gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-92403 | 5730dbfef6cb411900e244f7 | United_States_Air_Force | Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, ... | What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? | What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? | [
"What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? "
] | {
"text": [
"CNE and CND"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31961 | 5726de88708984140094d423 | Myanmar | In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were... | Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ? | Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ? | [
"Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?"
] | {
"text": [
"an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government."
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32443 | 570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1c | Antarctica | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | What light does ozone absorb? | What light does ozone absorb? | [
"What light does ozone absorb?"
] | {
"text": [
"ultraviolet radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45275 | 5728c2f02ca10214002da732 | Sahara | The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitat... | What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara? | What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara? | [
"What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?"
] | {
"text": [
"low-pressure systems"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75635 | 5727a8483acd2414000de8fe | Cubism | Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a co... | What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture? | What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture? | [
"What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?"
] | {
"text": [
"The first true Cubist sculpture"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10327 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018b | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What do all organelles have that is their own? | What do all organelles have that is their own? | [
"What do all organelles have that is their own?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93398 | 5ad19511645df0001a2d2071 | Light-emitting_diode | Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can contr... | How are non-Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected? | How are non-Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected? | [
" How are non-Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106684 | 5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e3 | East_India_Company | By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, partic... | How many establishments captured by the British were destroyed after the treaty of Paris? | How many establishments captured by the British were destroyed after the treaty of Paris? | [
"How many establishments captured by the British were destroyed after the treaty of Paris?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50735 | 56e9641f99e8941900975f91 | Bern | Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst a... | How many libraries are in Bern? | How many libraries are in Bern? | [
"How many libraries are in Bern?"
] | {
"text": [
"8"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49357 | 5727c461ff5b5019007d94b0 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged... | During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals? | During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals? | [
"During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Neolithic Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36236 | 572fb648b2c2fd140056839f | Printed_circuit_board | Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halid... | In addition to "whiskers," what does silver sprout around ions like halide? | In addition to "whiskers," what does silver sprout around ions like halide? | [
"In addition to \"whiskers,\" what does silver sprout around ions like halide?"
] | {
"text": [
"conducting surface paths"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18600 | 5726e4e2708984140094d50d | Nigeria | Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous nation... | How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in? | How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in? | [
"How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62669 | 572955e1af94a219006aa2ce | Software_testing | Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to ... | What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to? | What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to? | [
"What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?"
] | {
"text": [
"testing field is not ready for certification"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53737 | 5ad27a79d7d075001a4295f5 | Dialect | The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes: | Romance languages are the primary language of which family? | Romance languages are the primary language of which family? | [
"Romance languages are the primary language of which family?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107806 | 571aa46c10f8ca140030523d | Umayyad_Caliphate | The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Acco... | Of what clan were the Abbasids members of? | Of what clan were the Abbasids members of? | [
"Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hashim"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99889 | 56fb942cb28b3419009f1e56 | Middle_Ages | In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures ... | Where did patent law originate? | Where did patent law originate? | [
"Where did patent law originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Venice"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108394 | 5acd2b2a07355d001abf37a2 | Aspirated_consonant | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops? | What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops? | [
"What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17550 | 56cdd28562d2951400fa68bb | Spectre_(2015_film) | Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but th... | Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building? | Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building? | [
"Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?"
] | {
"text": [
"Blofeld"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80299 | 572fa576b2c2fd140056829b | Bacteria | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state? | How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state? | [
"How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?"
] | {
"text": [
"more resistant"
],
"answer_start": [
623
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26107 | 5726a714dd62a815002e8c12 | Edmund_Burke | The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for spec... | Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782? | Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782? | [
"Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?"
] | {
"text": [
"HM Treasury"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112418 | 5acec95832bba1001ae4b3ff | United_States_Army | The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959,... | What year did Soviet forces start being stationed in Vietnam? | What year did Soviet forces start being stationed in Vietnam? | [
"What year did Soviet forces start being stationed in Vietnam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52472 | 572925caaf94a219006aa107 | Planck_constant | The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature... | What did Wilhelm Wien discover? | What did Wilhelm Wien discover? | [
"What did Wilhelm Wien discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64006 | 5728283a2ca10214002d9f71 | Annelid | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have? | What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have? | [
"What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?"
] | {
"text": [
"ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114682 | 5ad276ded7d075001a429536 | Emotion | Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotion... | In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory? | In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory? | [
"In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79785 | 5706262d52bb891400689902 | MP3 | Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined addi... | At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio? | At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio? | [
"At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?"
