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Goa is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Venkat Prabhu in his third directorial project. Starring his regular cast consisting of Jai, Vaibhav, and Premji along with Aravind Akash, Sampath Raj, Piaa Bajpai, Sneha, and the debutant Australian model Melanie Marie in other roles, the film is the first production of Soundarya Rajinikanth's Ocher Picture Productions. Actors Silambarasan Rajendar, Nayantara and Prasanna make guest appearances in the film, which features music composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, whilst cinematography is handled by Sakthi Saravanan and the film is edited by K. L. Praveen and N. B. Srikanth.
The film follows the journey of three young men, Vinayagam, Ramarajan and Saamikannu, who flee from their remote, conservative village to escape their overly strict families and travel to the international tourist-destination Goa, after encountering a friend who had fallen in love with a Caucasian girl whilst on holiday there. The film explores their time in Goa, the people they meet ranging from gay hoteliers to suave casino owners, and dwells on the relationships they encounter in the region.
The film, which began pre-production work in August 2008, became highly anticipated before release due to the successes of the director's prior two films Chennai 600028 and Saroja. Filming began in April 2009 and took place in various locations: in the title location of Goa as well as in Pannapuram, Tamil Nadu and Langkawi, Malaysia with the latter being used due to the monsoonal season of Goa, forcing the team to relocate. Before release, the film was given an adult rating by the Central Board of Film Certification, despite much contention from the team with the film also avoiding a court case in regard to the producer's loan. The film released on 29 January 2010 to mostly positive reviews. The film was remade in Kannada language using the same title and released in 2015.
Plot
The plot begins in a remote village in Tamil Nadu named Pannaipuram. The director Venkat Prabhu wished to the god for the movie to launch. Samikannu (Premgi), the son of a karagattam artist named Karagattakkarar (Shanmugasundaram); Vinayakam (Jai), the son of a military man named Manickam (Chandrasekhar); and Ramarajan (Vaibhav), the son of the local bigwig Nattamai (Vijayakumar) and the village casanova are three rebellious youths who repeatedly attempt to flee their village and see the outside world but are usually caught and punished by the conservative elders. After being punished harshly, they attempt one last escape and succeed. The trio runs away to the town of Madurai, hoping to stay with Vinay's friend Azhagar.
On arriving at Azhagar's place, they find him marrying an American named Angelina Jolie. Azhagar tells them that he had met her in Goa months ago and they fell in love. He tells the trio that they will spend their honeymoon in London and after that he will be moving over to London as his father-in-law has secured him a nice job there. The three friends are inspired to travel to Goa, meet a foreign woman there, and marry her to escape from their miserable life in India. The next day, on finding out that Samikannu had mistakenly brought along a pile of sacred golden jewels from their village temple and thus the 3 can never return, they pack their bags and head to Goa.
At Goa, they meet a fellow Tamil named Jack (Aravind Akash), who provides food and shelter and introduces them to the party culture of Goa. Jack also hosts a party which Ramarajan meets Suhashini (Sneha) . Vinay falls in love with Roshini (Piaa Bajpai), a club singer, while Sam attempts to woo an American named Jessica Alba (Melanie Marie), whom he had seen earlier at the wedding in Madurai. The three friends are given a makeover by Jack and Roshini, and they begin a new lifestyle in Goa.
At this point, enters hotelier Daniel (Sampath Raj), who is Jack's lover and a transgender man. Danny is attracted by Sam's innocence and begins making affectionate advances toward him; Sam is oblivious. This invokes the jealousy of Jack, who hires ninja-themed henchmen to beat up Sam. In an awkwardly heroic scene, Sam nullifies their attack.
Ram's life takes a twist after he comes across Suhasini Fernando (Sneha). They begin dating, and Ram learns that she is a wealthy entrepreneur who owns a luxury cruise ship named Casino Royale. The two eventually get married, and Ram gifts her the golden jewel from his village, which she locks in a secret room aboard her yacht. Soon, the trouble starts. Ram learns that Suhasini is slightly neurotic: a fact revealed to him by her former husband Shakthi (Prasanna). The marriage takes a bitter turn, and Ram turns to his friends for help. Together, they plan a covert mission and successfully retrieve the jewel.
Vinay and Sam are successful in their romance. The three boys eventually return to their native village, along with Roshini, Jessica, Danny, and Jack. There, a surprise awaits Ram, in the form of Nayantara. The epilogue takes place in Goa, showing Suhasini falling in love with Madhan Kumar (Silambarasan Rajendar). As they hug, Madhan's nose begins to bleed, indicating that Suhasini has become a victim of Manmadhan.
The film parodies various themes prevalent in Tamil cinema, as well as many popular Tamil songs. Director Venkat Prabhu makes several cameos throughout the film.
Cast
Jai as Vinayagam Manickam alias Vinay, a young boy from village ran to Goa with his friends to married foreign girl
Vaibhav as Ramarajan Ambalavanar alias Ram, an ambitious boy and Vinay's friend from that village
Premji Amaren as Samikannu alias Sam, the temple caretaker, timid in nature
Aravind Akash as Jack, a six-packed gay guy who falls in love with Danny
Sampath Raj as Daniel 'Danny', Jack's friend / partner
Piaa Bajpai as Roshini, Vinay's love interest
Sneha as Suhasini Fernando, divorced lady who marries Ram
Melanie Marie as Jessica Alba, Sam's love interest
Chandrasekhar as Manickam, Vinayakam's father and a military man
Vijayakumar as Nattamai, Ram's father
Shanmugasundaram as Karagattakkarar, Samikannu's father, a Karagattakam artist
Anandaraj as Village Rowdy
Srilekha Rajendran as Ram's mother
Sathyapriya as Sam's mother
Ravikanth in many characters, such as a lorry driver, a priest at marriage, casino player, newcomer at village, police officer, custom official, sardarji, and a foreigner
Kovai Senthil
Sangeeta Krishnasamy as Jessica's friend (Uncredited role)
Guest appearances (in order of appearance)
Ajay Raj in "Yellalu Thalamuraikku" Song
Silambarasan as Manmadhan/Madhan Kumar
Nayantara as the New Girl in Village
Prasanna as Shakthi Saravanan, Suhansini's ex-husband
Venkat Prabhu as Himself
Vasuki Bhaskar as Herself
Sakthi Saravanan as Himself
Silva as Himself
T. Siva as Casino Player
Bhavatharini as Herself
Production
Development
Even before the release of his second directorial venture Saroja, director Venkat Prabhu mentioned that he was going to direct his next project very soon: Goa. He also revealed that it would be produced by the famous Hollywood production company Warner Bros. in association with Soundarya Rajinikanth's production company Ocher Studios, who will produce this film, after their maiden venture, the animation film Sultan: The Warrior starring Soundarya's father Rajinikanth, directed by Soundarya herself. The script was first narrated to Rajinikanth; following Rajinikanth's recommendation, his daughter got to listen to the script and she immediately agreed to produce it.
In April 2009, Warner Bros. was said to have backed out of the project, bringing forward the argument that they asked for complete details about the film, including script and expenses. Since the Goa team was not able to do so, because they were running out of time regarding the actors' dates and couldn't provide the details, Warner Bros. opted out. In May 2009, producer Soundarya Rajinikanth denied that Warner Bros. opted out of the project, disclosing that "any rumor that suggests otherwise is simply not true", that Warner Bros. and Ocher Studios have "established a very successful relationship" and that they are still a part of the Goa project.
According to the director, Goa would be a "fun film" and a "jolly good" one like the Hollywood films American Pie and Road Trip. Moreover, it was rumored, that the film was based on a real-life incident, the murder case of the 15-year-old English teenager Scarlett Keeling that happened in Goa in February 2008. However, this plot was not part of the completed film.
Casting
Following the successes of Chennai 600028 and Saroja, director Venkat Prabhu stated he would continue his trend of introducing new actors and using relatively young actors for his next film. The four lead male characters were announced to be Jai, Aravind Akash, Vaibhav and Premji, with the former two collaborating with Venkat after their roles in Chennai 600028, whilst Vaibhav was a part of Venkat's Saroja. Premji, Venkat's brother, had been a part of both of Venkat's previous ventures and was consequently signed on for a role. Supporting actor Sampath Raj was also signed, renewing his association with Venkat, appearing in his third straight film.
At a press conference in December 2008, Venkat revealed that there would be three lead female roles in the film, one of which would be a non-Indian, "white girl", playing a foreigner in Goa whilst declaring his interest in signing Hollywood actress Jessica Alba with Sneha and Genelia D'Souza. A bound script of the film was sent to Alba who, despite expressing interest to be a part of the project by decreasing her salary from 140 millions to 90 million, was still too costly for the project, since the entire budget of the film was just around 90 million, resulting in Alba's drop out. Denying this, Kartik Gangadharan, chief marketing officer of Ocher Studios, clarified that the reason for Alba's drop out was not the money, which "was not an issue" and "could have been negotiated", but her unavailability and the impossibility of reworking the schedules "around her dates". Since Alba's departure, unsuccessful talks were held with Amanda Seyfried of Mamma Mia! fame, before the role was eventually handed to popular American television actress and model Julie Fine. However Fine, too, was no longer part of the project, as she was surreptitiously replaced by a Swedish actress and model, Nouva Monika Wahlgren, who predominantly works in India, having earlier acted in several Indian films, including Fun Aur Masti and the Shriya Saran-starrer The Other End of the Line. She also appeared in Indian advertisements and who was finally said to be confirmed to play the foreign character. Before Wahlgren was hired, it was reported that an Australian actress, Melanie Marie Jobstreibitzer, was approached and confirmed for the role. Eventually, it turned out, that indeed Melanie Marie was chosen for the role. Early rumors suggested, that the foreign girl would play the murdered Scarlett Keeling, which were later revealed to be fictitious, with the character actually portraying Premji's pair.
Regarding the other two lead female roles, it turned out that discussions with Genelia D'Souza proved to be unsuccessful, with the actress citing she had no available dates until June 2009, having already signed up for a couple of Hindi Language films, whereas talks with Sneha resulted in success as the actress signed on to be a part of the film in late January 2009. It was widely rumored at the time that Sneha's character has negative shades, which would be her first role of this kind. Venkat Prabhu himself, however, revealed that Sneha doesn't have a villainous role as described by the media. The role initially offered to Genelia was subsequently taken over by Pooja. According to reports, Pooja was signed after Preetika Rao, sister of Hindi film actress Amrita Rao, who was supposed to do the role, backed out at last-minute for reasons unknown. In June 2009, however, Piaa Bajpai, who had acted in films like Poi Solla Porom and Aegan earlier, joined the crew, and was said to have replaced Pooja again, who was apparently busy completing her Sinhalese projects. Bajpai's role plays the love interest of Jai.
In November 2009, additionally Nayantara was hired for a cameo appearance in the last scene of the film. Reports indicated that she shot for the scene, involving herself and the lead cast, for one day without taking any remuneration as she was a "big fan of Venkat Prabhu's movies".
The technical crew remained mostly the same as in Venkat Prabhu's earlier ventures. His cousin Yuvan Shankar Raja composes the musical score, whereas his songs featured lyrics provided by veterans 'Kavignar' Vaali and Gangai Amaran. Sakthi Saravanan, Videsh and Vasuki Bhaskar were signed as the cinematographer, art director and costume designer, respectively, joining Venkat Prabhu for the third time in his third venture. Praveen K. L. and Srikanth N. B. were selected to edit the film, whilst dance moves were choreographed by Kalyan again, who is joined by Ajay Raj and Saravana Rajan. Whilst the former had worked with Venkat Prabhu in his debut venture, Chennai 600028, the latter was part of Prabhu's second film, Saroja. Kalyan was a choreographer in all Venkat Prabhu films.
Filming
Before starting the filming, a photo shoot of the film was held in the "City studio" in the last week of February 2009, featuring Sneha and Premji. The shooting was slated to start on 11 March 2009 but had to be postponed, because of the complaint lodged against actor Jai at the Tamil Film Producers council, who had stated that some of his forthcoming films would flop at the box office. Producer Soundarya Rajinikanth is said to have approached the council and requested to lift the ban, explaining the loss due to the ban, after which the ban on Jai was revoked and the filming started.
The first schedule of film shooting was held in Theni, Pannaipuram and surrounding places in Theni district in Tamil Nadu. It included a folk song, which is said to be the introduction song and which was shot from 31 March 2009 onwards in Goa featuring Jai, Vaibhav, Aravind Akash, Premji and Sneha, along with Ajay Raj, who choreographs the song, Payal and around 500 Goans.
The second schedule, lasting 40 days, was completely shot in Goa itself, which featured only the male lead actors: Jai, Vaibhav and Premji Amaran. It was completed in mid-June, after which the crew returned to Chennai. The third and last schedule was shot from 5 July onwards on the Langkawi Islands, an archipelago of around 100 small islands in the Andaman Sea, which belongs to Malaysia, where many popular Tamil and Hindi film were shot. Though initially Venkat Prabhu had wanted to complete the remaining parts of the film in Goa as well, he eventually had to move to Langkawi, because of the monsoon season that had set in heavy rains, affecting the west coastal area of India. He chose Langkawi as it has "very similar locations and looks" to Goa and has a very good climate. It was reported that music director Yuvan Shankar Raja would perform one of the songs himself live on the beaches there. In late 2009, two more songs were filmed in Kerala and Goa itself, with which the film's shooting was completed.
Soundtrack
The film score and soundtrack for Goa are composed by Venkat Prabhu's cousin and regular music composer, Yuvan Shankar Raja. Since approximately the first twenty minutes of the film are set in the 1980s, it is known that the music for the affected scenes and a couple of the songs were recorded live (as it was done during that time) to "do justice to the scenes". Yuvan Shankar Raja had started the re-recording works for the film score on 21 December 2009, after having watched the entire film and had finished it within seven days with the help of his cousin and assistant Premji Amaran.
The soundtrack, after several postponements, was finally released on 6 January 2010. The album features 9 songs overall. 18 singers have lent their voices for the songs, including composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, his father Ilaiyaraaja, his siblings Karthik Raja and Bhavatharini, his cousins Premji Amaran and director Venkat Prabhu, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra and actress-singer Mamta Mohandas.
Contrary to earlier reports that suggested that merely three or four numbers would feature in the film, seven out of the nine songs were used in their entirety, besides two more additional tracks.
Release
The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. The film was given an "A" certificate by the Indian Censor Board., reportedly because of its content that "requires a mature audience", while also describing it as a "path breaking entertainer which explores human sexuality very beautifully". The film released with over 200 prints in Tamil Nadu. The film's release, initially expected to happen in late 2009, got postponed several times. It was released on 29 January 2010 worldwide with Thamizh Padam and the controversial Jaggubhai.
Reception
The film opened to mostly positive reviews especially from the youth, who were Venkat Prabhu's target. But critics has mixed reviews at best, with some commenting that the second half seems rushed and was made to resemble a mix between a casino caper and a comedy film. On the opening weekend, it collected 11.2 million at Chennai alone. The movie showed highly positive return and initially topped at the box office collections before becoming an average grosser.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2010 films
Ocher Studios films
2010 romantic comedy films
Indian teen comedy films
Films set in Goa
Indian LGBT-related films
Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja
Films directed by Venkat Prabhu
2010s Tamil-language films
Films shot in Goa
Indian romantic comedy films
Indian sex comedy films
Indian coming-of-age films
Tamil films remade in other languages
Films set on beaches
Films set in Theni
Films set in Madurai
Films shot in Madurai
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治灰指甲用什么方法？甲癣，俗称“灰指甲”，是指皮癣菌侵犯甲板或甲下所引起的疾病。甲真菌病是由皮癣菌、酵母菌及非皮癣菌等真菌引起的甲感染。甲癣常由红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、絮状表皮癣菌等各种真菌引起。甲癣可引起疼痛和不适，易引发甲沟炎、甲床炎、手指脓皮病等并发症，严重时可发生丹毒或蜂窝组织炎等深部组织和器官感染的全身症状严重的疾病，甚至危害生命。女同胞患甲癣可传染到阴部，形成霉菌性阴道炎和白色念珠菌性阴道炎等。甲癣为皮肤癣菌病中最顽固难治的一种。可口服、外用药物，或手术拔甲。手指甲和脚趾甲的生长速度不同，完全替换一个新的指甲，手指甲需要100天，而脚趾甲大约要300天，所以治疗灰指甲必须要有耐心。灰指甲的治疗方法：1.手术拔甲，适于单发的指甲，局麻下，将患甲拔除。这种方法创面大，出血，易引起感染。手术后一般会感觉较疼痛，容易重新感染复发，临床现已较少使用。心脏病、高血压、糖尿病等患者，不宜手术治疗。2.内服药物，适于多个指甲。但因为这类药必须达到真菌所寄生的甲板处才能发挥抗菌作用，用药量大，用药时间长，应定期监测药物不良反应。3.外用疗法，根据药剂不同，主要局部涂药和封包削治等方法。（1）使用指甲锉将不规则坏甲磨薄，磨甲周期为2天一次为佳；（2）30%冰醋酸外涂或10%冰醋酸泡病甲，每日1次，持续3～6个月以上。涂药前若先将病甲削薄，疗效更佳。治疗灰指甲要坚持不懈。提高自身抵抗力，这样才有可能彻底治愈灰指甲。
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麻黄附子细辛汤主要用来治疗什么?？少阴病始得之，反发热，脉沉者。
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约翰·埃藏（，），法國歌手、演員、作曲家，出生於法國坎城。
童年至青年時期
他的父母開辦音樂學校，父親是舞蹈學校的總監，母親是舞蹈員、藝術監製。在雙親的影響下，他自幼就在歌舞環境中長大。約三歲時首次演出音樂劇《貓》，七歲開始學習舞蹈，後來更加入兒童劇團。在傳統學校下課後，他就在音樂和舞蹈學校學習，包括踢踏舞、爵士舞、古典舞、嘻哈舞、歌唱、戲劇、鋼琴和結他。他對歌舞和戲劇充滿熱情，花費學習的時間之多，甚至讓他的父母要求他減少相關方面的學習項目。
在2004年，選秀人員在舞蹈表演中發掘了年僅18歲的他，並邀請他參與《明星學院 4》。他個性低調，本不願參加，後來考慮到他樂隊的音樂能因此被更多人認識，而決定做出嘗試。在明星學院中，他得到和多名知名歌手（如Garou、 Florent Pagny、Calogero、Lenny Kravitz與Phil Collins）合唱的機會。
其後，他和他的搖滾樂隊 Eyzen 在法國舉行巡迴演出。2008年年6月，約翰創立了走Funk/Rock路線的新團體UNTAIMED。
職業演員生涯
在20歲時，獲邀參加音樂劇《羅密歐與茱麗葉》復排版本的試鏡，被看上擔演莫枯修一角的潛力。在各觀後心得，可見他憑此角色獲得極佳的評價和肯定。其後他一直參與此劇的巡迴演出，分別在在韓國、台灣、法國、日本、俄羅斯、中國大陸、香港登上舞台。從此踏入職業音樂劇演員的生涯。
此外，他參與了音樂劇《巴黎聖母院》2015、2020-2021年度的演出，曾擔任詩人和護衛長兩角。
另外他亦出演了 « Chouans L‘Opera Rock » 和 « Believe »。
作曲家生涯
他在年少時已有作曲經驗，於2018年在音樂學校再次進修電影配樂課程。後來參與戲劇作曲的工作。
音樂作品
專輯
2012-Mal à l'homme
單曲
2004-Laissez-moi danser(Star Academy)
2004-En chantant(Star Academy)
2004- fait son cinéma(Star Academy)
2004-Chante Michel Sardou(Star Academy)
2004-Adieu Monsieur le Professeur(Star Academy)
2004- les Meilleurs moments(Star Academy)
2005- les singles(Star Academy)
2005-Sale temps
2009- La folie « Roméo & Juliette, Les Enfants De Vérone »
2009-La Reine Mab (Je Rêve) « Roméo & Juliette, Les Enfants De Vérone »
2010-Avoir 20ans « Roméo & Juliette, Les Enfants De Vérone »
音樂劇
2007 Roméo et Juliette 中飾演Mercutio
2014 Notre Dame de Paris 中飾演Gringoire和Phoebus。
2016 Holiday On Ice - Believe 中飾演Antonio
2019 Chouans L’Opera Rock 中飾演Jacques Cathelineau， 並擔任此劇的音樂總監。
舞台劇
愛因斯坦
演唱會
EYZEN
SOUND PRESSURE
参考文献
法国歌手
法国音乐制作人
音樂劇演員
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The Alchemy Index may refer to one of two parts of The Alchemy Index, a concept album by American rock band Thrice:
The Alchemy Index Vols. I & II (2007)
The Alchemy Index Vols. III & IV (2008)
Alchemy Index
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奥德拉德（德语：）是德国石勒苏益格－荷尔斯泰因州的一个市镇。总面积11.26平方公里，总人口318人，其中男性160人，女性158人（2011年12月31日），人口密度28人/平方公里。
参见
石勒苏益格－荷尔斯泰因州市镇列表
参考
石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州市镇
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Andrew Pinnock (born March 12, 1980) is a former American football fullback. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at South Carolina.
Pinnock has also played for the Denver Broncos.
Early years
Pinnock attended Bloomfield High School in Bloomfield, Connecticut and was a letterman in football. As a senior, he was named the 1998 Mr. Football for the state of Connecticut, and also won All-State and All-District honors. 1998. While there, he was a teammate of the Indianapolis Colts Defensive End, Dwight Freeney.
College career
Pinnock played college football at the University of South Carolina for legendary Coach Lou Holtz where he was a standout Running Back/Fullback from 1999-2003.
Professional career
San Diego Chargers
Pinnock was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round (229th overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. He then served as a special team player and backup to Pro Bowler Lorenzo Neal. He was released on September 1, 2008.
Denver Broncos
Pinnock was signed by the Denver Broncos on November 26, 2008. He was released on April 29, 2009.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
Denver Broncos bio
United Football League bio
1980 births
Living people
Players of American football from Connecticut
American football fullbacks
South Carolina Gamecocks football players
San Diego Chargers players
Denver Broncos players
Florida Tuskers players
Bloomfield High School (Connecticut) alumni
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车竞（），汉族，中华人民共和国政治人物、第十一届全国政协委员。
加入中国民主同盟，担任民盟中央委员、辽宁省委副主委、营口市委主委、辽宁省营口市副市长。2008年，当选第十一届全国政协委员，代表中国民主同盟，分入第六组。
參考文獻
第十一届全国政协委员
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Andrew Plimer (baptized 29 December 176329 January 1837) was a British artist, whose brother was Nathaniel Plimer, also a painter of miniatures.
Although originally stated in the Dictionary of National Biography to have been born in Bridgwater, Somerset, he has been more recently established to have been born in Wellington, Shropshire, where he was baptised on 29 December 1763, younger son of Nathaniel Plimer (born 1726), a clockmaker, and his wife, variously named as Mary Elizabeth or Eliza.
He and older brother Nathaniel trained as clockmakers but both ran away from home and travelled for over two years in Wales and the west of England with a troupe of Gypsies. About 1781 they settled in London where Andrew took up work as a manservant to Richard Cosway, who later trained him in portrait painting.
Plimer specialised in portrait miniatures. His work was exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1768 to 1810 and in 1819. His most famous painting is of the three daughters of Sir John Rushout. His brother Nathaniel Plimer also became a pupil of Cosway and a painter of miniatures.
Plimer married on 21 February 1801, Joanna Louisa, daughter of John and Frances Knight of Wicken, Northamptonshire. The couple had one son who died in infancy and four daughters. He died in Western Cottages, Western Road, Brighton, Sussex, in January 1837 aged 73 and was buried on 4 February at Old Hove.
His wife's younger sister Mary Ann Knight, another miniaturist, was a pupil and friend of Plimer.
Notes
References
External links
1763 births
1837 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
Portrait miniaturists
People from Wellington, Shropshire
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English male artists
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重睑术可不可以吃山楂？重睑术一般被叫做双眼皮成型术，是整形美容外科最常见的手术之一。针对不同的重睑术病例，手术方法也不尽相同。一般分为切开法和埋线法两大类。每一类又派生出很多种术式，加起来不下百种，但不论采取何种术式，基本的原理基本的方法都是一致的。重睑术后先冰敷,后热敷加快消肿。饮食上不能吃辛辣、刺激性大的食物,否则会加重肿胀。另外睡觉时要把枕头垫高,以免血液倒流加重肿胀。可以吃山楂注意事项，注意清淡饮食，少油。控制每日脂肪含量摄入。少吃辛辣刺激的食物，如：辣椒、生姜等食物。每日要增加维生素含量的摄入，可多吃绿色的青菜水果！以保证充足的维生素！增加运动，提高免疫力！增加蛋白质含量的摄入重睑术术后注意一下几方面1、局部用抗生素眼药，口服或肌肉注射抗生素7天。2、保证手术部位清洁，术后7天之内尽量避免手术部位沾水，如果伤口上有血痂或分泌物，可用无菌盐水或医用酒精擦拭。3、为防止伤口出血、淤血或血肿，可在手术后就用冰袋垫软毛巾适当压力冰敷，三天后改成热毛巾热敷这样有利于眼部消肿。但压力不宜大以免损伤眼睛。术后一旦发生出血不止和严重血肿应及时到医院复诊。4、饮食上要多增加蛋白质的摄取量，同时多吃水果和新鲜蔬菜，避免进食刺激性食物如辣椒等;5、严格遵守医生嘱咐服药及复诊。6，术后晚上睡觉一般建议枕头垫的高一点。对眼部血液和淋巴回流有好处。7，术后第二天建议做正常争，闭眼动作。对术后重睑线弧度有好处。8，如果是埋线法的话，注意不要揉眼睛，以免线结脱落而行不成重睑线。
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鼠鯊（學名：Lamna nasus），又名大西洋鯖鯊，是鼠鯊科的遠洋大型鯊魚。鼠鯊被認為是處於易危至滅絕的狀況，歐洲聯盟建議將鼠鯊列入聯合國的瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約中。
分佈
鼠鯊分佈自北美洲東北部海岸（由新澤西州至格陵蘭）及非洲西北部海岸、摩洛哥或西撒哈拉及地中海，至冰島對出的海洋、挪威的北岸及俄羅斯的西北海岸。在南半球，鼠鯊亦環球分佈在緯度30°S-60°S的海域。
鼠鯊在世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄中被列為易危。加拿大亦將鼠鯊列為瀕危動物。近年在英國海域的過份捕殺亦殺死了大批的鼠鯊。
棲息地
鼠鯊主要是遠洋的鯊魚，但亦可以在海岸找到。牠們一般生活在水溫5至10℃的冷水中，但亦有在低至1℃或高至23℃的地方生活。牠們出沒於海面至水深多於700米的地方。
解剖及外觀
鼠鯊最特別的地方是在背鰭上有一白汶。這使牠們與太平洋鼠鯊及大白鯊有所分別。尾鰭上有兩個龍骨，與太平洋鼠鯊相似。
鼠鯊的堅實及沉重的鯊魚，背部呈深藍色，腹部呈白色，鼻端呈錐形。鼠鯊可以生長至3.7米長，重160至250公斤。
行為
鼠鯊是最快速的鯊魚之一。牠們可以完全躍出水面。
飲食
鼠鯊是機會主義者，主要以硬骨魚為食，如鯖魚、鯡魚、帆蜥魚及刀魚。於阿拉斯加的鼠鯊會成群將鮭魚群趕至海灣並捕食，因此其英文亦有被稱為「Salmon Shark」。
生殖
鼠鯊是卵胎生的。妊娠期約8至9個月。每胎最多6頭幼鯊，一般的都是4頭，有時可能有7頭。幼鯊出生時長約60至80厘米。雌性鼠鯊在約12至13年會達至性成熟，雄性則要7至8年。
保育狀況
其被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。
參考
註腳
外部連結
Richard Ellis porbeagle page
New brunswick net porbeagle page
Florida museum of natural history porbeagle page
Canadian Shark research laboratory
Capt. Toms guide to New England sharks
Mediterranean Shark site
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闪电烛光鱼（学名：）为輻鰭魚綱褶胸鱼科烛光鱼属的鱼类。分布于西北太平洋區的日本及台湾岛等海域。體長可達5.3公分，為深海魚類，棲息深度150-280公尺，夜間會進行垂直性洄游，该物种的模式产地在日本。
参考文献
扩展阅读
sterope
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King of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koning der Nederlanden) is the title of the Dutch head of state, which includes the constituent nations of the Netherlands, Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten. The king is also the president of the Council of State.
Furthermore, the king is the head of the Royal House, which consists of a few direct relatives. Membership is specified by law. This is to be distinguished from the much larger Royal Family with all the relatives.
Originally, the Dutch monarch acted as an absolute ruler. However, during the 19th century, the monarch's power was severely restricted. In theory, the Dutch monarch has many powers, but in practice, serves a ceremonial role.
Terminology, title, and lineage
In the Dutch constitution, the Head of State is referred to as the Koning. Before the constitutional reform in 1983, in many places, this was called the Kroon, which sometimes referred to the king as an individual and sometimes to the government. However, there are still some places where Koning or Koninklijk actually refers to the government. A Koninklijk besluit, a royal decree, is not a decision made by the king alone but by the government (which consists of the king and the ministers). The constitution does not explicitly name the king as the Head of State, but this is taken for granted.
Dutch laws (except the constitution) are preceded by a preamble, which mentions the king as follows:
Wij Willem-Alexander, bij de gratie Gods, Koning der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, enz. enz. enz.
We, Willem-Alexander, by the grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.
