gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-46215 | 57324fb3e17f3d140042283f | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services, and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. Jehovah's Witnesses se... | What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in? | What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in? | [
"What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?"
] | {
"text": [
"associated with the military"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74173 | 5acfb06777cf76001a68588d | Architecture | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject? | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject? | [
"What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99201 | 5a8a22833b2508001a72a64d | 51st_state | Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). O... | What percentage of voters supported Congress? | What percentage of voters supported Congress? | [
"What percentage of voters supported Congress?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31090 | 5a147584c8eab200188dca3f | Identity_(social_science) | Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the s... | What is synonymous with identity question | What is synonymous with identity question | [
"What is synonymous with identity question"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21698 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce8 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What type of seals were made with reeds? | What type of seals were made with reeds? | [
"What type of seals were made with reeds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86655 | 56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e19 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle. | How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office? | How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office? | [
"How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?"
] | {
"text": [
"180"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17353 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1746 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched? | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched? | [
"Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51252 | 572b323ebe1ee31400cb8283 | Empiricism | This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of... | What is the Stoic view? | What is the Stoic view? | [
"What is the Stoic view?"
] | {
"text": [
"the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7643 | 5a8c9049fd22b3001a8d8b0e | Database | This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the datab... | What is possible when a DBMS corrupts a database? | What is possible when a DBMS corrupts a database? | [
"What is possible when a DBMS corrupts a database?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56760 | 5727b3ab4b864d1900163aba | Gramophone_record | After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard "78": the 33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above). The 33 1⁄3 rpm LP (for "long-play") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948. RCA Victor developed the... | When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market? | When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market? | [
"When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 1948"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-962 | 572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d237 | Endangered_Species_Act | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982? | What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982? | [
"What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"solely\""
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40961 | 5a6bc8b74eec6b001a80a5a6 | Predation | One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., ... | What method does a praying mantis use when hunting? | What method does a praying mantis use when hunting? | [
"What method does a praying mantis use when hunting?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31360 | 5729508d3f37b31900478235 | Germans | The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were "Germans" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcom... | Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation? | Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation? | [
"Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?"
] | {
"text": [
"1648"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45038 | 5ace424c32bba1001ae4a0de | Sony_Music_Entertainment | Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed. | Rights-holders have complained about Google to which organization? | Rights-holders have complained about Google to which organization? | [
"Rights-holders have complained about Google to which organization?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72163 | 572618f238643c19005acfed | Greece | Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 20... | When did Greece join the Eurozone? | When did Greece join the Eurozone? | [
"When did Greece join the Eurozone?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109415 | 56dde17c66d3e219004dad85 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? | [
"When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?"
] | {
"text": [
"1602"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62656 | 5729525c6aef051400154cde | Software_testing | Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will b... | What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels? | What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels? | [
"What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?"
] | {
"text": [
"makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38079 | 573035d7b2c2fd1400568a88 | Roman_Republic | The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both... | What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population? | What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population? | [
"What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?"
] | {
"text": [
"huge losses incurred during various wars"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39112 | 5731cc840fdd8d15006c6542 | Protestantism | The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant ... | The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church? | The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church? | [
"The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Church of England"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67092 | 5726d9865951b619008f7fe6 | Nutrition | As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine,... | What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables? | What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables? | [
"What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?"
] | {
"text": [
"phytochemicals"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56310 | 57277db8708984140094df17 | Nonprofit_organization | The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fello... | Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have? | Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have? | [
"Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Part VI, section A, question 7a"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48645 | 5a85e769b4e223001a8e72b9 | War_on_Terror | In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the ... | What was the name of the Pakistani official that performed a number of raids? | What was the name of the Pakistani official that performed a number of raids? | [
"What was the name of the Pakistani official that performed a number of raids?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58652 | 570e73c20dc6ce19002050a3 | Sanskrit | Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which ... | What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica? | What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica? | [
"What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rigveda"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104213 | 5728a4054b864d1900164b2b | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created? | What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created? | [
"What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?"
] | {
"text": [
"mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31047 | 5709547eefce8f15003a7e0b | Identity_(social_science) | A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one... | A person's identity is defined as the totality of what? | A person's identity is defined as the totality of what? | [
"A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"one's self-construal"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63345 | 57260f15ec44d21400f3d86e | Buckingham_Palace | Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the s... | What type of garden did James I create? | What type of garden did James I create? | [
"What type of garden did James I create?"