] | {
"text": [
"half"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34882 | 5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d6 | Political_philosophy | From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical ... | What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy? | What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy? | [
"What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15715 | 5726e540dd62a815002e9444 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as pa... | What have the same phonetic, but different radicals? | What have the same phonetic, but different radicals? | [
"What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?"
] | {
"text": [
"蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43301 | 5a861206b4e223001a8e7449 | Poultry | Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also... | What liquid form is poultry normally kept in? | What liquid form is poultry normally kept in? | [
"What liquid form is poultry normally kept in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74990 | 572eb0d603f9891900756957 | Elevator | A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a "brake" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the va... | How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight? | How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight? | [
"How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?"
] | {
"text": [
"it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the \"shaft\""
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3806 | 56be9bb83aeaaa14008c9160 | Beyoncé | On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. | Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where? | Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where? | [
"Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42408 | 5ad27a0dd7d075001a4295ca | Karl_Popper | In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will alwa... | What did Popper write in Science Versus Crime? | What did Popper write in Science Versus Crime? | [
"What did Popper write in Science Versus Crime?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66561 | 5728a3732ca10214002da505 | Brigham_Young_University | BYU's stated mission "is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life." BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the... | What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without? | What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without? | [
"What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Spirit of God"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28091 | 572e9a3fc246551400ce43c8 | Steven_Spielberg | Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it... | What was the film "Jaws" nominated for? | What was the film "Jaws" nominated for? | [
"What was the film \"Jaws\" nominated for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Best Picture"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96025 | 5726c709f1498d1400e8eb04 | Hokkien | In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese ... | What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools? | What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools? | [
"What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20950 | 56dd35839a695914005b9561 | Prime_minister | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitutio... | In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister? | In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister? | [
"In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66690 | 57277c5ef1498d1400e8f97a | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as "Mr Nyet" in the West, had served for ... | Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July? | Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July? | [
"Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?"
] | {
"text": [
"Grigory Romanov"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31772 | 570d9bebdf2f5219002ed024 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur? | When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur? | [
"When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49662 | 570d710ffed7b91900d46109 | Valencia | The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final ap... | When were plans for city expansion drawn? | When were plans for city expansion drawn? | [
"When were plans for city expansion drawn?"
] | {
"text": [
"1858"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98825 | 5a5ac2cd9c0277001abe7180 | Heresy | In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had alwa... | What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church? | What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church? | [
"What is considered a reason to cut someone off from the church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91690 | 5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb94 | Botany | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | How can historical changes in the environment be detected? | How can historical changes in the environment be detected? | [
"How can historical changes in the environment be detected?"
] | {
"text": [
"plant phenology"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79221 | 5a3bba523ff257001ab84475 | Heian_period | Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A... | Who's political power declined during the Heian period? | Who's political power declined during the Heian period? | [
"Who's political power declined during the Heian period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93552 | 5728484dff5b5019007da0cf | Estonia | From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the S... | Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia? | Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia? | [
"Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Livonian Brothers of the Sword"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72504 | 5726872cf1498d1400e8e2de | Greece | Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or I... | Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder? | Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder? | [
"Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manolis Kalomiris"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18685 | 5726f52bdd62a815002e9646 | Nigeria | Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be... | Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure? | Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure? | [
"Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?"
] | {
"text": [
"bone marrow transplant"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16966 | 5725c99938643c19005accff | Israel | The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a "foreign territory". That... | When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip? | When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip? | [
"When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81317 | 5723fd980ba9f01400d97b07 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on ... | Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817? | Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817? | [
"Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?"
] | {
"text": [
"Princess Charlotte of Wales"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25860 | 57097747200fba140036802d | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high? | What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high? | [
"What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?"
] | {
"text": [
"it begins to heat excessively"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73647 | 56d3887c59d6e4140014667e | American_Idol | The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18–49, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had bec... | Who created American Idol? | Who created American Idol? | [
"Who created American Idol? "
] | {
"text": [
"Simon Fuller"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16846 | 5725b8e6271a42140099d0b1 | Israel | The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of... | What were the invading Arab armies aim? | What were the invading Arab armies aim? | [
"What were the invading Arab armies aim?"
] | {
"text": [
"slaughter the Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15331 | 5706477d75f01819005e7af8 | Black_people | Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term bla... | How did European Colonists use the term "Black"? | How did European Colonists use the term "Black"? | [
"How did European Colonists use the term \"Black\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"European colonists applied the term \"black\" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin."
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85767 | 571121f4b654c5140001fba5 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but ... | Who designed the Famicom system? | Who designed the Famicom system? | [
"Who designed the Famicom system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Masayuki Uemura"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27573 | 573022c004bcaa1900d77202 | Liberia | The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn ... | Who is the house led by? | Who is the house led by? | [
"Who is the house led by?"
