gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-24389 | 56df12603277331400b4d941 | Lighting | Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. | When was fluorescent lighting first available? | When was fluorescent lighting first available? | [
"When was fluorescent lighting first available?"
] | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67836 | 572ffb39947a6a140053cedc | Charleston,_South_Carolina | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Ri... | How large is Charleston, South Carolina? | How large is Charleston, South Carolina? | [
"How large is Charleston, South Carolina?"
] | {
"text": [
"127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35103 | 571a719210f8ca140030503f | Memory | Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in min... | What trouble can interference cause? | What trouble can interference cause? | [
"What trouble can interference cause?"
] | {
"text": [
"can hamper memorization and retrieval"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100166 | 5ace64f932bba1001ae4a580 | Guam | An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an ... | How long is Reunion Island? | How long is Reunion Island? | [
"How long is Reunion Island?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7161 | 5731599ee6313a140071ce69 | Red | Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The ... | What did red white and black become associated with in Germany? | What did red white and black become associated with in Germany? | [
"What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"German nationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36198 | 572fa37304bcaa1900d76b29 | Printed_circuit_board | Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear... | What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it? | What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it? | [
"What's another name for NCD files that has an \"x\" in it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Excellon files"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19300 | 5a3afe343ff257001ab8438d | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws? | Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws? | [
"Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110632 | 572ff27bb2c2fd140056862b | Iran | The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian... | What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages? | What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages? | [
"What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"the gentilic"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45032 | 5ace42e332bba1001ae4a104 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In February 2016, over a hundred thousand people signed a petition in just twenty-four hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from ... | In February 2006, how many people signed a petition calling for a boycott of Sony Music? | In February 2006, how many people signed a petition calling for a boycott of Sony Music? | [
"In February 2006, how many people signed a petition calling for a boycott of Sony Music?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46594 | 5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a3 | Department_store | Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011. Centro still operates for middle market while the 'Parkson' brand itself, positioned for middle-up segment, enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan, followed by its second store in Jakarta. Lotte, meanwhile, enters the market by inking ... | Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004? | Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004? | [
"Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72699 | 5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe10d | Dell | In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in... | What decade didn't Dell sell electronics through big box stores? | What decade didn't Dell sell electronics through big box stores? | [
"What decade didn't Dell sell electronics through big box stores?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84887 | 5726aaf25951b619008f7976 | Mali | Mali (i/ˈmɑːli/; French: [maˈli]), officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mal... | Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce? | Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce? | [
"Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"prominent natural resources include gold"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63740 | 5727c090ff5b5019007d9468 | USB | USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 ... | What is a pipe named at? | What is a pipe named at? | [
"What is a pipe named at?"
] | {
"text": [
"an endpoint"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4682 | 5a6142c0e9e1cc001a33d028 | Pope_John_XXIII | He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II,... | During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II? | During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II? | [
"During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61439 | 5a3afa3c3ff257001ab84384 | Flowering_plant | The flower may consist only of these parts, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepal... | What color is the more delicate willow? | What color is the more delicate willow? | [
"What color is the more delicate willow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24447 | 56df92a64a1a83140091eb51 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the po... | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | [
"What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?"
] | {
"text": [
"luminosity function"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27707 | 5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | [
"What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90220 | 5727bd644b864d1900163c12 | Tibet | The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [pʰøʔ˨˧˨], is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcri... | What is the Tibetan name for the area? | What is the Tibetan name for the area? | [
"What is the Tibetan name for the area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bod"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40778 | 57097f61ed30961900e8422d | Communication | Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at ... | What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have? | What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have? | [
"What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?"
] | {
"text": [
"excellent writing ability"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75857 | 570605d175f01819005e7894 | The_Times | The Times features news for the first half of the paper, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The spor... | The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper? | The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper? | [
"The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?"