In addition to the title of Prince of Orange, the king has many other titles, even if they are no longer used:
Margrave of Veere and Vlissingen
Count of Katzenelnbogen, Vianden, Diez, Spiegelberg, Buren, Leerdam and Culemborg
Burgrave of Antwerpen
Baron of Breda, Diest, Beilstein, the city of Grave, Land van Cuijk, IJsselstein, Cranendonck, Eindhoven, Liesveld, Herstal, Waasten, Arlay and Nozeroy
Lord of Ameland
Lord of Baarn, Besançon, Borculo, Bredevoort, Bütgenbach, Dasburg, Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe, Klundert, Lichtenvoorde, Het Loo, Montfort, Naaldwijk, Niervaart, Polanen, Steenbergen, Sint-Maartensdijk, Sankt Vith, Soest, Ter Eem, Turnhout, Willemstad, Zevenbergen
In the past, there used to be other titles, such as the Duke of Limburg.
The constitution uses the term Koning (king). However, in the sense of the constitution, a king can also be a woman. In 1891, a law was established: if a woman wears the crown, the term Koning is to be replaced with Koningin (queen) in all official documents.
For spouses, there is a disparity: the wife of a male head of state may bear the title of Queen, as does Queen Máxima, the wife of King Willem-Alexander. This stems from tradition. The husband of a female head of state, however, is not allowed to call himself king; instead, he has to make do with the title of Prince Consort (prins-gemaal) or Prince of the Netherlands. Otherwise, the wrong impression could be created that the husband of the queen is a king in the sense of the constitution. For example, Queen Beatrix’s husband was only Prince Consort Claus.
Function
The Dutch government consists of the king and the ministers. Since 1848, it has been specified in the constitution that the king is onschendbaar (inviolable) and the ministers bear responsibility. The position of the king is expressed, among other things, in the signing of laws and royal decrees (of the government), each of which is signed by a minister or secretary of state. At the end of the formation of a government, the king signs the decrees appointing the minister and secretary of state, who are then sworn in before him.
According to the decree, the king is the president of the Raad van State. However, this is a purely ceremonial and symbolic function. The vice-president of the Council of State is responsible for running official business.
Until 2012, after parliamentary elections, the king would appoint an informateur or formateur, who would form the government. Since then, this role has been held by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. However, the king is informed about the results of these processes and about government work in general.
Once a year, the king reads out the speech from the throne (on Prinsjesdag in September), which is written by the cabinet.
The king also has the same function in the three other countries of the kingdom, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. Because the king lives in the Netherlands, he is represented by a governor in each of these three countries. The king officially appoints the governor of each country, and while his approval is technically still required for the appointment, the king today plays no role in the selection of the governors.
Ministerial responsibility
Ministerial responsibility is characteristic of a constitutional monarchy like the Netherlands. According to the constitution, the king is inviolable, and the ministers are responsible. An act of the king does not become official unless it has been countersigned by a minister. Thereby, the ministers assume responsibility.
Since 1841, the king has been supported by the king’s cabinet in exercising his constitutional duties. This office (not to be confused with the government cabinet) regulates communications between the king and his ministers, as well as with other state organs. This office is also subject to ministerial responsibility.
The king is inviolable. This means that he cannot be held accountable for his actions by any state organ. This also applies to his actions as a private person. For anything the King does or says, parliament can summon the minister directly responsible (usually the Prime Minister) to explain. However, he can be prosecuted under civil law, for example, if he is to pay compensation. In such a case, the king is represented by an authorized representative. He must comply with criminal law, but he cannot be prosecuted (with one exception: by the International Criminal Court). The ministers then assume no criminal responsibility but a political one. When it comes to very serious crimes, there can be calls for ministers to try to have the king declared incapacitated.
Representative tasks
While the monarch still officially retains the responsibility of running the government, the position of the king is now mostly symbolic.
The king is officially the physical embodiment of the Netherlands and is meant to be a symbol of social and political unity.
Furthermore, the king represents the kingdom of the Netherlands internally and externally. He regularly makes working visits to provinces and municipalities and also travels to the Caribbean Netherlands. In addition, several state visits are on his agenda each year, and he greets heads of state and government leaders who are visiting the Netherlands.
In addition, the king is a regular guest at conventions, opening ceremonies, jubilees, commemorations, and similar occasions. In this way, he draws attention to socially valuable initiatives and supports developments and activities that are useful in this context.
As a private individual
The king is a normal person like everyone else. However, in some cases, different standards apply to him than to other Dutch citizens. For example, the law determines who becomes the guardian of an underage king. The guardianship does not have to be in the same hands as the regency. As a public official, some of the king's rights are limited.
The problem for the king is that it can be difficult to separate the private person and the office. In principle, a king is free to express his opinion, which includes his opinion about the government. As a public official, however, he is not allowed to do so. This initially applies only to public occasions. But something the king says in private can become public, and by doing so, it automatically becomes a statement of the king as a public official. The ministers must thus take responsibility towards parliament for all of the king's actions.
Succession
In terms of constitutional law, a distinction must be made between the king as a public official and the office of the king, so the function of the koningschap (royalty). The office is to be distinguished from the koninklijk gezag, the royal powers.
One receives koningschap through succession, as depicted in the constitution (Art. 24). Therefore, one must be a descendant of William I (the first public official in 1815). Succession occurs if a king either dies or abdicates from the koningschap.
A successor can only be a legal descendant of the king. Until 1983, this was the oldest son, and since then, it has been the oldest child. The descendants of the king are considered first, followed by their parents or grandparents, and then their descendants. Even an unborn child can be an heir. A successor cannot be a person who has been legally barred from succession. The constitution stipulates a special procedure in parliament for this. Someone who marries without the consent of Parliament cannot become or remain king. This also applies to children from such a marriage. The so-called “Irene Question” (Dutch: kwestie Irene) caused a political crisis in 1964. It concerned whether a follower of the Roman Catholic religion could also ascend to the throne in the traditionally Protestant Netherlands. The context was the engagement of Princess Irene to the Spanish heir to the throne Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma and her conversion to Catholicism. Irene’s renunciation of a possible successor to the throne and the transfer of the wedding to Rome meant that the question of the monarch’s faith was not answered conclusively.
One becomes king when one’s predecessor leaves office. For example, when Queen Wilhelmina abdicated, her daughter Juliana became the new queen at that very moment. The successor cannot refuse succession in advance; the successor does not even have to agree to succession. Only when he has become king can he abdicate. The new king also receives royal powers without any further action, i.e., without taking an oath.
However, someone can exercise royal powers without becoming king, for example, a regent. This happened in 1890 when King Wilhelm III died, leaving behind a widow and an underage daughter. The daughter, Wilhelmina, inherited the koningschap at this time. But the koninklijk gezag was exercised for eight years by the Dowager Queen Emma as regent. A king can temporarily give up his powers, for example, due to illness, and is likewise replaced by a regent. Furthermore, through laws and after consultation with the Raad van State, parliament may declare the king incapable of exercising his powers. Exceptionally, this law does not have to be signed by the king (Art 35 GW).
The regency is normally exercised by the expected heir, provided they are of legal age. If there isn't one, by law, parliament can appoint the regent. Around 1981, Prince Claus was designated for this, in case Queen Beatrix died before her sons became of age. Otherwise, the Raad van State would exercise the royal powers until a regent is appointed.
List of monarchs
See also
Monarchy of the Netherlands
References
Dutch monarchy
Royal titles
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Penstemon haydenii, the blowout penstemon or blowout beardtongue, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Penstemon and the family Plantaginaceae. The warm-season perennial is native to nine counties in the Nebraska Sand Hills and a single location in Carbon County, Wyoming. The plant has a milky blue color with a waxy cuticle, pale purple leaves, and an alternating leaf pattern with one central stalk. The flowers, while in the inflorescence stage, originate from the bases of the leaves of the plant. Blowout penstemon flowers from May until early June and drops its seeds from late August into September.
P. haydenii grows on bare sand dunes. It is resistant to the abrasive forces of the blowing sands due to its incorporation of a protective thick waxy cuticle. Other plants are often cut down by the scouring sands as they sprout.
Another adaptive feature for the blowout penstemon is the lifespan of the seeds. The seeds dropped in late summer can remain viable in a seedbank buried in the sandy soils for decades. Prolonged wet conditions and abrasion are required for breaking dormancy and for seed germination. The plant is primarily an out-crosser, although studies show that it is potentially self-fertile.
Distribution and habitat
Blowout penstemon was only known from the Sandhills of western Nebraska until the recent discovery of limited populations in Wyoming. It is found exclusively in sandy locations with little to no vegetation present, such as blowouts, hence its name. Due to the uncompetitive nature of the plant it is easily outcompeted by other plants in the succession scheme. The ever-shifting sandy soils of the Sandhills provide blowout penstemon with an ideal environment, since there is little to no competition for water, nutrients, and sunlight. The plant colonises such areas as a pioneer species and thus promotes ecological succession.
Conservation
Endangered status
Blowout penstemon was declared an endangered species on September 1, 1987, due to its small numbers and habitat limitations. The direct cause of the reduced habitat is partly due to improvement of land management practices and control of fire in the Sandhills. Prior to the changes in management practices, land owners often unintentionally created blowout conditions with incorrect implementation of livestock grazing densities, essentially by overstocking. In addition, there was no consistent blowout control protocol. Current management practices often follow a more concise grazing scheme that promotes the improvement of range conditions and the reduction of habitat loss for blowout penstemon.
Diminished wildfire regimes in the Sandhills have also had detrimental effects on habitat for blowout penstemon. Fire acts as a means for removing debris and litter from the soil surface, opening up the bare soil to wind erosion. This increase in wind erosion causes growing conditions for other plants to be more unfavorable, reducing competition from other species to the advantage of blowout penstemon.
As artificial control of wildfires becomes more widespread, it promotes the development of the dunes to rangeland and thereby the elimination of blowout sites. Fire in the Sandhills has been more extensively controlled because of its detrimental effects. With the technology and resources available it is also easier to control and contain wildfires that may naturally occur.
Major threats
Blowout penstemon has four known threats that suppress numbers and available habitat. One of the first being human intervention, as is the major cause of many species to become endangered and extinct. Another is caused by the climatic conditions, unfavorable growing conditions. Plant competition and insect damage are also contributing factors in the endangerment of the blowout penstemon.
The improvement of land management practices and control of fire is a direct human influence on the habitat conditions needed for the growth and development of blowout penstemon populations. In addition to these management plans, land managers may also reshape the blowouts with machinery to reduce the swirling action of winds. There are several common ways of leveling off the sharp edges of the blowouts. Mechanical means are often used to reshape the blowouts. Cattle are used to reshape the land and provide a layer of litter and debris.
Climatic conditions have been thought to be a factor in the reduced numbers as well. Because the seeds require wet conditions to break dormancy, drought can be a factor. The lack of moisture discourages the development of the seeds and promotes prolonged dormant stage.
Plant competition is another large contribution to the reduction in numbers of the blowout penstemon plants. The penstemon provides shelter for other plants, increasing plant growth and decreasing the amount of windblown sand. The new plants then compete with the penstemon. Blowout penstemon in a blowout is one of the first signs of blowout recovery; to a land manager this is a positive sign for increased range condition and increased productivity.
Insect damage also accounts for a considerable negative influence on the plants survival ability. "The most serious insect problem is probably the larvae of the pyralid moth, which bores into the stem and root crowns of the blowout penstemon plant to pupate. This can cause a 75% mortality rate of the affected plants".
Recovery plans
Conservation activities include a form of regular surface disturbance that promotes the blowout environment and reduction of plant development. Oil and gas companies have been opened up into habitat known for blowout penstemon with strict regulations concerning surface disturbances. This intensive management is yet once again not a blanket policy; rather it is dealt with on a case by case level, depending on the year, climatic conditions, seasonal timing, and rehabilitation state of the stand.
As a type of insurance for the existence of the blowout penstemon plant, seeds have been and are currently being collected and stored in seed banks to ensure the continuation of this species and to prevent extinction from occurring. These seeds may even be used at a later date to introduce them into a new environment. Other management practices include elimination of all-terrain vehicles.
References
Minta, S.C. and T.M. Campbell III. 1991. Recommendations for Wildlife and Habitat Protection, Teton County, Wyoming. Prepared for Teton County Board of County Commissioners. Biota Research and Consulting, Inc. 20pp.
Nebraska Environmental Trust. 1992. Endangered Blowout Penstemon.
Schultz, R.K. and W.C. Leininger. 1990. Differences in Riparian Vegetation Structure Between Grazed Areas and Exclosures. Journal of Range Management 43:295-299.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 1990. Great Divide Resource Area Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan.
Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey. 1980. Fire ecology and prescribed burning in the Great Plains – a research review. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-77.
External links
haydenii
Flora of Nebraska
Flora of Wyoming
Endangered flora of the United States
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肝病引起的皮肤斑的原因？肝斑的出现，让很对人都认为肯定是因为存在一些肝病问题引起的，其实这种理解是错误的，因为肝斑虽然多发在肝病患者身上，却与肝脏疾病和肝功能变化无关。黄褐斑也称为肝斑，是面部黑变病的一种，是发生在颜面的色素沉着斑。而且受到很多因素的影响，并且还影响个人的美观，使人看上去气色不好。一般只能对黄褐斑进行控制，不能对其进行根除。肝斑虽然多发在肝病患者身上却与肝脏疾病和肝功能变化无关，它之所以被称为肝斑，只是因为斑的颜色类似肝脏的褐色。黄褐斑多发生在脸颊与额头，大小形状不一，这种淡茶褐色的斑表面光滑，不痛不痒，但影响面部的美观。男女都有可能患上黄褐斑，但较多发生在孕妇或月经不调的妇女以及某些慢性病人(如：结核、癌症、慢性酒精中毒或肝病等)身上，尤其是夏季黄褐斑变得更加明显。如果病人是因怀孕而长肝斑，分娩后多数会缓慢消退。肝斑尤其比较容易出现在妊娠时期的女性身体上，这样与女性在妊娠时期出现了雌激素的升高有极大关系，这样的情况只能够在女性生育之后积极的进行调节才能够改善，这段期间，女性最好不要使用祛斑产品，以避免对胎儿造成影响。因此，当出现肝斑时可以到医院进行诊断确定出现的原因，并且尽量去除病因，以帮助肝斑的改善，也可以通过日常适当的敷贴面膜来进行改善，微量促进色素的减退，在饮食上可以多吃西红柿和柠檬。还有在情绪上也要多加注意，需要保持心情愉快。同样在平时的生活习惯上要注意，不要经常的玩有辐射的东西，比如说电脑手机。
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《天若有情》（）是香港電視廣播有限公司拍攝製作的時裝劇集，全劇共20集，由李國立擔任監製、本劇於2016年8月24日在TVB星河頻道重播。
演員表
華家
魯家
李家
夏家
陳家
程家
其他重要角色
其他演員
外部連結
電視節目的變遷
粵語電視劇
1990年無綫電視劇集
無綫電視1980年代背景劇集
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宋丽萍（），山西黎城人。女，汉族。中共第十八届中央候补委员。曾任深圳证券交易所总经理。
1980年夏考入中国人民大学经济系，81年春被指派到中国赴日预备学校（置于东北师范大学内）三期生特训班接受日语培训，其同班同学有前中国证监委第一副主席姚刚（2015年11月被双规）和前中信香港嘉华银行执行副总裁张铭千（2001年9月在香港因故身亡）。结业后于82年4月由中国政府公派赴日本长崎大学留学，毕业后转往美国获得经济学、工商管理学硕士学位。
1988年就职于日本野村证券公司。1991年回国任中国人民大学国际经济系讲师，并负责中国证券市场研究设计中心（原“联办”）的市场研究工作，是《证券市场周刊》的主要创办人之一。1992年参与筹建中国证券监督管理委员会，并先后出任证监会市场监管部主任、发行监管部主任和机构监管部主任职位。
2002年3月，任深圳证券交易所常务副总经理。2008年2月，任深圳证券交易所党委副书记、总经理。
2013年，当选为第十二届全国人民代表大会广东地区代表。
2016年4月，卸任深圳证券交易所党委副书记、总经理职务，转任中国上市公司协会党委副书记、执行副会长（法定代表人）。
參考文獻
深圳證券交易所總經理
中國證券監督管理委員會官員
第十二届全国人大代表
廣東省全國人民代表大會代表
女性全國人大代表
中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會候補委員
中國共產黨女黨員
中國人民大學教授
達拉斯大學校友
中國人民大學校友
黎城人
Li麗
深圳证券交易所副总经理
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A middleman minority is a minority population whose main occupations link producers and consumers: traders, money-lenders, etc. A middleman minority, while possibly suffering discrimination and bullying, does not hold an "extreme subordinate" status in society. The "middleman minority" concept was developed by sociologists Hubert Blalock and Edna Bonacich starting in the 1960s but is also used by political scientists and economists. This idea was further developed by American economist Thomas Sowell.
Overview
There are numerous examples of such groups gaining eventual prosperity in their adopted country despite discrimination. Often, they will take on roles between producer and consumer, such as trading and moneylending. Famous examples such as Jews throughout Europe even at times when discrimination against them was high, Chinese throughout Southeast Asia and North America, Muslims and Parsis in India, Igbos in Nigeria, Indians in East Africa, Lebanese in West Africa, and many others.
Middleman minorities usually provide an economic benefit to communities and nations and often start new industries. However, their economic aptitude, financial success and clannishness, combined with social prejudices by other groups against businesses and moneylending, can cause resentment among the native population of a country. Middleman minorities can be victims of racist violence, terrorists, bullying, genocide, racialist policy, or other forms of repression. Other ethnic groups often accuse them of plotting conspiracies against their nation or of stealing wealth from the native population.
Examples
In Africa
Indians in East Africa
Igbos in Nigeria
Syrians in West Africa
In North America
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Korean Americans
Greek Americans
Lebanese Americans
In South America
Japanese in South America
Lebanese in South America
The majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries Middle Eastern immigrants to Brazil (Lebanese, Syrians, etc., collectively called "arabes" or "turcos", the latter term because they came from the Ottoman Empire) were peddlers, merchants and other types of non-"producers".
In West Asia
Ottoman Greeks
Arab Christians in the Arab world
Hadhramis
Armenian
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
Armenians in Baku during the Russian Empire
Persian Armenians in Safavid dynasty
Armenian Americans
Azerbaijani
Azerbaijanis during the Imperial era of Iran (16th–20th centuries)
Azerbaijanis in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire
Azerbaijanis in contemporary Iran
Azerbaijanis in contemporary Russia
Jewish
American Jews
European Jews
Ottoman Jews
Radhanite Jews
Elsewhere
Chinese in Southeast Asia
Chinese and Vietnamese in Russia and Eastern Europe since the fall of Communism and collapse of the Soviet Union
Parsis in India, although having prospered, have done so under active patronisation of Indian rulers and have not been discriminated against because of their race.
See also
Colonialism, particularly exploitation colonialism and plantation colonies
Dominant minority
Market-dominant minority
Minoritarianism
Model minority
Neocolonialism
World on Fire (book)
Yuri Slezkine's book The Jewish Century (2004) discussed the concept of "Mercurian" people "specializ[ing] exclusively in providing services to the surrounding food-producing societies," which are characterized as "Apollonians"
References
Further reading
Silverman, Robert Mark. 2000. Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago’s Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing.
Pál Nyíri, Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era, 2007,
Sociological terminology
Minorities
Social groups
Social inequality
Harassment and bullying
Hate crimes
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海啸（）是一种具有强大破坏力的海浪。当地震发生於海底，因震波的动力而引起海水剧烈的起伏，形成强大的波浪，向前推进，将沿海地带一一淹没的自然現象，称之为海啸。
詞源
海啸在許多西方語言中稱為“tsunami”，詞源自日語“津波”，即「港邊的波浪」（「津」即「港」）。这也显示出了日本是一个经常遭受海啸袭击的国家。汉字又称「海溢」。“tsunami”一詞，在1963年的國際科學會議上正式列入國際術語。
中國最早在漢朝就已有對海嘯的紀錄，在中國古書記載的「海溢」、「海潮溢」、「海吼」、「海唑」、「海沸」都是指海嘯。
海啸不同于风浪（波涛）、长浪（涌浪）、異常巨浪或风暴潮。风浪是风吹在当地水体上引起的波浪；长浪是远处的风，或已经过去的风所引起的波浪；異常巨浪是长浪的一種，然而它的成因目前還沒有確實定論；风暴潮是由熱帶氣旋、温带气旋、冷锋的强风作用和气压骤变等强烈的天气系统引起的海面异常上升现象。
特性
這是一種波長極長的重力波。若是發生於在近岸淺水海域，波浪因深度漸淺而波高驟增，可造成嚴重災害。此波於大洋中傳遞極快，每秒速度可超過二百公尺。在地震發生處的波動可能只有0.1公尺到5公尺的高度，波長卻可能是1500公里。隨著水波傳到岸邊波長會縮短到5公里，高度卻可達到50公尺。
原因
海啸通常由震源在海底下500公里以内、规模6.0以上的海底地震引起。海啸波长比海洋的最大深度还要大，在海底附近傳播也没受多大阻滞，不管海洋深度如何，波都可以传播过去，海嘯在海洋的傳播速度大約是每小時五百到一千公里，而相鄰兩個浪頭的距離也可能遠達500到650公里，當海嘯波進入陸坡後，由於深度變淺，波高突然增大，它的这种波浪运动所卷起的海涛，波高可达数十米，并形成“水墙”。由地震引起的波動與海面上的海浪不同，一般海浪只在一定深度的水層波動，而地震所引起的水體波動是從海面到海底整個水層的起伏。
此外，海底火山爆发，土崩及人為的水底核爆，或者是隕石撞擊都會造成海嘯，“水墙”可達百尺。而且隕石造成的海嘯在任何水域也有機會發生，不一定在地震帶。不過隕石造成的海嘯可能千年才會發生一次。海啸等自然灾害都会产生次声波，大象可以听到次声波，對遠處發生的火山地震都會有反應，例如2004年印度洋大地震产生的海啸，由于大象听到海啸产生的次声波，不听主人指挥，快速离开现场，乘坐大象的游客才得以生还。
近地海嘯所引起的海潮暴漲通常伴隨著地震，遠洋地震所引起的海嘯則不會感受到地震動。史籍上若提到大地震，之後海潮暴漲，則海嘯的可能性極大。然而多數記載只提到海潮暴漲，並無其他說明，是否是地震海嘯就有待進一步探討。因此將史籍上所述之海嘯或疑海嘯，以海嘯信度表示其發生之可能性。
當海嘯從較寬廣較深的海域傳到海岸時，則會變形。當海水傳到岸邊時，因為水深變淺，所以波浪的傳遞速度變慢。當前一波海浪的速度變慢後，後一波因為速度未降追了上來，所以變成波高變高。所以即便在深水區不高的波浪，到了岸邊波高卻會增加許多。
當海嘯到達海岸時，看來很像加速版的潮汐的起落。如果波高太高時波浪則會碎掉，或是可以看到很高的水牆。不過海嘯一般很少在岸邊成為如塔般很高的水牆，或是看到明顯的破浪，因為有時波浪是在離岸較遠處就已破碎了。另外海嘯來襲時波浪若進入淺水海灣或河流出海口，也可能看到類似階梯狀波浪的湧潮（bore）出現。這些都會造成海岸邊的海水高度升高。若震央較近海岸時，甚至有觀測到升高相當於十層樓高的。
由於熱帶氣旋吹襲沿岸地區時，風暴中心氣壓低把海水吸起，亦會引發海水暴漲、巨浪隨強風湧上陸地，造成嚴重傷亡及廣泛破壞，因此亦有不少人以海嘯作形容，甚或與海嘯混淆。但事實上由熱帶氣旋引發的海水上漲稱為風暴潮。
强度或大小的等级
与地震一样，有过多次尝试建立衡量海啸强度或大小的等级，使得不同事件之间可以比较。
强度等级
最早的被日常的用来衡量海啸强度等级方案是用于地中海的「西伯格－安布拉塞斯等级」（Sieberg-Ambraseys scale）和用于太平洋的「今村－饭田强度分级」（Imamura-Iida intensity scale）。索洛维耶夫又修改了今村－饭田分级，根据如下公式计算了海啸强度I级：
这里是沿最近的海岸的平均海浪高度。这个分级方案也被称为“索洛维耶夫-今村海啸强度等级（Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale）”，并被用于NGDC/NOAA所编撰的全球海啸目录中。新西伯利亚海啸实验室（Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory）也使用这个分级作为海啸大小的主要参数。
大小等级
第一个真正的计算给定地点的海啸大小而不是强度的等级方案是由穆蒂和卢米斯（Murty & Loomis）提出的ML分级（ML scale）。这个分级是基于潜在能量的。但因为计算海啸的潜在能量很困难，所以该分级很少被使用。阿部引入了“海啸大小等级”，其计算公式为：
这里h是最大海啸波幅（单位：米，m），由距离震中距离 为R的验潮仪测得；a，b和D是用于使the Mt等级尽可能匹配矩震级（moment magnitude scale）的常数。
海嘯警報系統
美国
美国的西岸阿拉斯加海啸警报中心（WCATWC；暂译）中，将美国及其周边地区依照海岸地形等要素划分为11个区域。各区域分别有2种（或1种乃至没有）TIS（Tsunami Information Statement，海啸情报）、3种（或1种）Warning（警报），共1~5级警报。
日本
日本气象厅将24小时监视造成海啸的地震活动，并于地震发生后最快2分钟内发布海啸预报·警报（海啸预报·海啸注意报、海啸警报、大海啸警报）。即使是震源较远但规模较大的地震或震度较小的地震也可能会发布海啸警报。为了缩减发布警报所需要的时间，也进行了将地震计更换为性能更高的仪器或者装设海底地震计的工作。
原本发布海啸警报需要3分钟左右的时间，由于2007年10月开始，对日本近海的地震启用紧急地震速报系统，因此发布警报需要的时间得以缩减，最快可在2分内发布海啸警报（如2007年3月的能登半岛地震等）。
此外，发表海啸警报的时候，电视台、广播电台等会进行紧急警报广播。
根据震源的位置、震级、断层数据，可计算预测海啸是否发生及高度等。气象厅拥有一个数据库，可以根据震源要素进行检索，并决定发布何种警报信息。
气象厅根据预测的海啸高度，将海啸警报区分为以下3类发表。
气象厅发布的海啸警报、注意报以预报区为单位表示各地的预测海啸高度和到达时间。
日本海啸预报区详图…日本气象厅 关于海啸预报区（日文）
海啸警报·注意报网站…日本气象厅 海啸警报·注意报 （日文）
发布海啸警报、注意报时，将会发布包括抵达岸边的时刻、预测的海浪高度、各地满潮时刻、到达时所观测到的波高等的“海啸信息”。
海啸信息网站…日本气象厅 海啸信息 （日文）
海啸警报等·信息网站…日本气象协会 海啸信息（日文）
香港
香港天文台制定了海嘯警報，如預料南海或太平洋發生的強烈地震會引發海嘯，導致香港受顯著海嘯（即海嘯高度比正常水位高出0.5米以上）影響，而預計海嘯會在三小時內抵達香港，天文台會發出海嘯警告；對於有可能影響香港但在三小時後才抵達香港的顯著海嘯，天文台會首先發出海嘯報告通知市民。此外，如香港可能受海嘯影響但預料香港的海嘯不顯著，天文台亦會發出海嘯報告通知市民。
中国大陆
中国大陆于2004年开始设立海啸预警，预警分为蓝、黄、橙、红四个等级（或用罗马数字排列IV、III、II、I），具体标准如下
海啸Ⅳ级警报（蓝色） ：受海啸影响，预计沿岸验潮站出现小于1米（正常潮位以上，下同）海啸波高、受灾地区轻微损失时，发布Ⅳ级海啸警报。
海啸Ⅲ级警报（黄色）： 受海啸影响，预计沿岸验潮站出现1-2米海啸波高、受灾地区发生房屋、船只等受损时，发布Ⅲ级海啸警报。
海啸Ⅱ级警报（橙色）： 受海啸影响，预计沿岸验潮站出现2-3米海啸波高、局部岸段严重受损、危及生命财产时，发布Ⅱ级海啸警报。
海啸Ⅰ级警报（红色）：受海啸影响，预计沿岸验潮站出现3米以上海啸波高、300公里以上岸段严重受损、危及生命财产时，发布Ⅰ级海啸警报。
2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震发生后，国家海洋预报台一度对东南地区发布海啸蓝色警报，这也是中国大陆目前唯一的一次发布海啸警报。
2015年，修改后的《风暴潮、海浪、海啸和海冰灾害应急预案》发布，对海啸警报标准进行调整：
海啸信息（海啸警报消息）：受地震或其他因素影响，预计海啸波将会在中国沿岸产生0.3米以下的海啸波幅，或者没有海啸。
海啸黄色警报：受地震或其他因素影响，预计海啸波将会在中国沿岸产生0.3（含）－1米的海啸波幅时。
海啸橙色警报：受地震或其他因素影响，预计海啸将会在中国沿岸产生1（含）－3米的海啸波幅时。
海啸红色警报：受地震或其他因素影响，预计海啸波将在中国沿岸产生3（含）米以上的海啸波幅时。
海嘯對臺灣影響
雖然臺灣亦處環太平洋火山帶，不過和日本不同，臺灣很少有海嘯侵襲。主要原因是海嘯多來自太平洋的海底地震，會從臺灣東部靠近，而在臺灣東部的海底，菲律賓海板塊和歐亞板塊交界處，海底地形非常陡峭，容易使波浪受到折射而遠離，不利海嘯成形。2011年日本東北大地震（海底地震）臺灣僅觀測到10公分潮差，而1960年智利大地震所引發的海嘯對於臺灣也沒有造成重大災害。
一般認為臺灣最可能發生海嘯的地方是基隆到宜蘭一帶沿海，在過去便曾有發生之實例。1867年12月18日，雞籠（今基隆）附近發生有感地震，震央約在雞籠嶼（今基隆嶼）東方500公尺左右的海底，造成雞籠港（今基隆港）港內的海水急速往外海退去，接著海嘯撲向瑞芳、萬里、金包里（今金山）一帶沿海發生災情，史稱「雞籠海嘯」。
雖然南中國海發生大規模地震機率非常低，萬一南中国海一帶的地方出現大地震，勢必會對臺灣西南沿海、中國大陸東南沿海、中南半島、菲律賓等地造成海嘯威脅。不過，臺灣仍有學者提出馬尼拉海溝可能有潛在危機。
紀錄
全球的海嘯發生區大致與地震帶一致。全球有記載的破壞性海嘯大約有260次左右，平均大約6、7年發生一次。發生在環太平洋地區的地震海嘯就佔了約80%。而日本列島及附近海域的地震又佔太平洋地震海嘯的60%左右，日本是全球發生地震海嘯且受害最深的國家。
近年來較大規模的海嘯有：
2011年3月11日於日本宮城縣仙台市以東的太平洋海域發生Mw9.1地震，引發海嘯。參見2011年東北地方太平洋近海地震
2010年2月27日於智利比奧比奧沿岸附近陸地發生Mw8.8地震，隨後引發海嘯襲擊環太平洋沿岸國家。參見2010年智利大地震
2004年12月26日於印尼的蘇門達臘外海發生Mw9.3海底地震。海嘯襲擊斯里蘭卡、印度、泰國、印尼、馬來西亞、新加坡、孟加拉、馬爾代夫、缅甸和非洲東岸等國家，造成30餘萬人喪生。准确死亡数字已无法统计。參見2004年印度洋大地震。
1998年7月兩個规模为7.0的海底地震，造成巴布亞紐幾內亞約2100人喪生。
1992年9月尼加拉瓜發生海嘯。
1883年8月27日荷属东印度群岛上喀拉喀托火山爆發，引起的海嘯使約36,000人死亡。
参考文献
外部連結
紀錄片-殺人浪(國語版)
臺灣過去疑似海嘯災害
終極天災：海嘯 。吳祚任；國立中央大學水文與海洋科學研究所海嘯科學研究室
2011日本大海嘯之初探與省思 。吳祚任；國立中央大學水文與海洋科學研究所海嘯科學研究室
How to survive a tsunami - Guide for children and youth
USGS: Surviving a tsunami (United States)
NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
臺灣東部海域電纜觀測系統
参见
海洋灾害
大海嘯
水災
自然灾害
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阿拉善独行菜（学名：）是十字花科独行菜属的植物，是中国的特有植物。分布在中国大陆的内蒙古等地，一般生长在低山干旱丘陵山坡，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
参考文献
阿拉善独行菜
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阿方索环形山（Alphonsus）是月球上一座形成于前酒海纪期的古老陨石坑，它坐落于月球正面云海的东北边界。以卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂王国国王、天文学家阿方索十世（1221年—1284年）的名字命名，1935年被国际天文学联合会批准认可。
描述
该陨石坑北侧与托勒密环形山有部分重叠，西南方是阿尔佩特拉吉斯环形山，南面是阿尔扎赫尔环形山，环形山中心月面坐标为南纬13.39°、西经2.85°()，直径110.54公里，深约2.89公里。
阿方索环形山的外壁略有变形，大致呈六边形状，东北侧部分侧壁高出坑底约2300米，陨石坑底部南北横亘着一道由撞击喷发物堆积而成的低矮山岭，"阿方索阿尔发"(Alphonsus Alpha)中央峰具有金字塔般的外形和陡峭的山坡，峰顶较坑底高峰1.5公里，但它并非起源于火山，而是像月球高原一样，由斜长岩构成。坑底西部相对平整，但东部蔓延着错综的裂隙系统。该环形山的总体积(容量)大约为1.2万公里³。
阿方索环形山的特点之一是坑内布满了大量的火山碎屑岩，环绕陨坑内的一些小陨石坑及内侧壁边缘形成了一圈圈昏暗的光晕，构成所谓的月球瞬变现象。这也引起了环形山中存在火山活动痕迹的猜测。然而，按照现代理念，这些岩石实际是月球月海岩石，是在撞击时被从较轻的月壤下抛射出来的。
月球瞬变现象
阿方索环形山是月球上最常能观察到月球瞬变现象-坑底黑斑变化、中央峰变色增亮的区域之一。1956年10月26日美国天文学家"丁斯摩尔·奥尔特"(Dinsmore Alter)使用威尔逊山天文台60英寸反射望远镜，拍摄了一幅陨石坑盆地的蓝光照，在陨石坑中发现了一条奇怪的不透明裂缝，尽管事实上是以红外光拍摄的图像，但很模糊混浊。于是，天文学家们认为这是环形山中存在火山活动的确凿证据。1958年11月2日和3日夜间，苏联天文学家"尼古拉·亚历山大罗维奇·科济列夫"(Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev)在克里米亚天文台拍到的阿方索环形山光谱图显示，从环形山的中央峰中有气体泄出(氢和碳分子)。月球上的火山活动现象作为一项科学发现在1958年11月苏联国家注册的78项科学发现中列第三位。
最近的月亮研究并未证实这些观察，现在认为月球上的火山活动早在大约10亿年前的哥白尼纪时期就已完全停止。关于上述观察，可能的解释是由于地球引力效应而产生的构造变化。
内部陨石坑
在阿方索斯环形山坑底周围分布着五座国际天文联合会已命名的大型陨石坑，它们是：
卫星陨石坑
飞船着陆点
1965年3月24日，美国徘徊者9号在阿方索环形山内月面坐标南纬12.83°、西经2.22°()处实施了硬着陆(另请参阅月球人造物体列表)。
阿方索斯环形山被视为阿波罗16号和阿波罗17号登月舱一处可能的着陆点。
阿方索斯环形山内靠近拉维陨石坑的地区是美国"星座"太空计划宣告感兴趣的区域。
另请参阅
月球环形山列表
行星体系命名法
月球矿物
后期重轰炸期
参考文献
外部链接
月球数码摄影图集。
阿波罗12号、阿波罗14号、阿波罗16号降落的n阿方索环形山图
阿方索环形山及地区照片
LAC-77 地图上的阿方索环形山。
环形山周边月面图。
LM-77 地图上的阿方索斯环形山。
神秘的阿方索环形山。
Anderson, E.E.和 E.A. Whitaker，美国宇航局月球地名目录，1982年10月美国航空航天局相关出版物 1097。
A
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阿良阿胡（），元朝丽江第二代土司。
阿良阿胡是阿琮阿良的長子，为阿室于先所生。阿琮阿良死后嗣位。1272年（至元九年），忽必烈命他為茶罕章管民官，世襲副元帥。1288年（至元二十五年），忽必烈命他為茶罕章宣撫使。1295年（元貞元年），元成宗命他為正奉大夫、護軍宣慰使。
家族
父：阿琮阿良
母：阿室于先
妻：阿室剌母（羡陶氏和揮和迷之女）
子：
阿胡阿烈
阿胡阿吉
参考资料
《木氏宦谱》
《中国西南古纳西王国》，云南美术出版社，（美国）约瑟夫·洛克著，刘宗岳译，1999年4月，ISBN 978-780-586-514-0
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|align="center" colspan="3"|阿良阿胡
丽江土司
納西族人
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双下巴吸脂多久消肿？双下巴吸脂术适用于下巴肥胖和面部肥胖的人。一次手术大约需要40分钟。手术后的恢复时间因人而异，通常需要1-3个月才能完全恢复。手术当天伤口会有少量渗血、渗液，不能自行揭开无菌辅料，以防伤口感染。术后两天内禁食，遵医嘱静脉输入营养液。48小时后开始进流食，如牛奶、果汁、肉汤等。72小时后可以进半流食，如酸奶、鸡蛋羹、烂面条、稀饭等。以后逐渐过渡到正常饮食，一月内不能吃过硬的食物。吸脂术后3-5天伤口不能沾水，防止伤口感染。双下巴吸脂后皮肤的感觉功能异常，不易察觉皮肤的热损伤，因此术后应谨慎采用热能的物理治疗。吸脂手术后颈部需配戴弹力带固定皮肤塑形。
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Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos is a multi-purpose stadium located in the neighbourhood of Engenho de Dentro in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is used mostly for football matches and athletics and is the home stadium of the football club Botafogo. The stadium was built by a consortium under the leadership of Odebrecht S.A., from 2003 through to 2007, opening in time for the 2007 Pan American Games. It hosted the athletics competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics. It was one of the five venues for the 2021 Copa América.