] | {
"text": [
"a speaker"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15310 | 572fc58204bcaa1900d76ce2 | Hyderabad | The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily acros... | How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day? | How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day? | [
"How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day?"
] | {
"text": [
"160,000"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115049 | 5a6b1877a9e0c9001a4e9eda | Wayback_Machine | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determin... | What are used to determine if a patent is available? | What are used to determine if a patent is available? | [
"What are used to determine if a patent is available?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53812 | 56e836b537bdd419002c449d | Dialect | Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine. | Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language? | Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language? | [
"Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69351 | 570a83e04103511400d597e8 | Houston | Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence... | In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs? | In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs? | [
"In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100021 | 5ace4e3932bba1001ae4a236 | Guam | Guam lies between 13.2°N and 13.7°N and between 144.6°E and 145.0°E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created by... | What is the smallest island in Micronesia? | What is the smallest island in Micronesia? | [
"What is the smallest island in Micronesia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18682 | 5726f52bdd62a815002e9643 | Nigeria | Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be... | When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time? | When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time? | [
"When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5830 | 5706b8b42eaba6190074ac77 | House_music | A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing compani... | what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands? | what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands? | [
"what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?"
] | {
"text": [
"gabber"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13670 | 57270035708984140094d81b | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | [
"Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?"
] | {
"text": [
"they are under low pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26170 | 5ad0ca13645df0001a2d0365 | Edmund_Burke | Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it... | How much did most pamphlets cost at the time? | How much did most pamphlets cost at the time? | [
"How much did most pamphlets cost at the time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34241 | 5ad41595604f3c001a40030e | Alaska | The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some v... | What don't wildlife enforcers regulate? | What don't wildlife enforcers regulate? | [
"What don't wildlife enforcers regulate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49592 | 570d5dadb3d812140066d759 | Valencia | The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government ... | How many people were gravely injured by the derailment? | How many people were gravely injured by the derailment? | [
"How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than ten"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90771 | 57322a65b9d445190005e88d | Pacific_War | The forces converged in the largest sea battle of World War II up to that point. Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa's screening force. Repeated U.S. raids destroyed the Japanese land-based planes. Ozawa's main attack lacked coordination, with the Japanese planes a... | Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers? | Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers? | [
"Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nimitz"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55511 | 5acfc87577cf76001a685f4c | Presbyterianism | Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over... | Which denomination's heritage can be traced to John Knox? | Which denomination's heritage can be traced to John Knox? | [
"Which denomination's heritage can be traced to John Knox?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6189 | 57276748dd62a815002e9c49 | Late_Middle_Ages | Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic... | What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities? | What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities? | [
"What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?"
] | {
"text": [
"the quadrivium"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41939 | 5a42b46e4a4859001aac72bb | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserti... | What does having a cartridge in the console prevent in North American consoles? | What does having a cartridge in the console prevent in North American consoles? | [
"What does having a cartridge in the console prevent in North American consoles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16241 | 5731710105b4da19006bd18c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 Januar... | Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members? | Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members? | [
"Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?"
] | {
"text": [
"middle"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106149 | 5725c00938643c19005acc55 | Hellenistic_period | The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander in... | When did Antipater die? | When did Antipater die? | [
"When did Antipater die?"
] | {
"text": [
"319 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90189 | 5727b9224b864d1900163b7e | Tibet | Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and ... | Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples? | Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples? | [
"Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88970 | 5acd3edb07355d001abf3a1b | Hunter-gatherer | In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this v... | Early humans in the Higher Paleolithic lived where? | Early humans in the Higher Paleolithic lived where? | [
"Early humans in the Higher Paleolithic lived where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82215 | 572699bf708984140094cb51 | Pesticide | Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also c... | Can pesticides have a serious effect on people? | Can pesticides have a serious effect on people? | [
"Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?"
] | {
"text": [
"cause acute and delayed health effects"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59741 | 5acfb5bd77cf76001a6859cc | Zhejiang | Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond whic... | What was Zhejiang never romanized as? | What was Zhejiang never romanized as? | [
"What was Zhejiang never romanized as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38343 | 572a31e61d04691400779835 | Neolithic | A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl... | What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures? | What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures? | [
"What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?"