] | {
"text": [
"news"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1279 | 5a4e9377755ab9001a10f507 | Airport | Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehi... | When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control? | When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control? | [
"When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81063 | 5ad16c46645df0001a2d1a9f | Queen_Victoria | In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically we... | What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip without the Dutchess of kent and Conroy? | What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip without the Dutchess of kent and Conroy? | [
"What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip without the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78018 | 5acd6b8107355d001abf4168 | Strasbourg | The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three muse... | In what year was the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie built? | In what year was the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie built? | [
"In what year was the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie built?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105846 | 5a567d306349e2001acdcdc5 | Compact_disc | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the dat... | How many layers of polycarbonate are there? | How many layers of polycarbonate are there? | [
"How many layers of polycarbonate are there?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29724 | 570cd692b3d812140066d2af | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth... | Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject? | Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject? | [
"Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Immaculate Conception"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107526 | 5a627e97f8d794001af1c051 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corpora... | What Shell treasurer try to takeover Woodside in 2001? | What Shell treasurer try to takeover Woodside in 2001? | [
"What Shell treasurer try to takeover Woodside in 2001?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106148 | 5725bd9f271a42140099d103 | Hellenistic_period | The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war... | Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom? | Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom? | [
"Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Perdiccas"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18845 | 5733e5f54776f41900661468 | Premier_League | In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated un... | How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split? | How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split? | [
"How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13411 | 56e7ad0337bdd419002c431b | Nanjing | Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012. The port area is 98 kilometres (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March ... | When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up? | When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up? | [
"When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 2004"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107228 | 5736327e012e2f140011a204 | Hunting | In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for ... | What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon? | What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon? | [
"What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nordic"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98780 | 5a5ab9b19c0277001abe7151 | Heresy | The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus ... | Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews? | Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews? | [
"Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112503 | 570d4b28b3d812140066d64a | United_States_Army | The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army – the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force. Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take... | What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy? | What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy? | [
"What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vietnam War"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52310 | 572a81a1f75d5e190021fb24 | Miami | Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primar... | What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University? | What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University? | [
"What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Buccaneer"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40155 | 572b995234ae481900deaec1 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway. The Union League C... | Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place? | Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place? | [
"Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place?"
] | {
"text": [
"Union League Club"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45983 | 57323d61e17f3d140042276e | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each rem... | How many congregations were founded? | How many congregations were founded? | [
"How many congregations were founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thirty"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14142 | 56f978649e9bad19000a0987 | Brain | The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons ... | The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year? | The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year? | [
"The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113973 | 5a427714c95734001a8bbe27 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | Who said time exists everywhere? | Who said time exists everywhere? | [
"Who said time exists everywhere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5864 | 5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbb | House_music | Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] an... | Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? | Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? | [
"Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? "
] | {
"text": [
"Miami"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29172 | 571d3bc95efbb31900334ed4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug? | Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug? | [
"Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geodon"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27778 | 5729e83f6aef0514001550fa | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | [
"What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91064 | 572ac437111d821400f38d3c | John_Kerry | Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia." In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietna... | What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993? | What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993? | [
"What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107548 | 5a62874bf8d794001af1c0ac | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of ... | What certification was the Kulluk missing? | What certification was the Kulluk missing? | [
"What certification was the Kulluk missing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5237 | 56e171d8e3433e1400422f1f | Boston | The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, a... | What agency oversees health concerns for city residents? | What agency oversees health concerns for city residents? | [
"What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Boston Public Health Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104751 | 573354414776f41900660846 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client as... | What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets? | What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets? | [
"What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?"
] | {
"text": [
"a conflict of interest"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11613 | 56fa02b68f12f31900630079 | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 ... | Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | [
"Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Djibouti"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11675 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c14b | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, whe... | What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with? | What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with? | [
"What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afro-Asiatic"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90551 | 572fc767b2c2fd140056845b | Pacific_War | Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (t... | Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from? | Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from? | [
"Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Korea and Formosa"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31310 | 5a63bb9c7f3c80001a150b23 | Germans | By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts... | What group assimilated into German culture following the Middle Ages? | What group assimilated into German culture following the Middle Ages? | [
"What group assimilated into German culture following the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83508 | 5ad26321d7d075001a4290ee | Dominican_Order | Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the in... | What type of veil did the sisters not have to wear? | What type of veil did the sisters not have to wear? | [
"What type of veil did the sisters not have to wear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32424 | 5ad2b9cdd7d075001a42a05c | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983? | What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983? | [
"What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16095 | 572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bb | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing u... | What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya? | What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya? | [
"What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?"
] | {
"text": [
"he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88960 | 5acd3de307355d001abf39fa | Hunter-gatherer | Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals. | All of contemporary societies are classified as what? | All of contemporary societies are classified as what? | [
"All of contemporary societies are classified as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81094 | 5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd3 | Queen_Victoria | In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and als... | What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? | What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? | [
"What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? "
] | {
"text": [
"The Famine Queen"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18354 | 570e31d70b85d914000d7d27 | Eritrea | Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has ... | What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in? | What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in? | [
"What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?"