The stadium is known by a number of names. The nickname Engenhão () refers to the location of the stadium. The stadium was named after former FIFA president and International Olympic Committee (IOC) member João Havelange (1916–2016). Havelange died after an attack of pneumonia during the 2016 Olympics at age 100. Between 2015 and 2017 the Rio municipality allowed Botafogo to refer to the stadium as Estádio Nilton Santos (English: Nilton Santos Stadium). The name honors Nílton Santos, whom spent his whole career with Botafogo and is regarded as one of the greatest defenders in the history of the game and a member of the World Team of the 20th Century. Botafogo made initial efforts to have the name change official but this was not immediately successful. In February 2017, the city of Rio de Janeiro officially renamed the stadium Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos. Structural problems in the roof were identified in March 2013 that caused the stadium to be closed for repair. The stadium's capacity was increased to 60,000 for the Games.
History
Construction and opening
The stadium cost (US$192 million) to build, which was six times the stadium's original construction budget of R$60,000,000 The Mayor's office estimated in 2003 that the total construction cost would be of R$60 million (US$30 million); the actual cost was thus 533% higher than early estimates.
The stadium opened on 30 June 2007. The first match held was a Campeonato Brasileiro Série A game between Botafogo and Fluminense. 40,000 tickets were available for the match and were exchanged for donations of powdered milk. In all, 43,810 people were at the stadium to watch the inaugurating match, where Botafogo beat Fluminense 2–1. The first goal of the match was scored by Fluminense's Alex Dias. As Dias scored the first goal in the stadium's history, he was awarded the Valdir Pereira Trophy (Taça Valdir Pereira), which was named after retired footballer Didi. Because Botafogo won the stadium's inaugural match, the club was awarded the João Havelange Trophy (Taça João Havelange).
Pan American Games, Botafogo, and the Olympics
During the course of the 2007 Pan American Games held in Rio de Janeiro in July, the stadium hosted athletics competitions, in addition to twelve games of the first stage of the men's and women's football tournaments. After the conclusion of the games, on 3 August 2007, Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas signed a deal with the City of Rio de Janeiro to lease the stadium for 20 years. Botafogo was the only organization to present a bid; the club agreed to pay $18.200 (or R$36.000) a month to lease Engenhão, plus maintenance costs which run at $2 million (or R$4 million) annually. On 11 August 2007, a 15-meter long and 6-meter high stadium wall collapsed, but nobody was hurt. On 10 September 2008, the Brazilian national team played for the first time at the Engenhão. The match, against Bolivia, for 2010 World Cup Qualification, ended 0–0.
The stadium remains owned by the City of Rio de Janeiro, but it has been leased to Botafogo until at least 2027 (20 years). The Engenhão was the main venue for top football competitions in Rio de Janeiro while the Maracanã Stadium was being renovated in preparation for both the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics. Flamengo and Fluminense played their home matches at the Engenhão from the 2010–11 through 2012–13 seasons. The stadium was closed indefinitely in March 2013 after it was found the structural integrity of the roof was not up to standard, and could potentially place spectators at risk. It was announced on 8 June 2013, that the stadium would need a minimum of 18 months of reconstruction work and remain closed until 2015 while the repairs were carried out to the roof.
Tournament results
2016 Summer Olympics
2021 Copa América
Concerts
Gallery
See also
History of Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas
References
External links
Stadium 3D Original Project
Olimpico Joao Havelange
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletics venues
Olympic football venues
Olympic stadiums
Venues of the 2007 Pan American Games
Football venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas
Pan American Games athletics venues
Sports venues completed in 2007
Athletics in Rio de Janeiro (city)
2007 establishments in Brazil
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This is a list of ambassadors of Iran to the United States.
On April 7, 1980, the Iran embassy closed in the United States due to severed diplomatic relations. Iran currently has no ambassador to the United States but simply a chief of the Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States at the Pakistani Embassy.
See also
List of current Iranian ambassadors
Iran–United States relations
References
External links
Pictures of the former Embassy of Iran in Washington, D. C.
Iran
United States
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Ahsan Ali Taj is a Pakistani music composer, songwriter and singer. He started his music career in 2001 as a singer and music composer. Ahsan is well known to create a distinctive pattern of music sustaining the Pakistani Music values. He inherited musical instincts from his parents, his father was a classical, semi classical & Saraiki folk singer and his mother Nighat Seema, famous singer of 60s, 70s and onwards. His early training and musical understanding was initially developed by his parents but after sudden death of his mother this coaching stopped and he started his journey with some well-known professionals such as Music Director Niaz Ahmed Khan,< Producer Nizaar Lalani, Waqar Ali, Director & Executive Producer Ameer Imam and loads of more.
Career
Keeping the family tradition enduring Ahsan kept seeking for innovative opportunities to prove his skills and melodic expertise, with a diverse exposure of post-production he has always believed in his creativity and hard work. His Projects furnishing his Music Director figure were Kya Haath Laga Pathar Ban Kar. An OST that was as great success that was sung by Sanam Marvi, Lyrics were written by Tariq Jameel, telecasted at GEO TV. Drama Serial Hazaron Saal, Directed by Hisham Syed was composed musically by Ahsan, similarly Sirf Larki Nahi Men Mahi Munda Bhi Hoon (OST) was also composed by him and aired at GEO TV, sung by Singer, Khusboo (Indian Vocalist), and Lyrics were by Ayub Khawar, this was Drama Serial Shaddan, Directed by Naved Jafri.
Contributions
His one great achievement also consist of the Drama Serial "Saat Pardon Men", Directed by Yasir Nawaz, aired at GEO TV.
Discography
References
Pakistani male singers
Pakistani keyboardists
Living people
Pakistani pop singers
Pakistani composers
Pakistani male television actors
Musicians from Karachi
Male actors from Karachi
Pakistani playback singers
Pakistani people of Bengali descent
Pakistani television directors
Pakistani television producers
1980 births
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This is a list of topics that are included in high school physics curricula or textbooks.
Mathematical Background
SI Units
Scalar (physics)
Euclidean vector
Motion graphs and derivatives
Pythagorean theorem
Trigonometry
Motion and forces
Motion
Force
Linear motion
Linear motion
Displacement
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Center of mass
Mass
Momentum
Newton's laws of motion
Work (physics)
Free body diagram
Rotational motion
Angular momentum (Introduction)
Angular velocity
Centrifugal force
Centripetal force
Circular motion
Tangential velocity
Torque
Conservation of energy and momentum
Energy
Conservation of energy
Elastic collision
Inelastic collision
Inertia
Moment of inertia
Momentum
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Rotational energy
Electricity and magnetism
Ampère's circuital law
Capacitor
Coulomb's law
Diode
Direct current
Electric charge
Electric current
Alternating current
Electric field
Electric potential energy
Electron
Faraday's law of induction
Ion
Inductor
Joule heating
Lenz's law
Magnetic field
Ohm's law
Resistor
Transistor
Transformer
Voltage
Heat
Entropy
First law of thermodynamics
Heat
Heat transfer
Second law of thermodynamics
Temperature
Thermal energy
Thermodynamic cycle
Volume (thermodynamics)
Work (thermodynamics)
Waves
Wave
Longitudinal wave
Transverse waves
Transverse wave
Standing Waves
Wavelength
Frequency
Light
Light ray
Speed of light
Sound
Speed of sound
Radio waves
Harmonic oscillator
Hooke's law
Reflection
Refraction
Snell's law
Refractive index
Total internal reflection
Diffraction
Interference (wave propagation)
Polarization (waves)
Vibrating string
Doppler effect
Gravity
Gravitational potential
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newtonian constant of gravitation
See also
Outline of physics
Physics education
References
Further reading
Physics education
Pre-college
Primary education
Physics concepts
Physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula
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乳房湿疹传染吗？乳房湿疹和其他部位发生的湿疹一样，是一种皮肤过敏性疾病。乳房湿疹主要发生在乳头、乳晕及乳晕周围的皮肤，特别是乳房下部。双侧乳房常对称发生湿疹，也可单侧发生。乳房湿疹传染吗?判断一个皮肤病是否具有传染性，主要看它有没有传染原，对于湿疹来说，它并不是由病原体引起的疾病，而是一种病因复杂的迟发性疾病，也就是说我们的居住环境、身体内的新陈代谢还有精神状态，都是引发湿疹的因素，当然，有的湿疹是由过敏引起的，比如动物的皮毛、花粉、空气中的污染原，但是，正是这样一种发病机制，使湿疹不具有传染性。乳房湿疹的患者多为过敏体质人群，其中哺乳期的妈妈最常见，这主要和妈妈们母乳喂养时，宝宝吮吸，乳房局部过度潮湿，加之肥皂不合理使用等因素，诱发了乳头及附近皮肤的过敏性反应。一些妈妈在停止哺乳后，乳房湿疹可痊愈。乳房湿疹不仅影响到哺乳，还常常出现多数密集粟粒大的小丘疹、潮红、瘙痒等情况，给妈妈们带来极大的不便。因此，妈妈们在产后要注意个人卫生，清楚自己对哪些物品过敏，防止出现乳房湿疹的情况。很多妈妈担心乳房湿疹会传染给宝宝，所以在患病期间不敢哺乳，其实乳房湿疹大多是一种炎症性疾病，不是传染性疾病，疾病多与变态反应有关，也有少部分是病毒细菌感染所致，不用担心是否传染的问题。在决定是否喂奶前，可以先确诊自己是病毒性的乳房湿疹，还是简单的皮肤过敏性乳房湿疹。如果只是属于皮肤上的疾病，一般不会影响到乳腺导管和乳腺组织，奶水的质量也不会影响，所以长沙催乳师服务建议妈妈们可以喂奶。但要注意不要让宝宝直接吮吸乳头，日常生活中最好配合其它奶粉来增进宝宝的营养。注意饮食习惯。少吃海鲜、羊肉等易过敏性食物，多吃水果和蔬菜(苦瓜清热解毒、祛湿止痒效果较佳)，避免饮酒、咖啡食用刺激性食物。
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乙肝小三阳主要传播途径？乙肝小三阳是肝炎的一种，是传染性疾病，主要的传播途径有血液、性、母婴、皮肤黏膜破损传染，要注意及时到正规医院进行治疗，该病治疗难度较大，患者要注意选择适合自身病情的治疗方法，避免治疗误区，传统抗病毒药物治疗副作用大，长期服用有耐药性，甚至病毒变异。母婴传播是我国乙肝病毒感染的最主要原因。患有急性乙肝和携带HBsAg的母亲都有可能将乙肝传染给新生儿。这种传播的本质是经血途径传播。还有血液传播，包括输入含有乙肝小三阳的血液和血制品，不洁的注射、手术、拔牙、文身、针灸、穿耳孔、内窥镜检查和医务人员的意外刺伤等。现在由于加强了对献血员的筛查，由输血造成的乙肝小三阳传播已经很少。但是，少数HBVDNA阳性，而乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性的血液还是可能漏检。所以，经血液途径传播乙肝还没有完全杜绝。医源性传播，主要由于使用未经严格消毒的非一次性注射器、内窥镜引起。所以，应该大力推行一次性医用器械。现在国家正对内窥镜的消毒制订更严格的消毒规范，此举可大大降低乙肝小三阳的医源性传播。性传播，性传播的HBsAg阳性率为5。44%，而社会生活中一般接触传播的HBsAg阳性率仅仅为0。68%。所以，在家庭中，HBsAg阳性的配偶较之其他家庭成员更容易感染乙肝。性乱是造成乙肝性传播的原因之一。日常生活中的接触传播。如共用剃须刀、牙刷等卫生用品。或伤口与伤口的接触。平时需要注意忌加工过的食品，这里说的加工过的食品是指罐头、饮料等，因为其中含有防腐剂，对肝脏不好忌刺激性食品，辛辣的食品像辣椒、大蒜等，另外酒千万不要喝，喝酒会严重加重肝脏负担。避免油腻的食物，适当补充维生素蛋白质有助于肝细胞的修复，增强解毒功能，提高机体免疫力。不要抽烟喝酒，饮食清淡点，注意休息，适当运动。
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2010年亞洲運動會跳水比賽－男子1米跳板為中國廣州舉辦的第十六屆亞洲運動會競賽項目之一，共產生金、銀、銅牌各一面。本屆亞運會之1米跳板項目只設一輪決賽，不設預賽和半決賽。決賽於2010年11月24日下午5時，在中國廣州廣東奧林匹克體育中心游泳跳水館舉行。
參賽選手
比賽共有14名選手參加，每名選手進行6輪比賽。
出场顺序
裁判
裁判出场名单
执行裁判长
董莹
副裁判长
马尤尔·维亚斯
裁判
阿巴斯·阿里
托尼·许
奥米德·哈迪吉
金贤淑
安永三郎
林旭亮
陈安平
替补裁判
申永燮
獎牌統計
賽事賽果
參考資料
2010年广州亚运会官方网站 跳水 男子1米跳板 决赛 - 参赛名单
2010年广州亚运会官方网站 跳水 男子1米跳板 决赛 - 裁判出场名单
2010年广州亚运会官方网站 跳水 男子1米跳板 决赛 - 附加成绩
男子
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小行星3290（3290 Azabu）是一颗绕太阳运转的小行星，为主小行星带小行星。该小行星于1973年9月19日发现。名称来源于日本的一个地名麻布。
轨道参数
小行星3290的轨道半长轴为3.9729410 UA，离心率为0.127。
参考文献
小行星带天体
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敷浪站（）是位於石川縣羽咋郡寶達志水町敷浪利（リ）8番，西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）的七尾線車站。
歷史
1898年（明治31年）4月24日 - 七尾鐵道 津幡臨時停車站（本津幡站的前身） - 七尾站 - 矢田新站（後來為七尾港站）之間開通，同時此站啟用。為旅客和貨物車站。
1907年（明治40年）7月1日 - 七尾鐵道根據而國有化。成為帝國鐵道廳（國鐵）車站。
1909年（明治42年）10月12日 - 制定路線名稱，此站成為七尾線車站。
1960年（昭和35年）8月1日 - 終止貨物起卸業務。
1972年（昭和47年）3月15日 - 成為無人車站。（簡易委託車站）
1987年（昭和62年）4月1日 - 伴隨國鐵分割民營化，車站由西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）營運。
1991年（平成3年）
4月 - 完全成為無人車站。
9月1日 - 志雄町（現時：寶達志水町）臨時設置車站職員，再次成為有人車站。
2008年（平成20年）6月30日 - 再次成為無人車站。
2013年（平成25年）2月5日 - 開設西出口。
車站構造
車站是一座地面車站，設有2面2線的相對式月台。車站大樓（東出口）是一座較新造的建造的建築物，位於上行月台側。兩月台之間設有跨線橋連接。只外，下行月台側設有西出口。
此站是由管理的無人車站。曾經車站為簡易委託車站，可售賣軟性車站，後來於2008年（平成20年）6月成為無人車站。現時車站大樓內設有自動售票機。
月台
在資訊上，此站沒有編排月台編號，月台上沒有展示月台編號，車站時間表也沒有記載月台編號。
上行線的路軌為結構，當列車不用進行列車交會和通過此站時，下行列車會使用上行月台。但是，此站與其他車站的一線通過結構有差別，直線路軌不是上下行本線，而是分成上行線和下行線。
使用狀況
根據「石川縣統計書」，以下為1日平均乘車人次列表：
車站周邊
此站為前志雄町唯一車站，同時為該町的代表車站，但是此站距離該町中心一段距離，以直線距離來說南羽咋站較近。
寶達志水町立樋川小學
國道249號
千里濱鄉村俱樂部
能登里山海道 - 、志雄停車區
（千里濱Beach Driveway）
今浜海灘
千里濱海灘
參天製藥能登工廠
相鄰車站
西日本旅客鐵道
七尾線
寶達－敷浪－南羽咋
註腳
相關條目
日本鐵路車站列表 Shi
外部連結
石川縣鐵路車站
kinami
1898年啟用的鐵路車站
七尾線車站
寶達志水町
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诺和灵N笔芯注射液贮藏方法？2-8°C避光保存。有效期30个月。使用中的笔芯不要储藏在冰箱内, 室温(25°C)保存可达4周。
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The Xi'an JH-7 ( – fighter-bomber; NATO reporting name Flounder), also known as the FBC-1 (Fighter/Bomber China-1) Flying Leopard, is a Chinese tandem two-seat, twin-engine fighter-bomber in service with the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF), and the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). The main contractors are Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation (XAC) and the 603rd Aircraft Design Institute (later named the First Aircraft Institute of AVIC-I).
The first JH-7s were delivered to the PLANAF in the mid-1990s for evaluation, with the improved JH-7A entering service in 2004.
Development history
A new fighter bomber
In the early 1970s, the PLAAF required a new fighter-bomber to replace the Harbin H-5 and Nanchang Q-5. A request was duly submitted to the Ministry of Aviation Industry (later renamed to the Aviation Industry Corporation of China), which organized a domestic development program when efforts to secure a joint venture with foreign partners failed. The program was authorized on 19 April 1983 by then-paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. The program was also aiming to make use of newly imported (in violation of the COCOM restrictions) British Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines at the time.
JH-7
The PLANAF required a similar aircraft and the program set out to develop a variant for each set of requirements. The PLAAF variant was conceived as an all-weather, long-range bomber/strike aircraft, with a two-seat, tandem cockpit, electronic countermeasures (ECM), and terrain following capabilities (similar to the General Dynamics F-111). The naval version differed in that it was conceived as a dedicated reconnaissance/strike aircraft. The PLAAF variant was dropped in the early 1980s, with the PLANAF variant becoming the JH-7.
Six prototypes were built by December 1988, and the PLANAF received 12 to 18 aircraft in the early 1990s for evaluation. The first aircraft used imported Rolls-Royce Spey Mk.202 engines, later replaced by a license-built copy, the WS-9. They were equipped with the Type 243H multifunction radar, which could detect ships at a maximum of , and MiG-21-sized aerial targets at .
The JH-7 was designed as an anti-ship fighter-bomber. As with the later JH-7A, its aerial combat capability was insignificant given the large number of specialist aircraft for that role.
JH-7A
When the PLA examined the future role of air forces, it identified a need for precision air-to-surface capability. An improved JH-7, the JH-7A, was designed to meet this requirement. The JH-7A's general and deputy general designers were Tang Changhong (唐长红) and Wu Jieqin (吴介琴) respectively.
The JH-7A had a lighter and stronger airframe than the JH-7, allowing the newer aircraft to carry a maximum ordnance load of 9,000 kg. In PLANAF, this allowed four YJ-82 anti-ship missiles to be carried, compared to the two on the JH-7.
The JH-7A is equipped with domestic Chinese helmet mounted sight (HMS) for evaluation, and this HMS currently being tested is developed by Xi'an Optronics Group (Xi Guang Ji Tuan 西光集团), a member of Northern Electro-Optic Co. Ltd (北方光电股份有限公司), the wholly owned subsidiary of Norinco, and the HMS on JH-7A was developed from the helicopter HMS manufactured by the same company, thus both share many common components. HMS tested on JH-7A is compatible with air-to-air/surface missiles, and it is also compatible with airborne sensors such as radars and electro-optics so that the sensors are slaved to HMS, enabling the fast tracking and aiming of the weaponry. The cockpit of JH-7A still retains some traditional single function dial indicators, but there are two large color liquid crystal display multi-function displays which can be monochrome if pilots choose. Other avionic upgrades of JH-7 include: replacing Type 960-2 noise jammer with BM/KJ-8605, replacing Type 265A radar altimeter with Type 271 radar altimeter, fully digitized fly-by-wire flight control system, and in addition, Type 232H airborne radar is replaced by JL-10A pulse-Doppler radar, enabling JH-7A to fire laser-guided bombs and Kh-31P anti-radiation missiles. The existing JH-7s were upgraded with JH-7A electronics. Two additional hardpoints increased the total to 6 from the original 4, and one-piece windscreen replaced the original three-piece windscreen.
The JH-7A was the first Chinese aircraft to use paperless design, and the software used was CATIA V5.
Operational history
On its maiden flight on 14 December 1988, while en route back to the airport to land, the engines of the JH-7 prototype suddenly began to vibrate violently. The test pilot Huang Bingxin (黄炳新) decided to make an emergency landing, but as he approached the airport, the vibration was so great that two thirds of the instruments had been shaken off the instrument panel, and all of the connectors of the remaining third still attached to the panel had also been shaken loose, so none of the instruments worked; the pilot nonetheless managed to eventually land the prototype safely.
On 8 June 1991, a JH-7 prototype suddenly began to leak fuel at a high rate. Lu Jun (卢军), a Russian-trained Chinese test pilot, managed to make a safe emergency landing when the fuel reserve had dropped to slightly more than 30 liters. Three years later, on 4 April 1994, a JH-7 prototype crashed during a test flight, killing Lu.
On 19 August 1992, the entire rudder of a JH-7 suddenly fell off at an altitude of 5,000 meters, while carrying four live missiles. Against orders to jettison the missiles and abandon the aircraft, the test pilot decided to attempt an emergency landing. Using mainly differential thrust of the two engines, the test pilot Huang Bingxin (黄炳新) made it back to the airport and attempted to make an emergency landing, but a tire at the starboard side burst on touch down, causing the aircraft to veer off course. Using brakes as control, the test pilot made two attempts before finally releasing the drogue parachute to finally stop safely.
The JH-7A entered service with the PLANAF in early 2004, and with the PLAAF by the end of the year.
In 2007 JH-7s went abroad to participate in "Peace Mission" exercises of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). In April 2012, multiple JH-7 aircraft joined a Russia-China joint naval exercise in eastern China. In 2013, JH-7s participated in a Russia–China joint exercise held on Russian territory.
