gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-85994 | 572ff55cb2c2fd1400568651 | Tucson,_Arizona | The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the ... | What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon? | What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon? | [
"What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?"
] | {
"text": [
"north"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57674 | 5ad22d0ed7d075001a42862a | Quran | Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, ʻAbdullah ibn Abbas, ʻAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb. Exe... | Who was the first rejecter of Tafsir? | Who was the first rejecter of Tafsir? | [
"Who was the first rejecter of Tafsir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28030 | 572e85c9cb0c0d14000f124a | Steven_Spielberg | In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, "My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie... | How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters? | How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters? | [
"How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?"
] | {
"text": [
"$500"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106798 | 57268361708984140094c894 | East_India_Company | "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The... | what type of flowers did Gules use? | what type of flowers did Gules use? | [
"what type of flowers did Gules use?"
] | {
"text": [
"roses"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22991 | 5735c92f012e2f140011a047 | Kathmandu | The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to... | In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner? | In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner? | [
"In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?"
] | {
"text": [
"first son"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63161 | 572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8467 | Czech_language | Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed P... | What kind of passive construction does Czech have? | What kind of passive construction does Czech have? | [
"What kind of passive construction does Czech have?"
] | {
"text": [
"periphrastic"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100829 | 572f80b8947a6a140053c9d6 | Post-punk | Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon R... | What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk? | What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk? | [
"What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?"
] | {
"text": [
"cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song"
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81969 | 572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd2 | Royal_assent | Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills... | What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish? | What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish? | [
"What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?"
] | {
"text": [
"force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80131 | 5a62701ef8d794001af1bfca | Samoa | The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in... | What resources does Samoa not produce themeselves and need to import? | What resources does Samoa not produce themeselves and need to import? | [
"What resources does Samoa not produce themeselves and need to import?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15525 | 5707074190286e26004fc80f | Black_people | The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associat... | What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to? | What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to? | [
"What type of skin pigment does \"Black\" refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112826 | 5a70ca678abb0b001a676193 | Xbox_360 | At the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Ed... | Who was the president of Microsoft in 2009? | Who was the president of Microsoft in 2009? | [
"Who was the president of Microsoft in 2009?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46059 | 57324509e17f3d14004227ab | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, ... | In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished? | In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished? | [
"In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?"
] | {
"text": [
"president"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44873 | 56f8d7e39e9bad19000a05d0 | Gene | The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evol... | What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure? | What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure? | [
"What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"The relationship between genes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90282 | 5acfe53f77cf76001a6863a6 | Tibet | The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was... | Who was the Princess of Nepal the second wife of? | Who was the Princess of Nepal the second wife of? | [
"Who was the Princess of Nepal the second wife of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48838 | 571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4e | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and h... | What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon? | What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon? | [
"What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Augustine's De trinitate"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9922 | 57280ab42ca10214002d9c5b | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two ... | What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser? | What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser? | [
"What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"topple"
],
"answer_start": [
1017
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50234 | 5acede9132bba1001ae4b7c9 | Neptune | In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driv... | What were the rain speeds recorded on Neptune? | What were the rain speeds recorded on Neptune? | [
" What were the rain speeds recorded on Neptune?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44361 | 57070a329e06ca38007e92e6 | Chihuahua_(state) | At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, de... | Who was his deputy? | Who was his deputy? | [
"Who was his deputy?"
] | {
"text": [
"P. J. Escalante"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98846 | 5a5ace739c0277001abe7198 | Heresy | Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceiv... | What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people? | What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people? | [
"What pope defended Judaism and the Jewish people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99954 | 5ace418332bba1001ae4a0b6 | Guam | The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flyi... | Which sailor came up with the name Islas De Los Ladrones for Guam? | Which sailor came up with the name Islas De Los Ladrones for Guam? | [
"Which sailor came up with the name Islas De Los Ladrones for Guam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27613 | 573029e904bcaa1900d77292 | Liberia | Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the... | Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980? | Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980? | [
"Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?"
] | {
"text": [
"economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup."
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62927 | 5acd528a07355d001abf3d36 | Pain | Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activit... | What does sugar moderate the effect of pain on? | What does sugar moderate the effect of pain on? | [
"What does sugar moderate the effect of pain on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92040 | 57276249dd62a815002e9be4 | Cotton | Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally us... | What individual first used cotton wool medically? | What individual first used cotton wool medically? | [
"What individual first used cotton wool medically?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sampson Gamgee"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101339 | 5ad2886ed7d075001a429948 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing "the most reactionary force in the world") and argued: "The German government declared itself ready for friendly re... | Who rejected war with the Soviet Union? | Who rejected war with the Soviet Union? | [
"Who rejected war with the Soviet Union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16647 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefe | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | [
"Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?"
