gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-83600 | 5acd865607355d001abf4590 | Florida | Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba... | What is not the state capital of Florida? | What is not the state capital of Florida? | [
"What is not the state capital of Florida?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68196 | 5ad423d8604f3c001a400861 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest ... | What medical district is experiencing decline in biotechnology and medical research field? | What medical district is experiencing decline in biotechnology and medical research field? | [
"What medical district is experiencing decline in biotechnology and medical research field?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60618 | 572780ed5951b619008f8b84 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some oc... | In recent years what has Ann Arbor become? | In recent years what has Ann Arbor become? | [
"In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?"
] | {
"text": [
"gentrified"
],
"answer_start": [
919
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104196 | 5728a13e3acd2414000dfb99 | Mandolin | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound? | When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound? | [
"When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59633 | 5726c077708984140094d080 | Electric_motor | These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industri... | What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors? | What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors? | [
"What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?"
] | {
"text": [
"high-performance"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103987 | 5a0809c63fc874001820712f | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | Who discovered spectrum radiation? | Who discovered spectrum radiation? | [
"Who discovered spectrum radiation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62288 | 5a6a5958a9e0c9001a4e9d73 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia... | What years did Billy Hughes serve as Prime Minister? | What years did Billy Hughes serve as Prime Minister? | [
"What years did Billy Hughes serve as Prime Minister?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9762 | 5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bc | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser ... | What school did Nasser attend in Cairo? | What school did Nasser attend in Cairo? | [
"What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?"
] | {
"text": [
"al-Nahda al-Masria"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110679 | 5730037bb2c2fd140056873d | Iran | The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab cali... | What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions? | What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions? | [
"What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Academy of Gunde Shapur"
],
"answer_start": [
727
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63343 | 57260f15ec44d21400f3d86c | Buckingham_Palace | Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the s... | Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century? | Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century? | [
"Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eye Cross"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101793 | 56d6328b1c85041400946fec | Dog | In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents... | Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle? | Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle? | [
"Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?"
] | {
"text": [
"two-wheeled vehicles."
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36157 | 572f97ee947a6a140053caac | Printed_circuit_board | Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full ad... | Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials? | Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials? | [
"Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?"
] | {
"text": [
"additive"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97696 | 56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2 | Frédéric_Chopin | With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November... | Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning? | Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning? | [
"Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?"
] | {
"text": [
"the failure of the November 1830"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64538 | 573360d64776f4190066092a | Portugal | But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He... | Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people? | Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people? | [
"Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?"
] | {
"text": [
"upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76296 | 5726e490dd62a815002e941e | Utrecht | Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De ... | What does Utrecht's economy depend on | What does Utrecht's economy depend on | [
"What does Utrecht's economy depend on "
] | {
"text": [
"The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77885 | 5727dbcaff5b5019007d9708 | Strasbourg | Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used rep... | How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War? | How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War? | [
"How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46885 | 57278d085951b619008f8d3c | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is a cladogram? | What is a cladogram? | [
"What is a cladogram?"
] | {
"text": [
"The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram."
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108222 | 56e042487aa994140058e40a | Aspirated_consonant | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | pʰ represents what? | pʰ represents what? | [
"pʰ represents what?"
] | {
"text": [
"aspirated bilabial stop"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72275 | 572644675951261400b5196c | Greece | In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the G... | An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement? | An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement? | [
"An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Treaty of Lausanne"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71592 | 56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0685 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? | "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? | [
"\"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" is located where? "
] | {
"text": [
"In the north"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112613 | 570d875efed7b91900d461e9 | United_States_Army | The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augment... | What year was the U.S. army organized? | What year was the U.S. army organized? | [
"What year was the U.S. army organized?"
] | {
"text": [
"1775"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3599 | 56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d1 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles (née Beyincé), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyoncé's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny's Child. ... | What company did Beyoncé's father work for when she was a child? | What company did Beyoncé's father work for when she was a child? | [
"What company did Beyoncé's father work for when she was a child?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xerox"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37822 | 572fcad3947a6a140053ccca | Roman_Republic | Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions o... | What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east? | What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east? | [
"What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?"