] | {
"text": [
"crop farming and cultivation"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82139 | 5a70dbb38abb0b001a6761c8 | Pesticide | Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This... | What is one thing that some fungi are also used in? | What is one thing that some fungi are also used in? | [
"What is one thing that some fungi are also used in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84613 | 5ad4d1d35b96ef001a10a1bd | San_Diego | San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States. Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species, more than any other regio... | What birding event does the Audubon Society host some years? | What birding event does the Audubon Society host some years? | [
"What birding event does the Audubon Society host some years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76878 | 57264a2e708984140094c182 | Dutch_language | Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The l... | What's another name for Old English? | What's another name for Old English? | [
"What's another name for Old English?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anglo-Saxon"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30232 | 5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d1 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is... | What is different about South Raleigh? | What is different about South Raleigh? | [
"What is different about South Raleigh?"
] | {
"text": [
"least developed and least dense"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10015 | 572825df2ca10214002d9f0c | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged... | Who was set to lead the PLO? | Who was set to lead the PLO? | [
"Who was set to lead the PLO?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ahmad Shukeiri"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1541 | 573170f3a5e9cc1400cdbf66 | Mosaic | Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century, and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement (1140). The apse of the San Cipriano Church in Murano was deco... | Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church? | Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church? | [
"Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick William IV of Prussia"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10142 | 572841e63acd2414000df7e0 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence ... | What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability? | What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability? | [
"What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?"
] | {
"text": [
"strong political institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25334 | 5730b68b069b5314008322ac | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999? | What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999? | [
"What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?"
] | {
"text": [
"32:1"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59363 | 5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fa | Alloy | In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminium, titanium, and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and ma... | Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys? | Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys? | [
"Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred Wilm"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98022 | 56e090e27aa994140058e5f0 | Hydrogen | Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H−, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilb... | What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric? | What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric? | [
"What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?"
] | {
"text": [
"group II"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39826 | 572767f2dd62a815002e9c4e | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House, "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connectin... | Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven? | Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven? | [
"Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hartford Line"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16670 | 572a6fe57a1753140016af65 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | [
"Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
842
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51411 | 5a57dca7770dc0001aeefe36 | Empiricism | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | When did Carnap and Neurath leave phenomenalism? | When did Carnap and Neurath leave phenomenalism? | [
"When did Carnap and Neurath leave phenomenalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36151 | 572f94e7b2c2fd140056821e | Printed_circuit_board | The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped gr... | What does the V-shaped groove method save? | What does the V-shaped groove method save? | [
"What does the V-shaped groove method save?"
] | {
"text": [
"space"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81807 | 5acfb2a277cf76001a68594c | Royal_assent | Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usu... | The sovereign appears personally in the House of Commons in what country? | The sovereign appears personally in the House of Commons in what country? | [
"The sovereign appears personally in the House of Commons in what country?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98740 | 5726943c708984140094cac6 | Marvel_Comics | Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo... | What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora? | What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora? | [
"What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?"
] | {
"text": [
"Guardians of the Galaxy"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108340 | 56e06ab2231d4119001ac0df | Aspirated_consonant | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | Voiceless stops are at times what? | Voiceless stops are at times what? | [
"Voiceless stops are at times what?"
] | {
"text": [
"aspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43908 | 56d1162117492d1400aab8e4 | Kanye_West | West's fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements "all recur at various points", namely "the luxurious soul of 2004's ... | What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration? | What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration? | [
"What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jon Brion"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88107 | 572c0399f182dd1900d7c7b9 | God | Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions... | Who was Hawking's co-author? | Who was Hawking's co-author? | [
"Who was Hawking's co-author?"
] | {
"text": [
"Leonard Mlodinow"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108731 | 5726b597f1498d1400e8e850 | Literature | The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literatur... | Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how? | Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how? | [
"Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\""
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77198 | 56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd5 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to ... | Which U.S. department investigated the allegations? | Which U.S. department investigated the allegations? | [
"Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?"
] | {
"text": [
"the State Department"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61179 | 5acece2e32bba1001ae4b4ac | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What are uncommon less-lethal weapons? | What are uncommon less-lethal weapons? | [
"What are uncommon less-lethal weapons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26884 | 5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8efe | United_States_dollar | The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silv... | When was the Spanish Mint founded? | When was the Spanish Mint founded? | [
"When was the Spanish Mint founded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85074 | 5a285880d1a287001a6d0bae | Mali | Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a health... | Little effort has been made to improve what? | Little effort has been made to improve what? | [
"Little effort has been made to improve what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107017 | 57344d20acc1501500babdd5 | Hunting | During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the ... | What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of? | What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of? | [
"What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?"
] | {
"text": [
"an elephant"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17195 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c12 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope... | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature? | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature? | [
"What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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