] | {
"text": [
"American Economic Review"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13668 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What forces underlying rock upward? | What forces underlying rock upward? | [
"What forces underlying rock upward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65830 | 5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a814 | Seattle | A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattl... | When did the General Strike happen in Seattle? | When did the General Strike happen in Seattle? | [
"When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?"
] | {
"text": [
"1919"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22115 | 5a7b594c21c2de001afe9f37 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,50... | In 1964 what was the focus of curriculum in history classes? | In 1964 what was the focus of curriculum in history classes? | [
"In 1964 what was the focus of curriculum in history classes? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75996 | 5a4d341a7a6c4c001a2bbc40 | Web_browser | Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, b... | What market did Nintendo focus on to expand its use? | What market did Nintendo focus on to expand its use? | [
"What market did Nintendo focus on to expand its use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54401 | 56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae6 | Christian | The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: ईसाई, Urdu: عیسائی), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, ... | What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus? | What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus? | [
"What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Isa Masih"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98945 | 5a5add719c0277001abe7201 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today? | Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today? | [
"Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91793 | 572789b15951b619008f8cc2 | Botany | Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is t... | Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes? | Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes? | [
"Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Botanical Congress."
],
"answer_start": [
1249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77350 | 5a53d63dbdaabd001a38676e | Armenians | Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage o... | What does talking about the Ottoman Empire provoke? | What does talking about the Ottoman Empire provoke? | [
"What does talking about the Ottoman Empire provoke?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41815 | 56d614dd1c85041400946f0a | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs". The Economist noted th... | What organization did Francis Marcus represent? | What organization did Francis Marcus represent? | [
"What organization did Francis Marcus represent?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Federation of the Red Cross"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104234 | 5ad20e2bd7d075001a42829d | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What parts of the mandolin don't facilitate the tremolo technique? | What parts of the mandolin don't facilitate the tremolo technique? | [
" What parts of the mandolin don't facilitate the tremolo technique?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20402 | 57296d396aef051400154e6a | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a... | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt? | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt? | [
"Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?"
] | {
"text": [
"NIST researchers"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95051 | 5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba0 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and... | Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed? | Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed? | [
"Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Boyle"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79813 | 57062c9b52bb891400689932 | MP3 | As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"". | What was Jonathan Sterne's profession? | What was Jonathan Sterne's profession? | [
"What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"sound scholar"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101832 | 56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a9 | Dog | In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for... | Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades? | Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades? | [
"Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cerberus"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-550 | 56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b891 | Plymouth | During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers,... | Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located? | Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located? | [
"Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sutton Pool"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79444 | 5acffb4b77cf76001a6866de | Kievan_Rus%27 | According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varang... | Which two groups were divided between the territories of the West Slavs? | Which two groups were divided between the territories of the West Slavs? | [
"Which two groups were divided between the territories of the West Slavs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67112 | 5726fce9dd62a815002e9713 | Nutrition | The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey ... | How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article? | How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article? | [
"How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68904 | 572f4433b2c2fd1400567fad | Modern_history | During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansio... | What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry? | What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry? | [
"What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"effective tactics and aggressive practices"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63519 | 5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a0419 | Buckingham_Palace | When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing. The rooms of the suite are ... | What floor are the Belgian Suites burned? | What floor are the Belgian Suites burned? | [
"What floor are the Belgian Suites burned?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106885 | 5ace521a32bba1001ae4a2a1 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | What is undisputed about animals that were sacrificed? | What is undisputed about animals that were sacrificed? | [
"What is undisputed about animals that were sacrificed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2858 | 5acd8d4907355d001abf46f6 | British_Isles | As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shor... | Ice and snow covered prehistoric Britain and what other country? | Ice and snow covered prehistoric Britain and what other country? | [
"Ice and snow covered prehistoric Britain and what other country?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67016 | 5726b763708984140094ced5 | Nutrition | In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vita... | Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent? | Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent? | [
"Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?"
] | {
"text": [
"scurvy"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67727 | 5a81c3a731013a001a334e7b | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 th... | What Act was Norfolk Island rejected as a territory of Australia? | What Act was Norfolk Island rejected as a territory of Australia? | [
"What Act was Norfolk Island rejected as a territory of Australia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81907 | 572810aa3acd2414000df394 | Royal_assent | Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald". Be... | This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom? | This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom? | [
"This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Church of England in the Island"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88203 | 572c0bcb750c471900ed4c94 | God | Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. Fo... | What type of God is the Muslim God? | What type of God is the Muslim God? | [
"What type of God is the Muslim God?"
