end of the Reign of Terror. 24 August – The revolutionary committees of the twelve Paris sections are abolished, and replaced by new arrondissement committees. 31 August – The municipal government of Paris is abolished, and the city put directly under the national government. 22 October – The École centrale des travaux publics, predecessor of the École Polytechnique (school) established. 1795 20 May – Rioting sans-culottes invade the convention meeting hall, demanding "bread and the 1793 Constitution". Army troops loyal to the government occupy the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and disarm demonstrators. 5 October – An uprising by royalists in the center of the city is suppressed with artillery fire by General Napoleon Bonaparte. 11 October – Paris is once again organized into twelve municipalities, within the new department of the Seine. 2 November – The Directory government is established. 1796 – Société de Médecine de Paris (Society of Medicine) established. 1797 Arsenal Library opens. 22 October – First parachute jump with a frameless parachute made by André Garnerin from a Montgolfier balloon at an altitude of 700 meters over the Plaine de Monceau. 1799 (shopping arcade) opens. 10 November – Coup d'état du 18 brumaire, Napoléon Bonaparte stages a coup d'état and dissolves the government of the Directory. 25 December – The Consulate is organized, with Napoléon Bonaparte as First Consul. 19th century 1800–1815 – The First Empire 1800 13 February – Banque de France created. 17 February – Napoleon reorganizes city into twelve arrondissements, each with a mayor with little power, under two Prefects, one for the police and one for administration of the city, both appointed by him. 19 February – Napoleon makes the Tuileries Palace his residence. 1801 Population: 548,000 12 March – Napoleon orders the creation of three new cemeteries outside the city; Montmartre to the north; Père-Lachaise to the east, and Montparnasse to the south. 15 March – Napoleon orders the building of three new bridges: Pont d'Austerlitz, Pont Saint-Louis and Pont des Arts.Passage des Panoramas (shopping arcade) opens. 1802 19 March – Napoleon orders the construction of a canal from the Ourcq river to bring fresh drinking water to Paris. Napoleon establishes a committee of public health, to improve city sanitation. 1803 9 August – Robert Fulton demonstrates the first steamboat on the Seine. 24 September – Pont des Arts, the first iron bridge in Paris, opens to public. Pedestrians pay five centimes for a crossing. 1804 2 December – Napoleon I crowns himself Emperor of the French at the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. Père Lachaise Cemetery consecrated. First awards of the Legion of Honor at the Invalides. The former hôtel de Salm becomes the Palais de la Légion d'honneur. Le Rocher de Cancale restaurant opens. 1805 4 February – Napoleon decrees a new system of house numbers, beginning at the Seine, with even numbers on the right side of street and odd numbers on the left. 1806 2 May – Decree ordering the building of fourteen new fountains, including the Fontaine du Palmier on the Place du Châtelet, to provide drinking water. 7 July – First stone laid for the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, on Place du Carrousel, between the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre. 8 August – First stone laid for the Arc de Triomphe at Étoile. Inaugurated on 29 July 1836, during the reign of Louis Philippe. 24 November – Opening of the Pont d'Austerlitz. 2 December – Decree ordering the creation a "Temple of Glory" dedicated to the soldiers of Napoleon's armies on the site of the unfinished church of the Madeleine. 1807 Population: 580,000 13 January – Pont d'Iéna inaugurated. and Théâtre des Variétés opens. 13 June – Decree to build rue Soufflot on the left bank, on the axis of the Panthéon. 29 July – Decree reducing the number of theaters in Paris to eight; the Opéra, Opéra-Comique, Théâtre-Français, Théâtre de l'Impératrice (Odéon); Vaudeville, Variétés, Ambigu, Gaîté. The Opéra Italien, Cirque Olympique and Théâtre de Porte-Saint-Martin were added later. 1808 2 December – Completion of the Ourcq Canal, bringing fresh drinking water 107 kilometers to Paris. 2 December – First stone placed of the elephant fountain on Place de la Bastille. Only a wood and plaster full-size version was completed. 1809 16 August – Opening of the flower market on quai Desaix (now quai de Corse). 1810 5 February – For censorship purpose, number of printing houses in Paris limited to fifty. 2 April – Religious ceremony of the marriage of Napoléon to his second wife, Marie-Louise of Austria, in the Salon carré of the Louvre. 4 April – first stone laid for the Palace of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the quai d'Orsay. It was completed in 1838. 15 August – Completion of the Place Vendôme column, made of 1200 captured Russian and Austrian cannons Catacombs renovated. 1811 Population: 624,000 20 March – Birth of Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte, King of Rome, son of Napoléon I and empress Marie-Louise, at the Tuileries. 18 September – first battalion of Paris firemen organized. 1812 The Sûreté, the investigative bureau of the Paris police, founded by Eugène François Vidocq. 1 March – Water from Paris fountains is made free of charge. 1814 30 March – The Battle of Paris. The city is defended by Marmont and Mortier, and is surrendered at 2 a.m. on 31 March. 31 March – Czar Alexander I of Russia and King William I of Prussia enter Paris, at the head of their armies. 6 April – Abdication of Napoleon. The French Senate appeals to King Louis XVIII to take the crown. 3 May – Louis XVIII enters Paris, occupied by the allied armies. 1815 19 March – Louis XVIII leaves Paris at midnight, and Napoleon returns on the 20th, the beginning of the Hundred Days. After the battle of Waterloo, Paris is again occupied, this time by the Seventh Coalition. Hôtel Meurice opens for business. 1815–1830 – The Restoration 1816 21 March – Reopening of the French academies, purged of twenty-two members named by Napoleon. December – first illumination by gaslight of a café in the Passage des Panoramas. 1817 – Population: 714,000 1 June – Opening of the Marché Saint-Germain. 8 July – Opening of the first promenades aériennes, or roller coaster, in the jardin Beaujon. 1818 – New statue of Henry IV placed on the Pont Neuf, to replace the original statue destroyed during the Revolution. The Draisienne, ancestor of the bicycle, is introduced in the Luxembourg Gardens. (1818) 1820 March 8 – First stone laid for the École des Beaux-Arts. First student demonstrations against the royal government. December 20 – Académie royale de Médecine (now the Académie nationale de Médecine) founded by royal ordinance. 1821 14 May 1821 – Opening of the canal of Saint-Denis. 23 July – Founding of the Geographic Society of Paris. 26 December – Decree to return the Pantheon to a church, under its previous name of Sainte-Geneviève. 1822 7–8 March – Demonstrations at the law school, two hundred students arrested. 15 July – the Café de Paris opens at corner of the boulevard des Italiens and rue Taitbout. 1823 5 August – First stone laid for the church of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. 1824 25 August – First stone laid for the church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul. October – Opening of À la Belle Jardinière clothing store, ancestor of the modern department store. 13 December – La Fille d'honneur on rue de la Monnaie is the first store to put price tags on merchandise. 1825 Canal Saint-Martin opened. 1826 First steamboat service begins between Paris and Saint-Cloud. Hachette publishing house founded. 16 July – The founding of Le Figaro newspaper. 4 November – the new Paris Bourse opens. 1827 12 March – New law passed restricting freedom of the press. 30 March – Students demonstrate during funeral of the Duke of La Rochefoucault-Liancourt. His coffin is smashed during the struggle. 29 April – During review of the Paris National Guard by King Charles X, the soldiers greet him with anti-government slogans. The King dissolves the National Guard. 30 June – A giraffe, a gift of the Pasha of Egypt to Charles X, and the first-ever seen in Paris, is put on display in the Jardin des Plantes. 19–20 November – political demonstrations around the legislative elections; street barricades go up in the Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin neighborhoods. (shopping arcade) opens. 1828 Guerlain perfumer in business. February – Concert Society of the Paris Conservatory founded. The first concert took place on 9 March. 11 April – Introduction of service by the omnibus, carrying 18 to 25 passengers. Fare was 25 centimes. 1829 1 January – The rue de la Paix becomes the first street in Paris lit by gaslight. 12 March – Creation of the sergents de ville, the first uniformed Paris police force. Originally one hundred in number, they were mostly former army sergeants. They carried a cane during the day, and a sword at night. 1830–1847 – The Reign of Louis-Philippe 1830 25 February – Pandemonium in the audience at the Théâtre Français, between the supporters of the classical style and those of the new romantic style, during the first performance of Victor Hugo's romantic drama Hernani. 16 March – Two hundred twenty deputies send a message to king Charles X criticizing his governance. July – First vespasiennes, or public urinals, also serving as advertising kiosks, appear on Paris boulevards. 25 July – Charles X issues ordinances dissolving the national assembly, changing the election law and suppressing press freedom. 27–29 July – The Trois Glorieuses, three days of street battles between the army and opponents of the government. The insurgents install a provisional government in the Hôtel de Ville. Charles X leaves Saint-Cloud, his summer residence. 9 August – the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe, is sworn King of the French. 1831 Population – 785,000 27 July – First stone laid of the column in the Place de la Bastille, honoring those killed during the 1830 revolution. 31 October – Louis Philippe moves from the Palais-Royal to the Tuileries Palace. Victor Hugo's novel Hunchback of Notre-Dame published, reviving interest in medieval Paris. 1832 19 February. First deaths from cholera epidemic. Between 29 March and 1 October, the disease kills 18,500 persons. news agency in business. Feminist La Femme libre published in Paris. The illustrated Le Charivari newspaper begins publication. 1833 Society of Saint Vincent de Paul founded. 1834 30 October – The pont du Carrousel opens. 