] | {
"text": [
"stalemate"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29613 | 570c49f9fed7b91900d45844 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both ... | In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary? | In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary? | [
"In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?"
] | {
"text": [
"842"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17723 | 56ced14baab44d1400b88acf | Spectre_(2015_film) | A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closin... | Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London? | Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London? | [
"Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thames"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32081 | 572886362ca10214002da442 | Myanmar | Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence spreading to to... | Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ? | Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ? | [
"Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?"
] | {
"text": [
"used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013."
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7462 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5cf | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Grou... | Why was COBOL created? | Why was COBOL created? | [
"Why was COBOL created?"
] | {
"text": [
"Interest in a standard"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57659 | 572ebe14cb0c0d14000f14ee | Quran | A text is self-referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itsel... | What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran? | What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran? | [
"What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?"
] | {
"text": [
"Self-referentiality"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53567 | 56e822d000c9c71400d775cc | Dialect | The most common, and most purely linguistic, criterion is that of mutual intelligibility: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other; otherwise, they are said to be different language... | What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible? | What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible? | [
"What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?"
] | {
"text": [
"dialect continua"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81646 | 570629cf75f01819005e7a0a | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were dem... | By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates? | By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates? | [
"By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64813 | 57342458d058e614000b69ee | Portugal | The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shift... | What is the Ministry of Health responsible for? | What is the Ministry of Health responsible for? | [
"What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?"
] | {
"text": [
"developing health policy as well as managing the SNS"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8605 | 56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b08 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. | Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up? | Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up? | [
"Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108497 | 572bdafedfb02c14005c6aea | Tennessee | Tennessee is known as the "Volunteer State", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia,... | Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname? | Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname? | [
"Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?"
] | {
"text": [
"War of 1812"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88939 | 56df43e48bc80c19004e49c3 | Hunter-gatherer | A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. | What type of society relies on domestication for producing food? | What type of society relies on domestication for producing food? | [
"What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?"
] | {
"text": [
"agricultural"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106651 | 57266614f1498d1400e8de5f | East_India_Company | At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return... | What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company? | What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company? | [
"What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?"
] | {
"text": [
"monetary consequences of a war"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2187 | 56d079e1234ae51400d9c30f | Buddhism | Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary pe... | What are the four sights in Buddhism? | What are the four sights in Buddhism? | [
"What are the four sights in Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42594 | 57100b34a58dae1900cd67f3 | Sexual_orientation | As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a si... | When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components? | When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components? | [
"When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?"
] | {
"text": [
"(2006)"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17418 | 570e51b50b85d914000d7e23 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine? | How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine? | [
"How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.7 billion years"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2723 | 5acd190e07355d001abf34a7 | British_Isles | The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2, and a combined population of just under 70 mil... | What group of Islands has just over 70 million people? | What group of Islands has just over 70 million people? | [
"What group of Islands has just over 70 million people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56373 | 5a45a2c619a820001a1edace | Nonprofit_organization | Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting em... | Where to many young employees choose to look for instead of private employment? | Where to many young employees choose to look for instead of private employment? | [
"Where to many young employees choose to look for instead of private employment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48028 | 5726ed89708984140094d650 | Napoleon | In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental... | Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse? | Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse? | [
"Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?"
] | {
"text": [
"his empire"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1060 | 572eb7ab03f989190075698d | Endangered_Species_Act | The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for... | What location held the first HCP? | What location held the first HCP? | [
"What location held the first HCP?"
] | {
"text": [
"San Bruno Mountain, California"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78889 | 5a8d8744df8bba001a0f9ae6 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademar... | Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Midna can use? | Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Midna can use? | [
"Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Midna can use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7122 | 5ad4f3a65b96ef001a10a765 | Red | In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts ... | What color are sick people painted with in Africa? | What color are sick people painted with in Africa? | [
"What color are sick people painted with in Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55199 | 570a91fd6d058f1900182fbc | Everton_F.C. | Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed "The Black Watch", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname "The Blues". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team "scienti... | What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup? | What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup? | [
"What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Dogs of War"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15386 | 57069d2c75f01819005e7c4a | Black_people | Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ... | Who was featured in the movie "Skin"? | Who was featured in the movie "Skin"? | [
"Who was featured in the movie \"Skin\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sandra Laing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55016 | 570a81684103511400d597ac | Everton_F.C. | Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league c... | How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s? | How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s? | [
"How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24634 | 56cee398aab44d1400b88bfc | New_York_City | In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George ... | Who was the United States' first President? | Who was the United States' first President? | [
"Who was the United States' first President?"