On 14 October 2011, a JH-7 crashed during an exhibition at an air show in Shaanxi province, northwest China.
On 5 June 2014, a JH-7 crashed during a training mission in Yiwu, Zhejiang province.
On 22 December 2014, a JH-7 crashed near the city of Weinan in Shaanxi province, under unknown circumstances. At least two persons are said to have died in the crash.
On 22 October 2016, a JH-7 crashed in Liuzhou, Guangxi province. According to pictures released on social media, the pilots ejected.
On 12 March 2019, a JH-7 crashed during a training exercise in Ledong County, Hainan, killing two pilots on board. The crash of the normally high-altitude-usage, aged aircraft happened during a low-altitude training flight, the pilots gave up an opportunity to eject to avoid densely populated residential area and were killed when trying to avoid a school, they were hailed for their bravery as martyrs by local officials.
On 18 May 2019, a JH-7 crashed in , Weihai City area, Shandong province.
A new variant of the Xian JH-7 fighter-bomber is in service with the PLAAF as of August 2019. The variant is designated JH-7AII.
Operators
People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force – 120 ().
People's Liberation Army Air Force – 120 ().
Variants
JH-7 – Initial production version of the PLANAF anti-shipping fighter-bomber.
JH-7A – Later production utilising composite structure to reduce weight, improved flying control system and improved avionics including the JL10A Shan Ying J-band pulse-Doppler radar. Weapon loads increased by the addition of two more wing hardpoints and two hardpoints under the intake trunking for mission pods such as targeting pods.
JH-7A2 – Improved variant with enhanced air-to-ground munitions and carrying capabilities. The variant was first observed in 2019. The fighter-bomber was official unveiled on Zhuhai Airshow in 2021.
JH-7E - Possibly export variant, shown at 2018 Zhuhai Airshow.
FBC-1 Flying Leopard – Export version of the JH-7.
FBC-1A Flying Leopard II – Export version of the JH-7A.
Specifications (JH-7)
See also
References
External links
Chinese JH-7 documentary, interview with Chief Designer
JH-7A photos and information – AirForceWorld.com
JH-7 at SinoDefence.com
JH-7 at GlobalSecurity.org
Aircraft first flown in 1988
1980s Chinese attack aircraft
JH-7, Xian
Twinjets
JH-7
Fourth-generation jet fighter
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Nordhordland is a newspaper published in Knarvik, Norway, and covers the district of Nordhordland. Its main competitor is Strilen, which is also published in Knarvik and covers Nordhordland.
External links
Official site
Newspapers published in Norway
Nordhordland
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云南红景天（学名：）为景天科红景天属的植物。分布于中国大陆的四川、西藏、湖北、云南、贵州、重庆等地，生长于海拔2,000米至4,000米的地区，常生长在山坡林下，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
别名
云南景天（拉汉种子植物名称） 三台观音、铁脚莲（云南）
异名
Rhodiola yunnanensis (Franch.) S. H. Fu var. oblanceolata (Froed.) S. H. Fu
Sedum yunnanensis Franch.
参考文献
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The relations between Iran and Israel can be divided into four major phases: the ambivalent period from 1947 to 1953, the friendly period during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty from 1953 to 1979, the worsening period following the Iranian Revolution from 1979 to 1990, and the ongoing period of open hostility since the end of the Gulf War in 1991. In 1947, Iran was among 13 countries that voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for the British Mandate of Palestine. Two years later, Iran also voted against Israel's admission to the United Nations.
Nevertheless, Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign state after Turkey. After the 1953 coup d'état, which reinstalled the pro-Western leader Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran, relations between the two countries significantly improved.
After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran severed all diplomatic and commercial ties with Israel, and its theocratic government does not recognize the legitimacy of Israel as a state. The turn from cold peace to open hostility began in the early 1990s, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War, after which relative power in the Middle East shifted towards Iran and Israel. The conflict escalated in the early 1990s, as Yitzhak Rabin's government adopted a more aggressive posture on Iran. Rhetorical conflict heated up during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who made inflammatory statements against Israel. Other factors that have contributed to the escalation of bilateral tensions include Iran's development of nuclear technology relative to Israel's long-stated Begin Doctrine, Iran's funding of Islamist groups such as Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas, as well as alleged involvement in terrorist attacks such as the 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires and the 1994 AMIA bombing, and Israel's alleged support for militant groups such as the People's Mujahedin of Iran and Jundallah as well as alleged covert Israeli operations in Iran including multiple assassinations and bombings.
Since 1985, Iran and Israel have been engaged in an ongoing proxy conflict that has greatly affected the geopolitics of the Middle East, and has included direct military confrontations between Iranian and Israeli organizations, such as in the 2006 Lebanon War. The conflict has played out in various ways, including through support for opposing factions in conflicts in Syria and Yemen. Iran has provided support to the Syrian government, while Israel has supported opposition groups. In Yemen, Iran has provided support to the Houthi rebels, while Israel has provided support to the Saudi-led coalition fighting the rebels. The conflict has also involved cyber attacks and sabotage against each other's infrastructure, including attacks on nuclear facilities and oil tankers. Overall, the Iran-Israel proxy conflict is a complex and ongoing conflict that has had a significant impact on the political and security dynamics of the Middle East.
Timeline of relations
Pre-modern background
The beginnings of Jewish history in Iran dates from late Biblical times. The biblical books of Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, and Esther contain references to the life and experiences of Jews in Persia. In the book of Ezra, the Persian king Cyrus the Great is credited with permitting and enabling the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their Temple; its reconstruction was carried out "according to the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia" (Ezra 6:14). This is said to have taken place in the late sixth century BC, by which time there was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Persian Jews have lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BC) and sent the Israelites into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities.
The Jewish Bible's Ketuvim ends in Second Chronicles with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the Promised Land from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple.
'Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth hath Yahweh, the God of heaven, given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whosoever there is among you of all His people—may Yahweh, his God, be with him—let him go there.' (2 Chronicles 36:23)
This edict is also fully reproduced in the Book of Ezra.
"In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus the king issued a decree: 'Concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, let the temple, the place where sacrifices are offered, be rebuilt and let its foundations be retained, its height being 60 cubits and its width 60 cubits; with three layers of huge stones and one layer of timbers. And let the cost be paid from the royal treasury. Also let the gold and silver utensils of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, be returned and brought to their places in the temple in Jerusalem; and you shall put them in the house of God.' (Ezra 6:3–5)
As a result of Cyrus's policies, the Jews honored him as a dignified and righteous king. However, there is no evidence that the declaration reflected a unique attitude towards Jews. Rather, it may have been part of his renowned tolerance towards the cultures and religions of the people under his rule. The historical nature of this decree has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle", taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000. Philip R. Davies called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe and adding that J. Briend argued against "the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather biblical prophetic idiom."
Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and along with the Cylinder that Cyrus, like earlier rules, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which he wished to conquer. He also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."
According to the Bible, Cyrus ordered rebuilding the Second Temple in the same place as the first; however, he died before it was completed. Darius the Great came to power in the Persian empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets Haggai and Zechariah urged this work. The temple was ready for consecration in the spring of 515 BCE, more than twenty years after the Jews' return to Jerusalem.
According to the Book of Esther, during the reign of Persian King Ahasuerus, generally identified as Xerxes the Great (son of Darius the Great) in 6th century BCE, the vizier Haman instigated a plot to kill all the Jews of ancient Persia. The plot was thwarted by Queen Esther who ordered the hanging of Haman and his ten sons. This event is celebrated as the holiday of Purim.
Israeli independence to Iranian revolution (1947–1979)
In 1947, Iran was one of the 11 members that formed the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) charged to investigate the cause of the conflict in Palestine Mandate, and, if possible, devise a solution. After much deliberation the committee presented a Partition Plan for Palestine, which had the support of 8 of the 11 members of UNSCOP. Iran along with India and Yugoslavia opposed the plan, predicting it would lead to an escalation of violence. Arguing that peace could only be established through a single federal state, Iran voted against the partition plan when it was adopted by the UN General Assembly. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi predicted that the partition would lead to generations of fighting.
After the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Israel and Iran maintained close ties. Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign state after Turkey. Israel viewed Iran as a natural ally as a non-Arab power on the edge of the Arab world, in accordance with David Ben Gurion's concept of an alliance of the periphery. Israel had a permanent delegation in Tehran which served as a de facto embassy, before Ambassadors were exchanged in the late 1970s.
After the Six-Day War, Iran supplied Israel with a significant portion of its oil needs and Iranian oil was shipped to European markets via the joint Israeli-Iranian Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline. Trade between the countries was brisk, with Israeli construction firms and engineers active in Iran. El Al, the Israeli national airline, operated direct flights between Tel Aviv and Tehran. Iranian-Israeli military links and projects were kept secret, but they are believed to have been wide-ranging, for example the joint military project Project Flower (1977–79), an Iranian-Israeli attempt to develop a new missile.
Debts
As at 1979, Israel owed about a billion dollars to Iran for business conducted before the Iranian revolution. Some of the debt arose from oil purchased by Israel, and a larger amount from the operation of the Trans-Israel oil pipeline and associated port facilities, which were a joint venture between Israeli companies and the National Iranian Oil Company. Israel decided against paying the debt at a meeting in 1979 and granted legal indemnity to Israeli companies which owed it. At least one Israeli bank account is known to hold $250 million owed to Iran.
Since the 1980s, Iran has been suing in the European courts for payment of the debts and has won several cases. However, payment of the debts is legally complicated by the international sanctions against Iran and by the fact that Israel classifies Iran as an enemy state. In May 2015, a Swiss court ordered the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company to pay $1.1 billion to Iran, which Israel refuses to do.
Under Khomeini (1979–1989)
Following the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Iran adopted a sharp anti-Israel stance. Iran cut off all official relations with Israel; official statements, state institutes, and events. Iran ceased to accept Israeli passports, and the holders of Iranian passports were banned from travelling to "the occupied Palestine". The Israeli Embassy in Tehran was closed and handed over to the PLO. Ayatollah Khomeini declared Israel an "enemy of Islam" and the "Little Satan". The United States was called the "Great Satan" while the Soviet Union was called the "Lesser Satan".
According to Trita Parsi, Iran's strategic imperatives compelled the Khomeini government to maintain clandestine ties to Israel, while hope that the periphery doctrine could be resurrected motivated the Jewish State's assistance to Iran. However, at the same time, Iran provided support for Islamist-Shia Lebanese parties, helping to consolidate them into a single political and military organization, Hezbollah, and providing them the ideological indoctrination, military training and equipment to attack Israeli and American targets.
Israeli logistical support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
Israel sold Iran US$75 million worth of arms from stocks of Israel Military Industries, Israel Aircraft Industries and Israel Defense Forces stockpiles, in their Operation Seashell in 1981. Material included 150 M-40 antitank guns with 24,000 shells for each gun, spare parts for tank and aircraft engines, 106 mm, 130 mm, 203 mm and 175 mm shells and TOW missiles. This material was transported first by air by Argentine airline Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense and then by ship. The same year Israel provided active military support against Iraq by destroying the Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad, which the Iranians themselves had previously targeted, but the doctrine established by the attack would increase potential conflict in future years.
Arms sales to Iran that totaled an estimated $500 million from 1981 to 1983 according to the Jafe Institute for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University. Most of it was paid for by Iranian oil delivered to Israel. "According to Ahmad Haidari, "an Iranian arms dealer working for the Khomeini government, roughly 80% of the weaponry bought by Tehran" immediately after the onset of the war originated in Israel.
According to Mark Phythian, the fact "that the Iranian air force could function at all" after Iraq's initial attack and "was able to undertake a number of sorties over Baghdad and strike at strategic installations" was "at least partly due to the decision of the Reagan administration to allow Israel to channel arms of US origin to Iran to prevent an easy and early Iraqi victory."
Despite all the speeches of Iranian leaders and the denunciation of Israel at Friday prayers, there were never less than around one hundred Israeli advisers and technicians in Iran at any time throughout the war, living in a carefully guarded and secluded camp just north of Tehran, where they remained even after the ceasefire.
Israeli sales also included spare parts for U.S.-made F-4 Phantom jets. Ariel Sharon believed it was important to "leave a small window open" to the possibility of good relations with Iran in the future.
Increasing tensions (1989–present)
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
In December 2000, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called Israel a "cancerous tumour" that should be removed from the region. In 2005, he emphasized that "Palestine belongs to Palestinians, and the fate of Palestine should also be determined by the Palestinian people". In 2005 Khamenei clarified Iran's position after an international furor erupted over a remark attributed to President Ahmadinejad according to which Israel should be "wiped off the map" by saying that "the Islamic Republic has never threatened and will never threaten any country."
On 15 August 2012, during a meeting with veterans of the Iran–Iraq War, Khamenei said that he was confident that "the fake Zionist (regime) will disappear from the landscape of geography." In addition, on 19 August, Khamenei reiterated comments made by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, which members of the international community, including the United States, France, European Union foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, and United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned, during which he called Israel a "cancerous tumour in the heart of the Islamic world" and said that its existence is responsible for many problems facing the Muslim world.
On 9 September 2015, Khamenei said in his speech during the discussion about the JCPOA: "I'd say to Israel that they will not see the end of these 25 years". These words were expressed in response to the Zionist regime, which said that had no more concern about Iran for the next 25 years after the JCPOA agreement.
Rafsanjani presidency (1989–1997)
Khatami presidency (1997–2005)
Under reformist Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, elected in 1997, some believed Iran–Israel relations would improve. Khatami called Israel an "illegal state" and a "parasite," but also said in 1999 Jews would be "safe in Iran" and all religious minorities would be protected. A report indicates that Iran tried in 2003 to initiate a rapprochement with Israel by recognizing its existence in a proposal to the United States. The report claims that Iran's peace proposal with Israel was not accepted by the United States. In January 2004, Khatami spoke to an Israeli reporter who asked him on what grounds Iran would recognize Israel. This was believed to be the first time he had spoken publicly with an Israeli. At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in April 2005, Khatami was seated close to the Iranian-born Israeli President Moshe Katsav, who is from the same province, the Yazd Province, as Khatami. Katsav said that he shook Khatami's hand and the two had a brief conversation about Iran. However, Khatami denied this.
Ahmadinejad presidency (2005–2013)
The election of Mahmud Ahmedinijiad, a hardliner of Iranian politics, relations with Israel became increasingly strained as the countries engaged in a series of proxy conflicts and covert operations against each other.
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Iranian Revolutionary Guards (IRGC) were believed to have directly assisted Hezbollah fighters in their attacks on Israel. Multiple sources suggested that hundreds of IRGC operatives participated in firing rockets into Israel, and secured Hezbollah's long-range missiles. IRGC operatives were allegedly seen operating openly at Hezbollah outposts during the war. In addition, IRGC operatives were alleged to have supervised Hezbollah's attack on the INS Hanit with a C-802 anti-ship missile. The attack severely damaged the warship and killed four crewmen. It is alleged that between six and nine IRGC operatives were killed by the Israeli military during the war. According to the Israeli media their bodies were transferred to Syria and from there, flown to Tehran.
During and immediately after the Gaza War, the Israeli Air Force, with the assistance of Israeli commandos, was reported to have carried out three airstrikes in Sudan against Iranian arms being smuggled to Hamas through Sudan, as Iran launched an intensive effort to supply Hamas with weapons and ammunition. Israel hinted that it was behind the attacks. Two truck convoys were destroyed, and an arms-laden ship was sunk in the Red Sea. On 4 November 2009, Israel captured a ship in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and its cargo of hundreds of tons of weapons allegedly bound from Iran to Hezbollah.
In 2010, a wave of assassinations targeting Iranian nuclear scientists began. The assassinations were widely believed to be the work of Mossad, Israel's foreign intelligence service. According to Iran and global media sources, the methods used to kill the scientists is reminiscent of the way Mossad had previously assassinated targets. The assassinations were alleged to be an attempt to stop Iran's nuclear program, or to ensure that it cannot recover following a strike on Iranian nuclear facilities. In the first attack, particle physicist Masoud Alimohammadi was killed on 12 January 2010 when a booby-trapped motorcycle parked near his car exploded. On 12 October 2010, an explosion occurred at an IRGC military base near the city of Khorramabad, killing 18 soldiers. On 29 November 2010, two senior Iranian nuclear scientists, Majid Shahriari and Fereydoon Abbasi, were targeted by hitmen on motorcycles, who attached bombs to their cars and detonated them from a distance. Shahriari was killed, while Abbasi was severely wounded. On 23 July 2011, Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead in eastern Tehran. On 11 January 2012, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan and his driver were killed by a bomb attached to their car from a motorcycle.
In June 2010, Stuxnet, an advanced computer worm, was discovered. It is believed that it had been developed by US and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. In a study conducted by Institute for Science and International Security it is estimated that Stuxnet might have damaged as many as 1,000 centrifuges (10% of all installed) in the Natanz enrichment plant. Other computer viruses and malware, including Duqu and Flame, were reportedly related to Stuxnet. Iran claims that its adversaries regularly engineer sales of faulty equipment and attacks by computer viruses to sabotage its nuclear program.
On 15 March 2011, Israel seized a ship from Syria bringing Iranian weapons to Gaza. In addition, the Mossad was also suspected of being responsible for an explosion that reportedly damaged the nuclear facility at Isfahan. Iran denied that any explosion had occurred, but The Times reported damage to the nuclear plant based on satellite images, and quoted Israeli intelligence sources as saying that the blast indeed targeted a nuclear site, and was "no accident". Hours after the blast took place, Hezbollah fired two rockets into northern Israel, causing property damage. The Israel Defense Forces reacted by firing four artillery shells at the area from where the launch originated. It was speculated that the attack was ordered by Iran and Syria as a warning to Israel. The Israeli attack was reported to have killed 7 people, including foreign nationals. Another 12 people were injured, of whom 7 later died in hospital. The Mossad was also suspected of being behind an explosion at a Revolutionary Guard missile base in November 2011. The blast killed 17 Revolutionary Guard operatives, including General Hassan Moqaddam, described as a key figure in Iran's missile program. Israeli journalist Ron Ben-Yishai wrote that several lower-ranked Iranian missile experts had probably been previously killed in several explosions at various sites.
In response to Israeli covert operations, Iranian agents reportedly began trying to hit Israeli and Jewish targets; potential targets were then placed on high alert. Yoram Cohen, the head of Shin Bet, claimed that three planned attacks in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Thailand were thwarted at the last minute. On 11 October 2011, the United States claimed to have foiled an alleged Iranian plot that included bombing the Israeli and Saudi embassies in Washington DC and Buenos Aires. On 13 February 2012, Israeli embassy staff in Georgia and India were targeted. In Georgia, a car bomb failed to explode near the embassy and was safely detonated by Georgian police. In India, the car bomb exploded, injuring four people. Amongst the wounded was the wife of an Israeli Defense Ministry employee. Israel accused Iran of being behind the attacks. The following day, three alleged Iranian agents were uncovered in Bangkok, Thailand, thought to have been planning to kill Israeli diplomatic officials, including the ambassador, by attaching bombs to embassy cars. The cell was uncovered when one of their bombs exploded. Police responded, and the Iranian agent present at the house threw an explosive device at officers that tore his legs off, and was subsequently taken into custody. A second suspect was arrested as he tried to catch a flight out of the country, and the third escaped to Malaysia, where he was arrested by Malaysian Federal Police. Thai police subsequently arrested two people suspected of involvement. Indian police arrested a Delhi-based journalist in connection with February's car bomb, which injured four Israelis including the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Syed Mohammed Kazmi the journalist was arrested on 6 March 2012, he is said to have been in contact with a suspect police believe might have stuck a magnetic bomb to the diplomat's car. It is said Kazmi was an Indian citizen who worked for an Iranian publication.
In late February 2012, WikiLeaks published confidential emails from Stratfor, a US-based private intelligence company, which were stolen by the hacking group Anonymous. Among the information released was a claim that Israeli commandos, in collaboration with Kurdish fighters, destroyed several underground Iranian facilities used for nuclear and defense research projects.
On 18 July 2012, a bus carrying Israeli tourists in Bulgaria was destroyed in a bombing attack that killed five Israeli tourists and the driver, and injured 32 people. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Iran and Hezbollah for the attack. In July 2012, a senior Israeli defense official stated that since May 2011, more than 20 terrorist attacks planned by Iran and Hezbollah against Israeli targets worldwide had been foiled, including in South Africa, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Turkey, Thailand, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Nepal, and Nigeria, and that Iranian and Hezbollah operatives were incarcerated in jails throughout the world.
On 6 October 2012, Israeli airplanes shot down a small drone as it flew over northern Negev. Hezbollah confirmed it sent the drone and Nasrallah said in a televised speech that the drone's parts were manufactured in Iran. On 24 October 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had bombed a munitions factory, allegedly belonging to Iran's Revolutionary Guard, south of Khartoum. In November 2012, Israel reported that an Iranian ship was being loaded with rockets to be exported to countries within range of Israel and that Israel "will attack and destroy any shipment of arms". In January 2013, the Fordo nuclear plant was hit by an explosion. Iranian officials suspected Mossad or CIA were responsible. On 25 April 2013, Israeli aircraft shot down a drone off the coast of Haifa, allegedly belonging to Hezbollah.
On 30 January 2013, Israeli aircraft allegedly struck a Syrian convoy transporting Iranian weapons to Hezbollah. Other sources stated the targeted site was a military research center in Jamraya responsible for developing biological and chemical weapons. Two additional air strikes reportedly took place on 3 and 5 May 2013. Both targeted long-ranged weapons sent from Iran to Hezbollah. According to anonymous US officials, Israel launched another airstrike or cruise missile attack on 5 July. It targeted Russian-made Yakhont anti-ship missiles near the city of Latakia, and killed several Syrian troops.
On 7 May 2013, residents of Tehran reported hearing three blasts in an area where Iran maintains its missile research and depots. Later, an Iranian website said the blasts occurred at a privately owned chemical factory.
Rouhani presidency (2013–2021)
In the Syrian Arab Republic
Several incidents have taken place on the Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line during the Syrian civil war, straining the Iran–Israel relations. The incidents are considered a spillover of the Quneitra Governorate clashes since 2012 and later incidents between Iran-supported Syrian Arab Army and the rebels, ongoing on the Syrian-controlled side of the Golan and the Golan Neutral Zone and the Hezbollah.
Since the onset of the Syrian War, the Israeli military is reportedly preparing itself for potential threats should there be a power vacuum in Syria. "After Assad and after establishing or strengthening their foothold in Syria they are going to move and deflect their effort and attack Israel," an Israeli official told The Associated Press in January 2014. Some experts say that while the encroaching militant forces on Israel's border will heighten security measures, the advancements are not likely to create significant changes to Israel's policy disengagement in the Syria crisis. IAF has been suspected of a number of airstrikes on Syrian soil, allegedly targeting Iranian and Hezbollah targets.
According to the Israeli military, since 2017 it has carried out over 400 airstrikes in Syria (and other areas in the Middle East) targeting Iran and its allies.
In Israel
A court in Jerusalem has sentenced an Israeli man, Yitzhak Bergel to four-and-a-half years in prison for offering to spy for Iran. Bergel belongs to the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta, an ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect which is vehemently opposed to the State of Israel's existence.
International incidents
On 5 March 2014, the Israeli navy intercepted the Klos-C cargo ship. Israel stated Iran was using the vessel to smuggle dozens of long-range rockets to Gaza, including Syrian-manufactured M-302 rockets. The operation, named Full Disclosure and carried out by Shayetet 13 special forces, took place in the Red Sea, 1,500 kilometers away from Israel and some 160 kilometers from Port Sudan.
In Iran
On 6 May 2014, it was reported that a blast shook the Iranian city of Qazvin. Los Angeles Times reported that the city might be home to a secret nuclear facility.
Iranian state media reported that on 24 August 2014, IRGC had shot down an Israeli drone near Natanz fuel enrichment plant. Israeli military did not comment on the reports.
Two workers were killed in an explosion that took place at a military explosives factory southeast of Tehran, near the suspected nuclear reactor in Parchin. In what was claimed by a Kuwaiti newspaper to be a response ordered by Iran, Hezbollah set off an explosive device on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled side of the Shebaa farms, wounding two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded with artillery fire toward two Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.
Raisi presidency (2021–present)
In Iran
In April 2022, President Ebrahim Raisi declared in the speech for military parade that "Iran's armed forces will target Israel's heart if it makes 'the slightest move'".
In May 2022, Colonel Sayad Khodayee was killed outside his home in Tehran by two gunmen on motorcycles. Iran blamed Israel for this. The spokeswoman of the Israeli prime minister refuse to "comment on the killing". But an unnamed intelligence official of Israel reported to NYT that Israel was responsible for the killing.
As NYT reported, Iran accused Israel of killing two Iranian scientists by "poisoning their food", according to an Iranian official who did not want to be named. The two scientists were Ayoub Entezari, an aeronautical engineer who worked for a military research center, and Kamran Aghamolaei, a geologist. Israeli media and Persian news channels abroad claimed that "Mr. Aghamolaei worked at Iran’s Natanz nuclear facility".
In the media
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, in office from August 2005 to August 2013, at the October 2005 "World Without Zionism" conference in Tehran adopted a sharp anti-Zionist stance. On 8 December 2005, during a summit of Muslim nations in Islam's holy city of Mecca, Ahmadinejad told Iran's Arabic channel Al-Alam a complicated story on the Holocaust and the establishment of Israel. Since then, the Iranian president has made statements pertaining to these topics.
Iran's Ambassador to the IAEA, Soltanieh
In April 2006, CNN correspondent Wolf Blitzer interviewed Ambassador Ali Asghar Soltanieh, Iran's Permanent Representative to the IAEA, who said, in regards to whether there should be a state of Israel, "I think I've already answered to you. If Israel is a synonym and will give the indication of Zionism mentality, no. But if you are going to conclude that we have said the people there have to be removed or we [said] they have to be massacred or so, this is fabricated, unfortunate selective approach to what the mentality and policy of Islamic Republic of Iran is."
Vice President Mashaei
In a speech at a tourism convention in Tehran in July 2008, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, Vice President and Head of Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, proclaimed, "No nation in the world is our enemy, Iran is a friend of the nation in the United States and in Israel, and this is an honor. We view the American nation as one with the greatest nations of the world." He also added that Iran "wants no war with any country," insisting that Iran's actions during the Iran–Iraq War were purely defensive.
Hard-liners close to the government harshly attacked Mashaei's remarks. President Ahmadinejad, however, defended Mashaei and spoke in his favor. At a news conference, he said, "The Iranian nation never recognized Israel and will never ever recognize it. But we feel pity for those who have been deceived or smuggled into Israel to be oppressed citizens in Israel."
The issue prompted Iran's Supreme Leader Khamenei to "spell an end to the debates" on Israel. During a Friday sermon in Tehran, he stated, "It is incorrect, irrational, pointless and nonsensical to say that we are friends with the Israeli people... we are on a collision course with the occupiers of Palestine and the occupiers are the Zionist regime. This is the position of our regime, our revolution and our people."
Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami
In August 2012, a senior cleric and Tehran's provisional Friday Prayers Leader Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, speaking about Qods Day, called for the annihilation of the "Zionist regime," emphasizing that the spread of the "Islamic Awakening" in the Middle East "heralds annihilation of the Zionist regime."
Brigadier General Gholamreza Jalali
In August 2012, Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, who heads Iran's Passive Defense Organization, said ahead of Al-Quds Day that Israel must be destroyed, saying, "[Al-Quds Day] is a reflection of the fact that no other way exists apart from resolve and strength to completely eliminate the aggressive nature and to destroy Israel." Jalali added that the Muslim world is required to support the "oppressed people of Palestine" against "the Zionist usurpers" and that the Islamic Revolution was a "beacon of light." Jalali also said that the "Islamic front in Syria" had strengthened.
In response to these remarks, an Israeli government official said that these remarks were a "reaffirmation of what we continually hear from the Iranian leadership" and that Israel was taking the Iranian threat seriously. The official said that the continual announcement of these remarks show how Iran's leaders believes in them, and that Iran's leadership must end these comments to reduce international pressure.
General Mohammad Ali Jafari
On 22 September 2012, General Mohammad Ali Jafari, the commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, said that eventually a war with Israel would soon break out, during which Iran would eradicate Israel, which he referred to as a "cancerous tumour".
Cooperation
Business
After the overthrow of the Shah in 1979, most oil companies left Iran and the Iranian government had major difficulties selling oil in the international markets. In the meantime, Marc Rich, an Israeli-Swiss businessman with international ties, began doing business in Iran through his Glencore company headquartered in Switzerland. Rich ignored US and international sanctions on Iran and became the primary trader of Iranian oil for 15 years. He claimed that the oil he bought from Iran was shipped to Israel and both countries were aware of this transaction. Rich provided the Iranian government with weapons and missiles through the Iran–Iraq War. For his actions, the United States government found him guilty of more than 65 counts of criminal offenses including money laundering and violating sanctions on Iran.
In 1998, the Seattle Times reported that pistachio makers in California were unhappy about the fact that Israel imported most of its pistachio from Iran. The head of Iran-China economic room, Asadollah Asgaroladi said in the article that such transactions are easily possible. Based on the article Israel imports only a quarter of pistachios from US and about half of its pistachios from Britain and Germany, whereas these two countries are not producers of pistachio at all and the source is very likely to be from Iran. Furthermore, in 1998 Israeli government punished the Hamama Brothers Co. for illegally importing 105 tonnes of pistachio from Iran. Israeli newspaper Ynet reported in 2007 that US government once again asked the Israeli government to stop importing pistachios from Iran. In 2008 US ambassador to Israel, Richard H. Jones wrote a letter to Israel's finance minister Ronnie Bar-on demanding Israel to stop importing Iranian pistachios from Turkey. Similar reports have been published by Haaretz.