1835 28 November – Assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, using an "infernal machine" of twenty gun barrels firing at once, as the king is riding on the Boulevard du Temple. The king is unharmed, but eighteen people are killed. 1836 Founding of two popular inexpensive newspapers, La Presse and Le Siècle. 29 July Arc de Triomphe dedicated. 25 October – Dedication of the obelisk of Luxor on the Place de la Concorde. Petite Roquette Prison built. 1837 26 August – First railroad line opens between the rue de Londres and Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The trip takes half an hour. 1838 Louis Daguerre takes the first modern photograph, a Daguerreotype View of the Boulevard du Temple, showing a man while his shoes were being shined, the man stood motionless long enough to be photographed. The Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris (Polish Library) is founded. 1839 7 January – Louis Daguerre presents his pioneer work on photography at the French Academy of Sciences. The academy gives him a pension, and publishes the technology for free use by anyone in the world. 12–13 May – Followers of Louis Blanqui begin armed uprising in attempt to overthrow government, but are quickly arrested by the army and national guard. 2 August – Opening of railway line along the Seine between Paris and Versailles. 1840 16 May – Opening of the new hall of the Opéra-Comique on Place Favart. 14 June – During a review of the national guard by Louis-Philippe at the Carrousel, the soldiers shout slogans demanding reform. 28 July – Dedication of the July Column on the Place de la Bastille, honoring those killed during the Revolution of 1830. 15 December – Napoleon's ashes are placed in the crypt of the church of Les Invalides 24 December – Custom of the Christmas tree is introduced to Paris by the princess Helene de Mecklembourg, wife of the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe's eldest son. 1841 – Population: 935,000 27 February – First artesian wells, 560 meters deep, go into service at Grenelle to provide drinking water. 3 April 1841 – Law passed enabling the construction of the 33 kilometre Thiers wall fortification to encircle Paris. 1842 First French cigarettes manufactured at Gros-Caillou, in the 7th arrondissement. 8 May – First major railroad accident in France, on the Paris-Versailles line at Meudon, kills fifty seven persons and injures three hundred. 1843 4 March – L'Illustration newspaper, modeled on The Illustrated London News, begins publication. 2 May – Opening of railroad line from Paris to Orléans, followed the next day by the opening of the line from Paris to Rouen. 7 July – Opening of the quai Henry-IV, created by attaching the Île Louviers to the right bank. 20 October – First experiment with electric street lighting on the Place de la Concorde. 1844 16 March – Opening of the Cluny Museum dedicated to the history of medieval Paris. 14 November – First crèche, or day care center, is opened at Chaillot. 1845 Ring of new fortifications around the city, (the Thiers wall), begun in 1841, completed. 27 April – First electric telegraph line tested between Paris and Rouen. 29 November – First stone laid of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Quai d'Orsay. 1846 Population: 1,053,000 7 January – Completion of the first Gare du Nord railway station. Train service to the north of France begins 14 June. 30 September – A riot breaks out in the faubourg Saint-Antoine over the high cost of bread. 1847 19 February – Alexandre Dumas opens his new Théâtre Historique, located boulevard du Temple, with the premiere of La Reine Margot. 28 June – City government decrees installation of new street numbers, in white numbers on enameled blue porcelain plaques. These numbers remain until 1939. 9 July – Opponents of the government hold the first of a series of large banquets, the Campagne des banquets, to defy the law forbidding political demonstrations. 1848–1869 – The Second Republic and the Second Empire 1848 February 24 – 22-24 1848 French Revolution. 22 February – Government bans banquets of the political opposition. 23 February – Crowds demonstrate against Louis-Philippe's Prime Minister, Guizot. That evening soldiers fire on a crowd outside Guizot's residence, boulevard des Capucines, killing 52. 24 February – Barricades appear in many neighborhoods. The government resigns, Louis-Philippe and his family flee into exile in England, and the Second Republic is proclaimed at the Hôtel de Ville. 22–26 June – Armed uprising by the more radical republicans in the working-class neighborhoods of eastern Paris, suppressed by the army under General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. The city remains under martial law until 19 October. 2 August – The first tourist excursion train to the beach at Dieppe leaves Paris. This begins the tradition of leaving Paris for summer holidays in August. 20 December – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes the first and only president of the short-lived French Second Republic, and moves into the Élysée Palace. 1849 3 March – new cholera epidemic begins in the overcrowded center of the city. Between March and September, sixteen thousand deaths. 8 May – First stone placed for first public housing for workers in Paris, the cité ouvrière on rue de Rochechouart. 13 June – Armed uprising by radical republicans in the Saint-Martin district against the government of the Second Republic, led by Ledru-Rollin. It was suppressed by the army, causing eight deaths. 3 July – Inauguration of the train line, operated by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Strasbourg, opens between Paris and Strasbourg in eastern France. 12 August – Inauguration of the train line between Paris and Lyon. International Peace Congress held. 1850 19 May – opening of Mazas prison. 1851 5 June – Louis-Napoleon lays first stone for the new central market of Les Halles. 2 December – Louis-Napoleon, not allowed by the Constitution to run for re-election, seizes power through a coup d'état and moves his residence to the Tuileries Palace. There is sporadic opposition in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and neighborhood of the temple, quickly subdued by the army. 10 December – Decree of Louis-Napoleon to begin building the ceinture railroad line around the city, 38 kilometers long. The line was finished in 1870. 1852 26 March – A decree allows the government to more easily expropriate old buildings and the adjacent land in order to build new boulevards through the center of Paris. 25 July – Work begins on Napoleon III's Louvre expansion. 2 December – Louis-Napoleon is proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III. 11 December – The opening of the Cirque Napoléon, later called the Cirque d'hiver, on the boulevard du Temple. Work begins on the Bois de Boulogne, completed in 1858. Aristide Boucicaut and the Videau brothers open Le Bon Marché, the first modern Paris department store. The store has twelve employees in 1852, and 1,788 in 1877. 1853 29 June – Napoleon III installs a huge map of Paris in his office at the Tuileries Palace and he and his new prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, begin planning the reconstruction of central Paris. 21 November – A demonstration of the first tram line between the modern avenue de New York and the Cours-la-Reine. A line is later opened connecting Place de la Concorde with the pont de Sèvres. 1854 Louis Vuitton opens a luggage shop on Rue Neuve des Capucines, and in 1858 introduces a line of flat-bottomed canvas trunks, convenient for stacking. 15 November – Société française de photographie founded by a group of French scientists. Its first president was the chemist Henri Victor Regnault. 2 April – The newspaper Le Figaro is revived under new management and begins publishing. 1855 22 February – Private omnibus companies consolidated into the Compagnie générale des omnibus to provide public transport throughout the city. 26 March – The department store Les Galeries du Louvre opens. 15 May – The Exposition Universelle (1855) opens between the Seine and the Champs-Élysées. By the time it closes on 15 November, it has attracted five million visitors. 19 July – The Compagnie parisienne d'éclairage is formed, with a monopoly for providing gas distribution. The company installs thousands of new gaslights along the city streets. 11 August – Napoleon III decrees the construction of boulevard Saint-Michel and boulevard Saint-Germain on the left bank.Journal pour tous begins publication. Bouillon Duval soup restaurant opens. 1856 Population: 1,174,000 11 October – Inauguration of the train line Paris to Marseille. February 5 to March 31 – Congress of Paris; European leaders meet to bring an end to the Crimean War. 1857 Inauguration of the Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville (BHV) department store. 26 April – Opening of the Hippodrome de Lonchamp race track. 14 August – Inauguration of Napoleon III's Louvre expansion. 29 August – Napoleon III decrees the building of Avenue des Amandiers (now Avenue de la République) and Boulevard Prince-Eugène (now Boulevard Voltaire). 1858 14 January – Bomb attack on Emperor Napoleon III by Orsini, an Italian nationalist, outside the Paris Opera. The Emperor is unharmed, but 156 persons are killed or injured. 5 April – Inauguration of Boulevard de Sébastopol, the new north–south axis of Napoleon III's urban plan. Opening of the House of Worth, the shop of Charles Frederick Worth, the couturier for Empress Eugénie, at 7 rue de la Paix. 1859 17 February – Napoleon III decrees the annexation of the faubourgs, which were small communes lying between the Mur des Fermiers généraux and the Thiers wall, effective January 1, 1860. 16 June – decree creating twenty arrondissements for the future enlarged city. 22 June – Decree by Haussmann that, along boulevards and streets at least twenty meters wide, buildings can be as high as twenty meters, but must not have more than five floors. This, along with standards for uniform façade design, material and color, gives the distinct Haussmann look to Paris boulevards. Premiere of Gounod's opera Faust. 1860 1 January – The annexation takes effect, adding eight new arrondissements. Auteuil, Batignolles, Belleville, Bercy, La Chapelle, Charonne, Grenelle, Ménilmontant, Montmartre, Montrouge, Passy, Vaugirard, La Villette become part of city. Population: 1,696,000, including those in the new arrondissements. Napoleon III buys the land of Parc Monceau and makes it into a public park, opened in 1861. 15 August – Inauguration of Fontaine Saint-Michel. 15 August – Inauguration of the new pont au Change bridge rebuilt on the site of the previous one. Work begins on the Bois de Vincennes, to give green space and recreation to neighborhoods on the east side of the city. Completed in 1865. 