] | {
"text": [
"crisis management"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55913 | 5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab721 | Clothing | A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants... | What does not cause contact dermatitis? | What does not cause contact dermatitis? | [
"What does not cause contact dermatitis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109567 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650c1 | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | How long was the Hakata Bay barrier? | How long was the Hakata Bay barrier? | [
"How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 kilometers"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12816 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda90 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-s... | What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as? | What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as? | [
"What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98284 | 56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b9 | Alps | Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-It... | How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? | How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? | [
"How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? "
] | {
"text": [
"120 homes"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23461 | 5ad146d9645df0001a2d150e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified... | How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional? | How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional? | [
"How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60967 | 5aceb7e132bba1001ae4b17a | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | Who never created Paris's police force? | Who never created Paris's police force? | [
"Who never created Paris's police force?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20578 | 56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb2 | IPod | The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface,... | Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced? | Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced? | [
"Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"iPod Hi-Fi"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110813 | 57302be2947a6a140053d20e | Iran | In 2006, about 45% of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, and 31% came from taxes and fees. As of 2007[update], Iran had earned $70 billion in foreign exchange reserves mostly (80%) from crude oil exports. Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large-scale state s... | In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector? | In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector? | [
"In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than $84 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70682 | 56dff2937aa994140058e2a5 | Pub | In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South H... | At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966? | At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966? | [
"At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Blind Beggar"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83084 | 56debfd9c65bf219000b3d31 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false. | What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010? | What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010? | [
"What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14847 | 57335ac6d058e614000b58d1 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of ... | What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations? | What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations? | [
"What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?"
] | {
"text": [
"entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them"
],
"answer_start": [
718
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73171 | 56db07fae7c41114004b4c8a | American_Idol | The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That... | When did Clarkson win the crown? | When did Clarkson win the crown? | [
"When did Clarkson win the crown?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 4, 2002"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74360 | 571b1b449499d21900609c0b | Asphalt | Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insolu... | What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical? | What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical? | [
"What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?"
] | {
"text": [
"hours of exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63281 | 57097d78200fba1400368081 | Grape | In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes we... | Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm? | Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm? | [
"Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noah"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34692 | 5a1d9ee24ea40d0018b06f81 | Political_philosophy | Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The majo... | What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism? | What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism? | [
"What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101588 | 56d5d0101c85041400946df5 | Dog | In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannuall... | How many times per year do female dogs go into heat? | How many times per year do female dogs go into heat? | [
"How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56147 | 56e7b28900c9c71400d7750d | Arena_Football_League | The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games. | Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games? | Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games? | [
"Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fox Sports"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58615 | 5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c3 | Sanskrit | In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millenni... | Who arrived in India during the first millennium BCE? | Who arrived in India during the first millennium BCE? | [
"Who arrived in India during the first millennium BCE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17175 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d1688 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha... | What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium? | What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium? | [
"What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17973 | 56dfbd5e231d4119001abd58 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics. | how do isps provide internet access? | how do isps provide internet access? | [
"how do isps provide internet access?"
] | {
"text": [
"a range of technologies to connect users to their network"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64696 | 573406cd4776f4190066172c | Portugal | Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in coun... | What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists? | What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists? | [
"What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?"
] | {
"text": [
"health, nature and rural tourism"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1581 | 57317d9be6313a140071cfb6 | Mosaic | Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In... | What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery? | What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery? | [
"What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?"
] | {
"text": [
"Justinian"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27834 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a68 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What is an example of a water-mediated weather event? | What is an example of a water-mediated weather event? | [
"What is an example of a water-mediated weather event?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74319 | 571b0c1032177014007ea020 | Asphalt | The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Not... | What is the last origination of the word asphalt? | What is the last origination of the word asphalt? | [
"What is the last origination of the word asphalt?"
] | {
"text": [
"late Middle English"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94857 | 571090e2a58dae1900cd6a38 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721... | Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory? | Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory? | [
"Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"technical subjects"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37942 | 572fffb8a23a5019007fcc2b | Roman_Republic | However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octa... | In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps? | In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps? | [
"In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?"
] | {
"text": [
"27 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83385 | 5ad25659d7d075001a428d65 | Dominican_Order | Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, ... | Who did Dominic not pray for? | Who did Dominic not pray for? | [
"Who did Dominic not pray for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10107 | 572835783acd2414000df6fa | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets.... | At what landmark did the funeral procession begin? | At what landmark did the funeral procession begin? | [
"At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"the old RCC headquarters"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44863 | 56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107d | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population? | What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population? | [
"What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?"