In 1998, Israeli businessman Nahum Manbar was sentenced to 16 years in prison in Israel for doing business with Tehran, and in the course of the investigation, "hundreds of companies" were found to have illegal business dealings with Iran. The fall-out reached the United States as some transactions were alleged to have been part of the Iran–Contra affair. A controversy over Israeli-Iranian business links erupted in mid-2011. Israeli company Ofer Brothers Group was subject to U.S. sanctions after it was revealed that it sold ships to Iran via a third party, and that its ships also docked at Iranian ports. However US government cleared Ofer Brothers Group from the list three months later. In 2006 Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported the Israeli refinery Paz reportedly purchases crude oil coming from Iran. The article reported that the oil from Iran arrives to Israel through a port in Rotterdam. Another article in Haaretz in the same year reported that the Israeli energy minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer said: "Every attempted contact with an enemy state that serves Israeli business and economic interests, strengthens the stability of the region." And the Israeli foreign ministry said that it was not their business to look into the sources of oil.
Ynet reported that Israeli–Iranian trade, conducted covertly and illegally by dozens of Israeli companies, totals tens of millions of dollars a year. Much of this trade is conducted through a third country. Israel supplies Iran with fertilizer, irrigation pipes, hormones for milk production, seeds, and fruit; Iran, meanwhile, provides Israel with marble, cashews, and pistachios. Based on the same report in November 2000, the Iranian government asked an Israeli company, which built Tehran's sewage pipes 30 years earlier, to visit the country for renovations. Shortly afterwards, the assistant director-general of Iran's Ministry of Agriculture visited Israel secretly and stayed at the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. He expressed an interest in purchasing irrigation pipes, pesticides and fertilizers.
In April 2009 a large batch of oranges carrying stickers of an Israeli company were distributed in the Iranian market. Based on the investigations the oranges were imported from Dubai. In December 2011 Bloomberg reported that most of the filtering equipment currently in use in Iran were bought from an Israeli company called Allot Communications. The system called NetEnforcer allows the government to monitor any device that is connected to the internet. The devices were shipped to Denmark, where the original packaging was removed and replaced with fake labels. Al-Monitor reported in 2013 that the Iranian government asked Israeli experts to visit the earthquake stricken areas in the province of Sistan in 2006. Based on the report the Israeli experts spent the passover of 2006 in Iran.
Military relations
Pre-revolution
Israel was involved in the arming of Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty:
Project "Flower" Tzur (see also Project Flower), a joint collaboration between Iran and Israel, aimed to develop a "state-of-the-art sea-to-sea missile, an advanced version of the U.S. Harpoon missile, with a range of 200 kilometers."
Israeli Defense Minister General Ezer Weizmann and Iranian Vice Minister of War General Hassan Toufanian discussed the co-production of Israel's Jericho-2 missile, code named Project Flower.
Khomeini era
The Observer estimated that Israel's arms sales to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War totaled US$500 million annually, and Time reported that throughout 1981 and 1982, "the Israelis reportedly set up Swiss bank accounts to handle the financial end of the deals."
According to the report of the U.S. Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran–Contra affair issued in November 1987, "the sale of U.S. arms to Iran through Israel began in the summer of 1985, after receiving the approval of President Reagan." These sales included "2,008 TOW missiles and 235 parts kits for Hawk missiles had been sent to Iran via Israel." Further shipments of up to US$2 billion of American weapons from Israel to Iran consisting of 18 F-4 fighter-bombers, 46 Skyhawk fighter-bombers, and nearly 4,000 missiles were foiled by the U.S. Department of Justice, and "unverified reports alleged that Israel agreed to sell Iran Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, radar equipment, mortar and machinegun ammunition, field telephones, M-60 tank engines and artillery shells, and spare parts for C-130 transport planes." Israeli arms deals to Iran continued after the Iran–Iraq War, although sporadically and unofficially.
Disputed issues
Iranian funding of Hamas and Hezbollah
Iran provides political and financial support and weapons to Hamas, an organization committed to the destruction of Israel by Jihad. According to Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority, "Hamas is funded by Iran. It claims it is financed by donations, but the donations are nothing like what it receives from Iran."
Iran has also provided support to Hezbollah, another enemy of Israel, with substantial amounts of funding, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbollah to take an action against Israel. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration" According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.
Nuclear program of Iran
Iran threatening Israel
The nuclear program of Iran with its potential to develop nuclear weapons, together with the anti-Israel rhetoric of the President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and his desire for "the regime occupying Jerusalem" to "vanish from the pages of time," has led many Israelis to expect an eventual attack from Iran.
In May 2012, Iran's Military Chief of Staff declared: "The Iranian nation is standing for its cause and that is the full annihilation of Israel."
In August 2012, Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, who heads Iran's Passive Defense Organization, said ahead of Al-Quds Day that Israel must be destroyed, saying, "[Al-Quds Day] is a reflection of the fact that no other way exists apart from resolve and strength to completely eliminate the aggressive nature and to destroy Israel."
In August 2012, a senior cleric and Tehran's provisional Friday Prayers Leader Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, speaking about Qods Day, called for the annihilation of the "Zionist regime," emphasizing that the spread of the "Islamic Awakening" in the Middle East "heralds annihilation of the Zionist regime."
Iran's repeated threats against Israel, particularly in 2012, led Canada, a close ally of Israel, to close its embassy in Iran on 7 September 2012, and giving Iranian diplomats 5 days to leave Canada.
On 21 September 2012, at a military parade in Iran to mark the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War, and in which a new air defense system was unveiled, Amir Ali Hajizadeh, the Iranian air force chief, said that should a conflict between Iran and Israel break out, Israel would "manage the beginning of the war, but the response and end would be in our hands, in which case the Zionist entity would cease to exist. The number of missiles launched would be more than the Zionists could imagine."
On 22 September 2012, General Mohammad Ali Jafari, the commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, said that eventually a war with Israel would break out, during which Iran would eradicate Israel, which he referred to as a "cancerous tumor."
On 23 September 2012, Hajizadeh threatened to attack Israel and trigger World War III, saying that "it is possible that we will make a pre-emptive attack" which would "turn into World War III." In the same statement, Hajizadeh threatened to attack American bases in the Middle East as well. Hajizadeh said that as a result of this attack, Israel would "sustain heavy damage and that will be a prelude to its obliteration." On the same day, Deputy Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Brigadier General Hossein Salami said that while Iran isn't concerned by Israeli "threats" to strike Iranian nuclear facilities, such an attack would be "a historic opportunity for the Islamic Revolution to wipe them off the world's geographic history."
On 2 October 2012, Hojjat al-Eslam Ali Shirazi, the representative of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to the Iranian Qods Force, alleged that Iran required only "24 hours and an excuse" in order to eradicate Israel. Shirazi alleged that Israel was "close to annihilation," and allegedly sought to attack Iran out of desperation.
Iran's actions, nuclear program, and threats have been viewed by Dr. Gregory Stanton, the founder and director of Genocide Watch, as having taken 6 out of 8 steps on the "path to genocide." Stanton urged the international community to take action against Iran and to isolate it, in order to "curb its genocidal intent." He said that "one of the best predictors of genocide is incitement to genocide ... and I believe that is exactly what Iran is doing today." Incitement to genocide is a crime under international law. He stressed that it is important not to dismiss "the early signs" as "diabolical rhetoric or as a tactic meant to advance a different goal," and doing so would "enable the perpetrators." Stanton also said that Iran has classified and symbolized Israel via hate speech and an ideology of exclusion, and has dehumanized Israel by portraying potential victim as "cancer" that should be wiped out. In addition, Stanton said that Iran has organized "fanatical militas," such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, while stifling dissent in Iranian society. He added that by denying a previous genocide, the Holocaust, by working on weapons of mass destruction, and through global terrorism, Iran has prepared for genocide.
In January 2013, Iran warned that any Israeli attack on Syria would be treated the same as an attack on Iran. After Israel attacked Syria, Iran simply stated that Israel would "regret this recent aggression".
In March 2015, the commander of the Basij militia of Iran's Revolutionary Guards said that "erasing Israel off the map is not negotiable."
On 6 June 2023, IRGC unveiled Fattah (missile), an Iranian hypersonic medium-range ballistic missile with a range of 1400 km and a terminal speed of Mach 13-15. Iran also claimed that this missile can strike Israel within 400 seconds and avoid the most advanced anti-ballistic missile systems of the United States and the Zionist regime, including Israel's Iron Dome.
Israel threatening Iran
In November 2003 a Scottish newspaper claimed that Israel "warned that it is prepared to take unilateral military action against Iran if the international community fails to stop any development of nuclear weapons at the country's atomic energy facilities." It cited then Israeli defence minister Shaul Mofaz stating, "under no circumstances would Israel be able to tolerate nuclear weapons in Iranian possession." In December 2005, a British newspaper claimed that the Israeli military had been ordered by then Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to plan for possible strikes on uranium enrichment sites in Iran in March 2006, based on Israeli intelligence estimates that Iran would be able to build nuclear weapons in two to four years. It was claimed that the special forces command was in the highest stage of readiness for an attack (state G) in December of the following year. Ariel Sharon reportedly said, "Israel – and not only Israel – cannot accept a nuclear Iran. We have the ability to deal with this and we're making all the necessary preparations to be ready for such a situation." Israeli military Chief of Staff, Dan Halutz, was quoted as responding to the question of how far Israel was ready to go to stop Iran's nuclear energy program with the statement "Two thousand kilometers." Seymour Hersh says U.S. Department of Defense civilians led by Douglas Feith have been working with Israeli planners and consultants to develop and refine potential nuclear, chemical-weapons, and missile targets inside Iran.
On 8 May 2006, then Israeli Vice Premier Shimon Peres said in an interview with Reuters that "the president of Iran should remember that Iran can also be wiped off the map," Army Radio reported. Peres, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, drew unusually stiff criticism from an analyst on Israel's state television, Yoav Limor, for talking of destroying another country. In May 2006, IDF Chief of Staff Dan Halutz stated that Iran's nuclear facilities can be destroyed, hinting at a possible plan to do just that. In September 2007, Israel repeated its policy concerning the development of nuclear capacity by its potential enemies. Shabtai Shavit, a former chief of the Mossad, said Iranian atomic facilities could be destroyed within a year, but has not ruled out going that direction. Isaac Ben-Israel, a former general of the Israeli Air Force, said an attack could be carried out at any time but only as a last resort. Iran's Shahab-3 missile exercises were conducted in early July demonstrating that Israel was within reach.
According to the New York Times, Israel sought help from the United States for a military attack against Iran. Israel reportedly asked for bunker-busting bombs for an attack on Iran's main nuclear complex and for permission to fly over Iraq to reach Iran's major nuclear complex at Natanz. The Bush administration rejected the requests. According to the article, White House officials never conclusively determined whether Israel had decided to go ahead with the strike before the United States protested, or whether Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel was trying to goad the White House into more decisive action before President Bush left office.
On 27 July 2009, Israel's Defence Minister Ehud Barak during a press conference with Robert Gates, the US Defense Secretary, in Jerusalem, warned Iran that a military strike on its nuclear facilities was still an option: "We clearly believe that no option should be removed from the table. This is our policy; we mean it. We recommend to others to take the same position, but we cannot dictate it to anyone." The same day, Israel's Ambassador to US, Gabriela Shalev, during a special UN Security Council session held to discuss the situation in the Middle East, called Iran the "biggest supporter of terrorism. The Islamic Republic's nuclear program and its support of terrorism pose a threat to the entire Middle East."
In 2010, Gabi Ashkenazi and Meir Dagan balked at Benjamin Netanyahu's preparations for a strike on Iran.
On 5 November 2012, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reiterated his willingness to mount a unilateral attack on Iran's nuclear facilities even without US support. This conflicts with experts' assessments that US support is needed in the form of the newer GBU-31 bunker busting bombs, which are required to penetrate some of Iran's reinforced nuclear facilities such as the Fordo site. Israel currently only has the GBU-28 bunker busting munitions, which are said to be insufficient. However, with the announcement by Netanyahu being made on the eve of the 2012 Presidential elections, tensions between the two allies are likely to rise.
In 2013, retiring defense minister Ehud Barak said that though it would be very difficult for Israel to operate alone, that Obama had ordered the Pentagon to prepare detailed plans for an American strike on Iran.
Netanyahu said in September 2013 that President Hassan Rouhani is trying to acquire a nuclear weapon, and that his perception as a moderate makes him a "wolf in sheep's clothing."
In January 2014, during a plenary session at the 9th World Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland, the President of Israel Shimon Peres said in response to a question about the threat of Iran's nuclear program that "Iran is not an enemy", and there are no historical hostilities between the two countries. In that regard he added: "I don't see a reason to spend so much money in the name of hatred".
In May 2018, it was revealed that Prime Minister Netanyahu had ordered the Mossad and military in 2011 to prepare for an attack on Iran within 15 days of receiving the order. According to Mossad chief Tamir Pardo, Netanyahu backed off after he and Chief of Staff Benny Gantz questioned Netanyahu's legal right to give such an order without Cabinet approval.
On May 29, 2022, Israeli Prime Minister warned that Iran will not go unpunished for inspiring assaults through its proxies.
On June 27, 2022, Israeli Defense Minister Benny Gantz indicated that Israel will cooperate with world powers to influence any agreement that might result from Iran's nuclear negotiations.
Speculations
On 26 May 2006, then Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov reiterated Moscow's commitment to supply Iran with sophisticated anti-aircraft missiles. However Lockheed Martin Executive Vice President of F-35 Program Integration Tom Burbage indicated that once Israel has the F-35 it need not fear the S-300.
In June 2008, Israel conducted a major military exercise that American officials speculated might be training for a bombing attack on Iran. A senior Pentagon official said one of the goals of the exercise was to send a clear message to the United States and other countries that Israel was prepared to act militarily: "They wanted us to know, they wanted the Europeans to know, and they wanted the Iranians to know," the Pentagon official said. "There's a lot of signaling going on at different levels."
The Bush administration did agree to sell a thousand GBU-39 standoff bunker penetrating bombs to Israel, but a strike against Natanz would require hundreds of these bombs.
In a 2009 interview, American diplomat John Bolton argued that the Iran–Israel relationship had deteriorated to the point that it might be "wise" for Israel to preemptively attack Iran's nuclear research facilities. To destroy the facilities, while not a permanent solution to ending Iran's nuclear ambitions, he argued, might delay the progress of Iranian nuclear research for long enough that regime change could occur before the development of a nuclear weapon took place. He cited as an example the case of the apartheid government of South Africa, which renounced their efforts to pursue nuclear weapons after the Mandela government came to power.
In April 2009, Army General David Petraeus said "the Israeli government may ultimately see itself so threatened by the prospect of an Iranian nuclear weapon that it would take preemptive military action to derail or delay it." On 17 September 2009, Ze'ev Elkin said that the delivery by Russia of S-300 missiles may prompt Israel to strike Iran. However, in June 2010 Russia voted for UN sanctions to prevent the S-300 missile sale.
Iran consistently claimed that its nuclear program is purely for civilian purposes, and that it has no intention of ever utilizing its peaceful nuclear program to develop nuclear weapons. During the course of Iran's recent history, specifically during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran has experienced significant outages of its commercial electricity grid. Iran has also continuously claimed that it intends to ultimately export part of the electricity produced by its nuclear reactors to its regional neighbors, as a way of diversifying its mainly oil-based economy to more diversified revenue streams.
German Defense Minister Thomas de Maiziere said in 2012 that an Israeli attack would be unlikely to succeed.
Iran responding to Israeli threats
Iran's former foreign minister, Manouchehr Mottaki declared that Israel was not capable of an attack and still recovering from the 2006 war in Lebanon. The Iranian Chief of the Revolutionary Guards, Mohammad Ali Jafari said Israel was within the reach of Iranian missiles and Iran would close the Strait of Hormuz, cutting off two-fifths of the global oil supply. Iran has the capability to close the Strait of Hormuz or impede traffic for a month or more, and any U.S. attempts to reopen it could escalate the conflict.
According to Mohammad Ali Jafari "If Israel military aggresses against sovereignty and independence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the country will use its right, established under international law which unequivocally establishes the right to defend its sovereignty by all lawful means available to it. Moreover, if such aggression is penetrated, the United Nations will be obliged to repulse such an aggression towards its sovereign member".
On 7 February 2010, Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said the destruction of Israel was assured. According to the Tehran Times, Khamenei told Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ramadan Abdullah Shallah, "Israel is going downhill toward decline and fall and God willing its obliteration is certain". Khamenei went on to call Israel "a symbol of atrocity, viciousness, and ugliness," and said the West's "support for the Zionist regime is ineffective." Former Iranian President Ahmadinejad's chief of staff, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, said that if Israel attacked Iran it would be destroyed within a week.
On June 24, 2022, Iran claimed that Yair Lapid's allegations of an Iranian conspiracy to assassinate Israelis in Istanbul were "ridiculous" and intended to sour relations between Iran and Turkey.
On July 15, 2022, the Iranian military cautioned Israel and the US not to use force against Iran, “The Americans and Zionists (Israel) know very well the price for using the word 'force against Iran," State media cited Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, spokesman for the Iranian armed forces.
See also
Arab League–Iran relations
2021 Natanz incident
History of the Jews in Iran
International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
International Holocaust Cartoon Competition
International recognition of Israel
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Iranian Jews in Israel
Israel–Saudi Arabia relations
Persian Jews
Tehran - Haifa - Tel Aviv
Visa policy of Iran#Israel
References
Further reading
Abbasov, Namig, and Emil A. Souleimanov. "Azerbaijan, Israel, and Iran: An Unlikely Triangle Shaping the Northern Middle East." Middle East Policy 29.1 (2022): 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12611
Bakhash, Shaul. "Iran's Relations with Israel, Syria, and Lebanon." in Iran at the Crossroads (Routledge, 2019) pp. 115-128.
Beck, Martin. "The aggravated struggle for regional power in the Middle East: American allies Saudi Arabia and Israel versus Iran." Global Policy 11.1 (2020) pp: 84-92.
Hadar, Maya. "From Allies to Enemies; Putting the Israeli-Iranian Conflict in Historical Context." in Instrumentalizing the Past (De Gruyter, 2022) pp. 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110769791
Holliday, Shabnam J. "Populism, the international and methodological nationalism: Global order and the Iran–Israel nexus." Political Studies 68.1 (2020): 3-19. online
Kaye, Dalia Dassa, and Shira Efron. "Israel’s evolving Iran policy." Survival 62.4 (2020): 7-30. online
External links
Iran and Israel at the United States Institute of Peace
Iran at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Israel
Bilateral relations of Israel
Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran
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Kirk Terry Dornbush (born 1933) is a former United States Ambassador to the Netherlands. He served from 1994 until 1998.
Biography
Dornbush was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1933. He earned his B.A. degree from Vanderbilt University.
References
Living people
1933 births
Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands
People from Atlanta
Vanderbilt University alumni
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都庞岭，为中国华南五岭之一，处于湖南省江永县与广西壮族自治区灌阳县的交界处，平均海拔约为800至1200米。都庞岭主峰为韭菜岭，海拔2009米,位于湖南道县境内,为永州市最高点，湖南第六高峰。主要山峰有癞子山、九龙山、韭菜岭、摩天岭、新隘子等。
南岭
湖南山脉
广西山脉
永州地理
桂林地理
江永县
灌阳县
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Kody Swanson (born March 3, 1988) is an American professional sprint car racing driver. He is a seven-time USAC USAC Silver Crown Series champion in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022, plus a three-time Little 500 winner. Swanson is currently the all-time wins leader in Silver Crown with 37.
Racing career
Silver Crown Series
Swanson made his Silver Crown Series debut in August 2008. His first series podium came in July 2009 with a third-place finish at Iowa Speedway, driving the No. 19 for Team Six-R. In his sophomore season, he finished fifth in the series standings and was named Rookie of the Year.
His first win came in the Ted Horn 100 at the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack in September 2010. It was his only win that season. However, he claimed four podiums and six top-five finishes throughout nine races.
In 2018, Swanson joined Al Unser Sr. as one of the only two drivers in history to win four consecutive Hoosier Hundred USAC Silver Crown Series races at the Indiana State Fairgrounds Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana. As of the end of the 2021 season, he was the all-time winningest USAC Silver Crown driver with 34 wins (second most is Jack Hewitt).
Little 500
Swanson has competed in the Little 500 at Anderson Speedway five times since 2015. In that time, he has recorded three wins, one each in 2016, 2018, and 2019.
In 2022, Swanson won the inaugural season of the Indiana-based 500 Sprint Car Tour.
Stock car racing
Swanson watched Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) races during combined events with Silver Crown. Silver Crown director Andy Hillenburg, a longtime ARCA team owner and former ARCA champion, arranged a meeting between Swanson and several owners to try to get him an ARCA ride, and this led to a one-race deal in the No. 22 Chad Bryant Racing at Iowa Speedway in July 2020.
Other racing
Swanson has won in USAC National midget cars. In 2020, he tested an Indy Pro 2000 car at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway with hopes that he might someday be considered for an Indianapolis 500 ride. Later that year, he would enter the Indy Pro 2000 race at the Carb Night Classic with Legacy Autosport and win in his series debut. 2021 brought Kody the AJ Foyt trophy while becoming only the second driver (Mike Bliss 93/94) to win in Midgets, Sprint Cars and Silver Crown competition at Indianapolis Raceway Park all in the same year.
Motorsports career results
ARCA Menards Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Little 500
(key)
American open–wheel racing results
Indy Pro 2000 Championship
Superstar Racing Experience
(key) * – Most laps led. 1 – Heat 1 winner. 2 – Heat 2 winner.
Season still in progress
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Indy Pro 2000 Championship drivers
People from Kingsburg, California
Sportspeople from Fresno County, California
Racing drivers from California
USAC Silver Crown Series drivers
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Zakręt is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pułtusk, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Villages in Pułtusk County
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Showpo is an Australian online fashion retailer. Primarily aimed at young women, the company's vision is "to be her go to place to shop". As of June 2017, Showpo's annual revenue was $30 million, with 35% of sales occurring internationally.
Showpo's CEO Jane Lu has described the company's social media branding as its "biggest competitive advantage". As of May 2017, the company had 1.1 million followers on Instagram and 895,100 Likes on Facebook.
History
In 2010, Showpo was launched as "Show Pony" by co-founder Jane Lu, initially operating from her parents' garage in Balmain, Sydney. Three months after launch, the company opened a bricks and mortar store in Broadway in Sydney, followed by a kiosk in Pitt St Westfield in August 2011. In 2012, Showpo had its first million-dollar month with just four staff. Showpo closed its profitable bricks and mortar stores in 2013 to focus its business solely online. In 2014, the company turned over $10 million in sales and by 2017 it had reached a run rate of $30 million.
Showpo International
In August 2017, Showpo held its official US launch in Los Angeles, the location of its US warehouse.
Awards and recognition
In 2014, Showpo was listed in 3rd place in Smartcompany's Smart50 Awards, with annual revenue of $7.5 million and 306.23% growth.
In 2014, Showpo won Australian Startup Daily Startup of the Year in The Australian Startup Awards.
In 2015, Jane Lu (CEO) was named Cosmopolitan Magazine's 2015 Entrepreneur of the Year.
In 2016, Jane Lu (CEO) was listed in Smart Company's 'Hot 30 under 30'.
In 2016, Jane Lu (CEO) was listed in Forbes magazine's annual '30 under 30 Asia'.
In 2017, Jane Lu (CEO) was listed in Smart Company's 'Hot 30 under 30'.
In 2017, Showpo won Online Retail Industry Awards [ORIAS] for "Best Social Commerce Initiative" and "Best Site Optimisation and Design".
In 2017, Jane Lu (CEO) was included in the Most Viewed Fashion Professionals on LinkedIn in Australia as part of LinkedIn's Power Profiles series.
In 2018, Showpo won Online Retail Industry Awards [ORIAS] for "Online Retailer of the Year", "Best International Conqueror", "Best Social Commerce Initiative" and "Best Site Optimisation & Design".
In 2019, Showpo won Online Retail Industry Awards [ORIAS] for "Best Pureplay Retailer", "Technology Champion" and entered the ORIAS Hall of Fame.
In 2022, Showpo won Best Social Commerce Initiative.
References
External links
Clothing retailers of Australia
Companies based in Sydney
Clothing companies established in 2010
Australian companies established in 2010
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Fiona Leggate (born 28 May 1980) is a British auto racing driver.
Early career
Leggate had been interested in motorsport since her childhood, influenced by her father Malcolm Leggate who had a 19-year career in saloon car racing.
After competing in showjumping and dressage events (once breaking both her wrists at once when she was 10) she switched her attention from horseriding to horsepower, entering and winning a competition to drive with ex-British Rally Champion Gwyndaf Evans.
This led to her spending 2003 and 2004 contesting various championships including Britcar and the MG XPower trophy, and in July 2004 she set a world record for the most races contested in one day.
British Touring Car Championship (BTCC)
Leggate entered the BTCC in 2005, joining halfway through the season in a Vauxhall Astra Coupé acquired from the championship-winning works team 888, but converted to run on bioethanol fuel and run by the Leamington Spa based Tech-Speed team. She scored 12 points including a 5th place at Silverstone, gaining much publicity for the environmentally-friendly fuel.
For 2006 Leggate once again raced in the BTCC in the same car running on bio-ethanol, with new sponsorship from Vauxhall dealer Thurlby Motors as well as continuing support from the Energy Efficient Motorsport (EEMS) scheme. Her best results were a trio of 10th places. She missed the races at round 6 due to a cracked engine cylinder. After also missing round 8, she withdrew from the series, her replacement being Paul O'Neill for the remaining two rounds of the series.
In 2007, she again raced in the BTCC with the Kartworld team using an ex-WSR MG ZS fuelled once again with bio-ethanol. She also raced in the EERC Production S1 championship with the same MG ZR that she used in 2006.
Other racing
In 2006 Leggate competed in non-clashing Britcar Production S1 races in an MG ZR. She was partnered once by MG racer Paul White in March at Silverstone and then Rob Oldaker in June at Brands Hatch. Leggate and Oldaker were then joined by MG Trophy racer Ben Jacques and Italian BMW racer Umberto Nacamuli for the Silverstone 24-hour race. The car retired with engine failure with only just over an hour to go. She also competed in the Mini Challenge, driving at Thruxton and Spa, although she missed race two there due to failure of the engine electronics.
As well as this she also raced another MG ZR in two endurance races at the MGCC Silverstone meeting in June. She was partnered in Race 1 by Regular driver Rob Oldaker and by Mark Stacey for the second race. The car retired from the second race with head gasket failure.
In 2007 Leggate entered the PS1 Championship, where she won her class in the first four races, as well as having the class pole at the two meetings and fastest lap.
Personal life
She was previously married to Danny Watts. They have one son.
Racing record
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded just in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point awarded all races)
Britcar 24 Hour results
References
External links
Official website
Profile from btccinfo.co.uk
1980 births
Living people
English racing drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
English female racing drivers
Britcar 24-hour drivers
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Brett Kissel (born May 27, 1990) is a Canadian country singer. He has achieved four number-one hits on the Canadian country chart with "Airwaves", "Drink About Me", "A Few Good Stories", and "Make a Life, Not a Living". Kissel has released the albums, Started with a Song (2013), Pick Me Up (2015), We Were That Song (2017), Now or Never (2020), What Is Life? (2020), and The Compass Project (2023).
Early life
Kissel was born in St. Paul, Alberta, the son of Brenda and Gordon Kissel. He has one older brother, Jamison. He grew up on a cattle ranch in northeastern Alberta's Flat Lake region, where his family operates the Wengzynowski North View cattle ranch.
Career
2000–2011: Early years
Kissel recorded his first album, Keepin' It Country, when he was 12 years old.
Kissel released three more albums, By Request in 2004, Tried and True – A Canadian Tribute in 2006 and My Roots Run Deep in 2008. In 2006, Kissel was nominated for the Chevy Trucks Rising Star Award at the Canadian Country Music Association Awards. Kissel was 16 years old at the time, making him the youngest CCMA nominee in the history of the awards show.
On May 10, 2013, Kissel signed a record deal with Warner Music Canada. His debut single, "Started with a Song", was released on June 17. It became the most added song at Canadian country radio in its first week, surpassing a Canadian country radio record set by Taylor Swift's "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together". It debuted at number 87 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 for the week of July 27, 2013. The music video for the song premiered on CMT Canada on June 27. Kissel's first album for Warner, also titled Started with a Song, was released on October 1, 2013.
On February 14, 2014, Kissel released his third single from his Started with a Song album titled "3-2-1". On March 29, 2014, Kissel won his first Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year, and also performed on the 2014 Juno Awards broadcast on CTV alongside OneRepublic, Tegan and Sara, Bachman–Turner Overdrive and The Sheepdogs.
In September 2014, Kissel led all country singers with eight nominations for the Canadian Country Music Awards held in Edmonton, Alberta.
2015–2018: Pick Me Up and We Were That Song
In September 2017 Kissel won Male Artist of the Year, Interactive Artist of the Year, Country Music Program or Special of the Year and Video of the Year for I Didn't Fall in Love With Your Hair at the 2017 Canadian Country Music Awards. He also released a new album We Were That Song on December 8, 2017. In 2018 he went on a tour across Canada to support the album.
2019–2021: Now or Never, What Is Life?
In September 2019, Kissel released his first American country radio single "Drink About Me", the lead single from his fourth major-label album Now or Never which was released on January 1, 2020. "Drink About Me" would become Kissel's second number one on the Canada Country chart, but wouldn't find a place on the American Country Billboard chart. "She Drives Me Crazy" was released as the second single off the album in February 2020.
In September 2020, Kissel released this third single off Now or Never, "A Few Good Stories" and picked up 4 CCMA Awards, winning Male Artist of the Year, Fan's Choice, Creative Director, and Album of the Year for Now it Never. Kissel then signed his first American record deal with Verge Records, a Nashville-based partner of ONErpm. "A Few Good Stories" became Kissel's third Number One on Canada Country, "She Drives Me Crazy" became Kissel's second Platinum-certified single, and "Drink About Me" was nominated for Single of the Year at the 2021 Juno Awards.