6 October – Opening of the Jardin d'acclimatation. 1861 13 August – Inauguration of boulevard Malesherbes. 1862Café de la Paix opens. 21 July – first stone laid for the new Palais Garnier designed by Charles Garnier. It did not open until 5 January 1875. 19 August – Inauguration of the Cirque Olympique (now Théâtre du Châtelet) 30 October – Inauguration of the Théâtre Lyrique, facing the Cirque Olympique on Place du Châtelet. 1863Le Petit Journal newspaper begins publication. Salon des refusés of paintings rejected by the Salon officiel brings work by Édouard Manet and others to public attention. 1864 Société Générale bank opens. Bofinger brasserie opens. 20 May – Completion of the restoration of the cathedral of Notre Dame by Viollet-le-Duc. 17 December – Triumphant premiere of La Belle Hélène by Jacques Offenbach at the Théâtre des Variétés. International Telegraph Convention held in city. 1865 Construction begins of Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, completed in 1867. Construction begins of Parc Montsouris, completed in 1878. 22 September – New cholera epidemic kills four thousand Parisians in two months. 1866 2 September – Beer served for first time in Paris at the Café de la Rotonde. 31 October – Premiere of La Vie parisienne by Jacques Offenbach at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. 4 November – Inauguration of place du Roi de Rome (now place du Trocadéro). 1867 15 March – First elevator in France begins service in the store La Ville de Saint-Denis on rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. 1 April – Opening of the Exposition Universelle (1867) held on the Champ de Mars. The Exposition is the occasion for the opening of many new brasseries in Paris, in imitation of a popular style of restaurant in Germany. 14 April – The first bateaux-mouches excursion boats run on the Seine during the Exposition. International Monetary Conference held. 1868 28 May – Consecration of the Saint-Augustin church, the first Paris church with an iron frame. 31 May – First official bicycle racing track opens at the Parc de Saint-Cloud. 1870–1879 The Paris Commune and the Third Republic 1870 1 January – La Samaritaine department store founded. 5 January – After intense criticism by Parliament, Napoleon III dismisses Haussmann 19 July – Franco-Prussian War begins. 28 July – Napoleon III departs Paris to take command of the French army at Metz. 4 September – News reaches Paris that Napoleon III has been captured by the Prussians at Battle of Sedan. The government falls and the Third Republic proclaimed at Hôtel de Ville. 17 September – The Prussian army surrounds the city, and siege of Paris begins. 23 September – first balloon departs the besieged city. By January 28, sixty-six balloons depart with a hundred passengers. 14 November – Message service by carrier pigeons established between Paris and the outside world. The Paris population suffers from cold, hunger and disease. 1871 January – Prussians bombard Paris with heavy siege guns for twenty-three nights. 28 January – Armistice and capitulation of Paris. Prussians remain in their positions outside the city. 1 March – Prussians hold a brief victory parade on the Champs-Élysées, then withdraw to their positions. 18 March – French army tries to remove 271 cannon from the heights of Montmartre, but is blocked by members of the Paris National Guard. The Guard captures and executes two French generals. The most radical members of the Guard seize the Hôtel de Ville and other strategic points in the city. The army and government withdraw from Paris to Versailles. 26 March – Elections for the new Paris Commune, or city council, with low voting in affluent west Paris but high turnout in the working-class neighborhoods. The new council is dominated by anarchists, radical socialists and revolutionary candidates. 27 March – The new Commune officially takes power. It replaces the French tricolor with the red flag and proposes a revolutionary program. 16 May – At the suggestion of Gustave Courbet, the column in the Place Vendôme is pulled down in a civic ceremony. 21–28 May – The Paris Commune is suppressed by the French Army during "The Bloody Week" (La Semaine sanglante) with seven to ten thousand Communards killed in the fighting or executed afterwards and buried in mass graves in the city's cemeteries, and forty three thousand Parisians taken prisoners. The Tuileries Palace, Hôtel de Ville and other government buildings are burned down by the Communards; and the are destroyed. Afterwards, Paris is placed under martial law. September – Installation of the first Wallace fountain, to encourage Parisians to drink water instead of wine or liquor. 1872 Population: 1,850,000 13 January – opening of the École libre des sciences politiques, or Sciences-Po. 1873 24 July – Law passed supporting the construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre, financed by private contributions. 1874 French government returns to Paris. MacMahon, first president of the French Third Republic moves into the Élysée Palace. 7 May – Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France founded at the École nationale des chartes. 15 April – First Paris exhibit by Impressionist painters in the studio of the photographer Nadar. 12 August – Opening of canal bringing the water of the Vannes river to Paris. Réservoir de Montsouris opened. 1875 5 January – Opening of the Palais Garnier opera house. 3 March: Premiere of Bizet's opera Carmen. 15 June – first stone placed of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur. 1877 Population: 1,985,000 1878 1 May – Opening of the Exposition Universelle (1878) held at the Trocadero Palace and on the Champ de Mars. 30 May – The first test of electric lighting on the avenue de l'Opéra and the Place de l'Etoile. 1879 July – Installation of first telephone system in Paris. 1880–1889 1880 3 January – The ice on the Seine thaws suddenly, and the river rises more than two meters in three hours, sweeping away the pont des Invalides, under reconstruction. 10 July – Amnesty for those imprisoned or exiled after the Paris Commune. 14 July – Bastille Day is celebrated officially for the first time since 1802Brasserie des Bords du Rhin opens. The Direction régionale de la police judiciaire de Paris opens its headquarters at 36 Quai des Orfèvres. The History of Paris Carnavalet Museum opens. 1881 15 August (through 15 November) – The Exposition internationale d'électricité is held, highlighted by the illumination of the Grands Boulevards with electric lights. 18 August – Opening of the Chat Noir, the first modern cabaret in Montmartre. 1882 January – Crash of the Union générale bank, causing the Paris Bourse crash of 1882 10 January – Opening of the musée Grévin, the first Paris wax museum, in the passage Jouffroy. 12 April – Inauguration of the ethnographic museum at Trocadéro. 13 July – Opening of the reconstructed Hôtel de Ville, burned by the Commune in 1871. 1883 16 June – The Catholic daily newspaper La Croix begins publication. 14 July – Inauguration of the statue Monument à la République on the Place de la République. August – First municipal summer camp for students of the schools of the 9th arrondissement. 22 September – The opening of the first lycée for girls, the Lycée Fénelon. 1884 7 March – Decree requiring the use of trash cans, nicknamed poubelles after the Prefect of Paris Eugène Poubelle, who introduced it. 8 July – Opening of the first municipal swimming pool at 31 rue du Château-Landon. 23 July – Law allowing construction of residential buildings up to seven stories high. 7 November – Last serious cholera epidemic in Paris. founded. Les Deux Magots café opens, Samuel Bing art gallery opens. Premiere of Massenet's opera Manon.' 1885 2 February – Municipal Council allows women to work as interns in Paris hospitals. 1 June – Huge crowds observe the funeral procession of Victor Hugo, whose remains are placed in the Panthéon. 3 August – First stone laid for the new buildings of the Sorbonne. 1887 January – Construction begins of the Eiffel Tower. The structure is strongly condemned by leading Paris writers and artists. 25 May – A fire destroys the Opéra-Comique during a performance of Mignon; more than a hundred persons are killed. 1888 14 November – Dedication of the Institut Pasteur by Louis Pasteur. opens. 1889 First Paris telephone book published. 30 January – First cremation in France at Père Lachaise Cemetery. 2 April – Opening of the Eiffel Tower. Guests must climb to the top by the stairs, because the elevators are not finished until May 19. 6 May – Opening of the Exposition Universelle (1889). Before it closes on 6 November, the Exposition is seen by twenty-five million visitors. 14 July – Socialist Second International founded in Paris. 5 August – Opening of the grand amphitheater of the new Sorbonne. 1890–1899 1890 1 May – First celebration of May 1 Labor Day by socialists in France, leading to confrontations with police. 1891 – Population: 2,448,000 15 March – One time zone, Paris time, is established for all of France. 20 May – First professional cooking school founded on rue Bonaparte. 1892Le Journal newspaper begins publication. First use of reinforced concrete to construct a building in Paris, at 1 rue Danton. 4 October – Launch of the first weather balloon from Parc Monceau. 1893 7 April – Café Maxim's opens. 12 April – opening of the Olympia music hall on boulevard des Capucines. 3 July – Disturbances in the Latin Quarter between students and supporters of Senator René Bérenger over supposedly indecent costumes worn at the Bal des Quatre z'arts. One person is killed. December – Opening of the Vélodrome d'hiver cycling stadium on the rue Suffren, in the former Galerie des Machines from the 1889 Exposition. 9 December – the anarchist Auguste Vaillant explodes a bomb in the National Assembly, injuring forty-six persons. 1894 10 to 30 January – The Photo-Club de Paris, founded in 1888 by Constant Puyo, Robert Demachy and Maurice Boucquet, holds the first International Exposition of Photography at the Galeries Georges Petit, 8 rue de Sèze (8th arrondissement), devoted to photography as an art rather than a science. The exhibit launches the movement called Pictorialism. First championship of France football tournament between six Parisian teams. 12 February – The anarchist Émile Henry explodes a bomb in the café of the Gare Saint-Lazare, killing one person and wounding twenty-three. 15 March – The anarchist Amédée Pauwels explodes a bomb in the church of La Madeleine. One person, the bomber, is killed. 