] | {
"text": [
"forgiving"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1740 | 5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d06 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 197... | Which president began the draft? | Which president began the draft? | [
" Which president began the draft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109604 | 5728f2282ca10214002dab01 | Samurai | Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid... | When was a western-style army established in Japan? | When was a western-style army established in Japan? | [
"When was a western-style army established in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57988 | 5ad41396604f3c001a40026f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring unequal opportunity? | Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring unequal opportunity? | [
"Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring unequal opportunity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94408 | 5727e9773acd2414000defa2 | Cork_(city) | Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clu... | What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play? | What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play? | [
"What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?"
] | {
"text": [
"Camogie"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68739 | 572f01f3c246551400ce4836 | Modern_history | The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly a... | How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war? | How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war? | [
"How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"1858"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85912 | 5ad2b18cd7d075001a429f53 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other—the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same ST... | What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies? | What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies? | [
"What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31714 | 570d8eabfed7b91900d4620d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | The impact and time types of what were analyzed? | The impact and time types of what were analyzed? | [
"The impact and time types of what were analyzed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fuzing options"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29204 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe889 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | How many companies have been paid by various doctors? | How many companies have been paid by various doctors? | [
"How many companies have been paid by various doctors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9670 | 5725de7eec44d21400f3d6fa | Montevideo | There are several other important art museums in Montevideo. The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rodó has Uruguay's largest collection of paintings. The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930, the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay, significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manue... | Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes? | Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes? | [
"Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Juan Manuel Blanes"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111247 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | [
"What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"shared banquet"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91664 | 5726be0b5951b619008f7cd0 | Botany | The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme rubisco to produce molecul... | When is the raw form of glucose formed? | When is the raw form of glucose formed? | [
"When is the raw form of glucose formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"first product of photosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96208 | 5728d0683acd2414000dff30 | Paris | Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francop... | Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights? | Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights? | [
"Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93874 | 572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d091 | Cyprus | On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri an... | What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population? | What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population? | [
"What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?"
] | {
"text": [
"18.2%"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40389 | 5ad68dfd191832001aa7b1ba | Paper | There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reactio... | What is another process used to pulp straws with low silicate content? | What is another process used to pulp straws with low silicate content? | [
"What is another process used to pulp straws with low silicate content?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36199 | 5ace6a8532bba1001ae4a62d | Printed_circuit_board | Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear... | Holes through a PBC are drilled how? | Holes through a PBC are drilled how? | [
"Holes through a PBC are drilled how?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11792 | 56fae6fe8f12f31900630285 | Somalis | Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars, Somalia's national team, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The equally diverse Somali b... | In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics? | In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics? | [
"In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?"
] | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87762 | 5ad3b8ce604f3c001a3fee5b | Tristan_da_Cunha | Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilomet... | What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the north Atlantic Ocean? | What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the north Atlantic Ocean? | [
"What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the north Atlantic Ocean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9330 | 570e67880dc6ce190020502b | Order_of_the_British_Empire | The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertain... | When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia? | When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia? | [
"When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?"
] | {
"text": [
"25 November 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31404 | 5a63d9c07f3c80001a150b5f | Germans | The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most wide... | How many people speak German around the world? | How many people speak German around the world? | [
"How many people speak German around the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49698 | 56cc36926d243a140015eed0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix? | What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix? | [
"What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?"
] | {
"text": [
"the borders between Tibet and China"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31505 | 5729600e6aef051400154db1 | Germans | By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Holy Roman Empire – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute ... | When was the German Empire created? | When was the German Empire created? | [
"When was the German Empire created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1871"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40152 | 5727cbba3acd2414000dec95 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway. The Union League C... | Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery? | Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery? | [
"Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eli Whitney"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64858 | 57342b24d058e614000b6a96 | Portugal | Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock i... | In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards? | In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards? | [
"In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
920
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33788 | 5726668a708984140094c4ce | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to? | What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to? | [
"What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8208 | 5a7cbc02e8bc7e001a9e1f83 | Thuringia | The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of ... | Who are the theoretical enemies of the Thuringians? | Who are the theoretical enemies of the Thuringians? | [
"Who are the theoretical enemies of the Thuringians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11307 | 57276c415951b619008f899f | North_Carolina | Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade. Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel, the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands... | What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina? | What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina? | [
"What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hurricane Hazel"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74128 | 5acfa22477cf76001a685628 | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on? | What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on? | [
"What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38337 | 572a30906aef05140015534e | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | Where were entrances located in early homes? | Where were entrances located in early homes? | [
"Where were entrances located in early homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Doorways were made on the roof"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39760 | 57294516af94a219006aa223 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town. A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confron... | What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor? | What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor? | [
"What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Tryon"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25905 | 5709828fed30961900e84244 | Copper | Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd–2nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South Ameri... | When did Britain first use brass? | When did Britain first use brass? | [
"When did Britain first use brass?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd–2nd century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27848 | 5729f781af94a219006aa701 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | [
"What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"Big Bang"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97161 | 56cbe1996d243a140015edc1 | Frédéric_Chopin | From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and com... | Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826? | Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826? | [
"Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?"