In March 2021, Kissel released the single "Make a Life, Not a Living", and announced his fifth major-label album What Is Life?, which was released on April 9, 2021. "Make a Life, Not a Living" debuted by setting a record as the most-added song at Canadian country radio in a single week ever. It later became his fourth career Number One at Canadian country radio, and his first song to chart in the top 50 of the Billboard Canadian Hot 100. Kissel won the "Fans' Choice" award at the 2021 Canadian Country Music Awards in November 2021.
2022-present: The Compass Project
In 2022, he released the single "Ain't the Same" with American vocal group 98 Degrees. Along with its follow-up single "Watch It", the song was included on Kissel's studio album The Compass Project - South Album, which was released on January 27, 2023. The entire box set will see Kissel release four different albums as part of The Compass Project in 2023. The South Album also included the single "Never Have I Ever", which was released in January 2023 alongside the official announcement of the project. The "East Album" was released on April 28, 2023. Kissel was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal for outstanding contributions to the Province of Alberta in April 2023. In September 2023, he released the single "Two of Us" with American country artist Cooper Alan. The "West Album" is slated for release on November 3, 2023.
Personal life
Brett Kissel married Cecilia Friesen in July 2011 in Edmonton, Alberta. They lived in Nashville, Tennessee for several years. In 2016, Cecilia gave birth to their first daughter. Over the next six years, she gave birth to their second daughter, and two sons. Kissel and his family now reside on his family farm in northern Alberta.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Christmas singles
Promotional singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
1990 births
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Alberta
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Warner Music Group artists
Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners
People from the Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87
21st-century Canadian male singers
Juno Award for Country Album of the Year winners
Canadian Country Music Association Male Artist of the Year winners
Canadian Country Music Association Fans' Choice Award winners
Canadian Country Music Association Album of the Year winners
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters
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请描述慢性化脓性胸膜炎的治疗方法？慢性脓胸的治疗原则是消除致病原因，闭合脓腔。绝大多数病人需手术治疗和抗菌素(头孢噻啶,先锋霉素，氧氟沙星,甲哨唑)。在治疗过程中，必须注意全身情况，鼓励病人多活动，增强心肺功能。补充营养，提高血浆蛋白、纠正贫血，方可进行较大的手术。(一)改进引流：部分病人可随引流的改进而获得治愈。(二)胸膜纤维板剥脱术：手术时机的选择至关重要。该手术适用肺内无明显改变、胸膜增厚明显的慢性脓胸，早期进行，效果最好。(三)胸膜内胸廓改形术：本方法适用于胸膜增厚比较严重的病例。(四)胸膜外胸廓改形术：适用于胸膜增厚不太严重而肺内又有病变的病例。(五)胸膜肺切除术：如慢性脓胸同时合并有肺内广泛严重病变，其他手术方法还不能根治，则为施行胸膜全肺切除或胸膜肺叶切除的适应症。
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聖盧西亞（），是巴西的城鎮，位於該國東北部，由帕拉伊巴州負責管轄，始建於1871年，面積455.7平方公里，海拔高度299米，2010年人口14,719，人口密度每平方公里32.3人。
參考資料
巴西城市
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2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会赞比亚代表团是赞比亚所派出的，因2019冠状病毒病疫情而延期至2021年举办的第32届夏季奥林匹克运动会的代表团。这是该国第十三次以赞比亚名义参加夏季奥运。
田径
赞比亚在田径项目上获得以下资格（每个小项最多3名来自同一代表团的运动员参赛）：
注
径赛运动员的预赛、1/4决赛和半决赛排名是该运动员所在小组的排名，而非总排名
Q = 直接晋级至下一轮
q = 径赛：因在所有未直接晋级选手中成绩靠前而获得剩下的晋级名额；田赛：未达到晋级标准成绩但总排名靠前
径赛和公路赛
拳击
赞比亚在奥运拳击项目上共获得三个席位，均来自于非洲区资格赛。
足球
女子赛事
赞比亚国家女子足球队在奥运足球非洲区资格赛最终轮中凭借客场进球数优势战胜喀麦隆队，历史上首次获得奥运参赛资格。
队员名单
2021年7月2日，赞比亚队公布了该国奥运女子足球队名单。
Catherine Musonda
Fikile Khosa
Lushomo Mweemba
Esther Siamfuko
Anita Mulenga
Mary Wilombe
Lubandji Ochumba
Margaret Belemu
Hellen Mubanga
Grace Chanda
芭芭拉·班达
Martha Tembo
Ireen Lungu
Agness Musase
Hazel Nali
Racheal Kundananji
Hellen Chanda
Ngambo Musole
Avell Chitundu
Vast Phiri
Evarine Katongo
Esther Mukwasa
柔道
赞比亚在奥运柔道项目上获得一个非洲区名额。
游泳
赞比亚有两名游泳运动员获外卡邀请，得以参加奥运。
参考资料
Zambia
奧林匹克運動會尚比亞代表團
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方有度，字方叔，安徽省歙县人。明朝東林黨官員。
生平
万历四十四年丙辰科进士，官至工科给事中、吏科左給事中。善党争，少务实事，攻击无虚日，因议论红丸、移宫两案获罪魏忠贤而削籍，抱恨而死，崇祯初年追复原官。
著作
著作有《陛辭疏草》。
參考文獻
歙縣人
Y有
明朝吏科给事中
明朝工科给事中
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The LAS (LASer) format is a file format designed for the interchange and archiving of lidar point cloud data. It is an open, binary format specified by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The format is widely used and regarded as an industry standard for lidar data.
File structure
A LAS file consists of the following overall sections:
Point data records
A LAS file contains point records in one of the point data record formats defined by the LAS specification; as of LAS 1.4, there are 11 point data record formats (0 through 10) available. All point data records must be of the same format within the file. The various formats differ in the data fields available, such as GPS time, RGB and NIR color and wave packet information.
The 3D point coordinates are represented within the point data records by 32-bit integers, to which a scaling and offset defined in the public header must be applied in order to obtain the actual coordinates.
As the number of bytes used per point data record is explicitly given in the public header block, it is possible to add user-defined fields in "extra bytes" to the fields given by the specification-defined point data record formats. A standardized way of interpreting such extra bytes was introduced in the LAS 1.4 specification, in the form of a specific EVLR.
Compression
LAS file format is not compressed but there is an open source project LASzip which defined the open file format LAZ to losslessly compress LAS data.
References
External links
LASer (LAS) File Format Exchange Activities at American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Official ASPRS LAS Page on GitHub
GIS file formats
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双侧输卵管远端堵塞扩张积水是怎么回事？输卵管由内到外分为三层，分别为输卵管黏膜层、肌层、浆膜层，当大量病原微生物感染或人体免疫力减低时，定植于体内的微生物开始繁殖，导致输卵管组织充血、水肿，黏膜分泌作用增强，产生分泌液、渗出液，黏膜粘连、管腔闭锁，如产生的分泌液不能正常排到输卵管外，聚集在输卵管内，还可形成输卵管积水。双侧输卵管远端堵塞扩张积水是女性上生殖道的一种感染性疾病，发病原因主要是外源性病原体，也就是性接触传播的疾病的病原体，如沙眼衣原体、淋病奈瑟菌，其还有支原体、衣原体等等。内源性比较少见，来自寄居于阴道内的微生物群，包括需氧菌及厌氧菌。如果为单纯的输卵管炎，查体的时候可以触及到增粗的输卵管，压痛明显。如果为输卵管积脓或输卵管卵巢脓肿，可以触及包块，并且有明显的压痛、不活动。在治疗上，主要以抗生素治疗为主，必要时手术治疗。如果病人一般状况好、症状轻，能耐受口服抗生素的，并且有随访条件的，可以在门诊给予口服或者肌肉注射抗生素。同时加服抗菌的药物。如果病人一般状况差，病情严重，伴有发热、恶心、呕吐或者有盆腔炎症的，需要住院治疗，给予抗生素静脉输液治疗效果比较好。如果保守治疗，效果不好，必要时可以行手术切除术。中医治疗，疗效独特，效果稳定，药物无副作用，可以找中医吃中药，辨证论治，局部做好热敷。双侧输卵管远端堵塞扩张积水可以输液加物理治疗口服中药辅助治疗，治疗期间不能同房，忌食辛辣刺激和寒性食物。如果治疗效果不佳的话可以选择宫腔镜。
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背帶頰麗魚，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目隆頭魚亞目慈鯛科的其中一種，分布於非洲馬拉威湖流域，體長可達23公分，棲息在沙底質水域，生活習性不明，可作為觀賞魚。
參考文獻
擴展閱讀
觀賞魚
nototaenia
B
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The 1952 football season was São Paulo's 23rd season since the club's founding in 1930.
Overall
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|Games played || 69 (9 Torneio Rio-São Paulo, 30 Campeonato Paulista, 30 Friendly match)
|-
|Games won || 43 (3 Torneio Rio-São Paulo, 21 Campeonato Paulista, 19 Friendly match)
|-
|Games drawn || 12 (2 Torneio Rio-São Paulo, 4 Campeonato Paulista, 6 Friendly match)
|-
|Games lost || 14 (4 Torneio Rio-São Paulo, 5 Campeonato Paulista, 5 Friendly match)
|-
|Goals scored || 149
|-
|Goals conceded || 81
|-
|Goal difference || +68
|-
|Best result || 5–0 (A) v Juventus - Friendly match - 1952.04.20 5–0 (H) v Portuguesa Santista - Campeonato Paulista - 1952.09.28
|-
|Worst result || 0–4 (A) v Fluminense - Torneio Rio-São Paulo - 1952.03.22 0–4 (A) v XV de Piracicaba - Friendly match - 1952.03.30 0–4 (H) v XV de Jaú - Campeonato Paulista - 1952.10.08
|-
|Most appearances ||
|-
|Top scorer ||
|-
Friendlies
Official competitions
Torneio Rio-São Paulo
Record
Campeonato Paulista
Record
External links
official website
Association football clubs 1952 season
1952
1952 in Brazilian football
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Ira William McCollum Jr. (born July 12, 1944) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001, representing Florida's 5th congressional district, which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993. As a member of the House, McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference, the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership. He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clinton's trial in the Senate, which ended in acquittal.
McCollum was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000, hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III, losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson. McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez. In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida, losing to businessman Rick Scott.
Early life
Born and raised in Brooksville, Florida, McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelor's degree and J.D. degree from the University of Florida. While at the University of Florida, he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame, the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive, was a member of The Board, and served as president of Florida Blue Key.
McCollum's professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navy's Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972. McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander (O-5) in the JAG Corps in 1992. In 1973, he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics, serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980.
Congressional career
In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando. He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary.
While in Congress, McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, chairing it for six years. He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence, Analysis, and Counterintelligence. Additionally, McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee, where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime.
While serving the House, McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions, including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference. McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair, and, in 1998–1999, as one of the House managers (prosecutors) in the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton.
U.S. Senate elections
Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000, McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat, bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career.
McCollum ran again in 2004, seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham. He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez, who went on to win the seat.
McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm, practicing in the federal policy area. In addition to his duties as the state's chief legal officer, he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation, chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nation's health care system. He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations. He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute.
Florida Attorney General
In 2006, McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General, defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election.
McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare. He also filed a brief in support of Arizona's immigration law.
McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill, as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his office's ability to pursue claims against BP, and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud.
While Attorney General, McCollum defended Florida's ban on adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit, In re: Gill, that challenged the ban. McCollum hired Dr. George Rekers, a controversial clinical psychologist, to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children. The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban. When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling, McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court.
McCollum was also the Florida Chairman for the Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008.
2010 gubernatorial candidacy
On May 18, 2009, McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida. The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S. Senate.
McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida, decrying them as an unconstitutional "tax on living," and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit. The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010. He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care, although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised. On September 8, 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run 'public option' for health insurance.
In the Republican primary, McCollum faced businessman Rick Scott, who had never before held elective office. McCollum criticized Scott's tenure as CEO of healthcare company Columbia/HCA, during which the company became entangled in a federal Medicare fraud investigation. Scott countered that the FBI had never targeted him personally. The Miami Herald noted that a 1998 congressional bill sponsored by McCollum would have made it more difficult to prosecute Medicare fraud cases, a fact that undermined McCollum’s criticisms of Scott.
Scott defeated McCollum in the August primary with approximately 46.4% percent of the vote to McCollum's 43.4%
Private sector
In 2014, McCollum was named to the board of directors of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics, a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications, located in Melbourne, Florida.
Personal life
McCollum is married to Ingrid Seebohm McCollum. They have three sons: Douglas, Justin, and Andrew.
See also
Joe Jacquot (McCollum's Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff)
References
External links
Bill McCollum, official profile, Office of the Attorney General of Florida
Bill McCollum, official campaign site
Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org (2004 Senate race)
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1944 births
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American naval officers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
American Security Council Foundation
Candidates in the 2000 United States elections
Candidates in the 2004 United States elections
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Florida Attorneys General
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni
United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps
Living people
Military personnel from Florida
People associated with BakerHostetler
People from Brooksville, Florida
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida
University of Florida alumni
Members of Congress who became lobbyists
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鹅岭可以指
鹅岭乡
鹅岭站
鹅岭公园
鹅岭立交桥
鹅岭抗战遗址群
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80多岁老人胃息肉怎么治疗？年纪大的人如果患有胃息肉的话，其治疗还是比较简单的，当胃息肉并不大的时候，就可以通过内镜下黏膜的切除术，把息肉切除了。而且息肉很小的时候，可以用氩气，就跟激光一样，直接给它点掉。对于较小的胃息肉也可以不切除，定期复查胃镜，看息肉有无继续长大，如果一直无明显变化，可一直不处理的。胃息肉是胃黏膜局限性良性隆起病变，早期或无并发症时多无症状。出现症状时常表现为上腹隐痛、腹胀、不适，少数可出现恶心、呕吐。胃息肉可以彻底治愈的，胃增生性息肉，内镜下切除以后，不能说100%不复发了，但是大多数人是可以完全治疗好的。胃息肉是指胃黏膜表面长出的突起状乳头状组织，胃息肉一般为良性，较小的息肉无不适症状不需要治疗，较大的息肉或增长较快，经常出现不适或出血、恶变倾向等情况可以考虑手术治疗。这种情况与慢性胃炎是胃粘膜的炎症，刺激异常增生有关系的。息肉小的话可以不管它，平时饮食上需要注意清淡，不吃辛辣油腻刺激性食物，多吃水果蔬菜，戒烟戒酒，避免不良刺激就行了。半年或者3个月复查一次即可，如果息肉比较大建议手术切除，避免病变，可以在胃镜下切除也就是做胃镜同时顺便切除就行了。术后注意休息，调节好饮食，吃清淡易消化流质饮食，不吃生冷、油腻和辛辣食物，定期复查，遵医嘱用药，忌烟酒、咖啡、浓茶等。在饮食上，要规律不能暴饮暴食或饥一顿饱一顿、早餐要吃好，不要食过多高脂食品，低胆固醇饮食，多食新鲜水果、蔬菜，低脂肪、低胆固醇食品如：香菇、木耳、芹菜等。、豆芽、海带、藕、鱼肉、兔肉、鸡肉、鲜豆类等。
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Wild Geese is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Phil Goldstone and starring Belle Bennett and Russell Simpson. Based upon the 1925 novel of the same name by Martha Ostenso, it was distributed by Tiffany-Stahl Pictures.
Plot summary
Cast
Preservation
With no prints of Wild Geese located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
See also
The Cry of the Wild Geese (1961)
References
External links
1927 films
American silent feature films
Lost American films
Tiffany Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Films set in the 1880s
Films set in Manitoba
Films based on Canadian novels
Films directed by Phil Goldstone
1927 lost films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films
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盧科維齊亞（）是位於烏克蘭中部的村莊，由切爾卡瑟州切爾卡瑟區的負責管轄。該村面積2平方公里，海拔高度119米，2007年人口28，人口密度每平方公里14人。
參考資料
облікова картка
切爾卡瑟州村落
切爾卡瑟區村落
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Scleria dregeana is a plant in the family Cyperaceae. It grows as a perennial herb.
Distribution and habitat
Scleria dregeana grows widely in southern Africa. Its habitat is wet places at high altitude.
References
dregeana
Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Flora of East Tropical Africa
Flora of South Tropical Africa
Flora of Southern Africa
Plants described in 1837
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眼酸硷化学伤的诊断是什么？详细询问受伤机制，仔细进行眼部查体，不难做出诊断。
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Kevin Kent Relato Racal (born May 16, 1991) is a Filipino professional basketball player who plays for the Converge FiberXers of the PBA. He is also a former collegiate player for the Letran Knights, helping them reach the NCAA Finals three times and winning one championship with them in 2015.
College career
Racal first studied at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa and suited up for the PLMun Marshalls in the UCLAA. In 2010, he led the Muntinlupa cagers to win the inaugural Coca-Cola Hoopla title by scoring 41 points and was awarded MVP of the tournament. His stint at the Coca-Cola Hoopla was a way for him to be discovered and subsequently recruited to continue his studies at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and play for the Letran Knights.
In his rookie season in 2011, he was a noted slasher, averaging 6.8 points per game. His best performance of his rookie season came in a win over the San Sebastian Stags, in which he contributed 14 points, six rebounds, and five assists. He also gained a reputation as a rugged, hard-nosed defender, as shown during their Final Four match against San Sebastian (in which he nearly had a triple-double with 10 points, 14 rebounds and seven assists) and the finals series against the San Beda Red Lions in 2012. However, in Game 3 of that finals series, he shot only 1-of-9 from the field, and San Beda won the championship.
Upon the graduation of Kevin Alas, Racal and playmaker Mark Cruz took over the scoring reins for the team and powered the Knights to a finals rematch against the Red Lions in 2013 but still came up short. On September 23, 2014, he suffered an ACL injury and was ruled out for the rest of the season while his team was eliminated from the Final Four contention.
He returned to action for the 91st season as the Knights went for the title in his last playing year. In a win over San Beda, he scored eight of his 20 points in the fourth quarter to get into a tie for the first seed with the Perpetual Altas. He then scored 24 points in a win over the Arellano Chiefs as they swept the first round. That season, he was playing out of position as a power forward when he would normally be playing the wing positions. They successfully got back into the Final Four with a twice-to-beat advantage. From there, they got back into the finals where in Game 1, he scored a career-high 28 points to lead the team to the win. His team successfully dethroned the Red Lions in Game 3 to win the NCAA Championship, which Letran last won in 2005. In that game, he finished with 23 points, five rebounds and two assists. However, a day after he won the championship, he made racist online comments about a San Beda player. He deleted the comments and apologized on Facebook. For his performance that season, he won the Pivotal Player of the Year award together with FEU's Roger Pogoy in the 2016 Collegiate Basketball Awards organized by UAAP-NCAA Press Corps.
Professional career
Alaska Aces (2015–2022)
On August 23, 2015, Racal was drafted 11th overall by the Alaska Aces in the 2015 PBA draft. On October 30, 2015, a day after he won a championship for Letran, he signed a two-year multi-million contract to play for the Aces. He played few minutes in the beginning of the season until he suddenly got inserted into the starting lineup for Game 4 of the 2016 Commissioner's Cup Finals against the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters as a replacement for the injured Ping Exciminiano. In that game, he contributed seven points, three rebounds, two assists and three turnovers while defending Paul Lee as Alaska got its first win of the series. In Game 6, he scored 15 points, but Alaska lost and Rain or Shine won the championship.
In a 2016–17 Philippine Cup loss to the TNT KaTropa, Racal scored 14 points. In a win over the Phoenix Fuel Masters, he scored a PBA career-high 20 points along with six rebounds in 37 minutes as he stepped up for the injured Calvin Abueva. That season, he struggled with his shooting, as he often had bad shooting nights. Also, the Aces failed to make the playoffs of two conferences and also lost 14 straight games. At the end of the season, he was given a two-year contract.
In a 2017–18 Philippine Cup win over the Meralco Bolts, Racal made two clutch three-pointers as the Aces won their first game of the season. From there, they won three more games including one over the Blackwater Elite in which he contributed 14 points with two made triples and four rebounds. They got into the playoffs thanks to a win over the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in which he had 13 points and a clutch free throw made with three seconds remaining. In the quarterfinals, they lost twice to the NLEX Road Warriors, and were eliminated. In the 2018 Governors' Cup, the Aces made it to the Finals by beating Meralco in the semifinals. There, they lost to the Magnolia Hotshots in six games.
Throughout the 2019 season, Racal suffered from back injuries. He was able to play in the Governors' Cup, helping them gain the seventh seed after starting the conference with five straight losses. He signed another two-year deal with them at the end of their season.
In the opening game of the Aces' 2020 season, Racal hurt his knee. A day later, it was confirmed that he had torn his ACL and would not be able to play for the rest of the season. He made his return in the 2021 Governors' Cup.
Converge FiberXers (2022–present)
On April 27, 2022, Racal signed a one-year deal with the Converge FiberXers, the new team that took over the defunct Alaska Aces franchise. In a Philippine Cup loss to TNT, he scored 15 points. On April 18, 2023, he signed a two-year contract extension with the team.
PBA career statistics
As of the end of 2022–23 season
Season-by-season averages
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 26 || 17.9 || .462 || .324 || .692 || 1.7 || .9 || .4 || .1 || 3.9
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 35 || 26.1 || .352 || .292 || .750 || 3.0 || 1.3 || .7 || .3 || 5.7
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 51 || 23.6 || .401 || .370 || .735 || 3.0 || 1.6 || .9 || .1 || 5.8
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 25 || 21.4 || .443 || .412 || .815 || 2.6 || 1.3 || .8 || .3 || 4.8
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 1 || 13.3 || .750 || 1.000 || — || 2.0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 8.0
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Alaska
| 13 || 13.0 || .400 || .333 || .000 || 1.0 || .8 || .5 || .1 || 2.3
|-
| align=left |
| align=left | Converge
| 35 || 17.0 || .351 || .321 || .920 || 1.9 || .9 || .5 || .2 || 4.1
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="2" align="center" | Career
| 186 || 21.0 || .394 || .346 || .759 || 2.4 || 1.2 || .7 || .2 || 4.8
Personal life
In 2020, Racal married his long-time partner, Sarah Ramirez. They currently have two daughters.
References
1991 births
Living people
Alaska Aces (PBA) players
Basketball players from Metro Manila
Filipino men's basketball players
Letran Knights basketball players
People from Mandaluyong
Small forwards
Alaska Aces (PBA) draft picks
Converge FiberXers players
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The ANF Les Mureaux 170 was a prototype French fighter aircraft of the 1930s. It was a single-engined, single-seat parasol monoplane, but only two were built, the type being rejected for service by the French Air Force.
Design and development
In 1930, the French Air Ministry issued a C.1 specification for a single-seat fighter, with the ability to reach 350 km/h (217 mph) and to be fitted with a supercharged engine. ANF Les Mureaux produced the ANF Les Mureaux 170, a parasol winged monoplane of all-metal construction powered by a single Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs V12 engine. Its wings were slightly gulled and tapered out to give maximum chord and thickness midway along the wing, near where they were braced by struts to the fuselage. A fixed tailwheel undercarriage was fitted. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, and was armed by two Vickers machine guns mounted in the wings.
The first prototype flew on 19 November 1932, Although it demonstrated good performance, being described as the "fastest French service aircraft", it had a poor view from the cockpit when landing the aircraft, and despite a second prototype being flown in March 1934, the type was not chosen for production, with orders instead being placed for the Dewoitine D.500 and Blériot-SPAD S.510. It did, however, form the basis of the ANF Les Mureaux 180 two-seat fighter, also unsuccessful.
Specifications
See also
Notes
References
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York, Smithmark, 1994. .
"The Mureaux 170 C.1". Flight, 10 May 1934, p. 469.
"The Paris Air Show". Flight, 24 November 1932, pp. 1103–1112.
170
Gull-wing aircraft
1930s French fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of France
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盐酸金刚烷胺颗粒药理作用？本品能阻断甲型流感病毒脱壳及其核酸释放至呼吸道上皮细胞中，对已经穿入细胞内的病毒亦有影响其初期复制的作用。由于本品是在病毒与细胞之间起作用，并无宿主特异性，对预防或接触病毒初期用药较为有效。
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我皮肤黑要变白请问怎么变白？我们知道，皮肤黑的人大致可以分为两大类，一种是遗传，天生皮肤黑，另一种是过多的紫外线照射等原因而导致的皮肤变黑，有些人天生皮肤黑，皮肤黑的妹子们一直都想要变白，可是变白毕竟不是个简单的事情，那么用什么方法能够让自己健康的变白呢?想知道的话就跟着小编一起来看看吧!天生黑快速美白的方法有哪些?1、24小时不间断美白天生黑美白可不是一时半刻的事情，全天24小时不间断美白才是王道，白天除了使用具有防晒指数的产品保护肌肤，同时还要使用具有抗击黑色素生成的美白产品，这样让肌肤在抵御紫外线和美白肌肤上同时进行。2、使用植物美白化妆水想要美白，使用具有美白成分的护肤品当然不能少，首先要使用美白化妆水，最好选择含有植物成分的，既可以保湿收敛，还能美白滋养肌肤，配合化妆棉使用，还能起到二次清洁的作用，让养分更好吸收，让肌肤由内而外美白透亮。3、持续使用美白面膜美白，使用美白面膜同样需要，因为美白面膜能在短时间内补充肌肤所需营养，提亮肤色，抗击色素沉淀，但敏感肌肤的朋友要注意使用。4、补充大量水分美白的基础是水嫩润泽，想要获得好的美白效果，肌肤一定不能缺水，可以随身携带喷雾型保湿化妆水，方便实用。如何才能防止晒黑?1.涂抹防晒霜秋季阳光还是能把人晒黑的，防晒霜是必不可少的防晒用品，所以在出门前三十分钟就要擦上防晒霜，这样才能达到好的防晒效果。2.及时补擦防晒霜防晒霜可以给皮肤形成一层保护膜，但是这层保护膜并不能维持一天的防晒，一般防晒效果都是维持在3—6个小时，所以要及时补擦防晒霜，这样才能防止晒黑。3.外出使用遮阳伞遮阳伞应该是女孩子秋天包包里的必备，在室外可以起到遮阳防紫外线的作用，避免阳光的直射给皮肤造成伤害。
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</ref>
Neerattupuram is a place in Kuttanad, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. It is a part of Thalavady Grama Panchayat, situated near the junction of Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts, at the confluence of Pamba and Manimala rivers.
Location
Neerattupuram is located at Thalavady Village of Kuttanad Taluk in Alappuzha district, Kerala (India). Neerattupuram is just 10 km away from Thiruvalla Railway Station and 28 km away from Alappuzha Railway Station. It’s exactly situated at the border of Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts. A medium-sized bridge in Neerattupuram divides Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts. A significant portion of the land is located on the bank of the joint ventures of Pampa and Manimala rivers. Many tourists are coming here through this river from Kumarakom, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, etc.
Temples
Chakkulathukavu Temple is well known for the Pongala, a typical Hindu festival, which takes place every year during the month of November. The main festival of this temple is during the last two weeks of December (Malayalam calendar, Dhanu 1-12). Neerattupuram is also called Neerattupuram.
https://www.keralatourism.org/event/pamba-boatrace/97
Boat race
Every year, the placid waters of the River Pamba plays host to a magnificent feat- the Uthradam Thirunal Pamba Boat Race.
Held during Uthradam, one of the most auspicious days of Onam (the harvest festival of Kerala), the boat race enjoys a wide participation with locals and tourists thronging the banks of the river and egging on the rowers with much fervor.
This grand water regatta unleashes such a visual splendor that travelers arrive in large numbers from far and wide to watch this glorious spectacle. The serene waters of the River Pamba at Neerattupuram in Alappuzha is transformed into a race track as majestic snake boats slice through the waters to the rhythmic notes of the boat songs.
The water sport witnesses a participation of more than 100 oarsmen in snake boats. The oarsmen chant the vanchipaattu (boat songs) and beat their oars on the waters in unison to propel their boats to the finishing point. The rowers compete with all their vigor to bag the prestigious K.C. Mammen Mappillai Trophy.
Churches
The area is surrounded by more than seven churches, such as Thalavady Padinjarekara Marthoma Church, India Pentecostal Church of God, Assemblies of God in India Church, St. Johns Marthoma Church, St Thomas Evangelical Church, Vengal St George Orthodox Church and St Thomas Orthodox Church. There is also a historical church Kuzhipally which is jointly run and maintained by the Thalavady Padinjarekara Marthoma Church and the Orthodox churches. Nearby hospitals are Manak hospital- Nedumpuram and the government primary health centre.
History
Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, with its unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says this area had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in the Middle Ages. The early Cheras, who had their home in Kuttanad, were called `Kuttuvans`, so named after this place. Pliny and Ptolemy of the 1st and 2nd centuries had mentioned places like Purakkad or Barace in their classical works. The backwaters and wetlands host thousands of migrant common teal, ducks and cormorants every year who reach here from long distances. One of the major feature of this land is the region called Kuttanad, the 'granary of Kerala'. The average monthly temperature is 27C. Cochin International Airport, which is 107 kilometres to the North, is the closest airport. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 136 kilometres to the South, is the other airport that links the district with other countries.
Schools
There are couple of schools in Neerattupuram, St Thomas Higher Secondary School, Titus Mar Thoma High School and Anaprampal North M T L P School function in the same campus.