22 July – The first automobile race, organized by Le Petit Journal, from Paris to Rouen. Asile George Sand (women's shelter) opens. 1895 Opening of the first Galeries Lafayette department store 22 March – first projected showing of a motion picture by Louis Lumière at a conference on the future industry of cinematography at 44 rue de Rennes. 10 August – The founding of the Gaumont Film Company, the first major French film studio.Le Cordon Bleu cooking school opens.Maison de l'Art Nouveau art gallery opens. 12 November – French Automobile Club (Automobile club de France) is founded. 28 December – First public projection of a motion picture by the Lumière Brothers in the basement of the Grand Café, on the corner of Rue Scribe and boulevard des Capucines. Thirty-eight persons attend, including future director Georges Méliès. 1896 6 October – Czar Nicholas II of Russia lays the first stone for the pont Alexandre III. 7 December – the Municipal Council approves the project to build the first Paris Metropolitan subway line. 1897 The Théâtre du Grand-Guignol opens. The Parc des Princes velodrome opens. 4 April – The first women are allowed to attend the École des Beaux-Arts. 4 May – Fire of the Bazar de la Charité, at 17 rue Jean Goujon, over 325 victims, of which 126 lost their life. 13 July – The opening of the Musée de l'Armée (Army Museum) at Les Invalides. 3 September – opening of the first movie theater, in the theatre Robert-Houdon on boulevard des Italiens. The theater is rented for three months by Georges Méliès to show films. 4 December – The first Paris automobile show held as part of the Salon du Cycle at the Palais des Sports on rue de Berri. 1898 13 January – Émile Zola publishes his open letter to the president of France on the Dreyfus affair, J'accuse in L'Aurore newspaper. 20 April – The first motorcycle race at Longchamp. 19 September – The work begins on the Paris Metro. 20 October – The first wireless communication made between the Eiffel Tower and the Panthéon by Eugène Ducretet and Ernest Roger. The Hôtel Ritz Paris opens.Le Dôme Café opens. 1899 Inauguration of the monumental statue Triomphe de la République by Jules Dalou on the place de la Nation. 20th century 1900–1913 – La Belle Époque 1900 13 February – Whistles are issued to Paris traffic policemen. 24 February – The first newsreel films, of the Boer War, are shown at the Olympia Theater. 14 April – The opening of the Exposition Universelle (1900), including the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais, and the Pont Alexandre III. Before it closes on 12 November, the Exposition attracts more than fifty million visitors. 13 May – Right wing candidates win the municipal elections, after twenty years of domination by the left. 14 May – The opening of the 1900 Summer Olympics, held for the second time in Paris. 19 July – The opening of the first line of the Paris Métro between Porte de Versailles and Porte Maillot. 15 September – automatic ticket gates for the metro are replaced by ticket agents, because of the high number of people jumping the gates. 4 December – Law passed permitting women to practice law. 1901 Population: 2,715,000 The Pathé opens film production studio in Vincennes. April 1 – The opening of the new Gare de Lyon train station, including the restaurant Le Train bleu. 1 July – The opening of the first electric train line in Europe between Les Invalides and Versailles. 28 September – First European lawn tennis championship held in Paris. 1902 26 January – First Gitanes cigarettes go on sale. 16 October – First use of fingerprints by Paris police to identify a murderer. Premiere of Méliès' film A Trip to the Moon. Premiere of Debussy's opera Pelléas et Mélisande. 1903 1 July – Start of the first Tour de France, ending 19 July, with a parade of the winners at the Parc des Princes. 10 August – first serious metro accident at Couronnes station – eighty-four persons killed. 4 September – Opening of the high-fashion house of Paul Poiret. First Vélodrome d'hiver cycling stadium opens in the former Galerie des Machines of the 1900 Paris Exposition. Premiere of Mirbeau's play Business is Business. 1904 6 February – Opening of the Alhambra music hall on rue de Malte. 18 April – The socialist (later Communist) newspaper L'Humanité newspaper begins publication. 8 May – Socialists and radicals win the Paris municipal elections. 23 November – Consecration of the first Paris church built of concrete, Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste de Montmartre. 20 December – first automobile taxis go into service. 1905 After viewing the boldly colored canvases of Henri Matisse, André Derain, Albert Marquet, Maurice de Vlaminck, Kees van Dongen, Charles Camoin, and Jean Puy at the Salon d'automne of 1905, the critic Louis Vauxcelles disparaged the painters as "fauves" (wild beasts), thus giving their movement the name by which it became known, Fauvism. Gaumont Film Company's Cité Elgé studios open at Buttes-Chaumont. First underground public toilets open at place de la Madeleine. 1906 Population: 2,722,731. 22 March – First England-France Rugby match played at Parc des Princes. 11 June – first motorized bus line begins service between Montmartre and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Horse-drawn omnibuses continued to run until January 1913. 23 October – First airplane flight in Paris by Santos Dumont, flying sixty meters at an altitude of three meters at the Parc de Bagatelle. 1907 22 February – First woman receives a license to drive a taxi in Paris. 25 March – first traffic roundabout created in Paris at Place de l'Étoile. Summer. Pablo Picasso, living in the Bateau-Lavoir in Montmartre, paints Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, a major turning point in modern art. Kahnweiler art gallery opens. An exhibition at the Galerie Notre-Dame-des-Champs includes Jean Metzinger, Georges Braque, Sonia Delaunay, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Auguste Herbin, Jules Pascin and Pablo Picasso. 1909 1 March – First escalator installed in a Paris metro station. 29 May – opening of Luna Park amusement park at Porte Maillot. 2 June – Paris premiere of the ballet Les Sylphides by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, with Vaslav Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova in the leading roles. 13 December – Creation of first one-way streets in Paris on rue de Mogador and rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin. 1910 January 21–28 – Great flood of Paris. The Seine rises 8.5 meters, the highest level since 1658, and overflows its banks. The flood affects one sixth of the buildings in Paris. 13 February – Opening of the Vélodrome d'hiver cycling stadium on rue de Grenelle. 3 December – First use of neon lights on the Grand Palais. The first neon advertising sign appears on Boulevard Montmartre in 1912. Coco Chanel Opens her first boutique, called Chanel Modes, at 21 rue Cambon. First Gauloises cigarettes go on sale. Odéon metro station opens. According to Robert Delaunay, the Salle II of the 1910 Salon des Indépendants was "the first collective manifestation of a new art (un art naissant), known two years later as Cubism. At the Salon d'automne of 1910, held from 1 October to 8 November, Jean Metzinger introduced an extreme form of what would soon be labeled Cubism. 1911 24 January – Departure of the first Paris-Monte Carlo automobile race. 22 August – The Mona Lisa is stolen from the Louvre. It was recovered in Florence in December, 1913. Gaumont-Palace cinema opens. Fictional Fantômas crime series begins publication. The 1911 Salon des Indépendants officially introduced "Cubism" to the public as an organized group movement. 1912 15 February – Opening of the Maison de Beauté salon of Helena Rubenstein at 255 rue Saint-Honoré. 4 May – Criminal Brigade of the Sûreté formed to deal with major crimes and criminals. 1 June – First world tennis championship held at the stade de la Faisanderie in Saint-Cloud. 29 May – Premiere of Nijinsky's ballet Afternoon of a Faun. The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'automne created a controversy in the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.Peter Brooke, Albert Gleizes, Chronology of his life, 1881-1953 1913 31 March – Opening of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. 29 May – Premiere of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. 1 October – First collection of trash my motorized trucks instead of handcarts. 24 December – First presidential Christmas tree, placed at Trocadéro, is lit by President Raymond Poincaré. 1914–1918 – First World War 1914 31 July – Jean Jaurès, leader of the French socialists, assassinated by mentally disturbed man in the Café du Croissant on rue du Croissant in Montmartre. 1 August – Mobilization of army reservists. 3 August – France declares war on Germany. The beginning of the First World War. 29 August – As German army approaches, French government and National Assembly depart Paris for Bordeaux. September 6–9 – Army requisitions 600–1000 Paris taxis to transport six thousand soldiers fifty kilometers to the front lines in the First Battle of the Marne. December 9 – Government and National Assembly return to Paris. El Ajedrecista automaton introduced at University of Paris. 1915 10 September – the Satirical magazine Canard enchaîné begins publication. 30 October – official prices of food are posted on doorways of public schools, to deter speculation. 1916 20 January – Frozen meat goes on sale in two Paris butcher shops. 29 January – First bombing of Paris by a German Zeppelin. Twenty-six persons are killed and thirty two wounded at Belleville. 27 August – 1,700 Chinese workers arrive at the Gare de Lyon to work in Paris armaments factories, replacing men mobilized into the army. One of the Chinese workers was Zhou Enlai, future Communist leader in China, who worked in the Renault factory at Boulogne-sur-Seine, town renamed Boulogne-Billancourt in 1924. 15 December – The first woman conductor is hired for the Paris tramways. The Renault factory at Boulogne-sur-Seine begins manufacturing the first French tanks. 1917 9 February – Shortage of coal and grain. Bakers are permitted to sell only one kind of bread, sold the day after it is baked. 15 May – Wave of strikes in Paris workshops and factories, demanding a five-day week and an extra franc a day to compensate for higher prices. Most demands are granted. 1 September – Rationing of coal begins. 25 November – Seats are reserved on Paris public transportation for the blind and those wounded in the war. 15 October – Execution by firing squad of the Dutch Mata Hari, a spy for the Germans, in the moat of the Château de Vincennes. 