] | {
"text": [
"genetic drift"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78916 | 56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670e | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. | What does AI stand for? | What does AI stand for? | [
"What does AI stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"artificial intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46770 | 5a8c75a2fd22b3001a8d883a | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | What is the goal of the textual author? | What is the goal of the textual author? | [
"What is the goal of the textual author?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77906 | 5acd5e6207355d001abf3f3b | Strasbourg | Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by c... | Who started the French Revolution? | Who started the French Revolution? | [
"Who started the French Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83456 | 5727e1d64b864d1900163f2f | Dominican_Order | As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man ... | What should man's nature be centered on? | What should man's nature be centered on? | [
"What should man's nature be centered on?"
] | {
"text": [
"the One"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14751 | 5ad3cc25604f3c001a3ff13d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited o... | What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to reject Whitehead's ideas? | What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to reject Whitehead's ideas? | [
"What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to reject Whitehead's ideas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57105 | 5728d68e3acd2414000dffe9 | Apollo | The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years. Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian g... | What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE? | What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE? | [
"What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Late Bronze Age"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38221 | 5a7d063970df9f001a874f09 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | When did the Neolithic 1 (PPNA) Period end? | When did the Neolithic 1 (PPNA) Period end? | [
"When did the Neolithic 1 (PPNA) Period end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84530 | 572ff077b2c2fd1400568615 | San_Diego | From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world". San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supporte... | Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s? | Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s? | [
"Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"rising costs and foreign competition"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36275 | 5ace82d832bba1001ae4a8e7 | Printed_circuit_board | In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Tes... | Bouncing scan testing requires what? | Bouncing scan testing requires what? | [
"Bouncing scan testing requires what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86437 | 570ce94dfed7b91900d45ad0 | Gymnastics | A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentu... | What is vertical ground reaction force? | What is vertical ground reaction force? | [
"What is vertical ground reaction force?"
] | {
"text": [
"s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53952 | 56dde56e9a695914005b967e | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces duri... | What is one of the threats that faced them? | What is one of the threats that faced them? | [
"What is one of the threats that faced them?"
] | {
"text": [
"European powers"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39119 | 5731cd690fdd8d15006c6556 | Protestantism | The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformati... | Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation? | Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation? | [
"Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mary of Guise"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56754 | 5727b186ff5b5019007d92b7 | Gramophone_record | Some of Elvis Presley's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45. This is because the majority of those sales in 1954–55 were to the "hillbilly" market in the South and Southwestern United States, where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could a... | What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA? | What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA? | [
"What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?"
] | {
"text": [
"A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70089 | 570b6608ec8fbc190045b9de | Great_Plains | The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern ... | what do high winds in the area sometimes cause? | what do high winds in the area sometimes cause? | [
"what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?"
] | {
"text": [
"dust storms"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13903 | 56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97c | BBC_Television | BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by ... | What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date? | What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date? | [
"What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?"
] | {
"text": [
"massive power failure"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113283 | 572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e6 | Vacuum | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum? | What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum? | [
"What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"in vacuo"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84853 | 5730349204bcaa1900d7736c | San_Diego | San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system, by the SDMTS bus system, and by Coaster and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line. The Trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east coun... | What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018? | What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018? | [
"What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?"
] | {
"text": [
"A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17380 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f35 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six na... | How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium? | How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium? | [
"How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"6"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92434 | 5730e690f6cb411900e2452b | United_States_Air_Force | Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. ... | What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions? | What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions? | [
"What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?"
] | {
"text": [
"building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66699 | 57278815f1498d1400e8fb16 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in t... | What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan? | What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan? | [
"What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?"
] | {
"text": [
"December"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53459 | 5a690a338476ee001a58aa10 | Sichuan | On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the 36.64 km (22.77 mi) expressway connected Cheng-Nan Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqin... | What is the speed limit on the Chengdu expressway? | What is the speed limit on the Chengdu expressway? | [
"What is the speed limit on the Chengdu expressway?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94419 | 5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987d | Cork_(city) | There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The "Ocean to City"... | How many rowing clubs are in Cork? | How many rowing clubs are in Cork? | [
"How many rowing clubs are in Cork?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26728 | 5709af50200fba1400368259 | United_States_dollar | In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemi... | Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers? | Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers? | [
"Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26725 | 5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e36 | United_States_dollar | The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power "To coin money". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Sec... | Coins are considered illegal tender for which type of transactions? | Coins are considered illegal tender for which type of transactions? | [
"Coins are considered illegal tender for which type of transactions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29317 | 5730204ba23a5019007fcde3 | Swaziland | Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swazil... | What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland? | What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland? | [
"What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?"