Anaprampal North M T L P School may be the oldest. It was started somewhere near PanayannarKave temple. Later it was shifted to Mundakkal Chira. The management was entrusted to Thalavady Padinjarakara Marthoma Parish as the family of Mulackal willingly handed over the school to Thalavady Padinjarakara Marthoma Church. The management shifted the location of the school to present site. In 1957, the management was entrusted to Mar Thoma Schools Corporate management. Ever since they operate the school. For a long time the name was unofficially known as Mulackal School. There were a few other schools started by missionaries prior to this one. But this one survived and made possible universal elementary education in this area. Now the school does not have enough strength and the buildings are dilapidated.
Nearby places
Narakattaramukku
Manattara
Karikkuzhi
Arthicherry
Trikkayil
Anaprambal
Vellakkinar
Edathua
Parumala
Thalavady
Niranom
Vyasapuram
https://www.freezonal.com/neerattupuram/==References==
Source: Neerattupuram
Villages in Alappuzha district
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福建觀音座蓮（学名：）为觀音座蓮科觀音座蓮屬下的一个种。种名 fokiensis 意为“福建的”。
分布
中國福建、廣東、廣西、貴州、海南、湖北、湖南、江西、四川、雲南、浙江等地。
同物異名
Angiopteris angustipinnula Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 342 (1959)]
Angiopteris attenuata Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 345 (1959), not Brack. (1854)]
Angiopteris fokiensis var. muralis (Ching) S. H. Wu [Fl. Guangdong 7: 34 (2006), nom. inval.]
Angiopteris jiangxiensis Ching & J. F. Cheng
Angiopteris kwangsiensis Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 332 (1959)]
Angiopteris lingii Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 337 (1959)]
Angiopteris longipetiolata Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 342 (1959)]
Angiopteris muralis Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 343 (1959)]
Angiopteris officinalis Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 333 (1959)]
Angiopteris omeiensis Ching [Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 2, 1: 273 (1949)]
Angiopteris petiolulata Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 342 (1959)]
Angiopteris shanyuanensis Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 343 (1959)]
Angiopteris sinica Ching [Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot., ser. 2, 1: 274 (1949)]
Angiopteris subcordata Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 341 (1959)]
Angiopteris tenera Ching [Chien & Chun, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 2: 344 (1959)]
参考文献
F
F
F
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Borki Wielkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Biskupiec and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Borki Wielkie
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Michal Jagelka is a Czech actor and voice actor, known for dubbing Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Orlando Bloom and Bradley Cooper.
Biography
Michal was born 17 April 1977 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Prague Conservatory. He hosted in a radio Golden Prague.
Theatre
Háta Theatre Company
Smrt Hippodmaie (2002) .... Thyest
Blázinec v prvním patře
Vlčí srdce
Jsme holt už takový
Prázdniny snů .... Arnaud Fauchin
Na správné adrese .... Jean
Jaroslav Ježek Conservatory
Tartuff .... Molière
Slaměný klobouk .... Felix
Filmography
TV series
Nováci (1995)
Hospoda (1996)
Ulice (2005)
Dubbing roles
Matt Damon
Will & Grace (Owen)
House of Lies (Himself)
Saving Private Ryan (James Francis Ryan)
The Talented Mr. Ripley (Tom Ripley)
Rounders (Mike McDermott)
Good Will Hunting (Will Hunting)
Dogma (Loki)
Ocean's Eleven (Linus Caldwell)
Ocean's Twelve (Linus Caldwell)
Syriana (Bryan Woodman)
The Brothers Grimm (Will Grimm)
Ocean's Thirteen (Linus Caldwell)
The Good Shepherd (Edward Wilson)
Jersey Girl (PR Exec.)
The Informant! (Mark Whitacre)
Hereafter (George Lonegan)
Green Zone (Roy Miller)
The Rainmaker (Rudy Baylor)
True Grit (LaBoeuf)
Invictus (Francois Pienaar)
The Adjustment Bureau (David Norris)
Contagion (Mitch Emhoff)
Stuck on You (Bob Tenor)
We Bought a Zoo (Benjamin Mee)
Promised Land (Steve Butler)
Margaret (Mr. Aaron)
Behind the Candelabra (Scott Thorson)
The Monuments Men (James Granger)
Thor: Ragnarok (Loki actor)
Stillwater (Bill Baker)
Leonardo DiCaprio
Critters 3 (Josh)
Romeo + Juliet (Romeo Montague)
Titanic (Jack Dawson)
The Man in the Iron Mask (King Louis XIV / Philippe)
Marvin's Room (Hank Lacker)
The Beach (Richard)
Total Eclipse (Arthur Rimbaud)
Catch Me If You Can (Frank Abagnale)
Gangs of New York (Amsterdam Vallon)
The Aviator (Howard Hughes)
The Departed (William "Billy" Costigan Jr.)
Blood Diamond (Daniel "Danny" Archer)
Body of Lies (Roger Ferris)
Revolutionary Road (Frank Wheeler)
Hubble (Narrator)
Shutter Island (Edward "Teddy" Daniels)
Inception (Dom Cobb)
J. Edgar (J. Edgar Hoover)
The Great Gatsby (Jay Gatsby)
The Wolf of Wall Street (Jordan Belfort)
Before the Flood (Narrator)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (Rick Dalton)
Don't Look Up (Dr. Randall Mindy)
Orlando Bloom
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (Legolas)
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (Will Turner)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (Legolas)
Troy (Paris)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (Legolas)
The Calcium Kid (Jimmy "The Calcium Kid" Connelly)
Kingdom of Heaven (Balian of Ibelin)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (Will Turner)
Elizabethtown (Drew Baylor)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (Will Turner)
The Three Musketeers (George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham)
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (Legolas)
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (Legolas)
Zulu (Brian Epkeen)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (Will Turner)
Unlocked (Jack Alcott)
The Outpost (Captain Benjamin D. Keating)
Bradley Cooper
Alias (Will Tippin)
The Hangover (Phil Wenneck)
I Want to Marry Ryan Banks (Todd Doherty)
He's Just Not That Into You (Ben)
The A-Team (Templeton Peck)
The Hangover Part II (Phil Wenneck)
Silver Linings Playbook (Patrizio "Pat" Solitano Jr.)
The Hangover Part III (Phil Wenneck)
Michael Winslow
Police Academy (Cadet Larvell Jones)
Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (Officer Larvell Jones)
Police Academy 3: Back in Training (Sergeant Larvell Jones)
Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (Sergeant Larvell Jones)
Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (Sergeant Larvell Jones)
Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (Sergeant Larvell Jones)
Police Academy: Mission to Moscow (Sergeant Larvell Jones)
Ethan Hawke
White Fang (Jack Conroy)
White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf (Jack Conroy)
Great Expectations (Finnegan "Finn" Bell)
Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (Hank Hanson)
Sinister (Ellison Oswalt)
Personal life
He is in civil union with Czech TV host Aleš Cibulka.
References
External links
Michal Jagelka (televize.cz)
Michal Jagelka at the Czech-Slovak Film Database
1977 births
20th-century Czech male actors
21st-century Czech male actors
Living people
Male actors from Prague
Czech male film actors
Czech male stage actors
Czech male television actors
Czech male voice actors
Czech gay actors
Prague Conservatory alumni
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沙坝镇可以指：
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Sombrio is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
Economy
In agriculture, the main products are rice, tobacco and banana. In industry, there are clothing, ceramics, furniture and footwear, and commerce, clothing stores, materials construction, appliance stores, among others.
Tourism
The city of Sombrio has as main tourist sights the Furnas, Morro da Moça,
Morro da Santa and the Calçadão Cultural. Its main festive dates are the city's
birthday, on December 30, Festa do Padroeiro on June 13, and Arraialfest, a large party held
every two years, usually in the last final of July week. For many years an explanation
has been sought for this name, which many do not like because of the sadness and
discouragement that the same erroneously seems to contain. In the present case the name connects to the word shadow, remembering rest. Certain fig trees which served as
a place where the traveler rested, fleeing from the heat of the heat, shaded people, from
which came the name of the city. At that time it was the only way to the city of Viamão
and many travelers stopped in the shade of the trees to rest, hence the name of the city, only in 1820 the village that gave rise to Sombrio appeared.
See also
List of municipalities in Santa Catarina
References
Municipalities in Santa Catarina (state)
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Downtown Burbank station is a passenger rail station near downtown Burbank, California. It is served by Metrolink's Antelope Valley Line to Lancaster and Ventura County Line to East Ventura with both terminating at Los Angeles Union Station. A limited number of Amtrak trains stop at this station; with all Amtrak trains stopping at the Burbank Airport–South station, several miles to the northwest of downtown Burbank. Megabus started providing long distance motorcoach service from the station on August 15, 2013, but it has since been discontinued.
History
The Southern Pacific built their line north of Los Angeles to Burbank by mid-1873. The company rebuilt the station in 1927. That building was destroyed in a fire in 1991.
The modern station opened on October 26, 1992 with the inauguration of Metrolink services.
References
External links
Burbank.com: Metrolink
Metrolink stations in Los Angeles County, California
Buildings and structures in Burbank, California
Public transportation in the San Fernando Valley
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1992
1992 establishments in California
Burbank
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Joseph Andre Maca (September 28, 1920 – July 13, 1982) was an American soccer player who earned three caps as left back for the United States men's national soccer team and played in the United States' 1–0 defeat of England in the 1950 FIFA World Cup.
Before World War II, Maca played for the Belgian Second Division team Royal Cercle Sportif La Forestoise (51) in Brussels. During the war, he served for 12 months in the Belgian Army where he played on the Army team. He also earned a medal for his role in the resistance. In 1942 Forest was promoted to the Belgian First Division and played there five years. Maca played 153 total games and scored 3 goals for CS La Forestoise.
After the war, he moved to the United States and joined Brooklyn Hispano of the American Soccer League. He was selected to the ASL All-Star Team in 1949 and 1950. His three caps for the U.S. team were all during the 1950 World Cup, where he scored one goal against Chile on a penalty kick. Although he was not a U.S. citizen, he had declared his intention to gain citizenship and under the rules of the United States Soccer Football Association at the time, he was eligible to play. He eventually did become a U.S. citizen in 1957.
After the World Cup, he moved to Belgium and played for Royal White Star Athletic Club (47) in 1950–51 before returning to the U.S. There he play just 9 games in the first round.
His son, Alain Maca, also represented the United States.
Maca was inducted to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1976 along with his 1950 U.S. teammates.
References
1920 births
1982 deaths
American men's soccer players
Belgian men's footballers
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Footballers from Brussels
People from Massapequa, New York
Soccer players from Nassau County, New York
United States men's international soccer players
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
1950 FIFA World Cup players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Brooklyn Hispano players
Belgian Army personnel
Belgian military personnel of World War II
Belgian resistance members
Men's association football fullbacks
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粒突箱鲀（学名：），俗名木瓜，为輻鰭魚綱魨形目箱鲀科的其中一種。
分布
本魚分布于印度太平洋區，包括東非、南非、馬達加斯加、模里西斯、紅海、塞席爾群島、留尼旺、馬爾地夫、聖誕島、印度、斯里蘭卡、緬甸、台灣、泰國、中國、韓國、日本、菲律賓、越南、泰國、馬來西亞、印尼、關島、庫克群島、新幾內亞、澳洲、密克羅尼西亞、馬里亞納群島、新喀里多尼亞、薩摩亞群島、東加、萬那杜、法屬波里尼西亞等海域。该物种的模式产地在印度。
深度
水深1至50公尺。
特徵
本魚略呈正立方體；口小，唇厚略突出。鱗片特化成骨質盾板的堅硬外殼，表皮粗糙。幼魚體色成鮮豔的金黃色，身上遍佈黑色的圓形黑斑，似一顆黃底黑斑的小圓球，隨成長變為黃棕色；特別是雄魚體帶藍灰色，具有許多大黑點。
生態
本魚棲息於潟湖或珊瑚礁區，性情膽小且遲鈍，受驚嚇時體會分泌毒素。屬雜食性，以藻類和小型無脊椎動物等為食，產浮游性卵。
經濟利用
可食用，但須去除內臟，多做為觀賞魚，特別是顯色較黃的幼魚個體，俗稱金木瓜。幼魚的模樣十分可愛，因此深受世界各地水中攝影師的喜愛。 但也由於牠逗趣的模樣，而成為觀賞魚的明星魚種。
参考文献
台灣魚類資料庫
扩展阅读
食用鱼
觀賞魚
有毒魚類
cubicus
O
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皮肤白驳风的初起症状？出现大小不等、单个或多发的不规则纯白色斑块，白色斑块面积逐渐扩大，数目增多。白斑境界清楚，斑内毛发也呈白色，表面光滑，无鳞屑或结痂，感觉和分泌功能都正常。白斑对日光比较敏感，稍晒即发红。白癜风治疗时禁忌不能使用单品药物进行治疗，因为目前还没有哪一种单品药物能够治疗全部类型的白癜风，那些所谓能够治疗全部类型的白癜风的神药都是虚假宣传出来的。白癜风治疗关键——早诊断、早治疗为什么说白癜风治疗关键是早诊断、早治疗呢？因为白癜风早治疗很重要，大量的实践证明，在白癜风的初发期，治疗是比较容易的。初发一两个月的白斑，往往在治疗半个月至两个月内，可以完全消失。这是因为初发的白斑，皮损内尚存有未完全破坏的黑素细胞，我们称之为“不完全性白斑”，此时及早治疗，能达到最佳的治疗效果。白癜风早期症状表现有哪些？白癜风的常见症状表现为患者皮肤表面长出一些白斑，有些新发白斑的边缘有一条稍稍隆起的炎症性暗红色，可持续数周之久，这种早期症状表现多乏自觉症状，故而易于忽略，对于边界模糊而又无色素增生的初期白斑，有时难以辨认。白癜风患者的微量元素，如铜、锌、铁等含量常常偏低，故认为可能是微量元素降低或生物酶代谢异常所致。患者一定要留意以上的常见症状表现，从而能够对自己的病情进行一些自我诊断，这样可以辩证对待自己的病情，并施以正确的治疗。在夏季过量的晒太阳也有可能导致白癜风，白癜风患者应尽量减少光线的刺激，因为变白的皮肤对日光较正常皮肤敏感，稍晒太阳即发红。病程经过缓慢，渐向四周扩大，互相融合或达到一定程度时停止蔓延，历久不变。发生在面部的白癜风，其发病时间短、面积小。这样让白癜风患者更是无法面对生活。
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孕早期白带发绿无异味的原因？孕妇在孕期一定要密切关注自己的身体状况，如果发现白带有呈绿色，但是无异味的情况，那么应该引起足够的重视，及时的去医院进行处理，以尽量避免意外情况的发生。不要对此置之不理，以免造成病情的耽误，否则不但会对孕妇的身体造成伤害，而且还有可能影响腹中的胎儿。1.激素因素。孕妇在怀孕后会出现体内激素水平变化的情况，其中以孕激素以及雌激素的变化程度最大，在这种情况下就会影响到内分泌，从而导致白带出现有异常情况。通常情况下怀孕之后体内的雌激素会急速升高，除此之外孕激素又会大量分泌，这个时候孕妇新陈代谢旺盛。因而阴道上皮细胞及宫颈腺体分泌旺盛，这个时候就会导致孕妇出现阴道分泌物增加的情况。2.滴虫性阴道炎。怀孕期间的孕妇不仅新陈代谢旺盛以及阴道上皮细胞代谢加快，除此之外各种细菌以及病菌也得到了良好的繁殖生长环境，这个时候如果不注意的话就很有可能会诱发各种妇科疾病。而孕妇白带发绿无异味多半是阴道炎的症状，除了霉菌性阴道炎之外，其他几种阴道炎同样也容易导致白带颜色变化，常见的有滴虫性阴道炎、细菌性阴道炎等。3.妇科炎症。孕妇一旦患有妇科炎症就势必会导致白带出现异常变化，尤其是各种阴道炎，除了上面所说的两种阴道炎之外，其他的阴道炎同样会导致白带异常。如果分泌物呈泡沫状、并且还有青绿色情况的话，则基本可以断定是滴虫性阴道炎。这种致病菌通常隐藏在腺体及阴道皱襞中，而在月经前后得以繁殖，如果女性以及孕妇不注意的话就会发病。总之，通过这三种原因的描述患者应该对孕期白带绿色无异味的原因有了一定的了解。如果只是偶尔出现这种症状，并且身体没有其他的异常情况，那么孕妇不用过于担心，这多半是正常的生理现象。但如果孕妇经常出现这种情况，则需要引起足够的重视，应该尽早的去医院进行处理，这样才能避免意外的发生。
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淳安公主（1453-1536年），明朝公主，明英宗之女。
成化二年，憲宗冊封為淳安長公主，下嫁蔡震。蔡震的品行高尚，正德年間，參與審問劉瑾，當時其他人去審問劉瑾，他便誣指其人乃己黨，令廷臣無人敢質問他。蔡震嚴厲地道：「我乃皇親國戚，應該不會是你一黨的吧！」令獄卒拷打他，劉瑾乃服，由是有名於世。
弘治元年，孝宗加封為淳安大長公主，並多次賞賜庄田，增加歲祿。公主和蔡震夫妻享寿八十余岁，生有四男两女。嘉靖十四年（1535年）蔡震去世，贈太保。嘉靖十五年公主去世。
參考文獻
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明朝公主
明英宗皇女
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杨文昌（），小名杨阳洋，出生于香港，是中国奥运冠军杨威与前中国体操运动员杨云的儿子。
個人經歷
2014年5月參加中国大陆湖南衛視《爸爸去哪兒 (第二季)》节目录制从而备受关注和喜爱。
2015年，为动画电影《喜羊羊与灰太狼之羊年喜羊羊》中的幼年喜羊羊进行配音，并重新演绎了主题歌《别看我只是一只羊》 [6] ；2月，其主演的亲子互动真人秀电影《爸爸去哪儿2》上映 [7] ；5月，被中国体操协会授予“快乐体操形象大使”称号，并获颁荣誉证书 [8] 。2017年，正式开始练习体操 [19] ，并参加第3届湖北省“杨威杯”体操比赛，获得跳马第三名 [28] 。2018年，以小主持的身份助阵第4届湖北省“杨威杯”体操比赛 [20] 。2020年，参加湖南卫视六一晚会《未来可期·六一趣味运动会特别直播》 [32] 。
趣事
杨文昌在2014年4月19日的快乐大本营中应主持人何炅要求做自我介绍時，说到：「我今年叫杨文昌，我属狼。我爸爸姓杨，我妈妈姓杨，我也姓杨，所以我小名叫杨阳洋。」，因此走红网络。4月20日，网上发起了一个“我今年叫杨文昌”的微话题，引发众多网友围观和讨论。
作品
综艺节目
电影
《爸爸去哪儿2大电影》，主要演员。
动画电影《喜羊羊与灰太狼之羊年喜羊羊》，配音，幼年喜羊羊。
廣告代言
資料來源
外部链接
Wen
童
中國兒童演員
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Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar (9 February 1931 – 5 August 2020) was a leader of Indian National Congress party who served as chief minister of Maharashtra.
He was chief minister from June 1985 to March 1986. His rule was the briefest of all chief ministers (apart from caretaker chief minister P K Sawant). He resigned after the Bombay High Court passed strictures against him regarding fraud in the MD examinations to help his daughter and her friend.
His daughter-in-law, Rupatai Patil Nilangekar, represented Latur (Lok Sabha constituency) for BJP from 2004 to 2009.
Educational activities
Nilangekar established the Maharashtra Education Trust in 1968. Under the aegis of his education society around four senior colleges, twelve higher secondary schools and fifteen primary schools were established. Maharashtra Pharmacy College, Nilanga, was established in 1984. The Maharashtra Poly. (D.Pharmacy) Institute, Nilanga which was government aided, started in 1981 and was followed by the Maharashtra College of Engineering in 1983. His interests included reading, classical music, volleyball and table tennis. He was born in Nilanga, his home town.
Death
Shivajirao died on 5 August 2020, at the age of 89 due to COVID-19 related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.
References
External links
Maharashtra College of Engineering Nilanga
Chief Ministers of Maharashtra
1931 births
2020 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians
Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990
People from Latur district
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Politicians from Marathwada
Marathi politicians
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra
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血清总胆红素偏高吃什么茶好？如果血清总胆红素升高的话，是可以喝绿茶的，但是要排查有没有急性梗阻性胆管炎或者胆结石，需要进一步检查病毒性肝炎，排查到底是什么原因引起来的胆红素升高，明确病因才对因治疗。总胆红素偏高的话还需要确定高的程度一般高于50的话说明比较重一些，还需排除血液疾病的可能血清总胆红素（TBiL），分为直接胆红素和间接胆红素，所以总胆红素偏高的情况也分为三种：直接胆红素和总胆红素偏高、间接胆红素和总胆红素偏高、直接胆红素间接胆红素和总胆红素偏高，不同的情况有不同的原因。总胆红素偏高首先要查明原因，一般胆红素偏高主要是肝细胞性引起来的胆红素增高，就是肝脏破坏引起来的；还有一种情况是梗阻性的，比如胆管阻塞或者肝外的胆管阻塞，像胆石症这种，也都可以引起胆红素的偏高。所以首先要查明原因，除了做一些生化检查抽血以外，还要做B超、影像学检查，除外看看有没有梗阻，有没有瘀胆的情况，或者肝癌，都可能引起来。如果没有梗阻的情况，可能就是肝细胞性的，肝细胞性的胆红素就要再查一查是哪个肝病引起来的胆红素增高，做一些保肝的治疗。清总胆红素偏高要注意什么1.不能乱用护肝药，乱用护肝药可能反而引起胆红素偏高，甚至是药物性肝炎。2.查明原因采取针对性的措施，主要是原因是生理性黄疸、溶血引起的、胆道阻塞造成的和肝病造成的。3.注意保健，因为可能是肝病造成的，需要需要注意休息，有健康的饮食习惯，防止病情恶化。血清总胆红素血清总胆红素4.饮食问题，以维生素含量高、营养丰富、易消化为主。
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胃神经官能症能自愈吗？胃神经官能症主要是发生在消化系统的功能紊乱，临床上多表现为反酸、嗳气、消化不良、食欲不振等；精神因素为本病发生的主要诱因，治疗上，一般是用抗抑郁、抗焦虑等药物缓解症状。胃神经官能症属于功能性的疾病之一，没有所谓器质性病变，是胃肠道上功能发生絮乱引起的。是神经性呕吐、神经性胃炎、神经性厌食等胃肠道综合征总称。胃神经官能症产生原因通常和患者心理有关，因为过分关注微博，出现不良症状后感到恐慌，不断的暗示自己胃部不适，但实际并无器质性病变出现。胃神经官能症发作起来较为缓慢，常常持续性较长而且容易反复，需要患者积极的进行调理治疗。胃神经官能症的症状表现主要是在胃部上，患者容易出现恶心、厌食、呕吐、嗳气、反酸或者腹部疼痛不适、食后饱胀、剑突下感到灼热等情况。同时患者还有可能伴随胸闷、头痛、健忘、心悸、倦怠、盗汗、忧虑和遗精等症状。胃神经官能症大部分不能够自愈，但是有一部分也能够自愈。胃神经官能症是胃肠运动和分泌功能紊乱，没有器质性病变为特征的。也称为胃神经症。是以表象为神经性呕吐，这就是表现为神经性厌食，多余长神经官能症合并，称为胃肠神经官能症，发病率比较高。多见于青壮年女性比较多，病因主要是考虑饮食不规律，导致胃的功能紊乱促进胃液的分泌，久而久之有可能会引发胃炎。病理原因主要包括消化不良，胃炎，溃疡病，急性胃肠炎等。还有精神因素，比如不良情绪可以通过大脑皮层，导致下丘脑功能紊乱影响胃肠道功能。这种情况，对于情绪不良引起来的，如果能够通过自身的调节改变不良情绪，可以自愈。再就是饮食不规律，如果以后能够规律起来，那么也能够慢慢的好转痊愈，如果有基础性的疾病，需要积极的治疗原发疾病，才可以痊愈。
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Stesilea truncata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1962.
References
Pteropliini
Beetles described in 1962
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Tachys rhodeanus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Trechinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1918
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Lina Domberg (born 28 October 1995) is a Swedish football goalkeeper.
Honours
KIF Örebro DFF
Runner-up
Damallsvenskan: 2014
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Swedish women's footballers
KIF Örebro DFF players
Damallsvenskan players
Women's association football goalkeepers
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纯植物神经功能衰竭的病因是什么？本病病因尚不清楚。
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早孕药流最佳时间是什么时候？药流是指用药物终止妊娠。将胚胎孕囊杀死，排出体外。药流只适合怀孕49天以内的，时间超过49天容易有残留，需要进行二次清宫手术。所以在使用药物流产之前应该检查孕囊的大小以及具体位置，看是否适合做药流。女性一般在怀孕49天之内，如果不想要宝宝，是可以做药物流产的。但是一般女性在怀孕的5周之内，做超声检查，有的时候是看不到孕囊组织的，这时有可能受精卵还没有着床，或者孕卵比较小，阴道的超声检查或者是腹部的超声检查难以发现孕囊。这时没有办法确诊为宫内孕，排除宫外孕，不可以做药物流产。所以，女性出现停经的现象，停经5周以上，做完超声检查，确诊为宫内孕了，才可以考虑做药物流产。所以，一般早孕药流的最佳时间，在停经的5-7周之间。这个时候做药物流产，效果最好了。药物流产前的注意事项：1、先做B超检查，确定宫内怀孕，并且在妊娠囊内能够看到卵黄囊，才能确定是正常的怀孕。2、需要检查血常规、白带常规，合格之后才可以药物流产。3、严格按照医生交代的服用药物的方法来服用，以免影响药效，导致药流失败。4、药物流产一般在最后吃米索前列醇的时候，观察2-6个小时会排出妊娠产物。如果在观察过程中阴道流血超过月经量，并且大于150ml的情况下，建议紧急清宫手术。药流后注意事项：药物流产术后应该注意保暖，避免着凉。同时在一个月以内，应该禁止性生活，以免引起子宫内膜炎症，以及慢性妇科炎症，或者容易再次怀孕。在饮食上应该忌食辛辣刺激以及生冷硬的食物，尤其是药物流产术后第一周，应该吃一些流质饮食，例如鸡汤、鱼汤、排骨汤、羊肉汤。一周以后可以吃一些肉类食物但是要做烂。同时要口服益母草以及新生化颗粒，促进子宫复旧。
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The Queshi Bridge (), in Shantou, China, is among the world's longest bridges. Its long span of ranks it among the largest cable-stayed bridges in the world.
See also
Shantou Bay Bridge
List of largest cable-stayed bridges
References
Cable-stayed bridges in China
Bridges in Guangdong
Bridges completed in 1999
Transport in Shantou
1999 establishments in China
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请描述蚌兰花的功用主治？清肺化痰，凉血，止痢。治肺热燥咳，吐血，衄血，血痢，便血。《岭南采药录》：治便血，咳血，和猪肉煎汤服之。治血痢则煎水饮之。《福建民间草药》；清血解热，止血疗痢。《广东中药》：止咳，去痰火。治痨伤吐血，痰火核。
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Triplophysa tenuis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Triplophysa.
References
tenuis
Fish described in 1877
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The 1992 Nigerian Senate election in Jigawa State was held on July 4, 1992, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Jigawa State. Ibrahim Musa Kazaure representing Jigawa West and Musa Bako Abdullahi Aujara representing Jigawa Central won on the platform of Social Democratic Party, while Muhammad Ubali Shittu representing Jigawa East won on the platform of the National Republican Convention.
Overview
Summary
Results
Jigawa West
The election was won by Ibrahim Musa Kazaure of the Social Democratic Party.
Jigawa Central
The election was won by Musa Bako Abdullahi Aujara of the Social Democratic Party.
Jigawa East
The election was won by Muhammad Ubali Shittu of the National Republican Convention.
References
Jig
Jigawa State Senate elections
July 1992 events in Nigeria
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薩朗河（），是阿富汗的河流，流經帕爾旺省，屬於戈爾班德河的支流，發源自興都庫什山脈中部，河道全長約30公里，流域面積約500平方公里。
參考資料
UNESCO - Salang Station : Jabelusaraï *
阿富汗河流
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Seniors Recreation Council of Western Australia is an advocacy organisation situated in Western Australia that organises events, and activities that benefit older members of the population.
It organises Have a Go Day, a major event for the organisation each year.
It also publishes and produces online material of a range of materials that encourage healthy and active living for older people.