1918 29 January – Rationing of bread is imposed; a card allows three hundred grams per day per person. 30 January – Night bombing raid by twenty-eight German aircraft kills sixty-five persons and injures two hundred. Further raids took place on 8 and 11 March. 11 March – German bombing raid causes a panic in the Bolivar metro station, killing seventy one persons. 21 March – German long-range artillery fires eighteen shells into Paris, killing fifteen and wounding sixty-nine. The shelling continued until 16 September. 29 March – a German shell hits the Saint-Gervais church during mass, killing eighty-two persons and injuring sixty-nine. October – Epidemic of Spanish influenza, which began at the start of the year, kills 1,778 persons in one week. 11 November – Signing of armistice ends the war. Victory celebrations on the Champs-Élysées. 16 December – U.S. President Wilson addresses crowd at the Hôtel-de-Ville. 1919–1929 – Les Années Folles 1919 8 February – Beginning of the world's first commercial air service between Paris and London. March – Lignes Farman airline begins operating its Brussels-Paris route. 19 April – Law passed approving the demolition of the ring of fortifications built around Paris in 1840–1841. 1 June – End of bread rationing. 21 July – General strike by Paris workers. August – Aircraft Transport and Travel airline begins operating its daily London-Paris route. 16 October – Consecration of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur. Musée Rodin opens. The first Shakespeare and Company, owned by Sylvia Beach, an American expatriate, opened at 8 rue Dupuytren. It moved to a larger location at 12 rue de l'Odéon in the 6th arrondissement in 1922 but closed in 1940 and never re-opened. 1920 19 August – National Assembly votes a credit of 500,000 francs to build a mosque near the Jardin des Plantes. The Paris edition of the American fashion magazine Vogue begins publication. Théâtre National Populaire opens at the Palais de Chaillot. American Library in Paris founded. 1921 Population: 2,906,472 (historic high) 28 January – Remains of an unknown French soldier killed in the war placed in a tomb beneath the Arc de Triomphe. 26 November – first concert broadcast by radio from the transmitter on the Eiffel Tower. November – Ernest Hemingway arrives in Paris as a correspondent for the Toronto Star with his wife Hadley and settles at 74 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine on the Left Bank. He remains in Paris at different addresses and with a different wife until 1928. 1922 19 March – First stone placed for the Grand Mosque of Paris. April – installation of the first three-colored stoplights in Paris at the corner of rue de Rivoli and boulevard de Sébastopol. International Union of Railways headquartered in Paris. 1923 27 February – Paris-Soir evening newspaper begins publication. 24 May – The old morgue of Paris is replaced by the opening of the Institut médico-légal at 2 place Mazas. 29 May – Municipal council approves the construction of low-cost housing projects. 300 million francs are voted for this purpose on 27 August 1924. 1924 22 January – A bronze star is placed on the parvis of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Henceforth, distances on French highways are measured from this point. 5 July – opening of 1924 Summer Olympics at the stadium of Colombes. Among the medal winners were the Americans Johnny Weissmuller (three gold medals in swimming) and Duke Kahanamoku (silver in swimming). These Olympics are depicted in the film Chariots of Fire. 1925 23 April – Street battles between the Communists and a nationalist group, the Jeunesses Patriotes, on rue Damrémont. Four persons are killed, forty injured. 9 July – Opening of the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris, a private park and residences for foreign students. 2 October – Josephine Baker stars in "La Revue nègre" at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées."Le Jazz-Hot: The Roaring Twenties", in William Alfred Shack, Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001, p. 35. 3 October – First radio news broadcast from the transmitter on the Eiffel Tower. 1926 15 July – Grand Mosque of Paris opens. 18 October – Louis Lumière demonstrates a talking motion picture at the French Academy of Sciences. 1927 15 January – Boulevard Haussmann, between rue Drouot and rue Taibout, the last unfinished project of Haussmann's renovation of Paris, is inaugurated. 21 May – Charles Lindbergh lands at Le Bourget airport, completing the first solo transatlantic flight. The Paramount Opéra cinema opens. 27 December – La Coupole opens, competing with Le Dôme Café, the other prominent literary café in the Montparnasse neighborhood. 1928 29 July – Opening of the Stade Roland-Garros, built for the matches of the Davis Cup. George Gershwin composes An American in Paris while staying at the Hôtel Majestic. 1929 20 June – Fifteen-hundred seat Théâtre Pigalle opens, designed to be the most modern theater in the world. It presented plays staged by Sacha Guitry, Max Reinhardt and other leading directors, before closing in 1948 and being replaced by a parking garage in 1958. 5 October – Communists attack a rally of young socialists at the Gymnase Japy; more than two hundred persons injured. 1930–1939 1930 5 April – Opening of the first municipal kindergarten in Paris at Place du Cardinal-Amette. 1931 Population:2,891,020 14 April – First broadcast of a television signal by René Barthélemy at the École Supérieure d'électricité (Supélec) de Malakoff. 6 May – Paris Colonial Exposition, celebrating the products and cultures of France's overseas colonies, opens in the Bois de Vincennes. Before it closes on 15 November, it attracts thirty-three million visitors. 10 June – First publication of detective novels featuring Commissaire Maigret by Georges Simenon. Corbusier designs the Pavillon Suisse, one of his rare buildings in Paris, for the Cité Universitaire. 1932 6 May – Assassination of Paul Doumer, President of the French Republic, on rue Berryer, by a white Russian émigré, Paul Gorguloff. President Doumer died the following day, on 7 May. The Grand Rex cinema opens. 1933 30 August – Air France founded. 7 November – First drawing of the National Lottery. 1934 3 January – First metro line to the suburbs, to Pont de Sèvres, opens. 12 January – National Assembly debates the Stavisky Affair, a case of high-level political corruption. Violent anti-government street demonstrations break out. 6 February – Riots outside the National Assembly protesting corruption of parliament members. Eleven persons are killed and more than three hundred injured. (See also 6 February 1934 riots) 2 June – Opening of the Paris Zoo in the Bois de Vincennes. 1935 26 April – First official television broadcast from the Ministry of the post, telegraph and telephone (PTT) on rue de Grenelle. 5 July – First stone placed for the Musée national d'art moderne (Museum of Modern Art), in the western wing of the Palais de Tokyo, on the avenue de Tokio (renamed avenue de New York in 1945). (The Musée national d'art moderne is now in the Centre Georges Pompidou.) 14 July – The Communists and socialists hold a joint demonstration on Bastille Day, the first demonstration of the new Front populaire, or Popular Front of the left. 1936 – Population: 2,829,753 3 May – The Front populaire wins the parliamentary elections. 26 May – Strikes in many Paris industries and businesses settled by a salary agreement made with the new government on 7 June. 1937 1 May – May Day is celebrated as an official holiday for the first time. 24 May – Opening of the Paris International Exposition of 1937 at the Trocadéro. The pavilions of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia face each other across the main promenade. 27 August – Opening of the Musée des Monuments français (Museum of French Monuments) in the Palais Chaillot, at Trocadéro. 1938 30 September – Prime Minister Édouard Daladier receives a triumphant welcome on his return from the Munich Conference, which gave Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. 1939 10 March – First gas masks distributed to Paris population. 19 March – Bomb shelters designated throughout Paris. 25 August – The Communist newspaper L'Humanité is closed by the French government for praising the Hitler-Stalin pact as a "new and appreciable contribution to peace, constantly threatened by the warmongering fascists." 31 August – Children are evacuated from Paris. September 1 – Government orders mobilization and a state of siege. 2 September – Declaration of war on Germany. 1939–1945 – The Second World War 1940 29 February – Food rationing begins in city. 3 June – Germans bomb city for first time. 254 persons are killed, 652 injured. 10 June – French government leaves Paris for Tours, then Bordeaux. Paris is declared an open city. 14 June – German troops enter Paris. 23 June – Hitler comes to Paris for one day. He makes a brief visit to the terrace of the Palais de Chaillot to see the Eiffel Tower. 18 October – German occupation authorities announced that Jews will have a special status. 11 November – First anti-occupation demonstration by students at the Arc de Triomphe. 26 December – Germans suspend the powers of the Municipal Council. 1941 14 May – Five thousand non-French Jews, mostly refugees, arrested. 22 June – Germany invades the Soviet Union. The French Communist Party actively joins the Resistance. 1 July – Rationing of textiles begins. 20 July – Opening of the transit Drancy internment camp to hold Jews before deportation. 21 August – A German officer is killed at the Barbès-Rochechouart metro station by a member of the Communist Party, Pierre Georges, later known as Colonel Fabien. The Germans respond by taking civilian hostages and threatening to execute them if more assassinations take place. 29 August – First execution at Fort Mont-Valérien of the members of the resistance, including the French naval officer Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves. 2 September – Paris magistrates are required to take an oath of loyalty to Marshal Pétain. Only one, Paul Didier, refuses. 16 September – Execution by the Germans of the first ten hostages. 1942 10 May – Anti-German demonstration at the Lycée Buffon. Five students are arrested later on and executed several months later. 7 April – All Parisians over sixteen years are required to carry an identity card. 29 April – All Jews in the occupied zone are required to wear a yellow star of David. 16–17 July – 13,000 Parisian Jews arrested and confined at the Vélodrome d'hiver, before being sent to Auschwitz. 1943 8 February – Execution by firing squad of the five Lycée Buffon students. 