] | {
"text": [
"$9,714"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44497 | 5707194190286e26004fc8ee | Chihuahua_(state) | Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugu... | Which system of measurement was standardized? | Which system of measurement was standardized? | [
"Which system of measurement was standardized?"
] | {
"text": [
"metric system"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14719 | 5730956e396df919000961c6 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fund... | Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term? | Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term? | [
"Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?"
] | {
"text": [
"process philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
937
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14670 | 5730303c04bcaa1900d7731d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was p... | What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching? | What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching? | [
"What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?"
] | {
"text": [
"inert ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37480 | 5727ddfc3acd2414000dee79 | London | The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred... | According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD? | According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD? | [
"According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1843 | 570b4563ec8fbc190045b945 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies o... | What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to? | What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to? | [
"What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"United Nations"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110572 | 5726761edd62a815002e85bf | Professional_wrestling | Those involved in producing professional wrestling have developed a kind of global fraternity, with familial bonds, shared language and passed-down traditions. New performers are expected to "pay their dues" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward.... | What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? | What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? | [
"What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? "
] | {
"text": [
"devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health"
],
"answer_start": [
824
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62476 | 5a7b6ee021c2de001afea010 | Software_testing | Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against or... | What are some things oracles include and are limited to? | What are some things oracles include and are limited to? | [
"What are some things oracles include and are limited to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85951 | 572feb4a04bcaa1900d76ea9 | Tucson,_Arizona | Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "... | Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan? | Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan? | [
"Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hugo O'Conor"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10420 | 56e02191231d4119001abf55 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to... | When did the alternative comics movement begin? | When did the alternative comics movement begin? | [
"When did the alternative comics movement begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98548 | 5a5f81bdeae51e001ab14b2f | Marvel_Comics | Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May ... | What was the first comic to be published after Goodman formally adopted the name Marvel Comics? | What was the first comic to be published after Goodman formally adopted the name Marvel Comics? | [
"What was the first comic to be published after Goodman formally adopted the name Marvel Comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111212 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | [
"Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? "
] | {
"text": [
"individual"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115761 | 5727e08f4b864d1900163f1b | Galicia_(Spain) | Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autovía A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autovía A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. T... | Name another road they responsible for. | Name another road they responsible for. | [
"Name another road they responsible for."
] | {
"text": [
"AG-41"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29800 | 570ced9cb3d812140066d324 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation o... | On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin? | On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin? | [
"On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?"
] | {
"text": [
"31 May"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48032 | 5726eeeddd62a815002e9597 | Napoleon | Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts... | Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation? | Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation? | [
"Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Haitian Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99019 | 57277cf95951b619008f8b33 | Turner_Classic_Movies | Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly t... | Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM? | Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM? | [
"Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Benchley"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3715 | 56be94703aeaaa14008c9105 | Beyoncé | Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million inter... | Beyonce's first world tour was when? | Beyonce's first world tour was when? | [
"Beyonce's first world tour was when?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81719 | 5706ba0c2eaba6190074ac8f | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $30,237 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,354) and the median family income was $35,488 (+/- $2,607). Males had a median income of $32,207 (+/- $1,641) versus $29,298 (+/- $1,380) for fem... | How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey? | How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey? | [
"How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?"
] | {
"text": [
"$35,488"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92202 | 5a4fea83af0d07001ae8cc8a | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | What does hyper-responsiveness at the cellular level cause? | What does hyper-responsiveness at the cellular level cause? | [
"What does hyper-responsiveness at the cellular level cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26715 | 5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9082 | United_States_dollar | Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the ... | Other than the $2 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned? | Other than the $2 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned? | [
"Other than the $2 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74746 | 570e66100dc6ce190020500d | Melbourne | Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and ... | In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned? | In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned? | [
"In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?"
] | {
"text": [
"1837"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33235 | 5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2145 | Incandescent_light_bulb | While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher mole... | Why is xenon gas widely used? | Why is xenon gas widely used? | [
"Why is xenon gas widely used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14436 | 572f809da23a5019007fc6a7 | Han_dynasty | Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist te... | During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese? | During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese? | [
"During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"2nd century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97735 | 57327819e99e3014001e67cb | Humanism | Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "p... | Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word? | Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word? | [
"Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gellius"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
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