] | {
"text": [
"mulberry"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115384 | 56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38a | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | Recipients of aid are concerned about what? | Recipients of aid are concerned about what? | [
"Recipients of aid are concerned about what?"
] | {
"text": [
"exclusion"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115244 | 5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268d | Mammal | Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The ea... | What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene? | What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene? | [
"What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60511 | 5727575af1498d1400e8f68b | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the Unive... | When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places? | When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places? | [
"When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?"
] | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86100 | 573428b44776f419006619cc | Tucson,_Arizona | The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of ... | Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community? | Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community? | [
"Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oro Valley"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22788 | 57359e82e853931400426a68 | Kathmandu | The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated t... | What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit? | What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit? | [
"What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Newar"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44504 | 57071a0c90286e26004fc8fd | Chihuahua_(state) | In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco an... | Orozco responded to whose letter to action? | Orozco responded to whose letter to action? | [
"Orozco responded to whose letter to action?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madero"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101475 | 5ad29069d7d075001a429a94 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported b... | Who wasn't skeptical of Stalin’s policies? | Who wasn't skeptical of Stalin’s policies? | [
"Who wasn't skeptical of Stalin’s policies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86107 | 5734291d4776f419006619d3 | Tucson,_Arizona | The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North O... | When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built? | When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built? | [
"When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?"
] | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48455 | 5a838ac4e60761001a2eb7a1 | War_on_Terror | The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Repu... | What is the WIJFAJC also known as? | What is the WIJFAJC also known as? | [
"What is the WIJFAJC also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104843 | 57336e80d058e614000b5af1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July... | On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship? | On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship? | [
"On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?"
] | {
"text": [
"July 11, 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79680 | 5ad01abb77cf76001a686a15 | Kievan_Rus%27 | The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equa... | Who were the free landed people that worked by labouring for wages? | Who were the free landed people that worked by labouring for wages? | [
"Who were the free landed people that worked by labouring for wages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72023 | 572715c2708984140094d98a | Capacitor | If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequ... | What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor? | What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor? | [
"What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?"
] | {
"text": [
"the internal microscopic dipoles"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46039 | 573240390fdd8d15006c6885 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training prog... | When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released? | When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released? | [
"When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?"
] | {
"text": [
"in 1961"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107749 | 5acf9de577cf76001a68553c | Umayyad_Caliphate | In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further ... | When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs? | When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs? | [
"When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105143 | 5a3eb0305a76c5001a3a8466 | Palermo | The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is bel... | Who is the patron saint of Italy? | Who is the patron saint of Italy? | [
"Who is the patron saint of Italy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35994 | 57270fc85951b619008f8566 | Comcast | On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired ... | What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy? | What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy? | [
"What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?"
] | {
"text": [
"MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98889 | 56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c | Heresy | Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "... | What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | [
"What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94422 | 5727eaf0ff5b5019007d9880 | Cork_(city) | There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The "Ocean to City"... | What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005? | What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005? | [
"What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ocean to City"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48251 | 56fa29d8f34c681400b0bfe4 | Wood | No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very ... | If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have? | If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have? | [
"If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?"
] | {
"text": [
"moderate to slow"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34270 | 56f83185aef2371900625ee3 | Southampton | In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, whic... | What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census? | What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census? | [
"What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?"
] | {
"text": [
"Portsmouth"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33096 | 57260ae238643c19005acf78 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting? | What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting? | [
"What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"a building's air conditioning system"
],
"answer_start": [
875
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40986 | 5a6bcfa54eec6b001a80a5c2 | Predation | Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows so... | What do some fish use to kill larger creatures? | What do some fish use to kill larger creatures? | [
"What do some fish use to kill larger creatures?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107877 | 5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2a | Umayyad_Caliphate | The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only ... | Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar? | Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar? | [
"Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76769 | 572ac19f111d821400f38d26 | Philadelphia | Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphi... | How many major papers are published? | How many major papers are published? | [
"How many major papers are published?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82822 | 56e06f74231d4119001ac11d | Saint_Helena | In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police offic... | What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena? | What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena? | [
"What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?"
] | {
"text": [
"reports of child abuse"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52883 | 5a73c75242eae6001a3899d8 | Political_party | In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities includ... | What does the Georgian party want to increase? | What does the Georgian party want to increase? | [
"What does the Georgian party want to increase?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44809 | 56f8c1a59e9bad19000a0438 | Gene | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product? | What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product? | [
"What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?"