15 February – Germans require Frenchmen between ages of twenty and twenty-three to work for two years in war industries in France and Germany. 27 May – First meeting of the National Council of the Resistance at rue du Four, led by Jean Moulin. It includes both the Communists and the followers of Charles de Gaulle in London. 3 September – First Allied bombing of factories and railroad yards in Paris; four hundred five persons killed. thumb\|28th Infantry Division marches down the Champs Élysées, 29 Aug 1944. 1944 20–21 April – Allied bombing of gare de la Chapelle-Saint-Denis in 18th arrondissement kills 650 persons. Marshal Pétain attends the funeral on 23 April, his first visit to Paris since 1940. 6 June – Allied forces land at Normandy. French Resistance groups in Paris, largely led by the Communist Party, begin organizing an uprising. 19 August – As Allied forces approach Paris, the French resistance seizes the telephone exchange, ministries and public buildings, including the Prefecture of Police, which is defended against the Germans by two thousand policemen. About 1,500 resistance fighters are killed in the uprising, including about six hundred civilians. 24 August – At General de Gaulle's insistence, The 2nd French Armored Division of General Philippe Leclerc and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division head for the city. They encounter heavy resistance from the Germans in the suburbs, but less in the center. 25 August – The German commander, General Choltitz, refuses to carry out Hitler's order to destroy the city's monuments. At four in the afternoon, at gare Montparnasse, he surrenders the city to General Leclerc. 25 August – General Charles de Gaulle arrives at gare Montparnasse, and is shown Choltitz' surrender. In the evening, he gives a speech to the crowd from the balcony of the Hôtel de Ville. 26 August – General de Gaulle arrives at three in the afternoon at the Arc de Triomphe and walks down the Champs-Élysées to the Place de la Concorde, acclaimed by a huge and delirious crowd. 29 August – Parade of the US 28th Infantry Division down the Champs Élysées to Place de la Concorde. 1 September – Provisional French government led by de Gaulle established in Paris. 18 December – Le Monde newspaper begins publication.Épuration, or purge, of Parisians who collaborated with the Germans. 9,969 persons were arrested, of whom 211 were executed, and 1616 acquitted. The others received prison sentences. Many suspected collaborators left Paris and went abroad. 1945 29 April – First municipal elections after the war, and the first French elections in which women could vote. Six parties take part: the Communists take thirty percent of the vote and 27 council seats out of ninety, making them the largest group in the council. 9 May – Film Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) by Marcel Carné, made during the German occupation, opens in Paris. 21 October – Communists and socialists win majority of seats in the first parliamentary elections after the war. 1946–1967 . 1946 Population: 2,725,374 1 January – Rationing of bread re-established, and continues until 1 February 1949. 3 February – First issue of the sports newspaper L'Équipe published. 5 April – Socialist government nationalizes the private gas and electricity companies. 23 April – Houses of prostitution ordered closed. 1947 12 February – First major fashion show after the war organized by Christian Dior at 30 Avenue Montaigne. High fashion became an important French export industry and foreign – currency earner. 25 April – Communist trade union begins strike at Renault factory. 5 May – Split between communists and socialists. New socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismisses communist ministers from French government. June – Communist unions organize strikes and work stoppages of railroad and bank employees. The Bread ration reduced to 200 grams per person, less than during the German Occupation. Founding of the Magnum Photos agency. 20 October – The Rassemblement du peuple français, a new center-right party led by Charles de Gaulle, wins Paris municipal elections, with 52 seats on the council out of ninety. The Communists win twenty-five seats, the socialists win five. November – Communist trade unions organize strikes of metal workers, public employees, teachers, and railroad workers in an effort to bring down the government, and call a general strike for December 1. Railroad lines are sabotaged. The navy, army and firemen are called in to keep electricity networks and the metro running. 9 – The Communists call off the general strike. 1948 21 March – The Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) organized, a single authority to manage Paris public transport. 26 June – Inauguration of Paris-Orly airport, at the time the largest airport in Europe. 10 December – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the Palais de Chaillot. 15 December – Startup of Zoé, the first French nuclear reactor, designed by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, located at the Fort de Châtillon. The World Association of Newspapers opens headquarters in city. 1949 25 March – Paris Match magazine begins publication. 29 June – First Paris television newscast. Only a few hundred Parisians have television sets to watch it. 1950 11 February – Minimum wage (Salaire minimum interprofessionnel garanti, or SMIG), established by government. 13 April – First issue of the magazine L'Observateur, later Le Nouvel Observateur. Founding of the . 1951 1 May – First demonstrations in Paris of Algerians demanding independence from France. 1952 18 May – Large demonstration on the Champs-Élysées of Algerians supporting independence for Algeria. 28 May – Violent confrontations between Communist demonstrators and police over visit of U.S. General Matthew Ridgway. Several hundred persons injured. 1953 26 April to May 3 – The Paris municipal elections won by center right – coalition formed with left republicans (RGR), Gaullists (RPF) and independents. 14 July – Violent confrontations between Communists and Algerian independence supporters and the police. Seven persons are killed, and one hundred twenty-six injured. 1954 Population: 2,850,189 1 February – Abbé Pierre issues an appeal for the city to aid the homeless. 1 August – Ordnance forbids Parisians to honk their car horns "except in case of danger." 1 November – War of independence begins in Algeria, with serious repercussions in Paris. Numerous killings in Paris of members of two rival Algerian factions, the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), or National Liberation Front, and the Mouvement national algérien (MNA), and large demonstrations are organized by the Communists and Algerian nationalists. 1955 15 September – Renault workers win three weeks of paid vacation. 1956 Short film – The Red Balloon released, set in Paris. It won the Academy Award in 1956 for best original screenplay. 7 November – Following the suppression of the Hungarian uprising by Soviet troops, large demonstrations take place outside Communist Party headquarters in Paris. When the name of the place outside their building is changed to the name of Lajos Kossuth, a Hungarian anti-Russian patriot, the Communists move to a new location on place du Colonel-Fabien. 8 November – New metro cars running on rubber wheels instead of steel wheels begin service between Châtelet and Mairie des Lilas. 1958 19 May – Following a revolt by the French military in Algiers on 13 May, Charles de Gaulle holds a press conference at the Palais d'Orsay offering to form a new government, "If the people wish." 1 June – De Gaulle is invested as head of government by the National Assembly. 28 September – Proposed Constitution of the Fifth French Republic approved by the National Assembly. 1959 27 April – Demolition begins of the Vélodrome d'Hiver. 30 December – Rock singer Johnny Hallyday performs on radio program Paris-Cocktail and becomes an instant star. 1960 20 March – Paris police creates an auxiliary force of Muslim policemen to combat increasing terrorist attacks coming from the Algerian War. 12 April – Inauguration of the autoroute du Sud a highway from Paris to the south of France via Lyon. 1961 6 January – First bomb attacks in Paris by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), an armed terrorist group fighting to keep Algeria as part of France. 24 April – Opening of expanded Paris-Orly airport. 29 August – The Paris wing of the FLN, the major underground group fighting for Algerian independence, begins a campaign of killing French policemen, particularly Muslim auxiliaries. Thirteen policemen are killed between 29 August and 3 October. 5 October – Paris municipality imposes a curfew on Algerians (French Muslim of Algeria), advising them to be off the streets between 8:30 p.m. and 5:30 a.m. 17 October – Between thirty and forty thousand Algerians stage an illegal but peaceful march against the curfew, marching in four columns to the center of the city. The police violently breaks up the demonstration, arresting six to seven thousand persons. Trapped by the police, some demonstrators jump or are thrown off the pont Saint-Michel. The number of persons killed has never been reliably established; estimates vary widely from thirty to fifty dead to over two hundred. (See Paris massacre of 1961 for one point of view of the events). 1962 Population: 2,790,091.* 17 January – Seventeen bombs explode planted by the OAS, demanding continued French rule over Algeria. 8 February – Illegal anti-OAS demonstration by FLN and Communists is suppressed by the police. Eight persons are killed, most of them crushed by the crowd trying to take sanctuary in the Charonne metro station. (For one point of view of the event, see The Charonne Metro Station Massacre.) 4 August – Malraux Law, named for French Culture Minister André Malraux, requires that façades of Paris buildings be cleaned of decades of soot and dirt. Cleaning begins. 1963 Landmarks such as the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris change in color from dark grey to white after cleaning. 5 November – Construction begins of the university campus of Nanterre. 14 December – Inauguration of Maison de la Radio. 1964 13 January – Decision made to build a new airport at Roissy-en-France to replace Le Bourget. 14 March – France is divided into twenty-one regions, including Paris. June – First takes places. 10 July – New law divides the Paris region into eight departments. 1965 29 October – Mehdi Ben Barka, leader of the opposition in Morocco, is kidnapped in front of the Brasserie Lipp. His body is never found. 27 December – Singer Mireille Mathieu performs for the first time at the Olympia Theater. 