] | {
"text": [
"George Washington"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31058 | 5a147267c8eab200188dca3a | Identity_(social_science) | The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic quali... | What don't shift according to circumstances? | What don't shift according to circumstances? | [
"What don't shift according to circumstances?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109344 | 56dddab666d3e219004dad30 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? | [
"Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?"
] | {
"text": [
"Holy Roman Emperor Charles V"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90894 | 57329efbcc179a14009dab7e | Pacific_War | Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942. ... | What date was the Australian mainland first attacked? | What date was the Australian mainland first attacked? | [
"What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?"
] | {
"text": [
"19 February"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10938 | 5ad28e42d7d075001a429a4a | Anthropology | Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ... | Who wrote a six-volume work on Biological anthropology? | Who wrote a six-volume work on Biological anthropology? | [
"Who wrote a six-volume work on Biological anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29688 | 5ad18acc645df0001a2d1edc | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Su... | How many Gospel narratives are about Mary? | How many Gospel narratives are about Mary? | [
"How many Gospel narratives are about Mary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111638 | 572b8b0334ae481900deae8e | Education | In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the S... | Who from Switzerland was an influential in education? | Who from Switzerland was an influential in education? | [
"Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?"
] | {
"text": [
"Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95734 | 5726eb54dd62a815002e953f | Yale_University | Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instrume... | What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works? | What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works? | [
"What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Lewis Walpole Library"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55018 | 570a81684103511400d597ae | Everton_F.C. | Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league c... | What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters? | What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters? | [
"What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Evertonians"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68089 | 57303645947a6a140053d29f | Charleston,_South_Carolina | On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jack... | What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina? | What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina? | [
"What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dylann Roof"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69899 | 5730413904bcaa1900d7741f | Windows_8 | Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add ad... | What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have? | What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have? | [
"What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?"
] | {
"text": [
"features aimed towards business environments"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1418 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00d | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii? | In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii? | [
"In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?"
] | {
"text": [
"St Peter's Basilica"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62781 | 572f75edb2c2fd1400568149 | Pain | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what? | An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what? | [
"An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"pain"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92646 | 5a6fd4f28abb0b001a675f86 | Alsace | In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain b... | What did the town of Mulhouse join in 1798? | What did the town of Mulhouse join in 1798? | [
"What did the town of Mulhouse join in 1798?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94660 | 5726d28b708984140094d267 | Queen_(band) | Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Ar... | Which guitarist inspired Queen? | Which guitarist inspired Queen? | [
"Which guitarist inspired Queen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jimi Hendrix"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40321 | 5ad68cde191832001aa7b18f | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, wi... | Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process? | Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process? | [
"Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34846 | 5726a213f1498d1400e8e573 | Political_philosophy | John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government. In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir ... | Locke refuted whose political theory? | Locke refuted whose political theory? | [
"Locke refuted whose political theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sir Robert Filmer"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110986 | 5a81c9c731013a001a334ebe | Group_(mathematics) | In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotati... | In D4 the square can return to the r2 configuration by applying only what? | In D4 the square can return to the r2 configuration by applying only what? | [
"In D4 the square can return to the r2 configuration by applying only what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29969 | 572a37e41d04691400779858 | CBC_Television | Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, ... | Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in? | Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in? | [
"Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55887 | 5a0cff13f5590b0018dab708 | Clothing | Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributin... | India has ratified all sections of what treaty? | India has ratified all sections of what treaty? | [
"India has ratified all sections of what treaty?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35863 | 5727017bf1498d1400e8f20a | Comcast | Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment l... | What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast? | What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast? | [
"What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?"
] | {
"text": [
"E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69548 | 5ad4200d604f3c001a4006dc | Houston | Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these... | In what did Houston pass New York City in 2003? | In what did Houston pass New York City in 2003? | [
" In what did Houston pass New York City in 2003?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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