Notes
Organisations based in Perth, Western Australia
Seniors' organizations
Old age in Australia
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请描述胰腺脓肿的预防方法？本病是由急性胰腺炎坏死组织或胰腺假性囊肿继发感染的结果，是急性胰腺炎的严重并发症。因此应及时确诊和有效地治疗急性胰腺炎，预防胰腺脓肿发生。
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广谱抗生素优于窄谱抗生素？抗生素使用的原则是能用窄谱的不用广谱，能用低级的不用高级的，用一种能解决问题的就不用两种，轻度或中度感染一般不联合使用抗生素。在没有明确病原微生物时可以使用广谱抗生素，如果明确了致病的微生物最好使用窄谱抗生素。否则容易增强细菌对抗生素的耐药性。
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为何会胎动呢?？胎儿逐渐发育长大后，会伸展屈曲的四肢，这些动作可以帮助胎儿肌肉适当的发育。其他原因而产生胎动现象。例如，胎儿可能正在变换姿势。异常胎动：如果12小时胎动少于20次，则为异常;少于10次，则表明胎儿有危险，在子宫内有缺氧现象。如果在一段时间内胎动超过正常次数，胎动频繁，或无间歇地躁动，也是宫内缺氧的表现。胎动次数明显减少直至停止，是胎儿在宫内重度窒息的信号。异常胎动是因病理情况和功能障碍，如脐带绕颈较紧、胎盘功能障碍，或孕妇不正常用药及外界的不良刺激等，导致胎儿在子宫内缺氧。当胎儿的生命受到威胁时，胎儿便出现异常的胎动，不仅表现在次数上，而且还体现在性质上，如强烈的、持续不停的推扭样的胎动或踢动，甚或是微弱的胎动。异常胎动，应及时就诊。四种胎动异常的原因：一、 胎动突然减少。原因：发烧。准妈妈的体温如果持续过高，超过摄氏38度的话，都会胎盘、子宫的血流量减少，胎儿也就变得安静许多。如果是一般性的感冒而因引起的发烧，对胎儿不会有太大的影响。如果是感染性的疾病或是流感，尤其对于接近预产期的准妈妈来说，对胎儿的影响就较大。二、 胎动突然加快原因：剧烈的外伤。受到严重的外力撞击时，就会引起胎儿剧烈的胎动，甚至造成流产、早产等情况。此外，如果准妈妈有头部外伤、骨折、大量出血等状况出现，也会造成胎动异常的情况。 三、 胎动突然加剧胎动突然加剧，随后很快停止运动。原因：胎盘早期剥离。这种情况多发生在怀孕的中期以后，有高血压、严重外伤或短时间子宫内压力减少。一旦出现这样情况，胎儿也会随之做出反应：他们会因为突然的缺氧，胎动会出现短暂的剧烈运动，随后又很快停止。四、 急促的胎动后突然停止原因：脐带绕颈或打结。正常的脐带长度为50cm，如果脐带过长则容易缠绕胎儿的颈部或身体。一旦出现脐带缠绕或是打结的情况，就会使血液无法流通，导致胎儿因缺氧而窒息的现象。
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Hesse is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
Hesse may also refer to:
Hesse (surname)
Greater Hesse, a German territory created by the US military administration at the end of World War II (1945–46)
Landgraviate of Hesse (1264–1567)
Lower Hesse
Upper Hesse
Grand Duchy of Hesse (1806–1918)
People's State of Hesse (1918–45)
Hesse, Moselle, a place in Lorraine, France
Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
Hesse District, Upper Canada or Western District
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
Electorate of Hesse
Province of Kurhessen
Hesse (Blakes, Virginia), a historic plantation house
Hesse, Victoria, Australia
Sports
KSV Hessen Kassel, an association football club from Kassel, Hesse
SC Hessen Dreieich, an association football club from Dreieich, Hesse
See also
History of Hesse
List of rulers of Hesse
Carlingue or Active Group Hesse
Hesse's Rule in zoology
Hesse configuration
Hess (disambiguation)
Hessen (disambiguation)
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一个月先兆流产危害？如发生先兆流产，孕妇应该注意休息，减少活动，禁止性生活，避免不必要的阴道检查，减少对子宫的刺激，同时避免过分的精神紧张，否则会引起流产。在流血停止后，最好休息两星期后再恢复工作。此种先兆流产治疗方法适用于轻微先兆流产症状的女性朋友。黄体酮有保证胚胎发育、维持妊娠、抑制子宫平滑肌收缩、降低子宫紧张度的作用。药物的先兆流产治疗方法在孕早期，以减少精神刺激和抑制宫缩。另外，口服维生素也有益于维持胚胎的发育。中医可根据辩证施治：肾虚者用菟丝子、桑寄生、阿胶、续断。外伤者可用小柴胡汤加减当归、柴胡、生黄芪、升麻根、桑寄生、阿胶和续断等先兆流产治疗方法。染色体异常是流产的主要原因。染色体异常包括数量异常及结构异常两大类。曾有研究显示，在早期自然流产中有50%～60%的妊娠物有染色体异常。夫妇中如有一人染色体异常，它可传至子代，可导致流产或反复流产。全身性疾病全身感染时高热可诱发子宫收缩引起流产;某些已知病原体感染如弓形虫、单纯疱疹、人支原体、解脲支原体、巨细胞病毒与流产有关;孕妇心力衰竭、严重贫血、高血压、慢性肾炎及严重营养不良等缺血缺氧性疾病亦可导致流产。怎么预防流产孕妇应该多卧床休息，减少活动，但并不是说24小时都躺在床上不动，应该适当地进行轻微地活动。必须禁止性生活，尽量减少不必要的阴道检查，以减少对子宫地刺激。另外，还要避免刺激乳房，因为刺激乳房也会引起宫缩，导致先兆流产的发生。随时观察阴道排液中是否有组织物排出。排出物最好能保留给医生观察。如果有出血量增多，应及时去医院就诊。
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肠子疼便血饮食注意事项？肠子疼便血为肠癌常见的症状之一。发病初期50%的病例有便血，开始出血量少，见于粪便表面，合并感染后为浓血便血。肠病患者不能吃的食物有很多，如对肠道刺激性强的食物，比如冷饮、生的活着没有完全煮熟的食物，含酒精类饮料；容易产生气体的食物，比如洋葱、地瓜、萝卜等；难以消化并造成阻塞的食物，比如柿子、葡萄干、核桃及油煎食物等；容易引起稀便的食物，比如咖喱、咖啡、蒜头和香精等。肠病的饮食注意事项：要减少饮食中油脂的摄取，增加饮食中纤维素的摄取。直肠癌的饮食注意事项还有：不食用烈性酒、辛辣、燥热、刺激性等食物。不食用高脂肪饮食及低纤维食物，不食用尽油炸、熏烤及腌制食物。直肠癌晚期病人久泻、便血、发热，大量营养物质和水分丢失，身体消瘦，体重减轻，气血两亏，宜服富有营养的滋补流汁药膳。肠子疼是怀疑有直肠癌，早期直肠癌的临床特征主要为便血和排便习惯改变，在癌肿局限于直肠粘膜时便血作为唯一的早期症状占85%，可惜往往未被病人所重视。当时作肛指检查，多可触及肿块，中、晚期直肠癌患者除一般常见的食慾不振、体重减轻、贫血等全身症状外，尚有排便次数增多，排便不尽、便意频繁、里急后重等癌肿局部刺激症状。癌肿增大可致肠腔狭窄，出现肠梗阻征象，癌肿侵犯周围组织器官，可致排尿困难、尿频、尿痛等症状;侵及骶前神经丛，出现骶尾和腰部疼痛;转移至肝脏时，引起肝肿大，腹水、黄疸，甚至恶液质等表现。
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Es Una Nube, No Hay Duda (It's a Cloud, No Doubt About It) is the sixth album by the Argentine rock band Vox Dei, and the first recorded for their new label CBS. Also, is widely regarded as one of the Vox Dei' best albums, and contains classic songs such as the title-track, "Loco, hacela callar", and the sweeping ballad "Prométeme Que Nunca me Dirás Adiós".
Overview
It's the band's first release (of four) by the Columbia label, after having been contracted since 1971 with Disc-Jockey Records. It is also the last full-length LP on a Vox Dei album which not to feature any contributions from guest musicians.
In 1973, the title-track (their only lead single from the album) was released to a receptive audience, though it did receive the same amount of exposure as previous hits as "El Momento en Que Estás (Presente)" and "Jeremías Pies de Plomo", songs as "La verdadera historia de “Sam el Montañes”" and "Loco, hacela callar" still appears on the band' several greatest hits albums.
Artwork and packaging
The original vinyl release came with a great grey picture from the band in the Argentine desert northwestern, and another small picture in colours. The insert have included the lyrics.
Track listing
All songs written by Ricardo Soulé except where noted.
"Es una nube, no hay duda" [It's a cloud, No doubt about It] (Willy Quiroga) - 5:11
"El faisán y la codorniz" [The pheasant and the quail] - 4:58
"Es así y no hay nada que hablar" [That's the way it is and there's nothing to talk about] - 3:57
"Loco, hacela callar" [Dude, shut her up] (Willy Quiroga) - 3:39
"La verdadera historia de “Sam el Montañes”" [The real story of "Sam the mountaineer"] - 3:28
"Prométeme Que Nunca me Dirás Adiós" [Promise me you will never say goodbye] - 3:34
"Por sobre el monte, encima del mar" [Over the mountain, above the sea] - 4:12
"El mañana es otra historia" [Tomorrow is another story] (Willy Quiroga) - 5:54
Credits
Vox Dei
Willy Quiroga – Bass and Vocals.
Ricardo Soulé – Guitar, Piano, Harp and Vocals.
Rubén Basoalto – Drums.
Additional personnel
Roberto Labraga – Engineer, mixing.
Jorge Lacobara and Horacio Cusato – Engineers.
References
External links
Vox Dei's official webpage
Vox Dei discography
Vox Dei albums
1973 albums
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段存华（），女，河南范县人，中华人民共和国政治人物，曾任轻工业部副部长，第八、九届全国政协委员。
参考资料
Cun
范縣人
中国共产党党员
中华人民共和国轻工业部副部长
第八屆全國政協委員
第九屆全國政協委員
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Thorbjørn Jagland (born Thorbjørn Johansen; , 5 November 1950) is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He served as the Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 2009 to 2019. He served as the 32nd Prime Minister of Norway from 1996 to 1997, as the minister of Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2001 and as the president of the Storting from 2005 to 2009.
Jagland studied economics at the University of Oslo at introductory level, but did not graduate. He started his political career in the Workers' Youth League, which he led from 1977 to 1981. He was party secretary from 1986 to 1992 and party leader from 1992 to 2002.
Jagland's cabinet, albeit short-lived, was marked by controversies, with two ministers being forced to withdraw following personal scandals. Jagland, who was much ridiculed in the media for his quotes and statements and frequently portrayed as incompetent, resigned following the 1997 election, as a consequence of his much ridiculed 36.9 ultimatum, even though his party won the most votes. In 2010 a group of forty prominent historians ranked Jagland as the weakest Norwegian prime minister since the end of the Second World War; two years before, his predecessor Gro Harlem Brundtland had criticized his premiership in harsh terms and described Jagland as "stupid". Also his term as Foreign Minister was marked by controversies, due to his perceived lack of qualification for the office and quotes and statements that were considered inappropriate. Jagland was widely perceived to have been passed over when Jens Stoltenberg formed his second cabinet in 2005.
In 2009, Jagland was elected as the secretary-general of the Council of Europe. In 2014 he was reelected for an additional five years. His tenure as secretary-general has been controversial, and he has been accused of inaction against corruption and of servility towards Putin's Russia. Jagland was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and left in 2020; he formerly served as its chairman from 2009 to 2015.
Early and personal life
Thorbjørn Jagland was born on 5 November 1950 as Thorbjørn Johansen in Drammen and is the son of a welder, Helge Th. Jagland, and a cook, Ingrid Bjerknes. According to the Norwegian daily Dagbladet, his father had additional duties as a kind of "steward" for his community, so when "the postal service had letters" or envelopes without a complete address, the mailman delivered many of them to Jagland's home, "since that was were everything happened". Jagland graduated from secondary school in 1969. Along with his twin brother Helge, Thorbjørn Jagland briefly studied economics at the University of Oslo, but was at the same time involved in politics and did not finish his studies. Jagland and his parents changed their surname from Johansen, a common surname with working class connotations, to Jagland in 1957; the Jagland name was one of the proposed "new family names" which imitated traditional farm names in the book 2000 nye slektsnavn ("2,000 new family names") by Astrid Moss; the book aimed to help members of the working class with common surnames to find more unique names.
He married journalist Hanne Grotjord in 1976. The couple has two sons, Anders (born 1978) and Henrik (born 1986). As Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Jagland resided in Strasbourg, France, but has since moved back to Norway.
Jagland has been awarded the title of Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France for his "tireless commitment to the European continent and the universal values it represents".
Political career
Early involvement, general secretary and elected party leader
In 1966, at age 16, he joined the Lier chapter of the Workers' Youth League (AUF). Rising up rapidly through the party ranks, he was elected leader of the Workers' Youth League in Buskerud, in 1973, a position he held until 1975. That year, he was elected member of the Buskerud county council. In 1977, he became the national leader of the Workers' Youth League, a position he held until 1981. During this period, he said he wanted to bridge the gap between the youth wing and the mother party, but also expressed the need for the Workers' Youth League to have its own political platform. Important issues he supported at that time included the nationalization of the oil industry, permission to conduct petroleum test boring outside Northern Norway, and that the state should use income from the petroleum industry to nationalise domestic industry.
From 1981, he worked as a secretary for the Labour Party; he became acting general secretary in 1986 and was formally appointed to the position in 1987. In his role as secretary of the Labour party, Jagland initiated a number of measures that culminated in organisational and political reforms. The right of the Trade Unions to influence the working of the Labour Party was curtailed; periodic consultations were initiated with civil society outside the party boundaries in the formulation of the party manifesto etc. In 1986, he also became chairman of the Labour Party's International Committee. He held both positions until 1992, when he succeeded long-time leader Gro Harlem Brundtland.
Jagland was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud in 1993, and was re-elected on three occasions. During his first term, Jagland was a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, and also served as the fractional leader for the parliamentary group of the party. In 1995, Jagland published a book, titled Brev (Letters), "Vår sårbare verden" (Our vulnerable World) i 2001 and "Ti teser om EU og Norge" (Ten Postulates about the EU & Norway) in 2003.
Premiership
On 23 October 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland informed Jagland she was withdrawing from politics and leaving him as head of government. The third cabinet Brundtland resigned, prompting the party leader Jagland to form a new cabinet.
Jagland's cabinet was short-lived with two ministers being forced to withdraw. He resigned following the 1997 election even though his party won the most votes. Jagland was widely perceived to have been passed over when Jens Stoltenberg formed his second cabinet in 2005.
Jagland launched his vision of the "Norwegian House" during his tenure as Prime Minister. In his speech to the Storting following his appointment, Jagland described the Norwegian House as a foundation with four pillars. The metaphor represented, "the collective value creation within the ecologically sustainable society". The four pillars that hold up the house were business and labour policy; welfare policy; research and educational policy; and foreign and security policy. Jagland stated that everyone had something to contribute regarding the creation of the house; in particular he stated that the cabinet would cooperate with the opposition to reach these goals. In his speech, Jagland said that he would not deviate much from Harlem Brundtland's policies, but that he would increase the focus on violence, abuse of alcohol and drugs, and crime, including improvement of preventative measures and the courts. He also stated that it was important to introduce information technology in all parts of the education system. As part of the construction of the Norwegian House, the cabinet also started to appoint lay councils, with expertise within their fields, that would provide them with feedback and inputs on important areas in society. Jagland stated that the purpose was to allow critical voices close access to the political decisions, and increase the number of ideas generated at a political level. Jagland stated in August 2008 that, "the Norwegian House could have been better planned and prepared, but I did not have the time. I took a chance. The Labour Party was down for the count. My goal was to make a good election; and we did. We have not done so well since". Jagland said in an interview, "I still get letters from people who miss the Norwegian House. It was an attempt at something new, a building project that would also inspire the activity on the side of the parties".
Jagland's 36.9 ultimatum and resignation
Ahead of the 1997 parliamentary election, Jagland announced the cabinet would resign if the Labour Party received less than 36.9% of the popular vote. This was the percentage of the vote that the party had received in the 1993 election while Brundtland was still leading, which had provided them with an unclear mandate to govern. The Constitution of Norway does not require a cabinet to be formally approved by Parliament in order to serve, and a minority government that lacks concrete support from its inception may serve as long as it does not receive a vote of no confidence.
The Labour cabinet was only directly supported by its own party group, which consisted of 67 out of 165 members of Parliament. To pass legislation, the cabinet had sought support from the largest opposition parties—the Centre Party as well as Labour's traditional adversary, the Conservative Party—on a case-by-case basis. Brundtland had already employed this ad-hoc tactic during her time as Prime Minister, describing it as "slalom racing in the Storting". However, the negotiations in order to land the annual state budget in 1996 were particularly tough. According to political scientist Trond Nordby, Jagland felt that a cabinet which achieved less than 36.9% would struggle to govern.
As it turned out, Labour only received 35.0%, remaining the largest party with a small loss of seats. Jagland resigned on 29 September 1997 and power was given to the first cabinet of Kjell Magne Bondevik. This cabinet had an even weaker parliamentary basis. Erik Solheim, the leader of Socialist Left Party (SV), said that if Jagland resigned, "he would go down in history as Norway's most puzzling politician".
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In February 2000, still reeling from the 36.9 fiasco and the growing popularity of deputy party leader Stoltenberg, Jagland withdraw as a prime minister candidate. Speaking to the national council of Labour on 10 February 2000, Jagland said "If I were to continue as prime minister candidate, and especially if I should return as prime minister, the pressure that has been put against me the last three years will only continue and increase in strength." Only 35 days later, the first cabinet of Bondevik resigned following a motion of confidence. A new Labour cabinet, to be led by Jens Stoltenberg, was announced by King Harald V on 17 March 2000. Jagland was chosen for Minister of Foreign Affairs.
One of his first acts as Minister of Foreign Affairs was to visit Belgrade, three years before its collapse. Jagland wanted to improve foreign aid to Yugoslavia and try to find a peaceful solution to the Yugoslav wars. Jagland engineered financial and material support to the forces in Yugoslavia who were opposed to Slobodan Milosevic, a move that increased the popularity of the opposition to Milosevic and his eventual fall from power. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs furnished computers that helped in revealing the electoral fraud perpetrated by Milosevic. The Norwegian contribution was instrumental in the overthrow of the Milosevic government and Jagland was the first to be invited to the victory celebrations.
Jagland again made national headlines in a similar fashion to the publicity about "The Norwegian House" and "36.9%", this time for the phrase "Bongo from Congo", which Jagland used when referring to Omar Bongo, the President of Gabon, when he was visiting Norway. Jagland stated on 2 February 2001 on the nationally broadcast television show I kveld med Per Ståle on TV 2 that "everybody at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs went around saying that 'now you are going to meet with Bongo from Congo. The term "Bongo" and "Congo" has been seen by many as a racial slur.
Jagland visited Sri Lanka in June 2001 to try to reach a level of involvement in the Sri Lankan Civil War. After a brief visit to the capital Colombo, at the request of the Sri Lankan president Chandrika Kumaratunga, Jagland agreed to take a role in the peace process of Sri Lanka between the Sri Lankan Government and the Tamil Tigers.[29]
The Labour Party did not fare well during the 2001 election. In an interview with the Associated Press, Jagland said, "It is unstable and unpredictable". After the votes had been counted, Stoltenberg and his cabinet was forced to resign, suffering from its worst election campaign results since 1924.
Jagland stepped down in 2001 from his post as Foreign Minister in the wake of the collapse of the Stoltenberg government.
The leadership battle of the party didn't end with the election, and pressure was still mounting on Jagland to give the party leader role to Stoltenberg. It was expected that Stoltenberg would contest the leader during the national congress of Labour in November 2002, and in January 2002 the two were supposed to say if they wanted role. On 15 January, Jagland collapsed in the parliament and was sent to the hospital. Later that evening, during live coverage by TV 2 Nyhetene, comedian Bård Tufte Johansen interrupted the live broadcast jumping around in a chicken costume, cackling about media's treatment of Thorbjørn Jagland and mocking the media's double standards. On 3 February 2002, Jagland announced that he wouldn't seek a new term as party leader in November.
President of the Storting
In 2005, Jagland was reelected to a fourth term in the Norwegian Parliament. Jørgen Kosmo, the previous President of the Storting, had not stood for parliamentary re-election, and Jagland was elected to this position by the members of parliament on 10 October 2005. Jagland was elected with only one blank vote, whereas his Progress Party opponent, Carl I. Hagen, had 25 blank votes in the Storting. He later said:
Jagland told the newspaper Aftenposten he wanted more Norwegian soldiers sent to South Afghanistan: "The Norwegian special forces will certainly be welcome throughout the winter. If NATO is demanding them, Norway should contribute". In 2007, Stoltenberg allowed Jagland to push through his plan to develop Storting as a stronger centre for current political debates, thus increasing the power of the parliamentary members on issues from the cabinet.
A UN conference against racism and discrimination in Geneva was planned for the spring of 2009. Some member states, such as Canada and Israel, had announced that they might boycott the conference because previous such conferences had given way to anti-Semitism and racism. Jagland said Norway was unlikely to undertake any boycott, but he added, "The previous racism conference in Durban, South Africa, in 2001, was a festival in the criticism of Western values. We must never allow the successor conference in Geneva in April next year to be a repetition of this".
In 2009, the cabinet issued a proposal to remove the "Blasphemy Paragraph", part of the criminal law that made blasphemous statements a criminal offense. There was a political consensus in parliament that the paragraph was outdated. The cabinet proposed that it instead by replaced by a "Racism Paragraph", that was aimed at protecting religious groups from attacks, while retaining protection of the academic freedom of speech. All political parties in parliament, except the Centre Party, were opposed to the "Racism Paragraph", but Centre-leader Liv Signe Navarsete stated that she had used her influence to make the Labour Party accept the matter. When asked about the case, Jagland responded: "It will in itself be a paradox if one questions the principle that freedom of speech is subject to the party whip. Especially when it emerges that the question may have been the subject of horse-trading and attempts at a coup".
Jagland had also been critical of the lack of parliamentary control permitted by the coalition cabinet. Critics accused Jagland of attacking the Red-Green Cabinet as revenge against Stoltenberg for forcing Jagland to resign as Labour Party leader in 2002. Jagland rejected this as "petty criticism". Jagland announced in September 2008 that he would not seek reelection. He said he decided, with "great sadness", to leave Norwegian politics because he was applying for the position of Secretary-General of the Council of Europe.
Nobel Committee
On 1 January 2009, he succeeded Ole Danbolt Mjøs as the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee is tasked with selecting candidates for award of the annual Nobel Prize for Peace in accordance with the last will and testament of Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), the Swedish chemist and inventor of dynamite. The Norwegian Parliament selects a committee consisting of 5 persons who then choose the candidates for the prize. This committee is completely independent of the Norwegian Parliament or other institutions, domestic or foreign.
The Nobel Committee announces the winning candidate(s) on the first Friday of each October; prizes themselves are handed out on 10 December in Oslo, that date being the birthday of Alfred Nobel.
The announcement of Barack Obama as winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, raised a few eyebrows and Jagland had to clarify this choice on several occasions. The Nobel Committee points to the fact that it has to execute the will of Alfred Nobel, in accordance with the following text in his will:
"...The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way...the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind... and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses....The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not..."
The justification for award to Barack Obama was anchored in the work he had done to restart the START agreements with Russia and for promotion of dialogue with the Muslim world.
The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 was awarded to the European Union for "....have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."
The Nobel Peace Prize for 2013 was awarded to the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW for "...its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons".
The Nobel Peace Prize for 2014 was shared between Pakistani national Malala Yousafzai and Indian activist Kailash Satyarthi. The prize motivation states: "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".
On 3 March 2015 Jagland was demoted by the five-person Norwegian Nobel Committee, which elected Kaci Kullmann Five as its new chair. Jagland's demotion is without precedent in the history of the Nobel Peace Prize. After the demotion, Jagland continued to serve as an ordinary member of the committee.
In 2019 the leader of the committee asked each of the members if any of them had been in contact with Jeffrey Epstein; in 2020 Jagland changed his answer; Jeffrey Epstein and Bill Gates had a meeting with Jagland at his residence in Strasbourg in 2013, according to media in October 2020.
Secretary General of the Council of Europe: First term, from 2009 to 2014
In 2009, Jagland was elected Secretary General of the Council of Europe. Jagland was elected with 165 against 80 votes in the Parliamentary Assembly. The other candidate was former Prime Minister of Poland Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz.
Jagland has emphasized the importance of strengthening the cooperation with the European Union and regular consultations are taking place with the leaders of the EU. The process of EU accession to the European Convention was meant to be ratified by 2015, but as of July 2017, no new accession agreement had been drafted. Jagland signed an intention agreement with Commissioner Stefan Füle in April 2014, which will considerably increase the number of Joint Programmes and EU financing of projects implemented by the Council of Europe. Jagland has also taken the initiative to a Neighbourhood Policy which includes an important number of cooperation activities on the basis of Council of Europe standards with Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco and Kazakhstan.
Jagland's has initiated regular consultations with the United Nations and these have since become institutionalised within the Council of Europe.
In 2012, Jagland launched the World Forum for Democracy conferences at the Council of Europe. The annual conference brings together statesmen, NGOs, grassroots workers, academics, politicians and others and was inaugurated in 2012 by the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban ki Moon.
In April 2014, under Jagland's watch, the Council of Europe released its seminal report "State of Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Europe". The report constituted the first consolidated analysis of human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe, based on the findings of the Council of Europe's monitoring bodies. In the preface to the report, Jagland wrote:
"Human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe now face a crisis unprecedented since the end of the Cold War. Serious violations – including corruption, immunity from prosecution, impunity, human trafficking, racism, hate speech and discrimination – are on the rise throughout the continent. People’s rights are also threatened by the impact of the economic crisis and growing inequalities. The Council of Europe and its member States must act urgently to stop this erosion of fundamental rights..."
Secretary General of the Council of Europe: Second term, from 2014
On 24 June 2014, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe convened to elect the Secretary General for the term running from 2014 to 2019. Thorbjørn Jagland had expressed his intentions of continuing on for a second term and was one of the two candidates competing for the post. Jagland was opposed by Ms Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger.
In the voting conducted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), of the 252 members voting, Jagland won 156. Ms Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger obtained 93. There were 3 blank ballots. With the requirement for an absolute majority being 125, Jagland's tally of 156 gave him a comfortable absolute majority. Jagland formally commenced his next term from 1 October 2014.
Jagland's re-election as Secretary General of the Council of Europe is without precedent. Several outgoing Secretaries General had stood for re-election without having been successful. His wide margin of victory is seen as a sign of approval and appreciation of his yeoman services to both the Council of Europe and his unstinting efforts to reduce tensions in Ukraine.
Jagland was continually accused by Norwegian and foreign media of servility towards Putin's Russia during his tenure. Russia was placed under voting sanctions following the annexation of Crimea in 2014, but in 2019 Jagland spearheaded the effort to give the Russians their voting rights back. Council members and analysts have criticized Jagland for giving in to Russian "blackmail". 7 delegations left the council in protest of the decision to give Russia voting rights without ending the occupation of parts of Ukraine.
Other positions
He was vice-president of the Socialist International and was Chair of the Organisation's Board when Willy Brandt was president. Jagland also chaired its Middle East Committee for 10 years. Furthermore, Jagland was one of five members of the Mitchell Committee appointed by President Clinton and Secretary-General Kofi Annan to advise on how to end violence in the Middle East. Jagland is an Honorary Board member of the Peres Center for Peace and was chair of the Board of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights but left when he became Chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. A survey in 2000 found that Jagland was second most influential in a list of the 50 most influential persons in Norway.
Jagland has been member of the International Board of Governors at the Peres Center for Peace since 1997. He served as one of several vice presidents of the Socialist International from 1999 to 2008. From 2000 to 2006, he chaired the Socialist International Committee on the Middle East. He became chairman of the board of the Oslo Centre upon its establishment in 2006 but left in 2009 when he became chairman of the Norwegian Nobel committee.
Political views
Through his career in politics, Jagland was more to the left of his party. Jagland supported more of a traditional social democratic government, and was very skeptical of policies such as privatization of state-owned companies.
Jagland is in favour of Norwegian membership of the European Union. In 1990, he published the book Min europeiske drøm (My European dream). He proposed the European Union be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and it was, by Jagland himself in 2012. Since 1999, he has stated that the left wing in Norway does not use Socialist International enough.
He has outspokenly opposed the perceived presence of Islamophobia in Western societies. He has also called fighting Islamic extremism an "unnecessary fight", "that would only lead to confrontation", and insisted that no Islamic extremism exists in Norway.
Bibliography
Du skal eie det selv ["you yourself, must own it"] – 2020, autobiography.
References
External links
Norway's Prime Ministers – A pictorial with portraits of Norway's Prime Ministers (Aftenposten)
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1950 births
20th-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
Buskerud politicians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Council of Europe Secretaries-General
Foreign Ministers of Norway
Government ministers of Norway
Leaders of the Labour Party (Norway)
Norwegian twins
Living people
Presidents of the Storting
Members of the Storting
Norwegian Lutherans
Chairpersons of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
People from Drammen
People from Lier, Norway
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
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频率响应（，简称频响）是当向电子仪器系统输入一个振幅不变，频率变化的信号时，测量系统相對输出端的响应。通常与电子放大器、扩音器等联系在一起，频响的主要特性可用系统响应的幅度（用分贝）和相位（用弧度）来表示。
測量方法
频率响应可用以下方法测量：
對系统输入一个脈衝响应測量它的響應．
以固定振幅的單音信號在要量測(感興趣)的頻寬上掠過，記錄其相對應的輸出位準及相位。
提供一個寬頻譜的信號，然後由輸入及輸出信號來計算其脈衝響應。
響應圖示
傳統的頻率響應結果有二種圖示的方法：以大小及相位來表示的波德圖。及以頻率響應的的虛部及實部來表示的奈奎斯特圖。
一旦測量到頻率響應，假若系統是線性時不變的，它的特性就可以被數位濾波器以任意的精度近似．同樣，如果一個系統的頻響很差，可以用數位或類比濾波器對信號預先補償以彌補其不足．
響應曲線
频率响应曲线通常用来描绘放大器和扬声器再造声频的精度，比如说，一个高保真放大器可被说成有频率响应２０Hz－２0ＫＨz±1 dB，这意味着系统可放大该范围内的所有频率。＂好的频响不能保证保真度/失真率，只是说明设备的一部分达到了基本频响要求＂。
參見
冲激响应
传递函数
波特图
暫態響應
穩態 (電子學)
參考文獻
Luther, Arch C.; Inglis, Andrew F. Video engineering , McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 0-07-135017-9
Stark, Scott Hunter. Live Sound Reinforcement , Vallejo, California, Artistpro.com, 1996–2002. ISBN 0-918371-07-4
外部連結
密歇根大学: Frequency Response Analysis and Design Tutorial
Smith, Julius O. III: Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications has a nice chapter on Frequency Response
控制论
電子學術語
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