1966 4 May – Founding of the Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP). 1967 21 April – The last duel is fought in the Bois de Boulogne between two members of the French National Assembly, Gaston Defferre and René Ribière (who lost the duel). 29 November – Autoroute opens from Paris to Lille. 22 December – Highway opens along the Left Bank of the Seine (now the Promenade des Berges de la Seine.) 1967–1980 1968 Population: 2,590,771 22 March – Coalition of Trotskyists, Maoists and anarchists organizes anti-government demonstrations at University of Nanterre. 3 May – Student demonstrations spread to the Sorbonne campus, and police are called in. 6 May – The violent confrontations between demonstrators and police in the Latin Quarter leave eight hundred persons injured. 10 May – Barricades go up on rue Gay-Lussac, and a night of rioting. 13 May – The CFDT trade union and other unions support the students, and join in a large joint demonstration. 20 May – A general strike paralyzes the city. The Communists denounce Daniel Cohn-Bendit and other student leaders, because many have a Maoist ideology. 25 May – Prime Minister Georges Pompidou negotiates a labor agreement with the CGT and other unions, concluded on May 27. 27 May – Large meeting of students, socialist party and CFDT at the Charléty stadium calls for bringing down the government of President Charles de Gaulle. Socialist leader François Mitterrand is proposed as a candidate for president, with Pierre Mendès France as prime minister. 30 May – President de Gaulle launches a counter-offensive; he dissolves the National Assembly and calls for new elections 23 June and June 30. A demonstration on the Champs-Élysées.of an estimated one million persons supports de Gaulle. June – The student leaders deny the authority of the President and call for more demonstrations. The Communist-backed unions of the CGT announce that they have no objections to new elections. The government raises the minimum wage by 35 percent, and most union members gradually go back to work. The last barricades are removed 20 June. The official statistics for the May events show 1,910 policemen injured, and 1,459 demonstrators injured. Damage to the streets (the removal of cobblestones to make barricades) is calculated at 2.5 million francs. June – Gaullist candidates win an absolute majority in the National Assembly. In Paris, the vote for the Communist candidates falls to eighteen percent from thirty percent in the previous elections. 1969 28 February – The central market at Les Halles is moved outside the city to Rungis. 14 December – The first line of the Réseau Express Régional or RER, from the city center to the suburbs, opens between Nation and Boissy-Saint-Léger. 1970 20 February – RER suburban line to the west opens between Place de l'Étoile and La Défense. 26 August – The first feminist demonstration, by the Mouvement de libération de la femme (MLF) takes place at the Arc de Triomphe. Paris Saint-Germain Football Club formed. Responding to the events of 1968, the University of Paris is broken up into thirteen autonomous universities 1971 7 March – Opening of the Paris-Orly west airport. In the Paris municipal council elections Gaullist and center-right candidates win forty-six out of ninety seats; the Communists win twenty seats and the socialists seven. 3 July — Death of Jim Morrison, American lead vocalist of the rock band the Doors. begins. The demolition begins of the historic pavilions of Les Halles, the central wholesale food market, whose function had been moved to the suburb of Rungis in 1969. 1972 2 February – The opening of the Musée national des arts et traditions populaires (Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions) in the Bois de Boulogne. 22 April – Demonstration by the ecology movement in Paris; a parade of five thousand cyclists between Porte Dauphine and Porte de Vincennes. 14 June – Opening of the Museum of Cinema at the Palace of Chaillot. Henri Langlois receives an Oscar d'honneur Parc des Princes (stadium) rebuilt. 1973 25 The – Completion of the last segment of the Boulevard périphérique around Paris. 13 September – Opening of Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the first (and last) skyscraper in central Paris—said to have the most beautiful view of the city because it's the one place from which one cannot see the Tour Montparnasse. The first Paris Fashion Week held. 1974 28 February – The opening of the Palais des congrès de Paris convention hall at Porte Maillot. 8 March – The Charles de Gaulle Airport opens. 27 May – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is elected President of the French Republic. He abruptly cancels several of the major Paris projects begun by President Georges Pompidou, including the highway along the left bank of the Seine, a skyscraper at Place d'Italie, and an international commerce center at Les Halles. 1975 Population: 2,299,830 31 December – The National Assembly gives Paris the same status as other French cities, with an elected mayor. active. 1976 13 September – The École polytechnique (Polytechnique) moves from the center of Paris to Palaiseau. 1977 31 January – Centre Georges Pompidou inaugurated. 25 March Jacques Chirac becomes the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. He centralizes municipal power in the mayor's office, creating the positions of twenty-five deputy mayors and restricting the meetings of the municipal council to one meeting a month, no longer than one day long. 8 December – New station Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles opens, connecting metro with the regional RER lines. 1978 7 March – Radical leftist group called "Les autonomies" pillages twenty-four shops on rue La Fayette. 1 May – "Les autonomes" attack eighty-three Paris stores after the traditional May Day demonstration. 1979 13 January – Stores around the Gare Saint-Lazare are vandalized by "Les autonomes". 23 March – Following a peaceful demonstration by communist mine workers, "Les autonomes" vandalize 121 stores and shops in Paris. More than two hundred persons are injured. 1 May – The "Nuit bleu" (Blue night). A dozen bombs are set off by Corsican nationalists, who set off more bombs on 2 May and 31 May. 4 September – Inauguration of the Forum des Halles, on the site of the former central market. 1980 28 January – First anisettes, automated individual pay toilets for Paris streets, authorized. 12 June – First terrorist attack at Paris-Orly airport by the anarchist-communist revolutionary organization Action directe. Seven people wounded. 3 October – Terrorist attack on the synagogue on rue Copernic. Four persons are killed and twenty injured. 1981–1999 – Mitterrand era 1981 10 May – François Mitterrand elected President of the French Republic. He is the first socialist president of the Fifth Republic and the first leftist president in 23 years. 22 May – First Salon du Livre book fair opens at the Grand Palais. 2 September – The inauguration of the TGV high-speed train line between Paris and Lyon. 1982 Population: 2,176,243. 7 February – Corsican terrorist group FLNC sets off seventeen bombs in the Paris region. 22 February – Car bomb on rue Marbeuf kills one and injures sixty-three. The Syrian secret services are suspected of organizing the attack. 21 June – First Fête de la Musique festival in the Paris streets and parks. 30 June – New socialist majority in the National Assembly tries to make the office of Paris mayor ceremonial, and hand over real power to the mayors of the twenty arrondissements. Their effort, opposed by Mayor Jacques Chirac, fails. 9 August – A Palestinian terrorist group places a bomb at the Jo Goldenberg restaurant on rue des Rosiers in Le Marais, killing six persons and wounding twenty-two. 17 September – A bomb placed in the car of an Israeli diplomat in front of the Lycée Carnot injures forty-seven persons. 1983 13 March – In the Paris municipal elections, Jacques Chirac and center-right candidates win 68 percent of the vote and eighteen out of twenty arrondissements. Only the 13th and 20th arrondissements give a majority to the left. 15 July – The Armenian militant group ASALA explodes a bomb at the check-in counter of Turkish Airlines at Paris-Orly airport. Eight persons, including a child, are killed, and fifty-four injured. 1984 12 January – Inauguration of the Zenith concert hall in the Parc de la Villette. 3 February – Inauguration of the Palais Omnisports sports complex in Bercy. 24 June – A million people demonstrate in defense of Catholic and private schools in the capital. 1985 26 January – First Restaurant du Cœur opens, a charity established by French comedian Coluche, providing meals to the indigent. 23 February – Bomb explodes at Marks and Spencer department store on Boulevard Haussmann; one person is killed and fifty injured. 6 May – Opening of La Géode at the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie at Parc de la Villette. 26 August – the artist Christo wraps the Pont Neuf in yellow-gray plastic. 23 September – Musée Picasso inaugurated. 7 December – Radical Islamic group explodes bombs at Galeries Lafayette and Printemps department stores; forty one persons injured. 1986 3–5 February – Radical Islamic group explodes several bombs around city; about twenty persons injured. 13 March – opening of the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie (City of Science and Industry), a science museum at La Villette. 20 March – Bomb explodes in the Galerie Point-Show on the Champs-Élysées. Two persons are killed. 4 May – First Paris Marathon takes place, with eleven thousand participants. 9 July – Action-Directe terrorist group explodes a bomb at the headquarters of the police brigade charged with fighting terrorism. One person is killed and twenty-two injured. 17 September – Bomb attack on Tati store on rue de Rennes kills seven and injures fifty-six. Between September 4 and September 17, attacks by radical Islamic groups kill eleven persons and injure city-six. 1 December – Opening of the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century French art. 4–5 December – Students demonstrate against the Devaquet project for university reform. The Minister resigns and the reform plan is withdrawn. 1987 29 June – Police lay siege to the Iranian Embassy in France, until an Iranian diplomat implicated in the bombings of 1986 appears before a judge and then is expelled from France back to Iran. 30 November – Inauguration of the Arab World Institute (Institut du monde arabe) building. 1988 4 March – President Mitterrand inaugurates the Louvre Pyramid, part of the Grand Louvre, the first of his grand projects for Paris. 