] | {
"text": [
"A typical protein-coding gene"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92651 | 5a6fd5978abb0b001a675f8d | Alsace | By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsa... | When was Martin Bucer born? | When was Martin Bucer born? | [
"When was Martin Bucer born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70534 | 56dfe16f7aa994140058e208 | Pub | After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out ... | In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery? | In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery? | [
"In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?"
] | {
"text": [
"18th"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111092 | 5a81f51431013a001a334fdb | Group_(mathematics) | Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (... | Which group cannot be expressed using radicals? | Which group cannot be expressed using radicals? | [
"Which group cannot be expressed using radicals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18625 | 5726e93cdd62a815002e94c7 | Nigeria | NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32... | Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite? | Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite? | [
"Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?"
] | {
"text": [
"Surrey Space Technology Limited"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56068 | 56e7a21637bdd419002c42a3 | Arena_Football_League | In 2012, the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations. The season kicked off on March 9, 2012. The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio, Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm. The Dallas Vigilantes were left off the schedule for the 2012 season with no announcement from... | Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012? | Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012? | [
"Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jeffrey Vinik"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32030 | 5726f798f1498d1400e8f143 | Myanmar | Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the co... | What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the India Look East policy ? | What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the India Look East policy ? | [
"What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the India Look East policy ?"
] | {
"text": [
"fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111879 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What was the name of the anonymously published science book? | What was the name of the anonymously published science book? | [
"What was the name of the anonymously published science book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32476 | 5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ec1 | Antarctica | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | What measures 17,968 square miles? | What measures 17,968 square miles? | [
"What measures 17,968 square miles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112411 | 5aceb6d132bba1001ae4b135 | United_States_Army | The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander. The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military he... | How was the Continental Army created? | How was the Continental Army created? | [
"How was the Continental Army created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69046 | 572f91c704bcaa1900d76a8e | Modern_history | On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, t... | When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur? | When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur? | [
"When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 7, 1941"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88886 | 5a2244e3819328001af38a6e | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs? | What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs? | [
"What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33777 | 572665495951b619008f7195 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | What is the output level measured in? | What is the output level measured in? | [
"What is the output level measured in?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sRGB output from the camera"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12794 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 abou... | How many Cardinals were French in 1994? | How many Cardinals were French in 1994? | [
"How many Cardinals were French in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97973 | 5732a574cc179a14009dabcd | Humanism | Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Straus... | Which century was the first writing from? | Which century was the first writing from? | [
"Which century was the first writing from?"
] | {
"text": [
"18th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109653 | 5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7b | Samurai | As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adap... | Whose culture included tea ceremonies? | Whose culture included tea ceremonies? | [
"Whose culture included tea ceremonies?"
] | {
"text": [
"samurai"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4620 | 572805ad2ca10214002d9bc1 | Pope_John_XXIII | Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's... | When was the Cuban Missile Crisis? | When was the Cuban Missile Crisis? | [
"When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 1962"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37419 | 5728b4e33acd2414000dfd26 | Switzerland | Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 clubs in the League A, which is the most attended league in Europe. In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time. It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The ... | Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003? | Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003? | [
"Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alinghi"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36120 | 572f8d4da23a5019007fc72c | Printed_circuit_board | When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly ... | What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board? | What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board? | [
"What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?"