] | {
"text": [
"Józef Elsner"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25923 | 5a83518ce60761001a2eb570 | Copper | There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mC... | What is the half life of the supernatural isotope 68mCu? | What is the half life of the supernatural isotope 68mCu? | [
"What is the half life of the supernatural isotope 68mCu?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14972 | 5ad3d7ef604f3c001a3ff369 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucia... | What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive pre-modern" philosophy? | What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive pre-modern" philosophy? | [
"What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive pre-modern\" philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84074 | 573076138ab72b1400f9c50a | Translation | In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and hi... | Where did Buddhism spread? | Where did Buddhism spread? | [
"Where did Buddhism spread?"
] | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43105 | 5a84d43f7cf838001a46aad2 | Poultry | Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around ... | What year did modern high-output poultry farms become established in the United States? | What year did modern high-output poultry farms become established in the United States? | [
"What year did modern high-output poultry farms become established in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25455 | 5acfa71377cf76001a685726 | Namibia | Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in ... | What is the presidential term limit in Namibia? | What is the presidential term limit in Namibia? | [
"What is the presidential term limit in Namibia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39044 | 5731b919e17f3d1400422332 | Protestantism | Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjac... | Who ended Catholic supremecy in England? | Who ended Catholic supremecy in England? | [
"Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Henry VIII"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36908 | 5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c6 | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally... | What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control? | What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control? | [
"What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45929 | 5ace461032bba1001ae4a160 | YouTube | Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. ... | What can users leave on all videos? | What can users leave on all videos? | [
"What can users leave on all videos?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24150 | 572948b7af94a219006aa25e | Bermuda | In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The... | Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked? | Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked? | [
"Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?"
] | {
"text": [
"islanders demanding"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70139 | 59d2996f2763a600182840f8 | Great_Plains | The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiograph... | Between the Canadian, American, and Mexican portions of the Great Plains in which area does most of it lie? | Between the Canadian, American, and Mexican portions of the Great Plains in which area does most of it lie? | [
"Between the Canadian, American, and Mexican portions of the Great Plains in which area does most of it lie?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22283 | 5a7b9ed221c2de001afea1d7 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program ... | Why did Allen Weinstein create Google in 2006? | Why did Allen Weinstein create Google in 2006? | [
"Why did Allen Weinstein create Google in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95721 | 5ad3e8a6604f3c001a3ff664 | Yale_University | Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city r... | Why was the campus police disbanded? | Why was the campus police disbanded? | [
"Why was the campus police disbanded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3378 | 5a5196a9b308da001a5a2317 | Southeast_Asia | The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertaga... | What was the largest empire in Asian history? | What was the largest empire in Asian history? | [
"What was the largest empire in Asian history?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39922 | 572785725951b619008f8c3f | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city, as the city's Dominican, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic. The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists. There is a growing ... | In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven? | In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven? | [
"In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"Black Baptists"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62242 | 572694f3dd62a815002e8a4a | Chicago_Cubs | An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of "Talkin... | When was Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game"? | When was Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game"? | [
"When was Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 21, 1997"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63034 | 5a7a118017ab25001a8a02c6 | Czech_language | While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing ě (/jɛ/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/ɛ/), and allowing complex consona... | What law began in Old Czech? | What law began in Old Czech? | [
"What law began in Old Czech?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50688 | 56e8887799e8941900975e6f | Bern | Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published. | Where is Albert Einstein live? | Where is Albert Einstein live? | [
"Where is Albert Einstein live?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kramgasse 49"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17824 | 5ad24303d7d075001a4289c4 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid compe... | Who pushed back the release of Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre? | Who pushed back the release of Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre? | [
"Who pushed back the release of Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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