14 July – President Mitterrand announces project to construct a new national library. Mayor Jacques Chirac defeats President Mitterrand in Paris in the first round of the Presidential elections, but in the second round Mitterrand wins Paris by 58 to 42 percent. Mitterrand receives an absolute majority in nine Paris arrondissements. 1989 19 March – Paris municipal elections won by center-right Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) and Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP) parties. Of the 163 municipal council seats, 140 are won by the center-right, 18 by the socialists; three communists are elected, and one ecologist. 14 October – Inauguration of the Grand Louvre. 13 July – Opening of the Opéra Bastille, on the eve of the bicentennial of the French Revolution. 18 July – Inauguration of the Grande Arche de la Défense. 20 September – Inauguration of the TGV Atlantique line from Paris to Le Mans. 3 October – Opening of the Cité de la Musique at La Villette. 1990 Population: 2,152,423. 1991 1 August – First class cars on the metro are taken out of service. 7 November – Prime Minister Édith Cresson decrees that about twenty government institutions, including the École Nationale d'Administration, (ENA) will be moved outside of Paris. ENA goes to Strasbourg. The move is highly unpopular with government officials. 1992 12 April – EuroDisney opens in Marne-la-Vallée, 25 km east of Paris. 1993 28 March – Center-right parties dominate legislative elections in Paris. Socialists win only one out of twenty-one seats. 18 May – Opening of the TGV train line between Paris and Lille. 8 July – The floating swimming pool Deligny, first placed in the Seine in 1796, sinks. 20 November – Inauguration of the Richelieu wing of the Louvre, the second phase of the Grand Louvre project. 26 December – City of Paris begins a medical doctor service called SAMU (Service d'aide médicale d'urgence) providing emergency medical treatment at home. 1994 31 March – Violent demonstrations over changes in French labor laws; cars burned and stores pillaged. 14 July – First Bastille Day parade on Champs-Élysées with participation of 200 German soldiers of the Eurocorps. November – Eurostar railway service between Paris and London begins. 1995 30 March – Opening of new Bibliothèque Nationale de France, the last of Mitterrand's grand projects, at Bercy. 7 May – Paris Mayor Jacques Chirac wins the second round of the French presidential elections over Lionel Jospin. He wins 60 percent of the vote in Paris. 22 May – Deputy Mayor Jean Tiberi replaces Chirac as the new mayor of Paris. He is formally elected by the municipal council on 25 June. 14 June – First scandals emerge about Paris city government, involving attribution of city-owned luxury apartments at low rents to government officials. 25 July – Bomb explodes on an RER train at the Saint-Michel station. Seven are killed, eighty-four injured. The attack is blamed on Algerian Islamists. 17 August – A bomb explodes in a garbage can on avenue de Friedland at corner with Place Charles de Gaulle-Étoile, injuring seventeen people. 6 October – Bomb explodes nearmetro station Maison-Blanche; thirteen persons are injured. 17 October – Bomb explodes on RER train between Musée-d'Orsay and Saint-Michel stations; twenty-nine persons are injured. The attacks are blamed on the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. The Hôtel Costes opens. 1997 31 August – Death of Diana, Princess of Wales in an automobile accident in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel. 1998 Paris hosts the finals of the 1998 World Cup, won by France. 21st century 2000 1 January – Eiffel Tower lit with sparkling lights for first time, to mark the new century. 2001 18 March – Election of Bertrand Delanoë, the first socialist and first openly gay mayor of Paris. The socialists and greens take 49.63 percent of the vote, compared with 50.37 percent for the center-right candidates, but the left wins a majority of the seats in the municipal council, which selects the mayor. 2002 5 October – First Nuit Blanche festival, with museums and cultural institutions remaining open all night long. 5 October – Mayor Delanoë is stabbed but not seriously injured by a deranged unemployed man, outside the Hôtel de Ville. Palais de Tokyo art exhibit space opens. 2003 Inauguration of Festival Paris Cinéma. 2004 – International Salon for Peace Initiatives begins. 2005 27 October to 14 November – Riots of young residents of the low-income housing projects of the Paris suburbs and then across France, burning schools, day-care centers and other government buildings and almost nine thousand cars. The riots caused an estimated 200 million euros in property damage, and led to almost three thousand arrests. On 14 November 2005, as the riots ended. President Jacques Chirac blamed the rioters for a lack of respect for the law and for French values, but also condemned inequalities in French society and "the poison of racism." 2006 April–June – Protest demonstrations against changes in labor laws take place on the campuses of several Paris universities. 20 June – Opening of Musée du quai Branly, museum of Oceania, Africa, Asia and the Americas. enacted. 2007 15 July – Mayor Delanoë inaugurates Vélib', a system for inexpensively renting 15,000 to 20,000 bicycles placed at special stands around the city. Paris City History Committee created. 2008 Facing growing costs for social programs, Mayor Delanoë announces a 9.7 percent increase to local taxes and a new 12 percent tax on property owners. 2009 – Population: 2,234,105 2013 12 February – Seven activists from the radical feminist group Femen bare their breasts inside the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris to demonstrate against the doctrines of the Catholic Church. 19 June – Inauguration of the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, a city park located on 2.3 kilometers of the former highway along the left bank of the Seine. Paris Musées, a non-profit organization created in 1985 to manage the fourteen city-owned museums, is turned into public institution overseen by the city government. 2014 17 March – One-day limited traffic ban in effect due to a peak in air pollution. 30 March – Election of Anne Hidalgo, the first woman mayor of Paris. 17 June – Mayor Hidalgo announces that the city budget deficit will increase to 400 million Euros in 2014, due to a reduction in support from the national government and a growth of spending on social services. 19 September – City officials announce plan to gradually remove more than seven hundred thousand locks attached by tourists to the Pont des Arts as symbols of love. Officials said the weight of the locks damaged the bridge and altered its historic appearance. 20 October – Louis Vuitton Foundation art museum opens. 2015 7–9 January – 17 people, including three police officers, are killed in five terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists, one known as the Charlie Hebdo shooting, targeting the headquarters of Charlie Hebdo, a satirical magazine, and the other occurring at a Jewish grocery store. 11 January – An estimated 1.3 million persons demonstrate in Paris against terrorism and for freedom of speech following the terrorist attack at Charlie Hebdo. 14 January 2015 – President Hollande inaugurates the city's new symphony hall, the Philharmonie de Paris, designed by architect Jean Nouvel, at Parc de la Villette. The opening concert is dedicated to the victims of the Charlie Hebdo shooting''. 25 June – Three thousand Paris taxicab drivers go on strike, blocking roads to the airports and train stations, burning two cars, and damaging seventy others. Seven policemen were injured. Taxi drivers were protesting against competition from other vehicle for hire companies such as Uber. 13 November – Simultaneous terrorist attacks took place in Paris, carried out by three coordinated teams of terrorists. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attacks. The gunmen opened fire at several sidewalk cafes, exploded two bombs near the Stade de France stadium, where a match between Germany and France was taking place, and killed more than eighty persons at the Bataclan theater, where a concert was about to take place. In all, the attackers killed 130 persons and injured 368, of whom 42 were still in a critical state on 16 November. Seven terrorists took part, and killed themselves by setting off explosive vests. French president François Hollande declared that France was in a nationwide state of emergency, reestablished controls at the French border, and brought fifteen hundred soldiers into Paris. Schools and universities and other public institutions in Paris were ordered closed. It was the most deadly recorded terrorist attack to take place in France. 2016 – May: Car-free Champs-Élysées begins once per month. 2019 - 15 April: – Notre-Dame de Paris fire destroys the roof of the cathedral and causes extensive damage to the interior. See also History of Paris List of years in France References Notes and citations Bibliography In English In French Further reading External links Paris Paris-related lists Years in France Paris Paris
2018年香港籃總盃是第一届香港篮总杯，甲一及甲二聯賽球隊将获得资格參加该项杯赛。賽事制度香港籃球總會宣佈籃總盃集合甲一及甲二聯賽共16支球隊參加，逢周六及周日作賽每日4場。第1屆賽事於2018年1月6日在修頓室內場館展開，而初賽分四組進行單循環比賽，各組首和次名晉級淘汰賽。冠軍及季軍戰採三場兩勝制，故整個賽事將有34至36場賽事。同時根據賽制甲一組球隊可註冊一名居港球員而甲二組球隊則可註冊兩名居港球員或外援，此外南華、東方、永倫以及福建列為各組的種子隊伍，其餘各隊經抽籤配入各組。作為賽事指定合作媒體的香港有線電視屆時將直播季軍及冠軍戰等超過20場比賽，並由譚偉洋及蔡芳裕等前甲一球星作評述。而在2018年1月6日在灣仔修頓室內場館舉行晉裕對飛鷹的賽事便是香港開埠而來首度有甲一及甲二球隊同場出賽。賽事賽程分組賽 1月6、7、13、14、20、21日（每比賽日進行四場分組賽） 1月6日：A、C組比賽時間下午3時30分：安青對建龍，83比88 下午5時10分：晉裕對飛鷹，85比44 晚上6時50分：南華對遊協，91比61 晚上8時30分：東方龍獅對旭暉，86比66 1月7日：B、D組比賽時間下午3時30分：日域對滿貫，67比90 下午5時10分：漢友對南青，70比110 晚上6時50分：標準福建對晉龍WTS，72比78 晚上8時30分：永倫對DOS，97比80 1月13日：A、C組比賽時間下午3時30分：遊協對安青，113比69 下午5時10分：旭暉對晉裕，62比82 晚上6時50分：建龍對南華，62比134 晚上8時30分：飛鷹對東方龍獅，53比127 1月14日：B、D組比賽時間下午3時30分：晉龍WTS對日域，64比93 下午5時10分：DOS對漢友，74比87 晚上6時50分：滿貫對標準福建，90比73 晚上8時30分：南青對永倫，80比91 1月20日：A、C組比賽時間下午3時30分：建龍對遊協,90比94 下午5時10分：飛鷹對旭暉，71比76 晚上6時50分：南華對安青，133比39 晚上8時30分：東方龍獅對晉裕，75比62 1月21日：B、D組比賽時間下午3時30分：滿貫對晉龍WTS，74比53 下午5時10分：南青對DOS，83比75 晚上6時50分：標準福建對日域，74比90 晚上8時30分：永倫對漢友，90比64 首名出綫：A組南華、B組滿貫、C組東方、D組永倫次名出綫：A組遊協、B組日域、C組晉裕、D組南青 8強賽南華對南青滿貫對晉裕東方對日域永倫對遊協備注：已更新戰績淘汰賽 1月28日、2月6日、2月10日、2月11日八强淘汰賽程表 1月28日(星期日) 下午2時30分滿貫對晉裕,80比67 下午4時10分東方對日域,98比73 下午6時50分南華對南青,99比62 下午8時30分永倫對遊協,96比82 2月6日(星期二)晚晚上7時10分滿貫對南華,76比96 晚上8時50分東方對永倫,70比75 2月10日(星期六）季軍戰晚上7時10分滿貫對東方，81比76 冠軍戰晚上8時50分南華對永倫，101比100 2月11日(星期日) 季軍戰晚上7時10分滿貫對東方，80比55 冠軍戰晚上8時50分南華對永倫，98比76 首屆决賽賽果南華98分勝永倫76分第一屆總冠軍 2018年2月南華門票價錢分組賽(2場為1節） 16強一律成人收50元,學生、長者、傷殘一律收30元八強(2場為1節）八強一律成人收50元,學生、長者、傷殘一律收30元四強(2場為1節）、季軍戰、冠軍戰四強、季軍賽、冠軍賽、成人一律收80元、學生、長者、傷殘一律收50元. 參考資料外部連結香港籃球總會網頁香港籃球賽事

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