] | {
"text": [
"PWB"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8658 | 56e09b2a7aa994140058e636 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On ... | What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic? | What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic? | [
"What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"All-Russian Congress of Soviets"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84716 | 5ad4d5a45b96ef001a10a28c | San_Diego | The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in ... | What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Francisco? | What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Francisco? | [
"What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Francisco?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45050 | 5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a075 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music. | In 2014, Sony Music closed which office? | In 2014, Sony Music closed which office? | [
"In 2014, Sony Music closed which office?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103380 | 5ad298a2d7d075001a429b50 | Multiracial_American | Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the ... | Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years? | Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years? | [
"Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49343 | 5a871fcb1d3cee001a6a10f9 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | When did HIV-associated tuberculosis become more common? | When did HIV-associated tuberculosis become more common? | [
"When did HIV-associated tuberculosis become more common?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12412 | 5a65ddfcc2b11c001a425d81 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | How many new infections of bacteria are reported per year? | How many new infections of bacteria are reported per year? | [
"How many new infections of bacteria are reported per year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71238 | 5acf63c777cf76001a684d28 | University_of_Kansas | The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KU... | In what year did the Daily Kansan lose the Intercollegiate Writing Competition? | In what year did the Daily Kansan lose the Intercollegiate Writing Competition? | [
"In what year did the Daily Kansan lose the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80008 | 57269b01dd62a815002e8ae3 | Samoa | The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surro... | What's the name of Samoa's capital? | What's the name of Samoa's capital? | [
"What's the name of Samoa's capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apia"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11865 | 56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c4 | Somalis | The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ... | Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period? | Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period? | [
"Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14925 | 573367034776f41900660a0d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the individ... | How did Whitehead define religion? | How did Whitehead define religion? | [
"How did Whitehead define religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"a system of general truths that transformed a person's character"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9723 | 5725e87aec44d21400f3d73e | Montevideo | The Dirección Nacional de Transporte (DNT), part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works, is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure. A bus service network covers the entire city. An international bus station, the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal, is located on t... | Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure? | Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure? | [
"Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dirección Nacional de Transporte"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79353 | 5a3c02cbcc5d22001a521d1b | Heian_period | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | Who strengthened the Fujiwara family during their rule? | Who strengthened the Fujiwara family during their rule? | [
"Who strengthened the Fujiwara family during their rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54315 | 5ad2d20cd7d075001a42a377 | Christian | The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term fol... | In which book of the Old Testament does Paul reply to Herod Agrippa? | In which book of the Old Testament does Paul reply to Herod Agrippa? | [
"In which book of the Old Testament does Paul reply to Herod Agrippa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15926 | 57342628d058e614000b6a10 | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | [
"What is the causative agent of \"strep throat\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"S. pyogenes"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43436 | 572686d25951b619008f75b4 | Korean_War | While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General ... | What group trained the Republic of Korea army? | What group trained the Republic of Korea army? | [
"What group trained the Republic of Korea army?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33626 | 572644315951261400b51960 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? | What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? | [
"What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? "
] | {
"text": [
"degrees"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53649 | 5ad26cd3d7d075001a4293a2 | Dialect | The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Most of them are not mutually intelligible. German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended.[citation needed] | What do the German dialects show on a narrow spectrum? | What do the German dialects show on a narrow spectrum? | [
"What do the German dialects show on a narrow spectrum?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46525 | 57266257dd62a815002e8354 | Department_store | Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et... | What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers? | What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers? | [
"What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?"
] | {
"text": [
"residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86093 | 57301a30b2c2fd140056886d | Tucson,_Arizona | The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of ... | How many residents live in the master-planned communities? | How many residents live in the master-planned communities? | [
"How many residents live in the master-planned communities?"
] | {
"text": [
"thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89425 | 5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c3 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | Where does Europe use its military dominance? | Where does Europe use its military dominance? | [
"Where does Europe use its military dominance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79948 | 5706520375f01819005e7b3e | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free? | Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free? | [
"Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?"
] | {
"text": [
"European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107462 | 5726262f89a1e219009ac3db | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central of... | Shell operated companies in how many countries? | Shell operated companies in how many countries? | [
"Shell operated companies in how many countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 100"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42239 | 5728b48a3acd2414000dfd21 | Karl_Popper | Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysi... | What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III? | What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III? | [
"What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?"
] | {
"text": [
"empirical"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39068 | 5731beafe17f3d1400422373 | Protestantism | The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bib... | What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching? | What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching? | [
"What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?"
] | {
"text": [
"sola scriptura"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51262 | 572b32b2be1ee31400cb828d | Empiricism | During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized ... | Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'? | Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'? | [
"Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aristotle"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102732 | 5a79ea1b17ab25001a8a01b5 | Association_football | In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the s... | Which goals do not count toward the final score of the game? | Which goals do not count toward the final score of the game? | [
"Which goals do not count toward the final score of the game?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49532 | 570d49abfed7b91900d45e0d | Valencia | Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Fer... | What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education? | What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education? | [
"What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?"
] | {
"text": [
"Colegio de San Juan"
],
"answer_start": [
797
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93406 | 57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda5 | Light-emitting_diode | An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments r... | Single die LEDs require what? | Single die LEDs require what? | [
"Single die LEDs require what?"
] | {
"text": [
"high current converter"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20427 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e7 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. Th... | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion? | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion? | [
"What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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